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Adventure comics were one of the most popular forms of escapism for young people during the harsh period following the Spanish Civil War, until they were replaced by television in the 1960s. The heroes of these comic booklets faced all sorts of threats and monsters, often including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and other animals from the past which proved ideal for personifying all the horrors that readers had to deal with on a daily basis, so they were destroyed in the cruellest way possible. As these were extinct and largely unknown creatures, the scriptwriters and artists had to use a considerable amount of imagination to fill in their many gaps. A sample of about five hundred pages of Spanish comic booklets featuring different reptiles of the past is analysed here to examine which species were favoured by readers, their role in these comics, and the general palaeontological ignorance that they often revealed. These results are also compared with similar studies of different geographical and temporal scope in order to assess similarities and differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Threads of Empowerment" exhibition at the Ulster Museum showcases arpilleras, appliquéd textiles originating from Chile during the Pinochet regime, depicting experiences of oppression, trauma, and conflict. The display features 29 arpilleras from the Conflict Textiles collection, reflecting diverse countries and themes such as the Disappeared, Exile, and Our Children. Through a polyphonic chorus of exhibitions, the collection aims to empower marginalized voices, spark conversations, and highlight the universal impact of conflict on individuals and communities. [Extracted from the article]

David Graeber, a prominent economic and political anthropologist known for his daring theories and ethnography, passed away in 2020. He was a committed activist involved in anti-globalization and Occupy movements. Graeber's upbringing in a left-wing, union-sponsored housing complex in New York influenced his socialist and anarchist philosophy. Throughout his career, he made significant contributions to anthropology through his research, writings, and activism, leaving a lasting impact on the field. [Extracted from the article]

One of the facets of the Spanish Civil War's sportive dimensions which has received relatively ample attention by scholars is the attitude of FIFA in the battle between de republican and the Francoists football federations for international recognition. The dominant interpretation of the facts is that the Francoists had already won this battle in late November 1937, when FIFA allegedly recognized it, and that this was somehow due to FIFA's elite conservatism or even Nazi-fascist leanings. We contend that this was not the case. On the basis of a broad examination of Spanish, French and Belgian newspapers of the time, and a thorough search of FIFA archives in Zurich, we conclude that, although ambiguously, a FIFA dominated by a liberal elite remained true to its 'no politics' principle, avoiding to take sides, and actually suspending both sides until the end of the war, although tolerating unofficial international activity of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflective essay focuses on the emotionality of children's creations in the archives, particularly where children's creations give insight into traumatic histories. I argue that history will be better placed when historians write more openly about the inherently distressing nature of the materials they consume. It is impossible to be unaffected by such material and acknowledging this will make our work more transparent by outlining to readers the context it was written in. The complex, emotive interpretive task historians face is demonstrated using two children's drawings—one from the Spanish Civil War and the other from the Darfur Genocide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carl Schmitt is the most important anti-liberal political theorist of the European interwar period (1918-1939). His theories on the state of exception, dictatorship, and his criticism of parliamentary democracy are very well known. However, what remains unknown to this day is how his ideas had a remarkable influence on the ideologues of the Francoist state between 1939 and 1942. During these years, a debate developed among Francoist jurists about whether Francisco Franco was a "sovereign dictator," that is, a dictator legitimized by popular consent, or rather a new kind of "monarch" that emerged in the context of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). This paper aims to explain how two ideological factions formed in Francoist Spain. The "Decisionist Francoism" of Juan Beneyto Pérez, Francisco Elías de Tejada, and Luis Legaz Lacambra held that Franco emerged as a reaction to the process of "legalization" triggered by liberalism in Spain. The "Weberian Francoism" of Francisco Javier Conde held that Franco was a charismatic and traditional leader whose position emerged in response to the Civil War. I explain how three concepts of Schmitt's anti-iberalism inspired Francoist theorists: political theology, dictatorship, and the rejection of parliamentary democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Reviews of Books" presents critical reviews of literary works and cultural studies, covering topics such as Jewish philosophy, Spanish literature, and history. The authors offer insightful perspectives on various subjects, including the influence of art on poetry in Spain's Golden Age and the impact of historical events like the Spanish Civil War. These reviews provide valuable insights for readers interested in exploring diverse cultural and literary topics, shedding light on lesser-known aspects of history and literature. [Extracted from the article]

The article examines the concept of blue zones, regions known for their inhabitants' exceptional longevity, and the ongoing debate about the scientific validity of this phenomenon. Topics include the longevity of people in blue zones, the role of lifestyle habits in aging, and the skepticism surrounding the data supporting the blue zone theory.

