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The study explored the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and potential antihyperlipidemic effects of Allspice (Pimenta dioica) leaf essential oil. The oil yield from hydro-distillation was 1.61 ± 0.35% (v/w), with major compounds identified by GC-MS analysis as eugenol (72.06 ± 3.93%), β-pinene (9.29 ± 3.33%), chavicol (6.95 ± 0.6%), limonene (3.05 ± 0.71%), and 3-octenol (1.55 ± 1.07%). The oil's antioxidant activity (426 ± 3.5 mg TE g−1) was attributed to polyphenols. It also reduced porcine pancreatic lipase activity, suggesting potential in managing dietary lipids. Molecular docking showed strong binding to CES1, with eugenol, limonene, β-pinene, and octenol outperforming the control (probucol). ADME-Tox predictions indicated favorable pharmacological profiles with controlled lipophilicity and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for insulin resistance in health-related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Despite the metabolic effects of resistance (RT) and aerobic training (AT) on diabetes symptoms, uncertainty exists regarding the superiority of effects manifested through these training approaches on FGF-21 and biochemical and physiological variables associated with metabolic disorders in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a 12-week RT and AT on FGF-21 levels and symptoms associated with metabolic disorders in male individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-six sedentary obese diabetic men (40 to 45 years old) were matched based on the level of FGF-1. They and were randomly divided into two training groups (RT, n = 12 and AT, n = 12) performing three days per week of moderate-intensity RT or AT for 12 weeks and an inactive control group (n = 12). Both training interventions significantly improved FGF-21, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, hormonal changes, strength, and aerobic capacity. Subgroup analysis revealed that RT had greater adaptive responses (p < 0.01) in fasting blood sugar (ES = -0.52), HOMA-IR (ES = -0.87), testosterone (ES = 0.52), cortisol (ES = -0.82), FGF-21 (ES = 0.61), and maximal strength (ES = 1.19) compared to AT. Conversely, AT showed greater changes (p < 0.01) in cholesterol (ES = -0.28), triglyceride (ES = -0.64), HDL (ES = 0.46), LDL (ES = -0.73), and aerobic capacity (ES = 1.18) compared to RT. Overall, both RT and AT interventions yielded significant moderate to large ES in FGF-21 levels and enhanced the management of biochemical variables. RT is an effective method for controlling FGF-21 levels and glucose balance, as well as for inducing hormonal changes. On the other hand, AT is more suitable for improving lipid profiles in overweight men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine risk factors for 1‐year postpartum weight retention (PPWR) and glucose intolerance (prediabetes + diabetes) in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes (GDM) and prediabetes in early postpartum. Methods: In this exploratory analysis of the MELINDA randomized controlled trial, we report data of 167 women with prediabetes at the 6–16 weeks (early) postpartum oral glucose tolerance test after a recent history of GDM. Results: Of all participants, 45% (75) had PPWR >0 kg at 1‐year postpartum. Compared to women without PPWR, women with PPWR had higher gestational weight gain [10.5 ± 6.4 vs. 6.5 ± 4.5 kg, p < 0.001], higher BMI (p < 0.01) and a worse metabolic profile (higher waist circumference, worse lipid profile and more insulin resistance) (all p < 0.05) both in early and late postpartum. Of all women with PPWR, 40.0% developed metabolic syndrome, compared to 18.9% of women without late PPWR (p = 0.003). The only independent predictor for late PPWR was weight retention in early postpartum (p < 0.001). Of all participants, 55.1% (92) had glucose intolerance (84 prediabetes, 8 diabetes) 1‐year postpartum. Independent predictors for late postpartum glucose intolerance were lower gestational age at start insulin therapy in pregnancy and delivery by caesarean section (resp. p = 0.044 and 0.014). Conclusions: In women with a previous history of GDM and prediabetes in early postpartum, PPWR in early postpartum was a strong independent predictor for late PPWR, while earlier start of insulin therapy during pregnancy and delivery by caesarean section were independent predictors of glucose intolerance in late postpartum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been increasing evidence of the association between hyperuricemia and diabetes mellitus (DM). In the general population, hyperuricemia has been associated with pre-diabetes. In DM patients, hyperuricemia has been associated with poor outcomes. Objectives: The objective was to determine the proportion of hyperuricemia and associated factors among patients with type 2 DM in Mwanza, Tanzania. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted from January to March 2023 among patients with type 2 DM attending clinic at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza. Data was obtained from a structured questionnaire. Serum uric acid, HbA1c, lipid profile, and renal functions were analyzed. Analysis was done via STATA version 17. The primary outcome was the proportion of hyperuricemia among patients with type 2 DM, and logistic regression models were used to analyze associated factors. Results: Out of 360 patients, 59.7% were female. The median age was 61 years [IQR 57-68], and the median duration of DM was 5 years [IQR 3-9]. The mean HbA1c was 8.2 ± 2.5%, with 60% of patients having poor control. Most patients had hypertension (78.9%) and were overweight or obese (81.9%). The proportion of patients with DM and hyperuricemia was 44.4%, with mean serum uric acid levels among males and females of 410 ± 137 and 385 ± 119 µmol/L, respectively. We found that being female (P =.001), overweight (P =.021), or obese (P =.007), and having chronic kidney disease (P <.001) was associated with hyperuricemia among patients with type 2 DM. Conclusion: The burden of hyperuricemia among type 2 DM patients is quite high, and it is associated with female gender, high body mass index, lipids, and chronic kidney disease. This calls for regular screening of hyperuricemia in the population, and more studies are needed to establish the outcomes associated with hyperuricemia and create a treatment guideline. Plain Language Summary: High Uric Acid Levels and Associated Factors Among Patients with Diabetes in Northwestern Tanzania There has been association between high uric acid levels and diabetes, as high uric acid levels have been found in patients with early stages of diabetes, as well as related to complications and death. This study investigated 360 patients with diabetes and found that 44.4% had high uric acid levels. The study found that factors associated with high uric acid levels in patient with diabetes were females, overweight and obese patients, and patients with kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) shares common pathogenic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with upregulated advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Here, we aim to investigate the effect of FPS-ZM1, an inhibitor for receptor for AGEs (RAGE), on lipid deposition in the liver of mice. Methods: KK-Ay mice were used as models of T2DM with NAFLD, while C57BL/6j mice were controls. Additionally, KK-Ay mice were treated with DMSO (with a concentration of 1%), with or without FPS-ZM1 (3 mg/kg/day, i.p). Lipid deposition in hepatocytes was observed using oil red O stain. Levels of AGEs and RAGE were measured. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), as well as nuclear factor κB p65 (p65 nfκb) and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38 MAPK), were also detected. Results: Lipid deposition is increased in the hepatocytes of KK-Ay mice compared to C57BL/6j mice. In addition, not only were the levels of AGEs elevated in plasma, but also the levels of RAGE in liver tissue. Although total SREBP-1c levels did not change in the liver of diabetic mice, mature SREBP-1c increased in KK-Ay mice with diabetes mellitus. Moreover, diabetic mice showed increased levels of phosphorylated-p65 nfκb (p-p65 nfκb) and phosphorylated-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK). On the contrary, FPS-ZM1 decreased lipid deposition in liver cells, as well as mature SREBP-1c, p-p65 nfκb and p-p38 MAPK levels in liver tissue. Conclusion: Generally, FPS-ZM1 may attenuate lipid deposition in hepatocytes of diabetic mice via SREBP-1c down-regulation. This may depend on the downregulation of p65 nfκb and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiological studies have repeatedly found per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure associated with higher circulating cholesterol, one of the greatest risk factors for development of coronary artery disease. The main route of cholesterol catabolism is through its conversion to bile acids, which circulate between the liver and ileum via enterohepatic circulation. Patients with coronary artery disease have decreased bile acid excretion, indicating that PFAS-induced impacts on enterohepatic circulation may play a critical role in cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVES: Using a mouse model with high levels of low-density and very low-density lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL, respectively) cholesterol and aortic lesion development similar to humans, the present study investigated mechanisms linking exposure to a PFAS mixture with increased cholesterol. METHODS: Male and female Ldlr-/- mice were fed an atherogenic diet (Clinton/Cybulsky low fat, 0.15% cholesterol) and exposed to a mixture of 5 PFAS representing legacy, replacement, and emerging subtypes (i.e., PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, GenX), each at a concentration of 2 mg/L, for 7 wk. Blood was collected longitudinally for cholesterol measurements, and mass spectrometry was used to measure circulating and fecal bile acids. Transcriptomic analysis of ileal samples was performed via RNA sequencing. RESULTS: After 7 wk of PFAS exposure, average circulating PFAS levels were measured at 21.6, 20.1, 31.2, 23.5, and 1.5 μg/mL in PFAS-exposed females and 12.9, 9.7, 23, 14.3, and 1.7 μg/mL in PFAS-exposed males for PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and GenX, respectively. Total circulating cholesterol levels were higher in PFAS-exposed mice after 7 wk (352 mg/dL vs. 415 mg/dL in female mice and 392 mg/dL vs. 488 mg/dL in male mice exposed to vehicle or PFAS, respectively). Total circulating bile acid levels were higher in PFAS-exposed mice (2,978 pg/μL vs. 8,496 pg/μL in female mice and 1,960 pg/μL vs. 4,452 pg/μL in male mice exposed to vehicle or PFAS, respectively). In addition, total fecal bile acid levels were lower in PFAS-exposed mice (1,797 ng/mg vs. 682 ng/mg in females and 1,622 ng/mg vs. 670 ng/mg in males exposed to vehicle or PFAS, respectively). In the ileum, expression levels of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) were higher in PFAS-exposed mice. DISCUSSION: Mice exposed to a PFAS mixture displayed higher circulating cholesterol and bile acids perhaps due to impacts on enterohepatic circulation. This study implicates PFAS-mediated effects at the site of the ileum as a possible critical mediator of increased cardiovascular risk following PFAS exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movement behaviors within the 24‐h day, including physical activity (PA), sedentary time, and sleep, are