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Background: Omentin-1 has been acknowledged as an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing marker, which is mainly expressed in adipose tissue. Exercise training is a therapeutic intervention that can possibly improve and modify circulating Omentin-1 levels. Objective: To determine the effects of exercise training on circulating Omentin-1, glycemic control, and body composition in adult population. Data sources: Four electronic databases and reference lists of included articles were searched until February 5, 2023. The effect size of outcomes was summarized by calculating the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Ten RCTs comprising 385 participants were included. The overall model revealed that exercise training increased Omentin-1 compared to the control (MD = 3.57 ng.ml; 95% CI, 1.80 to 5.34 ng.ml; p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis by exercise modalities revealed significant increases in Omentin-1 after isolated aerobic (p = 0.002) and resistance (p < 0.001) training but not after combined training. Subgroup analysis by sex indicated a significant improvement of Omentin-1 in women (p = 0.015) and men (p = 0.007). Furthermore, a significant increase was found in both healthy (p = 0.035) and non-healthy (p = 0.002) participants. Analysis of other outcomes indicated that exercise training significantly reduced glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, body weight, body mass index, and body fat, as well as improved lipid profiles. Conclusion: These findings reveal that isolated aerobic and resistance exercises resulted in an increase in serum levels of Omentin-1 in adults. More high-quality studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the influence of exercise training on Omentin-1 concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The American Heart Association recently released an updated algorithm for evaluating cardiovascular health—Life's Essential 8 (LE8). However, the associations between changes in LE8 score over time and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain unclear. Methods We investigated associations between 6-year changes (2006–12) in LE8 score and risk of subsequent CVD events (2012–20) among 53 363 Chinese men and women from the Kailuan Study, who were free from CVD in 2012. The LE8 score was calculated based on eight components: diet quality, physical activity, smoking status, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose and blood pressure. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We documented 4281 incident CVD cases during a median of 7.7 years of follow-up. Compared with participants whose LE8 scores remained stable in a 6-year period, those with the large increases of LE8 score over the 6-year period had a lower risk of CVD, heart disease and stroke in the subsequent 8 years [HRs and 95% CIs: 0.67 (0.64, 0.70) for CVD, 0.65 (0.61, 0.69) for heart disease, 0.71 (0.67, 0.76) for stroke, all P trend < 0.001]. Conversely, those with the large decreases of LE8 score had 47%, 51% and 41% higher risk for CVD, heart disease and stroke, respectively. These associations were consistent across the subgroups stratified by risk factors. Conclusions Improving LE8 score in a short- and moderate-term was associated with a lower CVD risk, whereas decreased LE8 score over time was associated with a higher risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence has shown that the individual metrics in Life's Essential 8 (LE8), an updated cardiovascular health (CVH) concept proposed by the American Heart Association, play a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, epidemiological evidence on the overall LE8 on IBD risk remains limited. We aimed to assess the longitudinal associations of LE8-defined CVH and the risks of IBD and its subtypes, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). We also tested whether genetic susceptibility could modify these associations. Methods: A total of 260,836 participants from the UK Biobank were included. LE8 scores were determined by 8 metrics (physical activity, diet, nicotine exposure, sleep, body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids), and were divided into three levels: low CVH (0–49), moderate CVH (50–79), and high CVH (80–100). Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk of IBD in relation to CVH status. Results: Over a median follow-up 12.3 years, we documented 1,500 IBD cases (including 1,070 UC and 502 CD). Compared to participants with low CVH, the HRs (95% CIs) of those with high CVH for IBD, UC, and CD were 0.67 (0.52, 0.83), 0.70 (0.52, 0.93), and 0.55 (0.38, 0.80), respectively. These associations were not modified by genetic susceptibility (all P for interactions > 0.05). The lowest HR (UC: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20–0.45; CD: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.20–0.57) was observed in participants with both high CVH and low genetic risk. Conclusions: Better CVH, defined by LE8, was associated with significantly lower risks of IBD, UC, and CD, irrespective of genetic predisposition. Our results underscore the importance of adherence to LE8 guidelines for maintaining CVH as a potential strategy in the prevention of IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wheat germ improved markers of glucose homeostasis in overweight adults. • Wheat germ reduced the pro-inflammatory adipokine, resistin. • Gut microbiota and gut integrity markers were unaffected by wheat germ. Wheat germ (WG), a by-product of flour milling, is rich in bioactive substances that may help improve health complications associated with increased adiposity. This study investigated the effects of WG on gut health, metabolic, and inflammatory markers in adults classified as overweight. We hypothesized that WG, because of its many bioactive components, would improve gut health and metabolic, and inflammatory markers in overweight adults. Forty adults (18–45 years old) and with a body mass index between 25 and 30 kg/m2 participated in this single-blinded randomized controlled pilot study. Participants consumed the study supplements containing 30 g of either cornmeal (control, CL) or WG daily for 4 weeks. Primary outcome variables were gut health markers including gut microbiota, gut integrity markers, and fecal short-chain fatty acids, whereas secondary outcome variables included metabolic and inflammatory parameters assessed at baseline and at the end of supplementation. Thirty-nine participants (n = 19 and 20 for CL and WG group, respectively) completed the study. The genus Faecalibacterium was significantly higher in the WG group compared to CL post-supplementation but no significant changes in other gut health markers, short-chain fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and lipid profiles were observed. Compared with baseline, WG improved markers of glucose homeostasis including insulin (P =.02), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P =.03), glycated hemoglobin (P =.07), and the pro-inflammatory adipokine, resistin (P =.04). However, these parameters after intervention were not different with control. Our findings suggest that WG supplementation have modest effects on gut health but may provide an economical option for individuals to improve glycemic control. Daily consumption of 30 g of wheat germ supplement for 4 weeks by adults classified as overweight maintained the bacterial genus Faecalibacterium and improved several markers of glucose homeostasis including insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c, and reduced the pro-inflammatory adipokine, resistin. Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) serves as a tool to assess the inflammatory impact of an individual's diet. This study aimed to investigate the association between DII and some cardio-metabolic risk indices among patients with T2DM. Methods: Data from the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study, encompassing 2045 adults with T2DM, were analyzed. DII scores were calculated based on food frequency questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were performed to assess cardio-metabolic risk factors. Results: Higher DII scores were positively associated with elevated triglyceride levels, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, lipid accumulation product (LAP), anthropometric indices including a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), hip, waist circumferences (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (all Ptrend < 0.05). Notably, no significant association was observed between DII and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (Ptrend > 0.05). Additionally, dietary intake analysis revealed a negative correlation between DII scores and intake of fiber, fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, seafood, dairy products, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conversely, higher DII scores were associated with increased consumption of red meat, processed meat, refined cereals, potatoes, and soft drinks (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conclusion: This study underscores the critical link between dietary inflammation, assessed by the DII score, and a multitude of cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM. Notably, while the study did not find a significant association between DII and fasting blood sugar levels, it identified robust associations with novel anthropometric and biochemical indices indicative of cardio-metabolic risk. These findings highlight the potential of dietary interventions as a cornerstone strategy for managing T2DM and mitigating its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To study the association of pro-inflammatory markers with incident diabetes in India. Methods: We did a nested case–control study within the CARRS (Centre for Ardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia) cohort. Of the 5739 diabetes-free individuals at the baseline, 216 participants with incident diabetes and 432 age-, gender- and city-matched controls at 2-year follow-up were included. We measured high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), adiponectin, leptin and fetuin-A in the stored baseline blood samples. We did multivariate conditional logistic regression to estimate association of inflammatory markers (as quartiles) and incident diabetes. Covariates were baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lipids, body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, smoking and alcohol use. Results: Baseline hsCRP and TNF-α were higher, and IL-6 and adiponectin were lower among cases vs. controls. In multivariate conditional logistic regression models, only quartile-3 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.96 [95% CI:1.39, 6.30]) and quartile-4 (OR: 2.58 [95% CI: 1.15, 5.79]) of TNF-α and quartile-4 of MCP-1 (OR: 2.55 [95% CI: 1.06, 6.16]) were positively associated with diabetes after adjusting for baseline FPG and BMI. These associations did not remain after adjusting for family history. High level (quartile-4) of IL-6 was negatively associated with diabetes after adjusting for all factors (OR: 0.18 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.55]). Conclusions: Higher TNF-α and MCP-1 levels and lower IL-6 were associated with higher risk of developing diabetes. Better understanding and potential methods of addressing these biomarkers, especially in relation to family history, are needed to address diabetes in South Asians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we investigated the relationship between sarcopenia and fatty liver in middle-aged and elderly patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to provide a theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Methods: A total of 282 patients diagnosed with T2DM aged 50 and older and were admitted to the Endocrinology Department of Xin Medical University First Affiliated Hospital between December 2021 and February 2023, were selected. Body mass index (BMI), and limb and trunk muscle mass of the patients were measured, and data were collected. Patients were grouped based on the sarcopenia diagnostic criteria. All study participants underwent the same physical examinations and laboratory tests. The relationship between the onset of sarcopenia and fatty liver in middle-aged and elderly patients diagnosed with T2DM was then investigated using statistical analysis. Results: Comparing the sarcopenia group to the non-sarcopenia group revealed statistically significant variations in gender, BMI, fatty liver prevalence rate, uric acid (UA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood glucose, blood lipid associated indicators, and limb skeletal muscle content. There were, however, no statistically significant differences in age, disease duration, hypertension, smoking, or alcohol intake. There was a positive correlation between BMI, UA, fasting c-peptide, and Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Index (ASMI). Higher levels of BMI, ASMI, and UA were identified as protective variables against sarcopenia by multifactorial logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Higher levels of BMI, ASMI, and UA can greatly reduce skeletal muscle atrophy in patients with T2DM. Patients with a fatty liver may be less vulnerable to sarcopenia. There is little evidence, however, that a fatty liver works as a preventive factor against sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dolutegravir (DTG)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) is currently the preferred first-line treatment for persons living with HIV (PLHIV) including children and adolescents in many low- and middle-income countries including Uganda. However, there are concerns about excessive weight gain associated with DTG especially in adults. There remains paucity of current information on weight-related outcomes among adolescents on DTG. We determined the prevalence of excessive weight gain and associated factors among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) receiving DTG-based ART in Kampala, Uganda. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving ALHIV aged 10–19 years on DTG-based ART for at least one year were recruited from public health facilities in Kampala between February and May 2022. Excessive weight gain was defined as becoming overweight or obese per body mass index (BMI) norms while on DTG-based ART for at least one year. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires and data extracted from medical records. At enrolment, blood pressure and anthropometry were measured and blood was drawn for blood glucose and lipid profile. Data was summarised using descriptive statistics and logistic regression was performed to determine the associated factors. Results: We enrolled 165 ALHIV with a median age of 14 years (IQR 12–16). Eighty (48.5%) were female. The median duration on ART and DTG was 8 years (IQR 7–11) and 2 years (IQR 1–3) respectively. At DTG initiation, the majority of participants (152/165, 92.1%) were ART-experienced, and had normal BMI (160/165, 97%). Overall, 12/165 (7.3%) adolescents (95% CI: 4.2–12.4) had excessive weight gain. No factors were significantly associated with excessive weight gain after DTG start in ALHIV. However, all ALHIV with excessive weight gain were females. Conclusion: Our study found a prevalence of 7.3% of overweight and obesity in ALHIV after initiating DTG. We did not find any factor significantly associated with excessive weight gain in ALHIV on DTG. Nonetheless, we recommend ongoing routine monitoring of anthropometry and metabolic markers in ALHIV as DTG use increases globally, to determine the exact magnitude of excessive weight gain and to identify those at risk of becoming overweight or obese while taking the medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate erectile dysfunction and associated factors in diabetic patients. Three hundred two patients aged 30–69 and diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) at the internal diseases clinic of a Turkish hospital between January and July 2023 were included in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The patients' anthropometric and demographic characteristics, blood lipid and glucose levels, and blood testosterone values were examined. All patients completed the shortened version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were applied. The incidence of erectile dysfunction in the patients with type 2 DM was 54.3%. The patients' mean age was 48.89 ± 7.87 years. The majority were obese (53.0%) and had comorbidities (66.2%). Duration of diabetes was longer among the patients with erectile dysfunction than in those without (mean duration of DM 84.86 ± 42.49 years and 71.05 ± 25.58 years, respectively, p: 0.001). No diabetes-related complications were observed in 67.2% of the patients, while glycemic control was weak in 44.4% (HbA1c < 7%). Increased body mass index (p = 0.009), lack of physical activity, HbA1C elevation, and low testosterone levels (p < 0.001) emerged as independent indicators of erectile dysfunction (p < 0.05). Erectile dysfunction is very prevalent in diabetic men. The Condition is also increasingly significant as an early clinical indicator for patients with cardiovascular disease. Erectile dysfunction evaluation and management should constitute a standard component in addition to routine laboratory investigation in internal diseases clinics. Clinicians should screen patients with longer durations of diabetes more frequently and refer them for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in 25–30% of British and European populations, representing a potential global public health crisis. Marine omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids offer well-evidenced benefits to NAFLD biomarkers; however, the effect of plant-based n-3 has not been evaluated with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective The review aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of plant-based n-3 supplementation on NAFLD surrogate biomarkers and parameters. Data Sources Medline (EBSCO), PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials published between January 1970 and March 2022 evaluating the impact of plant-based n-3 interventions on diagnosed NAFLD. The review followed the PRISMA checklist and is PROSPERO registered (CRD42021251980). Data Extraction A random-effects model and generic inverse variance methods synthesized quantitative data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. We identified 986 articles; after the application of selection criteria, six studies remained with 362 patients with NAFLD. Results The meta-analysis showed that plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mean difference: 8.04 IU/L; 95% confidence interval: 14.70, 1.38; I2 = 48.61%) and plasma/serum triglycerides (44.51 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: –76.93, –12.08; I2 = 69.93%), alongside body-composition markers in patients with NAFLD (P < 0.05). Conclusion Plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves ALT enzyme biomarkers, triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, and weight loss when combined with lifestyle interventions to increase physical activity and a calorie-controlled diet. Further research is needed to identify the most effective plant-based n-3 sources in larger numbers of patients with NAFLD over longer study durations. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021251980. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies have associated male androgenetic alopecia with the risk of cardiovascular disorders but very few studies have addressed this association in women with FPHL. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study in which a total of 50 women (18-45 years) were recruited. The objective was to measure carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) by doppler ultrasound, Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, testosterone, Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), hs-CRP, ESR and fibrinogen, in pre-menopausal women having FPHL and to correlate these parameters with severity of FPHL. The prevalence of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Insulin resistance were evaluated. Results: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance were found in 12 (24%) and 17 (34%) cases respectively. Hypercholesterolemia, elevated LDL levels and hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels and hyperinsulinemia were found in 11 (22%), 31 (62%), 9 (18%), 17 (34%) and 7 (14%) cases respectively. 8 (16%) cases were diabetics. Elevated ESR, increased fibrinogen levels and elevated hs-CRP were found in 43 (86%), 10 (20%) and 21 (42%) cases respectively. CIMT was found to be within its normal range. Correlation of CIMT, anthropometric indices (BMI and WC), biochemical markers (serum cholesterol, triglycerides, FBS, and fibrinogen), and presence of metabolic syndrome with severity of FPHL in terms of Ludwig grade was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: The determination of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and acute phase reactants such as hs-CRP and fibrinogen may be useful screening methods to detect increased cardiovascular risk in women with FPHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer death in women. The current study is designed to evaluate the association of lipid profiles, FBS, and body mass index (BMI) with BC recurrence and metastasis. Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study on estrogen receptor-positive BC patients in Isfahan Province, Central Iran, between 2008 and 2020. The control group was patients who had no evidence of recurrence or metastasis at least 1 year after the end of chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The case group was patients with evidence of metastasis or recurrence within 1 year after the end of chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol (Chol), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured before treatment, after chemotherapy, and after hormone therapy as well as BMI in the case and control groups. Results: There were 108 patients in the case and 119 patients in the control group with a mean age of 50.72 ± 13.26 and 51.91 ± 11.79, respectively. There were no meaningful differences between the case and control groups regarding serum FBS, Chol, TG, HDL, LDL, and BMI. Conclusion: We found no association between serum FBS, lipid profile, and BMI at initial diagnosis and BC recurrence or metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a known association between hyperglycemia and the presence of coronary syndrome. The purpose of this work is to study risk factors and clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia in patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Methods: The study was conducted in 2018–2020 among 505 patients in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Based on the results of the glucose test at 0 and 120 min, the patients were divided into the groups: with normal glucose metabolism (control, 204), patients with impaired fasting glucose levels (175 patients, group 2), and patients with impaired glucose tolerance, including diabetes mellitus (126, group 3). Anthropometric measurements were performed, and the levels of hemoglobin HbA, glucose, lipids were measured. Results: In the group of patients with fasting hyperinsulinemia, all variables (body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, LAP, creatinine clearance) differed considerably as compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.0001). Decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin is already present at normal levels of glucose metabolism. Conclusions: The study found that diabetes mellitus and prediabetes are more typical for patients with metabolic syndrome and acute coronary syndrome. The results obtained will allow predicting the risk of developing coronary syndrome depending on the presence of diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Synthesize a review of reviews of the family's role in supporting adherence to diabetes self‐care management practices (DSMP) for adults with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Design: An umbrella review. Data sources: Scopus, Web of Science including MEDLINE, CINAHL via EBSCO, PubMed and Science Direct were searched for systematic reviews from their year of establishment until June 2021. Review methods: The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines for umbrella reviews. The JBI data extraction form for systematic reviews and research syntheses was used for data extraction. Methodological quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic reviews and Research Syntheses. Results: Nineteen reviews met the inclusion criteria. The key findings were summarized using a narrative and thematic analysis methods. Four main themes were identified: family interactions and diabetes self‐management, family support as informal social support, factors affecting families' roles, and tailoring culturally sensitive family‐based interventions. Conclusion: There appears to be a consensus regarding the impact of family on adults' self‐management of DM2. Additional research is needed to comprehend the role of the family in underrepresented populations and examine what constitutes a family and the diverse family functions in different groups. Impact: Enhancing adherence to self‐care management practices is crucial for the well‐being of adults with DM2. Family support is a key to successful self‐care management at home. However, understanding the unique needs of adults with DM2 and their families can help healthcare professionals plan appropriate support strategies and sustainable family‐based interventions. No Patient or public contribution: This review did not incorporate direct patients or public input as it summarizes evidence from previously published systematic reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endocan is a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (50 kDa) secreted by endothelial cells and expressed by dermal, coronary, pulmonary and adipose tissue microvasculature. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders, inflammatory state, endothelium dysfunction and neoangiogenesis. Aims of the study were to compare fasting serum endocan levels between children with obesity and healthy controls and to investigate the relationships between endocan, body mass index (BMI) and other indices of cardiometabolic risk. Methods: This single-center, observational, retrospective study included 19 pediatric patients with obesity aged 11.94 ± 0.52 years and 19 lean matched controls. Each patient underwent clinical and auxological examination and laboratory investigations including routine organs function tests and lipid profile. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Fasting endocan serum levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Compared to healthy subjects, serum endocan levels were found to be significantly upraised in children with obesity. Endocan resulted significantly correlated with insulin levels (rho 0.47; p = 0.04); in addition, an association with HOMA-IR values with a trend toward the statistical significance (rho 0.43; p = 0.07) was found. No significant correlation with fasting blood glucose values and lipid serum levels was demonstrated. Although not statistically significant, a correlation between endocan and the presence and grading of liver steatosis on ultrasound (rho 0.51; p = 0.08 and rho 0.51; p = 0.08, respectively) was found. Conclusions: These findings confirm the association between endothelial damage and insulin resistance in children with obesity. Endocan could be used as a biomarker of early endothelial dysfunction in children with obesity and could be a valid predictor of future cardiovascular risk in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objectives: Childhood obesity increases risk factors related to metabolic diseases. Watermelon's bioactive components can help reduce these risk factors. However, no study has investigated the effects of whole watermelon including both the flesh and rind or have assessed the impacts of any form of watermelon on children with overweight or obesity. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of whole‐blenderized watermelon (BWM) consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: A randomized, cross‐over clinical design was implemented. Boys and girls ages 10–17 years with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) consumed one cup of BWM or an isocaloric sugar‐sweetened beverage (control) every day for 8 weeks with a 4‐week washout between trials. Anthropometrics, dietary, biochemical and clinical measures were obtained before and at the end of each trial. Results: A total of 17 participants completed the study. Eight weeks of BWM intake significantly decreased BMI (p = 0.032), BMI percentile (BMIP) (p = 0.038), body fat percentage (p = 0.036), and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p = 0.012) compared to the sugar‐sweetened beverage. Sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption increased BMIP (p = 0.014) compared to baseline. No significant differences were observed for inflammation, blood glucose, insulin, lipids, liver function enzymes, and satiety hormones. Conclusions: The results support that BWM consumption improved some cardiometabolic risk factors including BMI, BMIP, body fat, and HbA1c. Watermelon is a potential alternative to unhealthful snacks for improving anthropometry and some risk factors related to obesity in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with a variety of non-communicable diseases, including MetS, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Antioxidants can protect cells against free radical damage, so it seems important to determine the relationship between the quality of dietary antioxidants intake and chronic diseases. The Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQS) is obtained by adding the daily intake of known dietary vitamins and minerals, including selenium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, compared to the recommended daily intake (RDI). Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between DAQS, serum lipids, markers of glucose homeostasis, blood pressure and anthropometric features among obese adults. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 338 individuals who were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) aged 20-50 years were recruited from Tabriz and Tehran, Iran. A validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) with 168 food items was used to quantify dietary consumption; accordingly, DAQS was computed. Blood biomarkers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A standard mercury sphygmomanometer was used to assess blood pressure, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed to determine body composition. The association between the DAQS tertiles and biochemical variables was investigated using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Participants in the highest tertile of DAQS have a lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values in all of the adjusted models [odds ratio (OR) = 0.920; confidence interval (CI)= 0.852-0.993, P-value = 0.03] in the analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) model. Similarly, subjects at the second tertile of DAQS had lower DBP compared with the first tertile in age and sex-adjusted model [OR= 0.937; CI= 0.882-0.997]. There was no statistically significant difference for other metabolic parameters in different DAQS tertiles. Conclusion: According to our findings, higher DAQS was associated with lower DBP among obese adults with obesity in two major cities of Iran (Tehran and Tabriz). Other studies with interventional design are needed to better elucidate these associations and underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Visceral adipose tissue performs an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Expressing its close association with epicardial adipose tissue simplifies the understanding of visceral adipose tissue in terms of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and facilitates the implementation of necessary lifestyle changes. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue proxies such as visceral fat rating, visceral adiposity index, and lipid accumulation product index as well as anthropometrics and lipid profile. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 244 participants (131 female, 113 males), aged 18-83 years without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Epicardial adipose tissue was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Visceral fat rating, total body fat percentage, and mass were assessed by a bioimpedance analyzer. Mathematical formulas calculated the visceral adiposity index and lipid accumulation product index. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical information of the participants was provided from the hospital's data system. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance -insulin resistance was calculated using fasting insulin and glucose. Results: Epicardial adipose tissue was significantly correlated with the visceral fat rating, visceral adiposity index, lipid accumulation product index, age, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, total body fat percentage and mass, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that age (β = 0.036, P = .001), visceral fat rating (β = 0.221, P < .001), systolic blood pressure (β = 0.033, P < .001), diastolic blood pressure (β = -0.048, P < .001), and cigarette smoking (β = 0.042, P < .001) were independent variables related to epicardial adipose tissue. Conclusion: Epicardial adipose tissue is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors and indices of visceral adiposity in people without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic, immune mediated inflammatory condition of the skin and imbalance in inflammatory mediators could result in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and facilitate the occurrence and progression of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objectives: Primary objectives: To study the frequency of NAFLD in cases of chronic plaque psoriasis and controls To study the interleukin levels in cases of chronic plaque psoriasis and controls. Secondary objectives: To study the BMI, lipid profile, waist circumference, FBS (fasting blood sugar), PPBS (post prandial blood sugar) and serum insulin in cases and controls To study the association of age, duration of psoriasis, PASI (psoriasis area severity index), BSA (body surface area) involved, BMI (body mass index), lipid profile, obesity, waist circumference, FBS (fasting blood sugar), PPBS (post prandial blood sugar) and serum insulin levels with NAFLD in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis To correlate serum levels of IL1-β, IL6 and TNF-α with NAFLD in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis. Methods: 50 clinically diagnosed cases of chronic plaque psoriasis with age ≥ 18years, diseases duration ≥ 6 months and 30 age and sex matched controls were recruited. PASI, BSA of cases was calculated and BMI, BP, WC of all subjects was measured. Serum lipid profile, FBS, PPBS, insulin level, IL1- β, IL6, TNF- α, high frequency B-mode ultrasound, LFT and fibroscan were done in all subjects. Results: 28(56.0%) cases and 2(6.6%) controls had NAFLD with statistically significant difference. Significantly elevated WC, serum insulin, deranged lipid profile, fatty liver, transaminitis, fibroscan score, liver fibrosis, NAFLD and interleukins were found in cases vs controls. There was a significant association of NAFLD in psoriatic patients with increasing duration of psoriasis, BMI ≥23 Kg/m2, high WC, increasing BSA involved, deranged lipid profile, raised total cholesterol levels and increasing number of risk factors. Nonsignificant but positive association of NAFLD in cases was found with high levels of IL1 – β, IL – 6, TNF-α, FBS and increasing PASI. Conclusion: Significantly increased interleukin levels and their weak positive correlation with the severity of psoriasis (PASI, BSA) in patients of chronic plaque psoriasis explains the possible role of inflammation in the causation of psoriasis. Screening may be considered in psoriatic patients with increasing duration of psoriasis, high WC, high BSA involved, high BMI, obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Limitations: Small sample size. Conflict of Intrest: NONE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Choline is an important metabolite involved in phospholipids synthesis, including serum lipids, and is the immediate precursor of betaine. There are numerous studies with inconsistent results that evaluated the association between dietary choline intakes with cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, the association between dietary betaine and choline intakes with cardio-metabolic risk factors is not well studied. In the current study, our aim was to evaluate dietary choline and betaine intakes in the usual diet of obese individuals and to assess its association with serum lipids, blood pressure and glycemic markers among obese individuals. Methods: We recruited a total number of 359 obese people aged between 20 and 50 years in the present study. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for dietary assessment; dietary choline and betaine intakes were calculated using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database. National cholesterol education program adult treatment panel (NCEP-ATP)-III criteria was used metabolic syndrome (MetS) definition. Enzymatic methods were used to assess biochemical variables. Body composition was measured with the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. Results: Higher body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), fat-free mass (FFM) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were observed in higher tertiles of dietary choline intake (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in terms of biochemical parameters among different tertiles of dietary choline intake, while systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were reduced in higher betaine tertiles (P < 0.05). For total dietary choline and betaine intakes, there was a reduction in DBP and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations (P < 0.05). Also, a non-significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and MetS prevalence was observed in higher tertiles of dietary choline and betaine intakes. After classification of the study population according to MetS status, there was no significant difference in biochemical variables in subjects with MetS (P > 0.05), while in the non-MetS group, SBP, DBP, TG and insulin levels reduced in higher tertiles of dietary betaine and choline (P > 0.05). Conclusion: According to our findings, higher dietary intakes of choline and betaine were associated with lower levels of blood pressure and LDL concentrations among obese individuals. Further studies are warranted to confirm the results of the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the consistency of 1-day and 3-day average dietary intake using the 24-hour diet recall method and to investigate the relationship of diet intake with physiological indicators potentially associated with diabetic complications in patients with diabetes. Methods: This study conducted a secondary data analysis using pretest data of a nursing intervention study entitled “Development of deep learning based AI coaching program for diabetic patients with high risk and examination of its effects.” Data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficients using SPSS 26.0. Results: The average total daily calorie intake over 3 days was 1,494.48 ± 436.47 kcal/day: 1,510.90 ± 547.76 kcal/day on the first day, 1,414.22 ± 527.58 kcal/day on the second day, 1,558.34 ± 645.83 kcal/ day on the third day, showing significant differences (F = 3.59, p = .031). The correlation coefficient between the 1-day and 3-day average dietary intake was 0.41-0.77 for each nutrient and 0.62-0.80 for each food group. Vegetable intake showed negative correlations with body mass index (BMI; r = -.19, p = .023) and triglycerides (r = -.18, p = .036), whereas dairy intake was positively associated with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL; r = -0.18, p = .034) and triglycerides (r = .40, p<.