The article discusses Plutarch's comparison of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, highlighting their virtues, choices, and circumstances. Plutarch aimed to capture permanent truths about human nature rather than mundane historical details. The comparison essay between Alexander and Caesar is lost to history, but the article speculates on what Plutarch may have written based on his other works and original sources. The text explores the concept of "humanitas," a virtue exhibited by both Alexander and Caesar, which involves extraordinary generosity towards all human beings. The article also delves into the differences in motivation for humanitas between pagan leaders like Alexander and Caesar and Christians, emphasizing the unique aspects of each perspective. [Extracted from the article]

"Red America: Greek Communists in the United States, 1920–1950" by Kostis Karpozilos explores the significant contributions of Greek immigrants to American radicalism, particularly communism, during the early 20th century to the Cold War era. The book highlights the involvement of Greek Americans in labor movements, strikes, and the Communist Party, showcasing their impact on both American and Greek political landscapes. While the text provides a detailed account of Greek radicalism, some critics suggest a need for more emphasis on the unique aspects of Greek American radicalism, cultural expressions, and gender dynamics within the movement." [Extracted from the article]

The novel "When the mountains walk" by Youssef El Maimouni explores the participation of Moroccan soldiers in the Spanish Civil War, highlighting their role as forgotten victims and perpetrators of violence. It shows the discrimination suffered by Moroccans in the war and how it persists today, through the Moroccan narrative perspective. The novel seeks to change the perception of Moroccan immigrants in current society, nuanced the image of the "wild Moor" spread by Francoist propaganda. Different perspectives on historical memory in Spain are analyzed, from the Transition to democracy to noir novels as a means of inquiry into recent history, exploring themes such as stereotypes in the Republican ballads and sexual violence against women in the Spanish Civil War. [Extracted from the article]

This article aims to study how historical documentaries handle the development of a tale. The initial premise is that documentaries are not a mere compilation and recounting of data but rather a narration constructed based on the perspective of the audiovisual language. To understand how filmmakers create the story, we studied documentary feature-length films on the Spanish Civil War between 2000 and 2014. The sequence has been taken as the unit of analysis, and a breakdown has been made of the types of images and sounds used according to duration, order, and predominance of plot or characters. The research bears on the concept of narrative strategy, which helps to understand the format's internal mechanism, considering three issues: the production approach, the visual solution, and the narrative decision. The study of the selected corpus detected eleven narrative strategies-eleven ways to portray the same event from the past, with different purposes and intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Spanish Civil War, War Routes with tourist itineraries were organized in the area controlled by General Francisco Franco. They began to operate on 1 July 1938 and ran throughout the whole of the following year. The objective was, on the one hand, to create a new tourism product essentially aimed at the European market in order to attract tourists and obtain foreign currency. On the other hand, these itineraries formed part of a propaganda campaign which sought to spread the virtues of the new regime that was under construction in order to counteract the campaign being carried out against it abroad by the legitimate regime of the Republic. This new tourism product was promoted among the principal European travel agencies, although it generated poor economic results. This article studies the promotion of these itineraries, the travel agencies that were interested in them, the banks that acted as intermediaries and the results of the initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the literary work of women exiled during the Spanish Civil War from a gender and exile perspective. It reflects on the importance of recovering the testimonies of these women as historical subjects and questioning the Spanish cultural and political canon. The existential and economic precariousness experienced by exiled women is highlighted, as well as the criticism and discrimination they faced. Despite the lack of support and recognition, the importance of rescuing and giving voice to these works to understand the experience of women in exile is emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Oppenheimer; movie; Manhattan project; Christopher Nolan; atomic bomb; American Prometheus EN Oppenheimer movie Manhattan project Christopher Nolan atomic bomb American Prometheus 203 209 7 07/19/23 20230701 NES 230701 In the middle of May, I drove to Universal Studios Hollywood and proceeded, per instruction, to Jurassic Parking (yes, that really is the name of the parking garage). After the screening, I drove to a leafy and placid part of Hollywood and what appeared to be a converted residence that serves as an editing studio, where I spoke with Nolan about how he came to choose J. Robert Oppenheimer, the enigmatic director of the Los Alamos laboratory that birthed the atomic bomb, as the subject of a mass-market film. Just talk a little bit about what the process of getting to a movie is. B Nolan: b The process was an interesting one because of everything that makes I American Prometheus i firstly such a brilliant record of Oppenheimer's life and interpretation of Oppenheimer's life. Director Christopher Nolan (r) directs Cillian Murphy (l) - the actor portraying J. Robert Oppenheimer in the film - on the set of Oppenheimer. [Extracted from the article]