associated with cardiometabolic health. We aimed to determine the association between 24‐h movement composition and cardiometabolic health while accounting for sleep efficiency. Altogether, 1134 participants from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study, free from prior cardiovascular disease, provided at least 4 days of 24‐h activity and sleep efficiency measured with a wearable ring. Participants' body composition was assessed with bioimpedance, blood pressure, and waist circumference were measured, and lipids and glucose were analyzed from a fasting blood sample. Linear regression models for cardiometabolic outcomes were created with 24‐h movement composition and covariates, including sleep efficiency and behavioral and socioeconomic factors. Isotemporal time reallocations were used to demonstrate the dose‐dependent associations between time use and outcomes. Beneficial associations with the outcomes were detected when sedentary time was reallocated to light PA, moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), or sleep. For example, substituting 30 min of sedentary time with MVPA was associated with 7.2% (95% CI from −9.8% to −4.5%) lower visceral fat area, 4.9% (95% CI from −6.5% to −3.3%) lower body fat percentage, 1.6% (95% CI from −2.3% to −0.9%) smaller waist circumference, and 2.4% (95% CI from 1.2% to 3.5%) higher high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol after accounting for gender, marital status, education level, employment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep efficiency. Substituting sedentary time with sleep or light PA showed beneficial but smaller differences in adiposity measures and HDL cholesterol. Limiting sedentary time should be encouraged in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging scientific studies have supported the hypothesis that exposure to environmental chemicals increases the incidence of diverse human metabolic disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between fluoride exposure and metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence in people from the Central Region of Mexico. This research included 575 adult individuals. Urinary fluoride concentrations were determined using a potentiometric method. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were also acquired. Serum fasting glucose and lipid levels were quantified. For the MetS screening, we used the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. The mean urinary fluoride levels were 3.50 ± 2.50 mg/L. The prevalence of MetS was approximately 27 and 25% according to NCEP ATP III and IDF criteria, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant associations (p < 0.05) between urinary fluoride concentrations and MetS occurrence using NCEP ATP III criteria (OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.05–2.10) and IDF criteria (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 0.95–1.45). These findings emphasize the need to discover the underlying mechanisms that fluoride exposure has on MetS pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability among persons with diabetes. Early intervention on cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) is important in reducing CVD burden. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study assessed CRFs in incident cohorts of youth aged <20 years established from 2002 to 2016. Research Design and Methods. Regression models assessed trends over each incident year for lipids (total cholesterol (TC), HDL‐c, LDL‐c, triglycerides (TG), VLDL‐c, and non‐HDL‐c), kidney function (albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 and ≥300, cystatin C, serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) z‐scores, BMI z‐score, waist circumference (WC), and an inflammatory marker (C‐reactive protein (CRP)). Models were stratified by diabetes type (type 1 diabetes (T1D), N = 4,600; type 2 diabetes (T2D), N = 932) and adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex, race/ethnicity, and diabetes duration. An interaction analysis assessed differential time trends by type. Results. For youth with T1D, all CRFs significantly improved over time, with the exception of ACR > 300, cystatin C, serum creatinine, eGFR, and CRP. For youth with T2D, TC, LDL‐c, and non‐HDL‐c significantly improved, while eGFR, BMI z‐score, and CRP significantly worsened. Significant differences in trends over time by type were seen for TC, HDL‐c, BMI z‐score, BP z‐scores, WC, and CRP. Conclusions. Overall, improvements in CRFs were more often observed in youth with T1D. Youth with T2D had worsening trends over time in BMI z‐score, CRP, and kidney function. Further research is needed to better understand these trends and their implications for long‐term CVD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Betatrophin is a hepatokine that modulates hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism and contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between NAFLD and betatrophin levels in hypogonadal males. Methods: The study included 56 newly diagnosed hypogonadal males aged 18-60 and 60 eugonadal males of similar age and body mass index. All participants were assessed for anthropometric and metabolic parameters, liver function tests, and betatrophin levels. Transient elastography was used to evaluate liver steatosis [controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)] and fibrosis [liver stiffness measurement (LSM)]. Accordingly, hypogonadal and control groups were divided into NAFLD (n = 64) and non-NAFLD (n = 52). Results: Controlled attenuation parameter, LSM, waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG), IR index homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and betatrophin were significantly higher in the hypogonadal group than controls. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis (67.9%-43.3%) were higher in hypogonadal males. Triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and betatrophin were higher, and total testosterone was significantly lower in the NAFLD group. Serum betatrophin was also significantly higher in patients with fibrosis than without. There was a significant positive correlation between WC, TG, HOMA-IR, betatrophin, and LSM and CAP. The predictive factors were TG (ß = 0.329, P < .001), betatrophin (ß = 0.221, P = .029), HOMA-IR (ß = 0.213, P = .019) for CAP, and betatrophin for LSM (ß = 0.466, P < .001). Conclusion: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is more common in hypogonadal males than in eugonadal males. Betatrophin is an independent risk factor for developing and progressing NAFLD. However, more research is needed to explain the causal relationship between betatrophin and NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It was previously shown that the levels of several biomarkers increase due to acromegaly disease-related inflammation, and some markers are parallel to the disease's activity. The current study compared the possible relationship of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) with acromegaly disease activity in healthy subjects. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in a single center. It included 40 acromegaly patients (25 active/15 controlled) (47.7 ± 9.4 years, 20 female/20 male) and 24 healthy individuals (49.9 ± 10.1 years, 13 female/11 male) with age-sex-body mass index similar to the patient group. Demographic data, metabolic and hormonal parameters, and GDF-15 levels of the study population were studied. Results: The median GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in patients with acromegaly compared to healthy subjects (HS) (280.4 (Q1-Q3: 197.0-553.2) vs. 213.3 (Q1-Q3: 179.9-297.2) ng/L, P = .01). Serum GDF-15 levels of active and controlled acromegaly patients were comparable (P = .39). Interestingly, compared to HS, GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in controlled disease (P = .013), whereas GDF-15 levels tended to be higher in active disease but did not reach statistical significance (P = .06). Growth differentiation factor-15 levels were positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.304, P = .01) and HbA1c (r = 0.292, P = .02). When evaluated across the entire cohort, GDF-15 levels were found to be higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic individuals (P = .04). Conclusion: Plasma GDF-15 levels were increased in the patients with acromegaly compared to healthy subjects. This increment may be due to accompanying diseases such as diabetes rather than a disease-specific effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease remains a significant global health concern, with high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels contributing to an increased risk. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) further complicates its management, necessitating additional lipid-lowering therapies. Evinacumab, an angiopoietin-like protein 3 monoclonal antibody, has emerged as a potential treatment, particularly for patients with FH, by effectively reducing LDL-C and triglyceride levels. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of evinacumab across diverse patient populations. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were systematically retrieved from multiple databases until November 24, 2023. The inclusion criteria were studies comparing evinacumab (at doses of 5 and 15 mg) to placebo, with outcomes focusing on lipid levels and adverse events. Standardized protocols were employed for data extraction and quality assessment, and statistical analysis was conducted using RevMan software. Results: Four RCTs, involving 270 patients, were included in the analysis. The analysis revealed significant reductions in lipid markers, particularly with the 15-mg dose of evinacumab, including triacylglycerols (standard mean difference [SMD] = −6.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 14.53 to 2.36, P = 0.16), total cholesterol (SMD = − 6.20, 95% CI − 11.53 to − 0.88, P = 0.02), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD = − 0.79, 95% CI − 1.27 to − 0.31, P = 0.001), LDL-C (SMD = − 4.58, 95% CI − 9.13 to − 0.03, P = 0.05), apolipoprotein (Apo) B (SMD = − 4.01, 95% CI − 7.53 to − 0.46, P = 0.03), and Apo C3 (SMD = − 7.67, 95% CI − 12.94 to − 2.41, P = 0.004). Adverse event analysis revealed no significant association, indicating good tolerability. Conclusion: High-dose evinacumab (15 mg) consistently demonstrated efficacy in reducing cholesterol and other lipid markers, with favorable tolerability. Further research is warranted to comprehensively assess its safety and clinical effectiveness, emphasizing the need for additional data to support its use in managing cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been commonly calculated by equations, but their performance has not been entirely satisfactory. This study aimed to develop a more accurate LDL-C prediction model using machine learning methods. Methods The study involved predicting directly measured LDL-C, using individual characteristics, lipid profiles, and other laboratory results as predictors. The models applied to predict LDL-C values were multiple regression, penalized regression, random forest, and XGBoost. Additionally, a novel 2-step prediction model was developed and introduced. The machine learning methods were evaluated against the Friedewald, Martin, and Sampson equations. Results The Friedewald, Martin, and Sampson equations had root mean squared error (RMSE) values of 12.112, 8.084, and 8.492, respectively, whereas the 2-step prediction model showed the highest