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 1-day dietary intake was highly correlated with 3-day average dietary intake using the 24-hour diet recall method. Food groups showed significant associations with physiological indicators of potential diabetic complications such as BMI, triglycerides, and LDL levels. Further studies are needed to improve the knowledge base on the relationships between physiological indicators and food groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 58-year-old transgender female with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia, who experienced diabetic ketoacidosis and pancreatitis while on long-term gender-affirming therapy with oral oestrogen. It highlights the complex interplay between insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridaemia, and the effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on lipid levels and diabetes management.

Background: Several previous studies revealed the role of dietary energy density (DED) in developing obesity and related disorders. However, the possible role of DED in triggering cardiometabolic risk factors of individuals with obesity has not been studied yet. This study aimed to evaluate the association between DED and anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (such as glycemic markers, lipid profile, and blood pressure) among individuals with obesity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included 335 adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) aged 20–50 years in Tabriz and Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), including 168 food items; then, DED was calculated. MetS was defined based on the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III). Enzymatic methods were used to assess serum lipids, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results: Participants in the higher tertiles of DED had more intake of carbohydrate, dietary fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and meat, fish, poultry (MFP). Increasing the DED in both methods had no association with systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin, triglyceride (TG), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) even after adjustment for confounders. However, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased in second tertile of DED I (β = 0.921, P = 0.004). The quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in second tertile of both DED methods had significant positive association with DED. In the second tertile of DED II, while total cholesterol (TC) significantly decreased (P crude = 0.036, P adjusted = 0.024), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (β = 1.096, p = 0.03). There was no significant changes in biochemical parameters in third tertile of DED I and II even after adjustment for covariates. Also, higher tertiles of DED was associated with reduced prevalence of MetS. Conclusion: High DED was associated with lower levels of blood pressure and TC but elevated levels of HDL and QUICKI independent of such confounders as age, BMI, sex, and physical activity. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to better elucidate casual associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Features of metabolic syndrome such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia are commonly encountered in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Recent evidence has suggested an association between high serum uric acid/creatinine (UA/Cr) ratio and metabolic syndrome however, no studies have investigated this association in PCOS. The current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between UA/Cr ratio and PCOS and to identify whether UA/Cr ratio and free androgen index (FAI) have an additive interaction for detection of PCOS risk in obese women. Methods: This study enrolled 40 obese women with PCOS and 40 control women with regular menstrual cycles matched for age and body mass index (BMI). Anthropometric measurements, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipids profile, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), total testosterone, free androgen index (FAI), UA/Cr ratio were assessed. Results: Serum UA/Cr ratio was significantly higher in obese women with PCOS than in non-PCOS women. UA/Cr ratio was correlated with BMI, waist and neck circumferences, blood pressure, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, lipids, LH/FSH, estradiol, DHEAS, total testosterone, FAI and SHBG. UA/Cr ratio and FAI were independent risk factors for PCOS in obese women however, the addictive interaction between UA/Cr ratio and FAI had a higher fold risk (OR: 4.3, 95% CI, 3.4–7.58) and a more significance (P = 0.002) for determination of PCOS. Conclusion: Serum UA/Cr ratio combined with FAI can exert an additive or synergistic impact on prediction of PCOS in obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the performance of Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), triglyceride glucose (TyG) as indices in screening abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as a reference test. In addition, we essentially compared the abilities of these indices with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Materials and methods: All 1113 PCOS patients evaluated in this study underwent OGTTs. The 2-h post-oral glucose load (2 h-PG) level was used to categorize subjects into two groups: those having AGT or normal glucose tolerance (NGT) levels. Results: A statistically significant positive correlation between levels of 2 h-PG and FPG, BMI, WC, LAP, VAI, CVAI, TyG, (P < 0.05), was observed. The strongest correlation was found between the levels of 2 h-PG and CVAI (r = 0.47). The CVAI provided the highest area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) for AGT, followed by LAP, BMI, TyG, VAI, WC, and FPG. The CVAI of 32.61 (with AUC: 0.76, sensitivity: 73%, specificity: 70%, positive preductive value (PPV): 0.41, negative predictive value (NPV): 0.90) was found to be the cut-off point for AGT in Chinese women with PCOS. Conclusions: CVAI may not reliably detect AGT in Chinese women with PCOS. However, it is suitable as a first screening indicator to guide physicians to ordering OGTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional status can change in breast cancer patients after treatment. However, the metabolic implications of those alterations are poorly understood. We used a cross-sectional study design to compare body composition, lipids, glucose levels, and adiposity indices in breast cancer patients with a matched control and a healthy group. We recruited women who completed their chemotherapy (BC group) and compared them with a group of women without cancer age and body mass index-paired (MC group) and a group of healthy women (HC group). We estimated body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis, physical function by handgrip strength, and food consumption by 24-hour food record. A blood sample was collected. We calculated visceral obesity indices (VAI and LAP) and insulin resistance-triglyceride glucose (TyG). Eighty-eight women were included (BC = 36, MC = 36, HC = 16). BC patients demonstrated worse phase angle values, nutritional risk index and lower handgrip strength. Additionally, according to the indices, BC had impairments in lipids, worse glucose levels, and elevated visceral fat adiposity and presented important unhealthy dietary patterns characterized by under-recommended protein consumption and higher caloric intake than the other groups. No differences were observed between both control groups. Further investigations are required to examine the underlying mechanisms and the potential longitudinal changes during surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study added evidence for the potential role of shift work in promoting lipid metabolism disorders in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. It is necessary to strengthen the examination of serum lipids and health management of blood pressure and BMI, so as to reduce the risk of ASCVD and protect workers' health. Objectives: To examine the association and potential mediators between rotating night shift work and serum lipid profiles in Chinese steelworkers. Methods: Different exposure metrics of night shifts collected through face-to-face personal interviews. Serum lipid profiles were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Generalized linear models and mediation analyses were used to analyze the main associations. Results: Compared with day workers, the total cholesterol level in night-shift workers increased in those with 13 to 20 years of night shifts and in those with average frequency of four or more night shifts per month. The association between the duration of night shifts and the total cholesterol