War contexts can always be analysed from multiple perspectives. One of them refers to the study of war experiences. In fact, this question allows us to delve into the collective and individual subjectivities of people who have participated in war from a socio-cultural approach. This work attempts to analyze the construction of the subjectivities of Canarian and Okinawan ex-combatants as a result of their experiences in the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War. This study also contributes to research on this question, which is absent in the historiography dedicated to the study of these geographical spaces with a comparative approach. For this purpose, this research has made use of several testimonies of ex-combatants. Despite being culturally and geographically distant examples, both island scenarios presented evident similarities in their war experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAs little attention has been paid to dysphemism in death-related discourse, the goal of this study is to analyze the dysphemistic language in a sample of funeral cards, i.e., personalized keepsakes distributed at memorial or funeral services, of Nationalist Spaniards, including both combatants and civilians, who were killed in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and, by doing so, have access to the motivations and purposes underlying dysphemistic use in wartime funeral cards. The inductive, “bottom-up” analysis carried out demonstrates that dysphemism is used to express a negative evaluation of the political enemy through intense and emotionally charged language that refers to the cause and circumstances of the death, on the one hand, and to those responsible for the death, on the other. In this way, dysphemism creates a narrative atmosphere charged with contempt and hatred toward the political enemy and thus becomes a strategic tool of ideological propaganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the Hydrogeology Journal highlights the significant contributions of Professor Emilio Custodio to the field of hydrogeology. Professor Custodio, a pioneer in groundwater management, has made extensive research contributions, held leadership roles, and dedicated himself to education in the field. His work has had a global impact, inspiring and guiding hydrogeologists worldwide. Additionally, the article details his academic legacy, relationship with the International Association of Hydrogeologists, awards and recognition received, and his focus on key areas such as hydrochemical studies, coastal aquifers, groundwater recharge, volcanic aquifers, groundwater governance, and hydroethics. [Extracted from the article]

Heritage education connects with the student’s social environment. It makes a perfect setting for social learning. In this environment, the presence of cultural heritage as a past legacy opens up a wide range of opportunities from conservation to be the primary source of interdisciplinary knowledge. In this text, it develops a teaching innovation proposal for the training of future teachers inspired by the controversial heritage (air raid shelter) of the city of Cuenca. These territory’s traces can be exploited from the didactic and educational dimension. So, the proposal had been materialized through two basics related elements: on one hand, an interpretative itinerary in situ and on the other, the use of research and enquiry methodologies developed previously in the classroom. Archaeological remains become essential pieces of historical memory. The act of choosing a place to visit (local and close to the students) it responds to a didactic practice that focus the educational value of the social science teaching-learning process. In that way, it overcomes a compartmentalized and sealed vision of these sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Democratic Memory aims to close a debt of the past with Spanish Democracy, among other things, in terms of the analysis of the circumstances that led to the loss of rights and freedoms of citizens. In this sense, the places of memory of the Spanish Civil War and, especially, the mass graves, constitute a didactic resource of great potential when it comes to improving the understanding of the events and, above all, to carry out experiential, emotional and experiential learning that connects students with their recent past and promotes critical thinking. and the acquisition of constitutional values. Method: In this work, after a review of the relevance of these spaces also applying the gender perspective, a series of didactic guidelines are elaborated based on microanalysis as a methodological tool and having taken the Cemetery of San Eufrasio de Jaén as an implementation laboratory. Results: The didactic potential of places of memory is shown, where in addition to exemplifying educational experiences, the usefulness of places of memory to work on empathy and historical awareness has been highlighted. On the other hand, it is committed to reproducing research work in the classroom and the use of primary sources to generate critical thinking. Conclusions: We have a pending task: to construct a social history of the Franco regime in which the repression exercised against the vanquished, and especially against women, occupies a prominent place, which reaches textbooks and educational centers, because a culture of peace cannot be built on ignorance or concealment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the recent protest at Brooklyn College, where New York City Councilmember Inna Vernikov displayed a firearm in a move perceived as intimidation against student activists opposing Israel's actions in Gaza. Topics include the historical context of struggle and repression in CUNY's educational landscape, Conor Tomás Reed's exploration of radical pedagogy and activism within the university, and the significance of past movements.