accuracy, with an RMSE of 7.015. The LDL-C levels were also classified as a categorical variable according to the diagnostic criteria of the dyslipidemia treatment guideline, and concordance rates were calculated between the predictive values obtained from each method and the directly measured ones. The 2-step prediction model had the highest concordance rate (85.1%). Conclusion The machine learning method can calculate LDL-C more accurately than existing equations. The proposed 2-step prediction model, in particular, outperformed the other machine learning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) serves as a tool to assess the inflammatory impact of an individual's diet. This study aimed to investigate the association between DII and some cardio-metabolic risk indices among patients with T2DM. Methods: Data from the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study, encompassing 2045 adults with T2DM, were analyzed. DII scores were calculated based on food frequency questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were performed to assess cardio-metabolic risk factors. Results: Higher DII scores were positively associated with elevated triglyceride levels, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, lipid accumulation product (LAP), anthropometric indices including a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), hip, waist circumferences (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (all Ptrend < 0.05). Notably, no significant association was observed between DII and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (Ptrend > 0.05). Additionally, dietary intake analysis revealed a negative correlation between DII scores and intake of fiber, fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, seafood, dairy products, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conversely, higher DII scores were associated with increased consumption of red meat, processed meat, refined cereals, potatoes, and soft drinks (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conclusion: This study underscores the critical link between dietary inflammation, assessed by the DII score, and a multitude of cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM. Notably, while the study did not find a significant association between DII and fasting blood sugar levels, it identified robust associations with novel anthropometric and biochemical indices indicative of cardio-metabolic risk. These findings highlight the potential of dietary interventions as a cornerstone strategy for managing T2DM and mitigating its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Statin treatment compliance and achieving target levels differ between populations. This study aimed to determine the status of achieving the lipid targets and evaluate patients' compliance to statin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. Method: This cross-sectional study included type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with dyslipidemia who applied for treatment at our polyclinics. Statin compliance was evaluated using the Modified Morisky Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) through a face-to-face interview. Cardiovascular (CV) risk was calculated according to the 2019 ESC (European Society of Cardiology) criteria by evaluating the patients' individual risk factors. LDL targets were determined according to risk categories with the same criteria. Results: A total of 504 patients (F/M: 274/230) were included. The serum LDL levels were 102.6 ± 39.2 mg/dL. Of the patients, 56.1% were under statin treatment. CV risk was very high in 73.6% of patients. LDL levels were significantly lower in users than in non-users (91.2 ± 26.0, 117.3 ± 38.4, p < 0.0001). The rate of reaching the LDL target was 14.8% in statin users. Treatment compliance was low for 40.6% of statin users. Discontinuation of statin treatment due to side effects was 15.7% (n = 14). N = 49 patients willingly discontinued statin treatment. They reported that 40.8% considered the treatment unnecessary. Conclusion: It was observed that 56.1% of type 2 diabetic patients were on statin therapy. A small percentage of them 14.8% (n = 42) reached the LDL target. Statin non-compliance and a lack of awareness of the statin treatment are the main reasons for high LDL levels in type 2 diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A chronic autoimmune disease with an increasing incidence rate, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is typified by the degeneration of the pancreatic beta cells. Diabetes management is significantly impacted by nutrition. Although it has been demonstrated that following the Mediterranean diet (MD) improves metabolic control with type 2 diabetes in children and adults, its effects on children with T1DM have not received much attention. Objective: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess whether adherence to Mediterranean diet is associated with better metabolic control and body composition in youths with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. The study recruited T1DM patients aged 6-18 years at İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty Hospital's Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Outpatient Clinic for follow-up. Methods: In addition to demographic variables, some anthropometric measurements, body composition and biochemical parameters such as: Trygliceride(TG), Total cholesterol (TC), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), (Aspartate aminotransferase) AST, Alanine transaminase (ALT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was analyzed. The time in range (TIR) is a value obtained from continuous glucose monitoring. KIDMED was used to assess the participants' adherence with the MD. Results: Good adherence to the MD resulted in much larger height SDS than poor adherence. Poor adherence to MD resulted in higher body fat than moderate and good adherence. There is positivite correlation between TIR and KIDMED score. Adherence to MD is negatively associated with HbA1c. The regression anaylsis showed that a one-point rise in the KIDMED score would result in a 0.314-unit reduction in the HbA1c value (p < 0.01). Conclusions: In conclusion, this study found that adhering to MD led to improved anthropometric measurements, biochemistry, and diabetes outcomes. Awareness among children, adolescents with T1DM, and their parents about the benefits of MD compliance for glycemic and metabolic control should be raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk in observational studies but with little evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The impact of concurrent pharmacological therapy is unknown. Objective To pool data from six RCTs to examine the effect of increasing FV intake on blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile, also exploring whether effects differed by medication use. Design Across trials, dietary intake was assessed by diet diaries or histories, lipids by routine biochemical methods and BP by automated monitors. Linear regression provided an estimate of the change in lipid profile or BP associated with a one portion increase in self-reported daily FV intake, with interaction terms fitted for medication use. Results The pooled sample included a total of 554 participants (308 males and 246 females). Meta-analysis of regression coefficients revealed no significant change in either systolic or diastolic BP per portion FV increase, although there was significant heterogeneity across trials for systolic BP (I 2 = 73%). Neither adjusting for change in body mass index, nor analysis according to use of anti-hypertensive medication altered the relationship. There was no significant change in lipid profile per portion FV increase, although there was a significant reduction in total cholesterol among those not on lipid-lowering therapy (P  < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). Conclusion Pooled analysis of six individual FV trials showed no impact of increasing intake on BP or lipids, but there was a total cholesterol-lowering effect in those not on lipid-lowering therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exposure to obesogenic chemicals has been reported to result in enhanced adipogenesis, higher adipose tissue accumulation, and reduced ovarian hormonal synthesis and follicular function. We have reported that organotins [tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT)] dysregulate cholesterol trafficking in ovarian theca cells, but, whether organotins also exert lipogenic effects on ovarian cells remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE: We investigated if environmentally relevant exposures to organotins [TBT, TPT, or dibutyltin (DBT)] induce lipid dysregulation in ovarian theca cells and the role of the liver X receptor (LXR) in this effect. We also tested the effect of TBT on oocyte maturation and neutral lipid accumulation, and lipid-related transcript expression in cumulus cells and preimplantation embryos. METHODS: Primary theca cell cultures derived from human and ovine ovaries were exposed to TBT, TPT, or DBT (1, 10, or 50 ng/ml). The effect of these chemical exposures on neutral lipid accumulation, lipid abundance and composition, lipid homeostasis-related gene expression, and cytokine secretion was evaluated using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), inhibitor-based methods, cytokine secretion, and lipid ontology analyses. We also exposed murine cumulus-oocyte complexes to TBT and evaluated oocyte maturation, embryo development, and lipid homeostasis-related mRNA expression in cumulus cells and blastocysts. RESULTS: Exposure to TBT resulted in higher intracellular neutral lipids in human and ovine primary theca cells. In ovine theca cells, this effect was dose-dependent, independent of cell stage, and partially mediated by LXR. DBT and TPT resulted in higher intracellular neutral lipids but to a lesser extent in comparison with TBT. More than 140 lipids and 9 cytokines were dysregulated in TBT-exposed human theca cells. Expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis were higher in theca cells, as well as in cumulus cells and blastocysts exposed to TBT. However, TBT did not impact the rates of oocyte maturation or blastocyst development. DISCUSSION: TBT induced dyslipidemia in primary human and ovine theca cells, which may be responsible for some of the TBT-induced fertility dysregulations reported in rodent models of TBT exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Longer-term intake of fatty acid (FA)-modified dairy products (SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched) was reported to attenuate postprandial endothelial function in humans, relative to conventional (control) dairy. Thus, we performed an in vitro study in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) to investigate mechanisms underlying the effects observed in vivo. Methods: This sub-study was conducted within the framework of the RESET study, a 12-week randomised controlled crossover trial with FA-modified and control dairy diets. HAEC were incubated for 24 h with post-intervention plasma samples from eleven adults (age: 57.5 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 25.7 ± 2.7 kg/m2) at moderate cardiovascular disease risk following representative sequential mixed meals. Markers of endothelial function and lipid regulation were assessed. Results: Relative to control, HAEC incubation with plasma following the FA-modified treatment increased postprandial NOx production (P-interaction = 0.019), yet up-regulated relative E-selectin mRNA gene expression (P-interaction = 0.011). There was no impact on other genes measured. Conclusion: Incubation of HAEC with human plasma collected after longer-term dairy fat manipulation had a beneficial impact on postprandial NOx production. Further ex vivo research is needed to understand the impact of partial replacement of SFA with unsaturated fatty acids in dairy foods on pathways involved in endothelial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral adipose tissue accumulation is strongly linked with numerous chronic diseases; however, the accessibility for visceral adipose tissue measurement is limited. This study employed a cross-sectional design to determine the optimal strongest predictor of high visceral adipose tissue in each sex and identified the optimal cutoff value thereof. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 94 men and 326 women aged ≥40 years in southern Taiwan. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to explore the optimal predictor of high visceral adipose tissue (defined as ≥135 cm² for men and ≥100 cm² for women) in each sex. The waist-to-hip ratio was the strongest predictor for men, with a cutoff value of 0.96 yielding the maximum sensitivity (94.29%) and specificity (93.22%). By contrast, body mass index was the strongest predictor for women, with a cutoff value of 25.45 kg/m² yielding the maximum sensitivity (87.18%) and specificity (87.55%). The results may serve as a reference for health policy-makers in screening for high visceral adipose tissue to identify individuals at high risk of developing chronic diseases for health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease often associated with hyperlipidemia. High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high triglyceride, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) form the atherogenic lipoprotein profile. In this study, we examined how exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog, affects lipid profile and atherogenic indices in patients with diabetes. Methods: 100 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participated in this retrospective study. Clinical and laboratory data of the patients were obtained before exenatide treatment and at the 12th week. From the lipid profile, Atherogenicity Plasma Index (AIP), Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I), Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), triglyceride (TG)/HDLc, TG- Glucose index (TyG) and TyG-Body Mass Index (BMI) data were calculated. Results: There was a significant improvement in body weight (BW), BMI, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and conventional lipid profile after exenatide treatment. Statistically, significant decreases were observed in atherogenicity indices TyG index, TyG-BMI index, CRI-I, CRI-II, AIP, and AC indices (p < 0.05). This improvement in TG/HDLc, TyG index, CRI-I, CRI-II, AIP and AC indices was independent of HbA1c and BMI. Especially in patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2, TyG-BMI index (p:0.01), a statistically significant decrease was observed in TyG index, TyG-BMI index, CRI-I, and AIP values in patients with HbA1c ≥8% (p:0.001, p:0.016, p:0.047, p:0.008). Conclusion: In addition to its commonly known effects such as lowering FPG levels and weight loss, exenatide has been observed to have a positive effect on traditional lipid profiles and atherogenicity-related indices. In addition to its antidiabetic effect, it should be considered in diabetic patients in treatment options for atherosclerotic cardiovascular prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate erectile dysfunction and associated factors in diabetic patients. Three hundred two patients aged 30–69 and diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) at the internal diseases clinic of a Turkish hospital between January and July 2023 were included in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The patients' anthropometric and demographic characteristics, blood lipid and glucose levels, and blood testosterone values were examined. All patients completed the shortened version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were applied. The incidence of erectile dysfunction in the patients with type 2 DM was 54.3%. The patients' mean age was 48.89 ± 7.87 years. The majority were obese (53.0%) and had comorbidities (66.2%). Duration of diabetes was longer among the patients with erectile dysfunction than in those without (mean duration of DM 84.86 ± 42.49 years and 71.05 ± 25.58 years, respectively, p: 0.001). No diabetes-related complications were observed in 67.2% of the patients, while glycemic control was weak in 44.4% (HbA1c < 7%). Increased body mass index (p = 0.009), lack of physical activity, HbA1C elevation, and low testosterone levels (p < 0.001) emerged as independent indicators of erectile dysfunction (p < 0.05). Erectile dysfunction is very prevalent in diabetic men. The Condition is also increasingly significant as an early clinical indicator for patients with cardiovascular disease. Erectile dysfunction evaluation and management should constitute a standard component in addition to routine laboratory investigation in internal diseases clinics. Clinicians should screen patients with longer durations of diabetes more frequently and refer them for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Premature graying of hair (PGH) is a clinical entity with multiple ramifications such as low self- esteem, inferiority complex and may interfere with an individual's social interaction capabilities and adversely affect the individual's psychosocial health. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical factors and knowledge, attitude, and practice in patients with PGH. Materials and Methods: A case control study including 75 cases and equal number of age and sex matched controls was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Various epidemiological variables and biochemical parameters (vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron profile, lipid profile, thyroid hormones) were ascertained and compared between the cases and controls. The severity of graying was assessed using the Graying Severity Score, and a knowledge, attitude, and practice study was conducted by administering a pre-validated questionnaire to assess the impact on the quality of life of these affected individuals. Results: Significant differences between cases and controls in the serum levels of biochemical parameters, namely Vitamin B12 (p=0.001), vitamin D (p=0.004), serum iron (p<0.001), ferritin (p<0.001) and total iron binding capacity, i.e TIBC (p=0.037) and thyroid hormones T4 (p=0.002) and thyroid stimulating hormone (p=0.041) was found. No correlation between PGH and serum calcium and lipid profile was derived. Also, a statistically significant difference was noted in the appetite pattern of cases and controls (p=0.003). Stress, smoking, altered sleep pattern and bowel habits were also more prevalent in cases as compared to controls. It was also noted that most study cases belonged to the lower middle class of the modified Kuppuswamy scale. The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) study, which was extremely comprehensive and detailed in nature, showed that PGH significantly affects these patients' quality of life. Conclusion: The study reveals a strong association between PGH and deficiency of vitamin D, abnormal levels of vitamin B12, hypothyroidism and deranged iron profile, and altered appetite patterns. Along with this, the prevalence of stress, smoking, altered sleep patterns and bowel habits was also higher in PGH cases. Hence, all these parameters should be analysed in such patients. KAP analysis was a unique approach to studying common conceptions and practices in PGH cases and its' psychological impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since 2010, an increasing number of patients have participated in a nurse-led integrated cardiovascular risk management programme in the Netherlands. Because it is important to understand which patients discontinue and why, when evaluating the effectiveness of the care programme, the aim was to identify the reasons for discontinuation. Methods: Electronic health records of 3997 patients enrolled in a nurse-led integrated cardiovascular risk management programme that started on April 1st, 2010, were manually scrutinized for reasons for discontinuation between April 1st, 2010, and April 1st, 2018. In addition to death and moving to a diabetes care programme, we describe 7 different reasons why patients discontinued the programme and compared the patient characteristics of those who discontinued the programme without specific reasons with those who remained in the care programme for 8 years. Results: Between April 1st, 2010, and April 1st, 2018, 1,190 participants (29.8%) discontinued the CVRM care programme, of whom 271 participants died (6.8%) and 195 were transferred to a diabetes care programme (4.9%). The remaining 724 patients (18.1%) participated 5 years before discontinuation. Of these, 67 (9.3%) had a previous cardiovascular event at the start of the programme. In 355 patients, a specific reason for discontinuation was not found. At baseline, these patients less frequently had a history of CVD than those who continued the programme for 8 years (1.7 vs. 22.6%), were younger (62 vs. 67 years), had less registered cardiovascular comorbidity (atrial fibrillation: 1.1 vs. 7.2%; congestive heart failure 0.3 vs. 1.2%; chronic kidney disease 0.0 vs. 4.5%), were more often smokers (13.0% vs. 4.3%) and took blood pressure- and lipid-lowering drugs twice as often. Conclusions: In our study we observed that participants who discontinued the nurse-led integrated CVRM care programme between 2010 and 2018 without specific reason or on request were younger, without previous CVD, had less cardiovascular comorbidity and were better adjusted to medication. Exploring the patients' reasons for discontinuation can contribute to an individualized approach to prevent or reduce discontinuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of yoga on the frequency of MetS and its impact on cardiovascular risk markers in climacteric women. We recruited 84 sedentary women between 40 and 65 years diagnosed with MetS. Participants were randomly assigned to a 24-week yoga intervention or control group. We evaluated the frequency of MetS and changes in the individual components of MetS at baseline and after 24 weeks. We also assessed the impact of yoga practices on cardiovascular risk through the following markers: High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP). The frequency of MetS reduced significantly after 24 weeks of yoga practice (− 34.1%; p < 0.001). Statistical analysis showed that the frequency of MetS was significantly lower in the yoga group (65.9%; n = 27) than in the control group (93.0%; n = 40) after 24 weeks (p = 0.002). Regarding the individual components of MetS, yoga practitioners had statistically lower waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HDLc, and glucose serum concentrations than the control group after 24 weeks. Yoga practitioners also had a significant decrease in hs-CRP serum concentrations (3.27 ± 2.95 mg/L vs. 2.52 ± 2.14 mg/L; p = 0.040) and a lower frequency of moderate or high cardiovascular risk (48.8% vs. 34.1%; p = 0.001) after 24 weeks of practice. The yoga group had LAP values significantly lower than the control group after the intervention period (55.8 ± 38.04 vs. 73.9 ± 40.7; p = 0.039). Yoga practice demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic to manage MetS and reduce cardiovascular risk in climacteric women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red yeast rice (RYR) is known for its lipid-lowering effects in patients with hypercholesterolemia; however, its comparative efficacy with statins and risk reduction remains uncertain. This retrospective study analyzed data from 337,104 patients with hyperlipidemia in the Chang Gung Research Database cohort, spanning from January 2016 to December 2021. Exclusion criteria were applied to ensure data completeness and compliance, including an age limit of < 1 8 years, absence of RYR or statin treatment, and a treatment duration of < 3 0 days. Propensity score matching was employed to minimize bias based on baseline factors, with one patient matching with four patients in the comparison group. The study encompassed a total of 5,984 adult hyperlipidemic patients, with 1,197 in the RYR group and 4,787 in the statin group. The patients were also stratified into statin (n = 8 8 0) or combined use (n = 2 2 0) groups for further comparison. Following one year of treatment, both the RYR and statin groups exhibited reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Most biochemical parameters showed no significant differences, except for elevated glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels in the RYR group (p = 0. 