level was mediated by systolic and diastolic blood pressure and body mass index. Conclusions: Rotating night-shift work for 13 to 20 years was associated with an increase in the total cholesterol levels in steelworkers, and blood pressure and body mass index may be involved in the causal pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diet and nutrition, as a modifiable risk factor, have been demonstrated to play a significant role in the etiology of biliary diseases, whereas few comprehensive studies have been able to evaluate the strength and quality of these evidence. This umbrella review aims to evaluate the evidence pertaining risk factors for biliary diseases in terms of diet and nutrition-related indicators. Methods: An umbrella review method was adopted: evidence from observational studies up to 22 November 2021 were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane database, as well as manual screening. Eligible systematic reviews and meta-analyses were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were: (1) meta analysis or systematic review; (2) The theme of the study is the relationship between diet or nutrition and biliary tract diseases; (3) Summarized and reported OR, RR or HR values and corresponding 95% CI; (4) No restrictions on the use of participants and languages; (5) Only extract the data of biliary tract diseases from multiple health outcomes; (6) Only the most recent studies on the same subject were included. This study had been registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021293908). For each eligible systematic review and meta-analysis, we extracted the data of general characteristics and the main findings. The methodological quality of the meta-analyses included in our study were assessed by AMSTAR2 and the quality of evidence was evaluated by the GRADE. Results: A total of 323 articles were searched, among which 24 articles with 83 unique outcomes were identified as eligible. 35 of these outcomes were downgraded in GRADE evaluation as they reported heterogeneity. In short, among 83 unique outcomes, 5 were rated as moderate, 16 as low, and the rest as very low. For the prevention of biliary tract diseases, emphasis should be placed on appropriately increasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, coffee and tea, and reducing the intake of alcohol, raw fish and foods with high nitrate. Meanwhile, weight, blood sugar and lipid levels should be controlled, and diabetes should be actively prevented and treated. Drinking is not recommended to prevent gallstones, although studies have shown that it may reduce the risk of cholecystolithiasis. Conclusions: Our study summarizes the current multifaceted evidence on the relationship between dietary and nutritional indicators and biliary diseases, but the quality of all evidence was not high. Evidence from additional high-quality prospective studies are needed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the independent and joint associations among muscle strength (MS) and obesity with blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and laboratory markers. This was a cross-sectional study comprising a representative sample of 642 adults (men: 44.9%, 39.9 ± 11.2 years; women: 55.1%, 39.3 ± 11.1 years) from Florianópolis, Brazil. MS was assessed by handgrip strength. Obesity was defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥30.0 kg/m² and a waist circumference ≥80.0 cm in women and ≥90.0 cm in men. Clinical variables included systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids, glucose metabolism markers and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Linear regression models stratified by sex and adjusted for confounders were used. Higher MS levels were related to lower CRP (up to 0.59 times lower), triglycerides (up to 0.33 times lower), HOMA-IR (up to 0.35 times lower), and higher HDL cholesterol (up to 5.2 mg/dL) levels among men. Among women, higher MS levels were related to lower SBP and DBP (up to −10.2 mmHg), CRP (up to 0.56 times lower), HOMA-IR (up to 0.27 times lower) and IMT (up to −4.8 × 10−2 mm). In addition, MS was inversely related to triglycerides and HOMA-IR among obese men, inversely related to CRP among obese men and women, and inversely associated to DBP only among obese women. This population-based study corroborates findings from clinical studies suggesting that even among individuals with obesity, higher MS might help adults to reduce cardiometabolic risk. Muscle strength levels were directly associated with better prognosis in relation to cardiometabolic variables in individuals with or without abdominal obesity. Among men with abdominal obesity, to have higher values of muscle strength were associated with lower values of diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, triglycerides, cholesterol and HOMA-IR. Higher muscle strength levels were inversely associated with C-reactive protein among women with abdominal obesity; Higher muscle strength might help adults to reduce cardiometabolic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of melatonin supplementation along with nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic periodontitis (CP). Materials and Methods: The present study was a double-blind clinical trial. Fifty diabetic patients with periodontitis were randomly allocated to control (n = 25) and intervention groups (n = 25). Two tablets of 250 mg melatonin (6 mg net melatonin) or placebo were received by the intervention or control groups once a day for 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), lipid profile, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), anthropometric indices including weight, waist and hip circumference (WC and HC), and body mass index (BMI) were measured in patients at the beginning and end of the intervention. Results: Forty-four patients (22 patients in each group) completed the study. In the intervention group, a significant reduction was observed in HbA1c (P = 0.004), weight, BMI, WC, HC (all P < 0.001), DBP (P = 0.017), and SBP (P = 0.006). The high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was significantly increased in the intervention group after the intervention (P = 0.007). Moreover, after the adjustment of confounding factors, the mean changes of HbA1c (mean difference: -1.30, confidence interval [CI]: -2.41-0.19, P = 0.02), weight (mean difference: -3.90, CI: -5.30-2.50, P < 0.001), WC (mean difference: -1.37, CI: -2.19-0.55, P = 0.002), BMI (mean difference: -1.41, CI: -1.92-0.89, P < 0.001), HC (mean difference: -3.55, CI: -4.74-2.35, P < 0.001), and SBP (mean difference: -1.24, CI: -2.41-0.06, P = 0.03) improved significantly in the intervention group by comparison with the control group. No side effects were reported during the study. Conclusion: The adjunct therapy of NSPT and melatonin may be useful in controlling the glycemic index, lipid profile, BP, and weight in T2DM with CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Acitretin increases serum lipids. Data on its effects on insulin resistance and glucose metabolism are sparse and contradicting. Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of acitretin on insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, and lipids. Methods: Dermatology clinic in a public tertiary hospital. A cross sectional study involving chronic plaques psoriasis patients on acitretin plus topical therapy or topical therapy alone was performed. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum lipids, serum insulin, and glucose tolerance test (GTT) were performed. Homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Psoriasis severity was evaluated using Psoriasis Area and Severity Index. Chi square and t-tests determined differences between cases and controls. Pearson's correlation coefficient test determined the relationship between continuous variables. Results: A total of 60 patients participated, 30 were on acitretin while 30 were on topical therapy. Psoriasis duration, disease severity, BMI, presence of metabolic syndrome, and other comorbidities between the two groups were similar. There were no significant differences in GTT, FBG, HOMA-IR, and serum lipids. Patients on acitretin >25 mg daily had lower FBG [4.4 (0.8) versus 4.9 (0.9), P = 0.04] and triglyceride [1.05 (0.33) versus 1.57 (1.03), P = 0.02] compared with doses ≤25 mg. Higher acitretin dose correlated with lower FBG (r = −0.36, P = 0.05) and triglycerides (r = −0.37, P = 0.05) while longer therapy duration correlated with lower total cholesterol (r = −0.37, P = 0.05). HOMA-IR showed inverse correlation with acitretin dose and duration (r = −0.10, P = 0.61 and r = −0.12, P = 0.53, respectively). Conclusion: Acitretin therapy resulted in increased triglyceride. The effect of acitretin on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance maybe dependent on the dose and duration of therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The chronic inflammatory state that occurs in obesity causes metabolic complications such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, hepatosteatosis, and cardiovascular disorder. Dyslipidemia secondary to obesity, which is an important cause of morbidity, is a worldwide concern. Dyslipidemia has an essential role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with dyslipidemia in obese children and adolescents. Methods: This single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study included 1,136 obese patients. Fasting lipid, liver transaminases, glucose, and insulin levels were measured, and ultrasound scans (US) were performed. Other clinical assessments included waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans and striae. Results: Dyslipidemia was present in 644 (56.7%) cases. Puberty, high body mass index (BMI), increased waist-hip ratio, increased homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high uric acid, and acanthosis