"Entangled Roots Unearthed in the American Left" is a review of Aaron Lecklider's book "Love's Next Meeting: The Forgotten History of Homosexuality and the Left in American Culture." The book explores the intersection of queerness and radical politics in the mid-twentieth century, highlighting the relationships between sexual deviance and radical leftist and communist culture. Lecklider's analysis spans from the 1920s to the early 1950s, drawing upon various sources to show how these two outsider identities intertwined and informed each other over time. The book provides a nuanced argument, showcasing the connections between these movements while also acknowledging the need for political distancing and occasional conflation between them. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the Cultural Congress of Havana, which aimed to combat American imperialism and its cultural influence. Delegates from over 70 countries attended to raise awareness and rally against imperialism. The article highlights the significance of the Congress in the context of debates around culture, socialism, and freedom in Pakistan during the Cold War. "Cuba say Chand Khutoot" is a collection of letters and journal entries written by Abdullah Malik during his stay in Havana and his experiences at the Congress. The book aims to introduce revolutionary Cuba to the Pakistani public and promote a positive image of socialism. Malik reflects on his experiences at the Congress and expresses gratitude for the opportunity to witness a revolutionary future. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the influence of the Mexican Revolution (1906–40) on Spanish anarchists' views on racial and class solidarity. Whereas recent transnational studies of the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) have highlighted the conflict's lingering imprint on Latin American politics and society, this essay explores why Spanish anarchists interpreted the Mexican Revolution as an insurrection led by Mexico's Indigenous communities. It argues that such readings of the conflict, most of which were advanced by non-Indigenous revolutionaries, both challenged and reinforced racialized notions of social and political upheaval. This article therefore demonstrates how these views challenged orthodox interpretations of social revolution while exposing the obstacles to building internationalist solidarity among laboring classes in postimperial and postcolonial societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Indies' significant role in Spain's economic warfare during Philip IV's reign. It challenges the perception of the American territories as peripheral participants, emphasizing their central involvement in the General Reprisal against the French during the Franco-Spanish War. The study reveals interconnected policies between the Indies and European territories, the adaptations of the reprisal scheme to suit the American settings, and the consideration of each territory's unique conditions. It also highlights the importance of the French mercantile community in Seville, their integration into the Atlantic trade, and their strategies to recover property in the American territories. Additionally, the article analyzes the introduction of rogation days in the Indies as a complementary measure, serving as a propaganda tool to otherize the French, influence public opinion, and shape perceptions of foreignness. Overall, the research enhances our understanding of Spain's economic warfare strategies and their global impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mythology and cinema are two significant art forms that leave deep marks on the collective memory of humanity. Mythology is a collection of stories, gods, and symbols that reflect the beliefs, values, and worldviews of societies. Cinema, as one of the powerful art forms of the modern era, conveys mythological elements through a visual language to reach wide audiences. Thus, cinema not only uses mythology as a source of stories but also adds deep meanings by relating mythological figures and themes to the problems of modern society, helping viewers reinterpret and understand mythological stories and symbols in the modern world. This article aims to examine the relationship between cinema and mythology through Guillermo del Toro's film Pan's Labyrinth (2006). The film presents a fantastical story set after the Spanish Civil War, enriched with mythological elements and symbols. This study analyzes the mythological themes of the film and how these themes merge with cinematic narration. The research method used is qualitative, with an intertextual analysis technique applied to the film. Firstly, the mythological elements and symbols in the film are identified, and then their meanings and functions in the film are detailed. By utilizing mythology literature, the mythological references and symbolic meanings of the characters, events, and settings in the film are explained. In this context, Ofelia's journey parallels the hero's journey archetype, and the film deepens themes such as growth, sacrifice, and resistance by using mythological elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the management of public order during a crucial period of Spain's twentieth-century democratization process. A regional case-study is employed in order to analyse the detail of political violence and gain a clearer understanding of both the participants and the role of the police and the civil governor. It is based on an exhaustive database containing all the