0 2 6) and increased glycohemoglobin levels in the statin group at the three-month mark (p = 0. 0 3 5). In patients with comorbid diabetes, hypertension, kidney, or liver diseases, RYR and statins demonstrated comparable risks for emergency room (ER) visits, stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI). However, the combination of RYR and statins was associated with reduced stroke-related hospitalizations in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease, as well as decreased MI-related hospitalizations in patients with hypertension and kidney disease (all p < 0. 0 0 0 1). In conclusion, both RYR and statins effectively lower blood lipid levels and mitigate related complications. Combining these therapies may lead to fewer ER visits, reduced stroke frequency, and fewer MI hospitalizations in hypertensive and kidney disease patients, and they decreased all-cause mortality in the kidney disease population. Further research on combined therapy is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in 25–30% of British and European populations, representing a potential global public health crisis. Marine omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids offer well-evidenced benefits to NAFLD biomarkers; however, the effect of plant-based n-3 has not been evaluated with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective The review aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of plant-based n-3 supplementation on NAFLD surrogate biomarkers and parameters. Data Sources Medline (EBSCO), PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials published between January 1970 and March 2022 evaluating the impact of plant-based n-3 interventions on diagnosed NAFLD. The review followed the PRISMA checklist and is PROSPERO registered (CRD42021251980). Data Extraction A random-effects model and generic inverse variance methods synthesized quantitative data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. We identified 986 articles; after the application of selection criteria, six studies remained with 362 patients with NAFLD. Results The meta-analysis showed that plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mean difference: 8.04 IU/L; 95% confidence interval: 14.70, 1.38; I2 = 48.61%) and plasma/serum triglycerides (44.51 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: –76.93, –12.08; I2 = 69.93%), alongside body-composition markers in patients with NAFLD (P < 0.05). Conclusion Plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves ALT enzyme biomarkers, triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, and weight loss when combined with lifestyle interventions to increase physical activity and a calorie-controlled diet. Further research is needed to identify the most effective plant-based n-3 sources in larger numbers of patients with NAFLD over longer study durations. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021251980. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Residents of Wilmington, North, Carolina, were exposed to drinking water contaminated by fluoroethers and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), with fluoroether exposure occurring from 1980 to 2017. PFOA and PFOS have previously been associated with metabolic dysfunction; however, few prior studies have examined associations between other PFAS and lipid levels. OBJECTIVES: We measured the association between serum fluoroether and legacy PFAS levels and various cholesterol outcomes. METHODS: Participants in the GenX Exposure Study contributed nonfasting blood samples in November 2017 and May 2018 that were analyzed for 20 PFAS (10 legacy, 10 fluoroethers) and serum lipids [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides] and calculated non-HDL cholesterol. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations between quartiles of exposure to each of the PFAS measures (as well as the summed concentrations of legacy PFAS, fluoroethers, and all 10 targeted PFAS) and lipid outcomes by fitting inverse probability of treatment weighted linear regressions. RESULTS: In this cross-sectional study of 326 participants (age range 6–86 y), eight PFAS were detected in >50% of the population. For PFOS and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), non-HDL cholesterol was approximately 5 mg/dL higher per exposure quartile increase: [PFOS: 4.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10, 9.68 and PFNA: 5.25 (95% CI: 0.39, 10.1)], whereas total cholesterol was approximately 6 mg/dL higher per quartile [PFOS: 5.71 (95% CI: 0.38, 11.0), PFNA: 5.92 (95% CI: 0.19, 11.7)]. In age-stratified analyses, associations were strongest among the oldest participants. One fluoroether was associated with higher HDL, whereas other fluoroether compounds were not associated with serum lipid levels. DISCUSSION: PFNA and PFOS were associated with higher levels of total and non-HDL cholesterol, with associations larger in magnitude among older adults. In the presence of these legacy PFAS, fluoroethers appeared to be associated with HDL but not non-HDL lipid measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study is done to investigate the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of corn silk extract in nicotine-administered male mice. Background: Nicotine can induce pathophysiological effects in the liver tissue through oxidative stress and damage cells. Corn silk can improve liver function with its antioxidant effects. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male NMRI mice (25-30 gr) were divided into 5 groups: controls, sham, nicotine 2.5 mg/kg, nicotine+aqueous extract of corn silk 400 mg/kg, and nicotine+methanolic extract of corn silk 400 mg/kg for 1 month. One day after the last nicotine and extracts consumption, the serum samples were performed for biochemical measurement, and the supernatant of the homogenized liver was administered for antioxidant variables assessment. Results: There was no significant difference in the body weight of different groups. Liver weight and GSH decreased in the nicotine group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, liver enzymes, and MDA increased in the nicotine group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the expansion of sinusoids, the presence of inflammatory cells, and necrosis of liver cells were observed in the nicotine group compared to the control group. Using aqueous and methanolic extracts of corn silk in mice receiving nicotine led to the improvement of the mentioned variables (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the use of nicotine can lead to the induction of hepatotoxicity. The use of aqueous and methanolic extracts of corn silk improved them through its antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate fatty acids, lipid mediator levels, and the desaturase index rates on different acute coronary syndrome types and their possible relationship with routine lipid parameters. Methods The study included 81 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), 20 patients with unstable angina pectoris, and 31 healthy people. Fatty acids, CD59, lipoxin A4, 8-isoprostane, serum lipids, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and high sensitive troponin levels were measured in all participants. Results When the fatty acid groups were evaluated as a ratio of albumin, MUFA/albumin and SFA/albumin ratios were significantly higher in the MI group compared to the control group. Although CD59 and lipoxin A4 levels were higher in the control group, there was no significant differences between the groups. When lipoxin A4/CRP and CD59/CRP ratios were evaluated, the results were significantly lower than those in the control group.  Conclusion Lipid mediators may be useful in treating atherosclerosis by contributing to the resolution of inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Achievement of lipid targets is crucial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data on lipid-control status among patients with T2DM in Bangladesh are scarce. This study was conducted to determine the lipid-control status among patients with T2DM who were on lipid-lowering drugs in the country. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the diabetes outpatient departments of several tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh from January 2022 to December 2022. Adults of both sexes diagnosed with T2DM for at least one year and were on the lipid-lowering drug(s) for a minimum of 3 months were included in the study by consecutive sampling. Patients' data were collected by face-to-face interviews, and blood samples were collected for fasting lipid profile. The lipid target was set at < 200 mg/dL for total cholesterol (TC), < 150 mg/dL for triglyceride (TG), < 100 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), > 40 mg/dL for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and < 160 mg/dL for non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Result: Three thousand sixty patients (age 44.7 ± 13.3 years, female 57%) with T2DM were evaluated. Overall, almost 81% of the study subjects achieved the LDL-C target. Besides, TC, TG, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C targets were achieved by 40.8, 21.6, 66.3, and 44.1% of patients, respectively. However, all the lipid parameters were under control in only 8.8% of patients. Almost 77.6% of the patients with ischemic heart disease, 81.5% of patients with stroke, and 65% of patients with CKD had LDL levels < 70 mg/dL. Only 10.03% achieved the HbA1c target of < 7%. 7.4% of patients achieved both HbA1c < 7% and LDL < 100 mg/dL and 5% achieved both HbA1c < 7% and LDL < 70 mg/dL. Advanced age (aOR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96, 0.98, p < 0.001), longstanding T2DM (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39, 0.72, p < 0.001), and non-statin therapy (aOR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16, 0.37, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with lipid control (LDL < 100 mg/dL) while using oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin (aOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.45, 2.77, p < 0.001) and having cardiovascular comorbidity (aOR 3.92, 95% CI 3.00, 5.12, p < 0.001) were positively associated with lipid control. Conclusion: Though most patients with T2DM achieved their target LDL level, the prevalence of both glycemic and overall lipid control was low in our study despite lipid-lowering therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is one of the most frequent non-communicable diseases and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributing to most deaths globally. The risk of hypertension is higher in those with uncontrolled lipids. In this study, the incidence of hypertension and lipid profiles were examined from March 2020 to March 2022. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hypertension in men aged 45–60 years and their lipid profiles, which include total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. Medical records were utilized as secondary data. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Spearman rank correlation test. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. This research examined 115 patients with hypertension. The results showed that the stage of hypertension was correlated with total cholesterol (r=0.317; p=0.001) and triglyceride levels (r=0.217; p=0.02). However, the stage of hypertension was not significantly correlated with LDL (r=0.158; p=0.91) and HDL (r=0.75; p=0.423). Hence, this current study underscores the nuanced relationship between lipid profiles and the stage of hypertension in middle-aged male patients. This study highlights the importance of sex-specific analysis in hypertensive research. It also provides promising avenues for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exercise interventions can promote health, but they can be difficult to implement. Moreover, no consensus has been reached regarding which exercise modality promotes the most significant improvement in metabolic health. Purpose: This feasibility study was conducted to (a) determine the implementation efficacy of supervised and home-based exercise interventions by investigating their respective rates of intervention adherence, adherence to targeted intensity, attrition, and adverse events and (b) explore the preliminary efficacy of 12-week exercise programs among aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, and high-intensity interval training on body composition, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profiles for community-dwelling residents with physical inactivity. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted from April to October 2020. Seventy-two sedentary participants aged 40-70 years were enrolled and randomized into one of four groups: 12-week aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, high-intensity interval training, and control. The three exercise groups performed at least moderate-intensity supervised exercise twice a week and home-based exercise once a week, whereas the control group maintained their usual daily activities. The target variables, including body composition, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profiles, were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. Results: The intervention adherence rates were 74.01%-87.54% for the supervised exercise group, 64.98%-83.90% for the home-based exercise group, and 82.65%-92.65% for the target exercise intensity group. The attrition rate ranged from 12.50% to 17.65%, and no adverse events were reported in any of the exercise groups. Preliminary efficacy data show the reductions in body weight (95% CI [0.01, 1.20], p = .048) and low-density lipoprotein (95% CI [2.76, 30.32], p = .02) were greater in the exercise groups than the control group, although the intergroup differences were not significant. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: Body weight and low-density lipoprotein may be efficiently reduced in a 12-week period using any of the three exercise modalities with at least 82.65% adherence to moderate-intensity exercise and 70.84% adherence to exercising 3 times a week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Very low-carbohydrate diets or ketogenic diets (KDs) have garnered attention for weight loss in patients with overweight or obesity as well as for normal-weight adults, yet the adverse effects of KDs, such as dyslipidemia in normal-weight adults, have not been studied extensively. Objective This meta-analysis aimed to identify the effects of KDs on the lipid profile in normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] < 25 kg/m2) adults from randomized controlled trials. Data Sources PubMed and Embase databases were searched on November 21, 2021, using search terms representing KDs and lipid profiles. Two researchers independently screened articles according to PICOS inclusion criteria. Data Extraction General study information, dietary data, and lipid profiles were extracted from eligible studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool. Data Analysis Fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the effects of KDs on total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A (apoA), and apolipoprotein B (apoB), considering heterogeneity across studies. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. Results Three studies were selected for meta-analysis. A KD significantly increased TC by 1.47 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.72–2.22 mmol/L), LDL-C by 1.08 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.37–1.79 mmol/L), and apoB by 0.35 g/L (95%CI, 0.06–0.65 g/L). In addition, a KD significantly increased HDL-C by 0.35 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.27–0.42 mmol/L) and apoA by 0.34 g/L (95%CI, 0.28–0.41 g/L) compared with control diets. Triglyceride levels were not significantly different between KDs and control diets (P  =   0.63). Conclusion This study suggests unfavorable effects of KDs on TC and LDL-C in normal-weight adults. Although an increase in HDL-C can compensate for unfavorable changes in lipids, normal-weight individuals should consider the risk of hypercholesterolemia when consuming a KD. Results for triglycerides were inconsistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective A nontargeted metabolomics approach was established to characterize serum metabolic profile in type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM) secondary to chronic pancreatitis and compare with T2DM. Methods Forty patients were recruited for metabolite analysis based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cluster heatmap and KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis were used to analyze the specific and differential metabolites. The receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were generated and correlation analysis with clinical data was conducted. Results Metabolites including sphingosine, lipids, carnitine, bile acid, and hippuric acid were found to be different between T2DM and T3cDM, mainly enriched in bile acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and sphingolipid metabolic pathways. The ROCs were generated with an area under the curve of 0.907 (95% confidence interval, 0.726–1) for the model with 15 metabolites. Conclusion T3cDM is characterized by increased sphingosine, carnitine, bile acid, and most lipids, providing novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and a future direction in research on pathophysiological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a known association between hyperglycemia and the presence of coronary syndrome. The purpose of this work is to study risk factors and clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia in patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Methods: The study was conducted in 2018–2020 among 505 patients in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Based on the results of the glucose test at 0 and 120 min, the patients were divided into the groups: with normal glucose metabolism (control, 204), patients with impaired fasting glucose levels (175 patients, group 2), and patients with impaired glucose tolerance, including diabetes mellitus (126, group 3). Anthropometric measurements were performed, and the levels of hemoglobin HbA, glucose, lipids were measured. Results: In the group of patients with fasting hyperinsulinemia, all variables (body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, LAP, creatinine clearance) differed considerably as compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.0001). Decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin is already present at normal levels of glucose metabolism. Conclusions: The study found that diabetes mellitus and prediabetes are more typical for patients with metabolic syndrome and acute coronary syndrome. The results obtained will allow predicting the risk of developing coronary syndrome depending on the presence of diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is taken up to evaluate the effect of an exercise program on adolescents' obesity and overweight profile. For this purpose, a 1-group pretest-posttest study was conducted with 72 adolescents who underwent a physical activity program supervised by one health professional 5 times a week; the sessions were distributed over 12 weeks and lasted from 50 to 60 minutes. The primary outcomes were anthropometric measurements, whereas the secondary outcomes were lipid profile, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Outcomes were assessed before the intervention and 1 day after the program ended; significance was established at P <.05. As a result, a significant improvement was verified in all the primary outcomes (P <.001) and in most secondary outcomes (capillary blood glucose, P =.0001; triglycerides, P =.0001; and systolic blood pressure, P =.005). In conclusion, the supervised exercise program significantly reduced anthropometric measurements and blood glucose, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between red blood cell distribution and islet β-cell function indexes in patients with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Methods: A total of 487 LADA patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles. Clinical and laboratory measurements of age, height, weight, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, RDW, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-peptide and blood lipids were performed. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) were assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting C-peptide index (FCP). Correlations and multiple linear regressions were implemented to determine the association of RDW and islet function indexes. Results: As the increase of serum RDW level, the presence of β-cell secretion increased(P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant correlations between RDW and male sex, age, duration, TG, Cr, FCP, and HOMA-β in all subjects. Multiple linear regressions indicated that RDW was significantly correlated with HOMA-β in the total population in both unadjusted and adjusted analysis. This finding could be reproduced in the subgroup of low GAD titers for HOMA-β. RDW were significantly associated with HbA1c in LADA patients with high GAD titers, but the correlation was not found in subgroup with low GAD titers in either unadjusted analyses or adjusted analysis. Conclusions: RDW is associated with β-cell function assessed by HOMA-β after adjusting for covariates in LADA patients with low GAD titers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objectives: Childhood obesity increases risk factors related to metabolic diseases. Watermelon's bioactive components can help reduce these risk factors. However, no study has investigated the effects of whole watermelon including both the flesh and rind or have assessed the impacts of any form of watermelon on children with overweight or obesity. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of whole‐blenderized watermelon (BWM) consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: A randomized, cross‐over clinical design was implemented. Boys and girls ages 10–17 years with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) consumed one cup of BWM or an isocaloric sugar‐sweetened beverage (control) every day for 8 weeks with a 4‐week washout between trials. Anthropometrics, dietary, biochemical and clinical measures were obtained before and at the end of each trial. Results: A total of 17 participants completed the study. Eight weeks of BWM intake significantly decreased BMI (p = 0.032), BMI percentile (BMIP) (p = 0.038), body fat percentage (p = 0.036), and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p = 0.012) compared to the sugar‐sweetened beverage. Sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption increased BMIP (p = 0.014) compared to baseline. No significant differences were observed for inflammation, blood glucose, insulin, lipids, liver function enzymes, and satiety hormones. Conclusions: The results support that BWM consumption improved some cardiometabolic risk factors including BMI, BMIP, body fat, and HbA1c. Watermelon is a potential alternative to unhealthful snacks for improving anthropometry and some risk factors related to obesity in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the predominant type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma—the most common haematological malignancy worldwide. These two cancers are cancers of the immune system and dyslipidemia is a hallmark of both cancer and inflammation. Cancer needs specific lipid species to sustain growth and survival. The global plasma lipidome and sub-lipidome of inflammatory pathways in DLBCL have not yet been reported. In order to address this gap, we conducted targeted lipidomics using liquid chromatography—multiple reaction monitoring to investigate bioactive plasma lipids involved in metabolic and signalling pathways of inflammation and immunity. The global lipidome change in plasma DLBCL was determined by four-dimensional trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. In our study, we observed differential lipid profiles in treatment-naïve female patients with DLBCL and disease-free controls. We suggest here the set of sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingomyelins SM 36:1 and SM 34:1, and phosphatidylinositol PI 34:1 as DLBCL lipid signature, which could serve as a basis for the prospective validation in larger DLBCL cohorts. Lipidome dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer and inflammation. The global plasma lipidome and sub-lipidome of inflammatory pathways have not been reported in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In a pilot study of plasma lipid variation in female DLBCL patients and BMI-matched disease-free controls, we performed targeted lipidomics using LC-MRM to quantify lipid mediators of inflammation and immunity, and those known or hypothesised to be involved in cancer progression: sphingolipids, resolvin D1, arachidonic acid (AA)-derived oxylipins, such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, along with their membrane structural precursors. We report on the role of the eicosanoids in the separation of DLBCL from controls, along with lysophosphatidylinositol LPI 20:4, implying notable changes in lipid metabolic and/or signalling pathways, particularly pertaining to AA lipoxygenase pathway and glycerophospholipid remodelling in the cell membrane. We suggest here the set of S1P, SM 36:1, SM 34:1 and PI 34:1 as DLBCL lipid signatures which could serve as a basis for the prospective validation in larger DLBCL cohorts. Additionally, untargeted lipidomics indicates a substantial change in the overall lipid metabolism in DLBCL. The plasma lipid profiling of DLBCL patients helps to better understand the specific lipid dysregulations and pathways in this cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Atherosclerosis is associated with a reduction in the bioavailability and/or bioactivity of endogenous nitric oxide (NO). Dietary nitrate has been proposed as an alternate source when endogenous NO production is reduced. Our previous study demonstrated a protective effect of dietary nitrate on the development of atherosclerosis in the apoE−/− mouse model. However most patients do not present clinically until well after the disease is established. The aims of this study were to determine whether chronic dietary nitrate supplementation can prevent or reverse the progression of atherosclerosis after disease is already established, as well as to explore the underlying mechanism of these cardiovascular protective effects. Methods: 60 apoE−/− mice were given a high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to allow for the development of atherosclerosis. The mice were then randomized to (i) control group (HFD + 1 mmol/kg/day NaCl), (ii) moderate-dose group (HFD +1 mmol/kg/day NaNO3), or (iii) high-dose group (HFD + 10 mmol/kg/day NaNO3) (20/group) for a further 12 weeks. A group of apoE−/− mice (n = 20) consumed a normal laboratory chow diet for 24 weeks and were included as a reference group. Results: Long-term supplementation with high dose nitrate resulted in ~ 50% reduction in plaque lesion area. Collagen expression and smooth muscle accumulation were increased, and lipid deposition and macrophage accumulation were reduced within atherosclerotic plaques of mice supplemented with high dose nitrate. These changes were associated with an increase in nitrite reductase as well as activation of the endogenous eNOS-NO pathway. Conclusion: Long-term high dose nitrate significantly attenuated the progression of established atherosclerosis in the apoE−/− mice fed a HFD. This appears to be mediated in part through a XOR-dependent reduction of nitrate to NO, as well as enhanced eNOS activation via increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quercetin is a flavonoid having anti-cancer properties; however, it has low stability, insufficient bioavailability, and poor solubility. This study aimed to load quercetin on nanoliposomes to enhance its efficiency against SW48 colorectal cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of free-quercetin and quercetin-loaded nanoliposomes on the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGER) gene was investigated. Methods: This present in vitro study was conducted at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (Yasuj, Iran) in 2021. In this in vitro study, the lipid thin-film hydration method was used to synthesize quercetin-loaded liposomes. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations were used to characterize nanomaterials. Following that, MTT, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR were used to investigate the cytotoxicity of quercetin-loaded liposomes on the colorectal cancer cells SW48 cell line, the incidence of apoptosis, and the expression of the EGFR gene in these cells. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS (version 26.0), and the graphs were created with the GraphPad Prism version 8.4.3. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The nanoparticles were spherical, homogenous, and 150±10 nm in size. According to HPLC, Quercetin had a 98% loading capacity. Although both free quercetin and quercetin-loaded liposomes indicated significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells (P<0.001), the combined form was significantly more active (P=0.008). 50 µg/mL of this compound reduced the viability of SW48 cells by more than 80% (IC50: 10.65 µg/mL), while the viability of cells treated with free quercetin was only 66% (IC50: 18.74 µg/mL). The apoptosis was nearly doubled in the cells treated with quercetin-loaded nanoliposomes compared to free quercetin (54.8% versus 27.6%). EGFR gene expression, on the other hand, was significantly lower in cells treated with quercetin-loaded liposomes than the quercetin alone (P=0.006). Conclusion: When combined with nanoliposomes, quercetin had greater anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and anti-EGFR expression than free quercetin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess lipid levels and to identify groups with poor lipid control group among patients with dyslipidemia. Methods: Data from 1,399 Korean patients with dyslipidemia older than 20 years were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Complex sample analysis and decision- tree analysis were conducted with using SPSS for Windows version 27.0. Results: The mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were 211.38±1.15 mg/dL, 306.61±1.15 mg/dL, 118.48±1.08 mg/dL, and 42.39±1.15 mg/dL, respectively. About 61% of participants showed abnormal lipid control. Poor glycemic control groups (TC ≥ 200 mg/dL or TG ≥ 150 mg/dL or LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL) were identified through seven different pathways via decision-tree analysis. Poor lipid control groups were categorized based on patients’ characteristics such as gender, age, education, dyslipidemia medication adherence, perception of dyslipidemia, diagnosis of myocardial infarction or angina, diabetes mellitus, perceived health status, relative hand grip strength, hemoglobin A1c, aerobic exercise per week, and walking days per week. Dyslipidemia medication adherence was the most significant predictor of poor lipid control. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated characteristics that are predictive of poor lipid control and can be used to detect poor lipid control in patients with dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and blood lipid levels in humans were mixed. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this meta-analysis was to summarize associations between PFAS and blood lipids in adults. METHODS: A literature search was conducted on PubMed and Web of Science for articles published through 13 May 2022 that examined associations between PFAS and blood lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triacylglycerols (TGs). Inclusion criteria included the presence of associations between five PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFDA, and PFNA) and four blood lipid measures (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TGs) in adults. Data on study characteristics and PFAS–lipid associations were extracted. Assessments of individual study quality were performed. Associations of changes of blood lipid levels corresponding to 1 interquartile range (IQR)-unit increase of blood PFAS levels were pooled using random effects models. Dose–response relationships were examined. RESULTS: Twenty-nine publications were included in the present analyses. Every IQR increase of PFOA was significantly associated with a 2.1-mg/dL increase in TC (95% CI: 1.2, 3.0), a 1.3-mg/dL increase in TGs (95% CI: 0.1, 2.4), and a 1.4-mg/dL increase in LDL-C (95% CI: 0.6, 2.2). PFOS was also significantly associated with TC and LDL-C levels, and the corresponding values were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.6) and 1.9 (95% CI: 0.9, 3.0), respectively. Associations of PFOS and PFOA with HDL-C levels were largely null. For minor PFAS species, PFHxS was significantly associated with higher levels of HDL-C [0.8 (95% CI: 0.5, 1.2)]. Inverse associations were observed between PFDA and TGs [-5.0 (95% CI: -8.1, -1.9)] and between PFNA and TGs [-1.7 (95% CI: -3.5, -0.02)], whereas a positive association was observed between PFDA and HDL-C [1.4 (95% CI: 0.1, 2.7)]. Nonsignificant nonlinear dose–response relationships were identified for associations of PFOA and PFOS with certain blood lipids. DISCUSSION: PFOA and PFOS were significantly associated with TC and LDL-C levels in adults. Whether these findings may translate into an elevated cardiovascular disease risk associated with PFAS exposure warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the associations of healthy dietary patterns with cardiometabolic biomarkers and all-cause mortality among individuals with prediabetes. Methods: This cohort study included 8363 adults with prediabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2014. Healthy dietary patterns including Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (AMED), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score (DASH), and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) were calculated based on 24-h dietary recall data. Mortality status was obtained by linkage to National Death Index records. Cardiometabolic biomarkers, including blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipids, were measured at recruitment. Results: During 61,991 person-years of follow-up, 991 deaths occurred. Comparing the extreme quartiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality were 0.65 (0.49, 0.85) for AHEI-2010 (P-trend = 0.002), 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) for AMED (P-trend = 0.004), 0.72 (0.53, 0.98) for DASH (P-trend = 0.03), and 0.78 (0.58, 1.05) for HEI-2015 (P-trend = 0.08). Besides, the HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality per 20-percentile increment in scores were 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) for AHEI-2010 (P = 0.001), 0.73 (0.62, 0.86) for AMED (P < 0.001), 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) for DASH (P = 0.08), and 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) for HEI-2015 (P = 0.04). In addition, higher dietary scores were associated with favorable blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, blood lipids, and CRP (all P-trend < 0.05). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and CRP explained 1.53–9.21% of the associations between dietary patterns and all-cause mortality (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Diets with higher AHEI-2010, AMED, DASH, and HEI-2015 were associated with improved cardiometabolic factors and lower all-cause mortality among individuals with prediabetes. These findings suggest that multiple healthy dietary patterns instead of a one-size-fits-all diet plan might be beneficial and acceptable for individuals with prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aerobic exercise training (AET) prescribed as lipid management treatment positively affects the standard lipid profile and reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Apolipoproteins, lipid and apolipoprotein ratios, and lipoprotein sub-fractions may more effectively predict CVD risk than the standard lipid profile but an AET response in these biomarkers has not been established. Objectives: We conducted a quantitative systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to (1) determine the effects of AET on lipoprotein sub-fractions, apolipoproteins and relevant ratios; and (2) identify study or intervention covariates associated with change in these biomarkers. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, all Web of Science and EBSCO health and medical online databases from inception to 31 December 2021. We included published RCTs of adult humans with ≥ 10 per group of participants; an AET intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks of at least moderate intensity (> 40% maximum oxygen consumption); and reporting pre/post measurements. Non-sedentary subjects, or those with chronic disease other than Metabolic Syndrome factors, or pregnant/lactating, as well as trials testing diet/medications, or resistance/isometric/unconventional training interventions, were excluded. Results: Fifty-seven RCTs totalling 3194 participants were analysed. Multivariate meta-analysis showed AET significantly raised antiatherogenic apolipoproteins and lipoprotein sub-fractions (mmol/L mean difference (MD) 0.047 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.011, 0.082), P =.01); lowered atherogenic apoliproteins and lipoprotein sub-fractions (mmol/L MD − 0.08 (95% CI − 0.161, 0.0003), P =.05); and improved atherogenic lipid ratios (MD − 0.201 (95% CI − 0.291, − 0.111), P <.0001). Multivariate meta-regression showed intervention variables contributed to change in lipid, sub-fraction, and apoliprotein ratios. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise training positively impacts atherogenic lipid and apolipoprotein ratios, alipoproteins, and lipoprotein sub-fractions; and antiatherogenic apolipoproteins and lipoprotein sub-fractions. Cardiovascular disease risk predicted by these biomarkers may be lowered when AET is prescribed as treatment or prevention. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020151925. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the association of Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence during pregnancy with maternal and neonatal lipid, glycemic, and inflammatory markers. This study included 152 women from the GESTAFIT trial and a subsample of 35 newborns. The Mediterranean Diet Score, derived from food frequency questionnaires, was employed to assess MD adherence. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and glucose were assessed in the mother (at the 16th and 34th gestational weeks [g.w.]) and in cord arterial and venous serum with standard procedures using an autoanalyzer. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1beta, interferon gamma, and tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) were measured with Luminex xMAP technology. A greater MD adherence was associated with higher HDL-C and lower LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, triglycerides, triglycerides/HDL-C ratio, and TNF-α in the mother at the 16th and the 34th g.w. (|β|: 0.191-0.388, p < 0.05). A higher intake of whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables and fish and a lower intake of sweets were associated with higher HDL-C and lower LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, triglycerides, triglycerides/HDL-C ratio, and TNF-α at the 16th and 34th g.w. (|β|: 0.188-0.334, p < 0.05). No associations were found with the cord arterial and venous serum markers (p > 0.05). A greater MD adherence during pregnancy, driven by a higher intake of whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables and fish, and a lower intake of sweets, was positively associated with the maternal lipid and inflammatory serum markers throughout gestation. MD adherence during pregnancy was not associated with cord serum markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Purpose: This study intended to investigate the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Gorgan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 415 (109 men) patients with T2DM referred to the referral diabetes clinic of Sayad Shirazi Hospital in Gorgan in 2021. Demographic information, anthropometric indices, past medical history, and some laboratory data on cell counts, serum blood glucose, HbA1c, creatinine, lipid/iron profiles, and urinary albumin were collected. The univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for potential associated factors, using SPSS version 21. The multivariable Model was adjusted for obesity, Hb A1c, T2DM duration, using glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs), chronic kidney disease (CKD), albuminuria, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 21.5% [95%CI: 17.6-25.7] among our total participants. The corresponding values for men and women were 20.2 (13.1-29.0) and 21.9 (17.4-27.0), respectively.The adjusted model revealed that obesity (OR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.17–3.23]), T2DM duration for more than five years (OR, 3.12 [1.78–5.47]), albuminuria (OR, 6.37 [3.13–10.91]), chronic kidney disease (OR, 4.30 [ 2.83–7.29]) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 1.72 [ 1.21–2.77]) were significantly associated with prevalent anemia among patients with T2DM. Moreover, using insulin separately or in combination with oral GLDs associated positively with the prevalence of anemia with ORs of 2.60 [1.42-6.42] and 1.87 [1.30-4.37] , respectively. Conclusion: Anemia had a high prevalence among patients with T2DM in the north of Iran (about 22%), which is associated with obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, duration of T2DM, and diabetic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to synthesize the outcomes of theory‐based nursing interventions for coronary heart disease management. Design and Methods: Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed databases were electronically searched from January 2013 to August 2021. The Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses statement guidelines was followed for this meta‐analysis. Randomized controlled trials on patients with coronary heart disease, using a theory‐based nursing intervention were eligible. Methodological quality was examined by two authors using the Modified Jadad Scale. Based on the heterogeneity test, the results were analyzed using a pool of data with 95% confidence intervals, p‐values, and fixed or random‐effect models (PROSPERO registration number X). Findings A total of 1030 studies were initially retrieved, and 8 randomized controlled trials were eventually included in the meta‐analysis after screening. The big majority (81.3%) of participants were males, and the mean age was 54.8 (SD = 8.7) years. This meta‐analysis found theory‐based nursing interventions had no significant effect on blood lipid profile, blood pressure, and healthy lifestyle. However, these interventions significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, and body mass index and improved the physical and psychological domains of quality of life. Conclusions: The evidence from this meta‐analysis reveals that theory‐based nursing interventions have a positive effect on fasting blood glucose, body mass index, and quality of life. However, their effects on blood lipid profile, blood pressure, and a healthy lifestyle are inconclusive. The results of this metanalysis are largely based on a few trials and were limited in terms of the number of outcomes. Conducting well‐designed randomized controlled trials with adequate power is needed to make a firm conclusion on the influence of theory‐based nursing interventions on patient outcomes in the CHD population. Clinical relevance: Considering the high mortality and morbidity of coronary heart disease, nurses may play a significant role in coronary heart disease management by providing interventions that are based on a certain theoretical framework. This meta‐analysis provides insights into the implementation of theory‐based nursing interventions in heart attack survivors or those newly diagnosed with coronary heart disease led by nurses and lasting longer than 6 months in coronary heart disease. In addition, future studies should consider enhancing the content of training programs for a healthy lifestyle within the theory‐based nursing interventions and compare the effects of these interventions on acute and chronic coronary syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]