nigricans were found to be risk factors for dyslipidemia. Conclusions: The prevalence of dyslipidemia in obese children was high and increased with puberty. Therefore, obese children and adolescents should be closely monitored for dyslipidemia that predisposes them to adolescent CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Young adults with intellectual disability (ID) are experiencing early mortality, and it is suggested that they are living with undiagnosed cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors (hereafter referred to as cardiometabolic). Methods: We investigated the association between modifiable risk factors and cardiometabolic health profile in adults with ID aged 18–45 years through clinical evaluation of traditional cardiometabolic parameters, and assessment of physical activity levels, diet and associated health knowledge. Results: We found that young adults with ID have an increased obesity (mean body mass index; ID group: 32.9 ± 8.6 vs. control group: 26.2 ± 5.5, P = 0.001), are engaging in less physical activity than the age‐matched general population (total activity minutes per week; ID group: 172.2 ± 148.9 vs. control group: 416.4 ± 277.1, P < 0.001), and overall have unhealthier diets. Additionally, knowledge about nutrition and physical activity appears to be an important predictor of cardiometabolic risk in this population. If young people with ID are to improve their cardiometabolic health to reduce morbidity and early mortality, we need to further explore how to consistently apply health messaging to get lasting behavioural change in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Recently, a myokine called irisin has been discovered that affects glucose, obesity, metabolism and glucose homeostasis by browning white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of ginger supplementation on irisin, insulin resistance index and lipid profile of obese women following acentocentric and concentric activity. Materials and Methods: Forty girls with body mass index above 30 kg / m2, age 24.86 2 2.87 years, height 159.66 4 4.20 cm and weight 87.42 61 4.61 kg participated in the study. After measuring the maximum oxygen consumption of the subjects Were randomly divided into five groups of supplements and medications. The training protocol consisted of two sessions of acute eccentric and concentric activity. The supplement group consumed 2 g of ginger powder daily for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after each activity. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Ethical considerations: This study was registered with IRCT201104246178N1 code in Iran Clinical Trial System and all participants received written consent to participate in the study. findings: According to the results of the statistical test on irisin, it was found that the amount of irisin, insulin of this hormone between two types of eccentric and concentric activities of all groups increased significantly and the amount of glucose decreased significantly (P<0.05).It was also found that changes in insulin resistance index between the two types of exercise in all groups had a slight and non-significant increase (P> 0.05). TG and LDL levels decreased significantly (P <0.05) and the results also showed that changes in Tcol levels between the two types of exercise groups decreased significantly (P> 0.05) and complementary groups had a significant decrease (P <0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, it is suggested that long-term consumption of ginger along with regular exercise can be an effective treatment for lowering glucose and favorable changes in irisin, insulin resistance and lipid profile in obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This cross-sectional research was undertaken to determine the serum levels of asprosin, a novel white adipose tissue-derived glucogenic adipokine, in epileptic patients on valproic acid treatment. Methods: Sixty-six patients diagnosed with idiopathic tonic–clonic generalized epilepsy were divided into three groups: those treated with valproic acid (n = 22), those treated with lamotrigine (n = 22), and twenty-two newly diagnosed or untreated patients. A control group was twenty-two, healthy volunteers with a similar distribution of gender and age. Body mass index (BMI) and fasting serum levels of asprosin, glucose, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, and lipid profile were measured for both patients and control groups. Additionally, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was also calculated for the investigated groups. Results: The mean BMI values and fasting serum levels of glucose, HbA1c, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride were much higher in subjects treated with valproic acid than those in the other study groups. Furthermore, a higher number of participants in the valproic acid group fulfilled the insulin resistance criterion (defined as HOMA-IR > 2.5) compared with those in other study groups. The mean fasting serum asprosin concentration was also significantly higher in the valproic acid group than in other study groups. This was while the values of the study parameters were comparable in the healthy, un-treated, and lamotrigine groups. Conclusions: Our finding suggested that elevated asprosin level might be one of the pathological mechanisms involved in the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic disturbances related to valproic acid treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the association between free fatty acid (FFA) level at mid-pregnancy and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: We enrolled 710 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM from February 2009 to October 2016. GDM was diagnosed by a 'two-step' approach with Carpenter and Coustan criteria. We measured plasma lipid profiles including fasting and 2-hour postprandial FFA (2h-FFA) levels at mid-pregnancy. LGA was defined if birthweights of newborns were above the 90th percentile for their gestational age. Results: Mean age of pregnant women in this study was 33.1 years. Mean pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was 22.4 kg/m2. The prevalence of LGA was 8.3% (n=59). Levels of 2h-FFA were higher in women who delivered LGA newborns than in those who delivered non-LGA newborns (416.7 μEq/L vs. 352.5 μEq/L, P=0.006). However, fasting FFA was not significantly different between the two groups. The prevalence of delivering LGA newborns was increased with increasing tertile of 2h-FFA (T1, 4.3%; T2, 9.8%; T3, 10.7%; P for trend <0.05). After adjustment for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and fasting plasma glucose, the highest tertile of 2h-FFA was 2.38 times (95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 5.13) more likely to have LGA newborns than the lowest tertile. However, there was no significant difference between groups according to fasting FFA tertiles. Conclusion: In women with GDM, a high 2h-FFA level (but not fasting FFA) at mid-pregnancy is associated with an increasing risk of delivering LGA newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D insufficiency has been suggested as a risk factor for several metabolic disorders. The objective of the study was to investigate the association between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and metabolic health markers of Brazilian individuals with normal-weight, overweight or obesity. We hypothesized that serum 25(OH)D would be inversely associated with glycemic, lipid and inflammatory markers indicative of metabolic abnormality. Data of 511 individuals (33-79 years), recruited from a longitudinal investigation (Pró-Saúde Study), were analyzed cross-sectionally. Anthropometric, biochemical, body composition, socio-demographic and lifestyle data were collected. Based on body mass index (BMI; normal weight, overweight, obesity) and metabolic health (metabolically healthy (MH) and metabolically unhealthy (MU)) categories, the participants were classified into 6 phenotypes. Individuals having zero components of the metabolic syndrome were considered as "MH". MH obesity was frequent in 2.0% of the participants and 56.0% exhibited vitamin D insufficiency (<20 ng/mL). In the subgroups of the same BMI category, there were no significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between individuals classified as MH and MU. After adjustments (including %body fat and BMI), an inverse association was observed between 25(OH)D and visceral adipose tissue (B = -6.46, 95% confidence interval, CI: -12.87, -0.04), leptin (B = -0.09, 95% confidence interval, CI: -0.14, -0.03), insulin (B = -0.21, 95%CI: -0.34, -0.07), HOMA-IR (B = -0.06, 95%CI: -0.10, -0.02), triglycerides (B = -2.44, 95%CI: -3.66, -1.22), and TNF-α (B = -0.12, 95%CI: -0.24, -0.005) only in MU individuals. Our results indicate that the association of 25(OH)D concentrations with a favorable biochemical profile (glycemic, lipidic and inflammatory) seems to depend on the individual's overall metabolic health, suggesting more benefits from higher serum vitamin D in MU individuals, regardless of their adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of death for U.S. adults, especially African Americans (AA). Yet, few studies have examined a comprehensive set of metabolic health and health behavior factors related to CVD risk in this population. This study investigated the relationship between serum leptin and anthropometries (body mass index [BMI], circumferences [waist-WC, hip-HC, and waist/hip ratio W/H]), metabolic health (systolic and diastolic blood pressure [BP], serum lipids, glucose, and C-reactive protein [CRP]), and health behaviors (hours of sleep, physical activity) in midlife and older AAs. Materials and Methods: Participants (n = 89, ≥45 years of age) were AAs in six churches in North Florida enrolled in a broader church-based longitudinal