episodes of violence that led to deaths and serious injuries. Quantitative research, combined with adequate contextualization, is vital to unravel the evolution of this violence and identify the main actors. This article pinpoints important differences in the case of Asturias – compared to the nationwide data available – and contributes to the academic debate on the authorities' responsibility for the rising toll of victims during the spring of 1936. It shows that police participation in the generation of victims was of minor relevance, partly due to a deliberate policy pursued by Asturias' civil governor, which ruled out the preventative and recurrent use of the police to control conflictive situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wartime violence and authoritarian repression against civilians take various forms. Past research has explored the causes and consequences of violence, but no previous work simultaneously assessed the long-term effects of different types of violence on political identities. This paper contends that indiscriminate attacks can reinforce ingroup identity, whereas the role of civilian agency in selective violence may have a detrimental impact. Equipped with original data capturing municipality-level exposure to both selective and indiscriminate violence during the Spanish civil war (1936–1939) in Biscay (Basque Country), this study examines its legacy on voting behavior (1983–2015). Results indicate that fascist airstrikes increased Basque nationalism while selective violence diminished the popularity of Basque parties. Individual and community-level evidence suggests that airstrikes fostered the intergenerational transmission of political attitudes. Violence can boost national identities, but it can also erode them: it depends on the type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-fascist, anti-colonial, and anti-imperial struggles of the twentieth century provide important intellectual and political resources as we collectively seek to forge alternative futures in the face of our depleted political present. Setting out with this analytical and political concern, this article is interested in the question of what it means to visit the archive of past struggles and past insurgencies. It argues for a critical historical method that foregrounds the agency of the insurgents themselves—the agency of women, slaves, foreigners, the poor and the peasants—as the subjects of an insurgent universality (Tomba 2019). The article explores the international brigades fighting the fascists during the Spanish Civil War, the peasants gathered to affirm the Second Havana Declaration, and the audience that comprised Thomas Sankara's speech in Harlem. The artifacts of insurgency, the authors suggest, are embodied expressions of collective struggles written not by one but by a multiplicity. They are the artifacts of a collective political subjectivity united in their insurgent claim to disrupt the temporal and spatial delimitations of politics in modernity—enacting an insurgent universality. The archive of insurgent universality is our future for it provides compelling ways to think, write, and act politically toward the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bringing together political theorists of empire with critical scholars of international relations who have interrogated the methodological nationalism (indeed the fetish of the nation-state) of their disciplines, this special issue examines the multifaceted dimensions (including political, ideological, and psycho-affective) of a radical international thought. Going beyond articulations of anti-colonial struggle at the national level, the issue charts radical theories and praxes of insurgency and revolutionary violence and brings an internationalist framework to bear on historical moments like the Spanish Civil War, the rise of anti-imperial development alternatives, and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, and others. In doing so, the issue spotlights thinkers who are rarely read in a global register, such as Martin Luther King Jr., James Baldwin, Jalāl Āl-e Ahmad, Ghassan Kanafani, and Eqbal Ahmad, among others. Furthermore, the introduction argues, the essays track these understudied articulations of radical international thought in the context of the traveling projects of imperial domination to which they responded. These radical figures' political thought and action, in turn, inspired further imperial responses, such as political assassinations in the Third World, counterrevolutionary tactics, and other modes of violence in the service of empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ramon Margalef, a major figure in the development of ecology, is featured in this article as a pioneer of plankton research. While he is known for his contributions to ecological theory, this article focuses on his work as a naturalist and planktologist. Margalef's early life and career are highlighted, including his self-taught approach to studying insects and plants, his experiences during the Spanish Civil War, and his publications on freshwater and marine flora and fauna. Margalef's significant contributions to the study of marine plankton, including his work on mixoplankton and microzooplankton, are also mentioned. Despite retiring in 1993, Margalef continued to work and left behind a large body of scientific publications. The article concludes by emphasizing the value of field work and hands-on research in the study of plankton. [Extracted from the article]

Spanish prisoners deported to the Mauthausen Nazi concentration camp were treated and classified in an anomalous and problematic fashion that did not correspond to the real reasons for their detention. Thus, despite being prosecuted as Rotspaniers – 'red Spaniards' – a category initially employed to designate those Germans who had fought in the Spanish Civil War in support of the republican government, they were systematically forced to wear a blue badge that, according to the codes usually implemented in camps, classified them as 'emigrants', an equally strange category that was applied to all those Jews or political exiles who had fled Germany following the rise of Nazism but had been arrested upon their return to the country. This reality, however, was not shared by the other Spaniards distributed across the other camps in the system or by the other Rotspaniers present in Mauthausen, who were given the red badge that indicated they were political prisoners. This is the anomaly addressed by this article, which, based on study of the administrative sources at Mauthausen and thorough analysis of 'protective custody' as a legal instrument employed by the Nazi authorities to neutralize their enemies, enables us to revisit the debate and propose a new interpretative framework through which to re-evaluate the Spanish experience in the network of German camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

José Chabás Bergón, a prominent historian of Medieval and Renaissance computational astronomy, passed away in 2024. Born in Barcelona in 1948, Chabás made significant contributions to the field, including research on the astronomical sources of Granollachs and Jacob ben David Bonjorn. His work with Bernard R. Goldstein focused on the user-friendliness of Latin astronomers from 1300 to 1550, and he was involved in the European research project Alfonsine Astronomy. Chabás also worked on transcribing Juan Vélez's translation and commentaries of Ptolemy's Almagest. He leaves behind a legacy of impactful research and a family. [Extracted from the article]

In the years immediately following the Spanish Civil War, the political culture of Falangism developed a deeply gendered regenerationist discourse, which proposed that regeneration would only be possible if the nation recovered its virile attributes. This article focuses on a case study that allows us to better understand this gendered conception of the nation in terms of virility: the discourse developed around the Spanish Romantic writers of the 1830s, a literary movement difficult to incorporate within conceptions of the virile nation. This gained prominence particularly because several centenaries associated with these writers occurred during the war and post‐war period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Spanish Civil War, around 15,000 women were deployed as nurses or auxiliaries in the military health service of the Francoist army. Many of them worked behind the firing lines and came close to the combat and destruction. When the war drew to an end, these frontline nurses were demobilized and sent home to hearth and family. For some of them, returning home was a relief; for others, it meant the end to a professional career and meaningful vocation outside family control. Some of them used the tumultuous 'post-war' months to raise their voices, demanding the same treatment as male veterans. They wanted the same privileges these men enjoyed, such as free university access or ex-combatant status. Rallying together in support of such interests, they transcended several social borders, like Francoist ideas of complementary gender roles, concepts of nurses being acquiescent angels at sickbeds, and values of unconditional subordination and obedience. By pushing marriage into the future, they further violated Francoist expectations of a woman's 'proper' biographical trajectory. In all these endeavours to gain a place at the table of Francoist Spain, they found support from their male colleagues and superiors. Drawing from sources of the Francoist military health service, this paper argues that their petitions echoed the elitist and gendered views concerning the making of the victor's society. These perspectives reflected the intricate integration processes within the heterogeneous support base from which the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco drew his legitimacy and backing both during and after the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constantin Iordachi's book, "The Fascist Faith of the Legion 'Archangel Michael' in Romania, 1927-1941: Martyrdom and National Purification," offers valuable insights into the Legionary worldview and the history of Romanian fascism. The book explores the Legion's political faith, which incorporates theological elements and emphasizes martyrdom, sacrificial violence, and a crusading spirit. Iordachi's research is based on extensive archival sources and takes a culturalist approach to the history of fascism. The book delves into the rival national projects in Romania, the formation and growth of the Legion, its ideological characteristics, and its social networks. The text also examines the incorporation of various mythologies into a national epic by the Legion, its use of terrorism and violence, and its appeal to different social groups. Additionally, it explores the Legion's relationship with the Romanian Orthodox Church and its attempts to align the church with fascist ideology. The text concludes by discussing the legacy of Legionarism and its relevance in contemporary society. Overall, this text provides valuable insights into Romanian fascism and its impact on society. [Extracted from the article]

This paper aims to illustrate how several emotional mechanisms very probably played some causal and presumably significant role during the revolution that took place in Catalonia between July 1936 and May 1937 within the framework of the Spanish Civil War. Beyond this specific case study, the article contributes to the discussion on the role of emotions in large‐scale collective action and the concept of enthusiasm. In this regard, it is argued that the analyzed case suggests hatred could be an emotional antecedent of enthusiasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between nationalism, populism, and national Catholicism, exploring the connection between Catholicism and nationalism in countries like Spain and Italy. The author argues that national Catholicism was not a result of the Spanish Civil War, but rather a preexisting phenomenon. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between the new nationalism of the 20th century and populism, which emerged after World War II. The article discusses national-populist movements and emphasizes the defense of identity and roots as peculiar characteristics of this populism. The author suggests that young researchers broaden their horizons and study the history of other countries to gain a comparative perspective. [Extracted from the article]

Queerfeminist strategies in the reconstruction of memories, such as performative uses of fantasy in (auto)biographical (non)fiction texts, can bring out what has been repressed by androcentric narratives of History. Through memory dispositives, which trigger frictions between past and present, fiction and reality, creators manage to confront trauma. This is illustrated by close reading two works dealing with (post)memories of the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship: Carmen Martín Gaite's novel El cuarto de atrás (1978) and Maite García Ribot's documentary film Cartas a María (2015). While Martín Gaite navigates through her own fictionalized memories, García Ribot reconstructs her grandfather's exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Subversive Simone Weil: A Life in Five Ideas" by Robert Zaretsky is a biography that explores the life and ideas of Simone Weil, a complex and contradictory figure. Weil was an anarchist with conservative ideals, a pacifist who fought in the Spanish Civil War, and a mystic who was also a labor militant. The book examines Weil's five favorite ideas or words: malheur (affliction), attention, resistance, enracinement (finding roots), and godliness. Zaretsky analyzes Weil's beliefs and their relevance to contemporary issues, while also acknowledging the criticisms and controversies surrounding her views. Overall, the biography presents Weil as a challenging but valuable guide for understanding life. [Extracted from the article]

This research aimed to analyse the social representations of the Spanish Civil War and the dictatorship among young people from different autonomous communities in Spain. A free-association exercise elicited by the words 'Civil War' and 'Francoism' was completed by 477 university students of the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia and Madrid. Participants were also asked about their national identity and ideological orientation. Lexical analysis was used to analyse their responses, and the results revealed that there is no shared narrative among participants. The results show that most of the discourses constructed for these times go hand in hand with the discourses of the current political parties in Spain, which seek to satisfy the basic needs of the groups and justify their decisions and goals. However, the intergenerational voice also appears in the results showing alternatives to the political and hegemonic narratives of the state. This has significant implications for future research and memory policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish military medicine Corp has played an important role in the development of hemotherapy in Spain. The objective of this paper is to summarize the evolution of this medical specialty throughout 20th and 21st centuries conflicts. During the Spanish civil war, Durán on the Republican side and Elósegui on the National side, were the main protagonists of transfusion medicine. In the Second World War, military healthcare had to adapt to German guidelines, beginning transfusion in surgical facilities on the front. Throughout the Ifni-Sahara conflict, whole blood and plasma were transfused to the casualties, with support being insufficient during Edchera battle. The participation of Spanish military health in the Vietnam War was anecdotal, but sufficient to prove that hemotherapy support fell to the American armed forces and occasionally whole blood was transfused to the wounded. There was specific Spanish support for Argentina in the Falklands War as sixty units of blood were sent in glass vials to the South American country. Throughout the Balkan conflict, Spanish military healthcare received a weekly shipment of blood components that were usually donated to civilian hospitals if they had not been used for casualties treated by Spanish doctors. Blood products employ in the Iraq war was anecdotal, however, this situation changed during the Afghanistan war. The isolation inherent to the naval environment generates important logistical problems that must be resolved. Finally, the scientific activity generated in the field of Spanish military hemotherapy has had its impact at the national level, promoting the creation of this medical specialty and service in the military environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the second volume of the series "History of the Republican Exile Literature of 1939", which focuses on the cultural press of the Spanish republican exile during the decades of the 1950s and 1970s. The work addresses the cultural press of the exile in various countries, including France, the United States, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Colombia. The publications developed during the end of World War II, the development of the Cold War, and the Algerian War of Independence are highlighted. The study of the cultural press of the Spanish republican exile is essential to understand its importance in the historiography on the subject. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the Jewish community in Edwardian Stockport, detailing its growth, communal organizations, synagogue history, and prominent figures. Topics include the establishment of the synagogue, the role of key community members, such as Jacob Winter and Rev. Abraham Dove, the significance of tailoring and market trading among Jewish residents, and the residential dynamics, particularly in East Street, within the broader social context of the town.

Vladimir Pravdin was a senior Soviet intelligence officer in New York and Washington, DC, during World War II. He oversaw some of the most important Soviet agents of the era, including Harry Dexter White, a senior official at the U.S. Treasury Department; Lauchlin Currie, the chief economic adviser to U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt; and Judith Coplon, a U.S. Justice Department employee who provided intelligence on the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Pravdin's cover in the United States was as an editor and then director of U.S. operations for the TASS news agency. In his capacity as a TASS executive, he developed relationships with numerous U.S. journalists, including Walter Lippmann. Pravdin was born in 1905 in London, and his real name was Roland Abbiate. His unusually adventurous life included serving a two-year sentence in the Atlanta penitentiary prior to his recruitment by Soviet intelligence, surveilling Leon Trotsky in Norway and Mexico, participating in the Spanish Civil War, and leading the assassination of Ignace Poretsky. His story illuminates the triumphs of Soviet intelligence in the United States during World War II, the failures of U.S. counterintelligence, and the unraveling of Soviet espionage in North America following the defections of Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores Sir Frank Kermode's experiences during World War II, particularly his time in the Royal Navy. It discusses his observations of his commanding officers and his own lack of notable achievements. The article also raises questions about the connection between Kermode's wartime experiences and his later career as a writer. Additionally, it mentions Kermode's literary pursuits, personal relationships, and his play "The Golden Calf: A Tragedy," which revolves around themes of love, betrayal, and self-discovery. The text also discusses Kermode's experiences in Australia during the war, where he gave a lecture and wrote poetry. It concludes by mentioning Kermode's continued preoccupation with the war in his poetry. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the intersections between memory, documentary, and animation through an analysis of the film Gurs, historia y memoria (2017). Verónica Sáenz's documentary incorporates animated sequences by the renowned cartoonist Paco Roca to recuperate the memories of Spanish Republican exiles in the French camp Gurs. Although the graphic novel of the Spanish Civil War has piqued the interest of academics and critics, there are few studies devoted to the intersections between this genre and animation. In this article, I propose that the animated segments of Gurs, historia y memoria function as a reflective membrane that regulates the viewer's affective response based on the affirmative and future-centric structure of hope, with the goal of reconstructing a multidirectional memory of the Gurs camp aimed at promoting solidarity with Syrian refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]