study. Anthropometric measurements, serum analyses, and self-reported items. Results: Serum leptin was positively correlated with gender (being female) (r = 0.623, p < 0.001), BMI log transformed (r = 0.469, p < 0.001), WC (r = 0.440, p < 0.001), HC (r = 0.658, p < 0.001), use of BP medication (r = 0.216, p < 0.05), and serum CRP (r = 0.277, p < 0.01). Correlations by sex showed significant relationships for both men and women between leptin and BMI log transformed, WC, and HC. The final multiple regression model [R2 = 0.758, F(4, 66) = 55.871, p < 0.001] showed that 75.8% of the variance in leptin was explained by being female (β = 0.65, p < 0.001), WC (β = 0.26, p < 0.02), and HC (β = 0.28, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Findings more specifically delineate the variables associated with serum leptin in AAs, particularly WC and HC, and suggest greater attention to possible risk for leptin resistance in AA females. Clinical Trial Registration: This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT03339050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In recent decades, the world has witnessed a rapid rise in obesity, which has also become a problem in military health care systems. This study aimed to determine the changes in blood lipid profile, blood glucose levels, and anthropometric indices upon regular physical activity in obese men among military personnel. Material and Methods: This study involves quasi-experimental research conducted on 265 military personnel. The subjects underwent physical activities continuously for 2 months under coach supervision. The mean values of blood lipid and blood glucose profiles, as well as the anthropometric indices of these individuals before and after the study period, were compared. To make comparisons, the statistical t-test and standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval were used. Results: Results of this study indicate that after regular physical activity, the mean values of triglyceride levels [SMD=- 0.390, p<0.001], total cholesterol [SMD=-0.259, p=0.003], high-density lipoprotein [SMD=0.387, p<0.001], low-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.369, p<0.001], and fasting blood sugar [SMD=-0.338, p<0.001] significantly decreased. Based on the test results, the weight [SMD=-0.218, p=0.013] and body mass index [SMD=-0.587, p<0.001] of the individuals had also decreased. Moreover, the waist circumference [SMD=-0.416, p<0.001], hip circumference [SMD=-0.249, p=0.005] and waist-to-hip ratio [SMD=-0.566, p<0.001] also showed a decrease. Conclusion: It is seen in this study that regular physical activity can improve anthropometric indices, blood glucose, and blood lipid profile. It is hence suggested that managers of organizations take adequate measures to encourage employees to exercise and participate in physical sports daily or even make it mandatory, if necessary, for administrative personnel who do not have any physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unclear whether vitamin D status is related to cardiovascular risk beyond that explained by conventional risk markers. We examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxy (OH) vitamin D and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD; heart attack/stroke) after adjusting for individual- and community-level covariates from laboratory, administrative and survey data. Patients receiving their first 25-OH vitamin D test in Calgary, Alberta from 2009 to 2013 without a past CVD diagnosis but an electrocardiogram and body mass index (BMI) +/− 3 months from testing were included. The following was merged to this data: first results for laboratory-measured CVD risk markers (lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c) measured +/− 3 months from testing; Census Dissemination Area (CDA)-level indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) in 2011; and CVD diagnoses > 3 months from testing between 2009 and 2016. Linear and Poisson regression were used to examine associations between 25-OH vitamin D quartile and covariates, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations with incident CVD before and after adjusting for covariates. Among 72 348 patients, there were 1898 CVD events over a median of 6.0 years. Increasing quartile of 25-OH vitamin D was associated with improved lipid and glycemic profiles (p < 0.01), higher proportion of CDA-level indicators of high SES (p < 0.01), and a lower risk of CVD (Q4 vs Q1: HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.63–0.81, p for trend < 0.01) after adjusting for age, sex and average daily hours of sunlight during month of testing. The association with CVD was unchanged after adjusting for BMI, slightly attenuated after adjusting for SES but completely abolished after adjusting for laboratory-measured cardiovascular risk markers. Vitamin D status likely offers no additional information on CVD risk over conventional laboratory-measured risk markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caloric restriction (CR) has become increasingly attractive in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because of the increasingly common high-calorie diet and sedentary lifestyle. This study aimed to evaluate the role of CR in T2DM treatment and further explore its potential molecular mechanisms. Methods: Sixty male Sprague–Dawley rats were used in this study. The diabetes model was induced by 8 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) followed by a single dose of streptozotocin injection (30 mg/kg). Subsequently, the diabetic rats were fed HFD at 28 g/day (diabetic control) or 20 g/day (30% CR regimen) for 20 weeks. Meanwhile, normal rats fed a free standard chow diet served as the vehicle control. Body mass, plasma glucose levels, and lipid profiles were monitored. After diabetes-related functional tests were performed, the rats were sacrificed at 10 and 20 weeks, and glucose uptake in fresh muscle was determined. In addition, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect alterations in AKT/AS160/GLUT4 signaling. Results: We found that 30% CR significantly attenuated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, leading to alleviation of glucolipotoxicity and thus protection of islet function. Insulin resistance was also markedly ameliorated, as indicated by notably improved insulin tolerance and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). However, the improvement in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle was not significant. The upregulation of AKT/AS160/GLUT4 signaling in muscle induced by 30% CR also attenuated gradually over time. Interestingly, the consecutive decrease in AKT/AS160/GLUT4 signaling in white adipose tissue was significantly reversed by 30% CR. Conclusion: CR (30%) could protect islet function from hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, and improve insulin resistance. The mechanism by which these effects occurred is likely related to the upregulation of AKT/AS160/GLUT4 signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of herbarium mixture has been empirical, and the properties are not yet known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of herbarium mixture (Guazuma ulmifolia [G. ulmifolia]/Tecoma stans [T. stans]) on metabolic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was carried out in 40 patients with T2DM. They were between 40 and 65 years of age, with body mass index (BMI) between 25.0 and 34.9 kg/m2 and HbA1c >7.0%. BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipids, kidney, and liver function were measured. The patients were randomly assigned to receive the herbarium mixture (G. ulmifolia/T. stans) 400 mg before each meal, or placebo for 90 days. Herbarium mixture group showed decreased waist circumference (99 ± 14 vs. 98 ± 15 cm; P = .019), fasting glucose (12.0 ± 5.7 vs. 10.3 ± 5.1 mM; P = .019), and HbA1c (9.9% ± 2.7% vs. 8.9% ± 2.5%, P = .002). In conclusion, the administration of herbarium mixture (G. ulmifolia/T. stans) improved the glycemic profile in patients with T2DM. ClinicalTrial registration: NCT03313856 ClinicalTrials.gov [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) belongs to a family of nuclear hormone receptors and ligand-activated transcription factors. PPARG gene is expressed in many tissues including adipose tissue where it plays a crucial role in differentiation of adipocyte, insulin resistance, blood glucose levels and lipid metabolism. The aim of the study was to examine the association of rs3856806 polymorphism with the body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose levels and lipid parameters in Serbian adolescents. Methods: This research included 287 adolescents of both genders (143 boys and 144 girls), 14-15 years of age. Genotype detection was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Results: Results showed statistically significant difference in terms of fasting glucose levels among girls (p = 0.013) depending on their genotype. Female carriers of CC genotype had significantly higher level of fasting glucose levels. Also, results showed that in the group of overweight and obese girls, carriers of CT or TT genotype had statistically significant lower values of HDL cholesterol compared to girls - carriers of CC genotype (p = 0.000). However, this result was not confirmed by multiple regression analysis. Statistically significant association of rs3856806 polymorphism was not observed with BMI nor with other lipid parameters. Conclusion: This polymorphism is associated with fasting glucose level and HDL cholesterol among girls. To draw definite conclusions, further research should be conducted including non-genetic factors and other polymorphisms among this gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) such as the 30-s Wingate test attenuates postprandial triacylglycerol (TG), however, the ability of shorter versions of HIIE to reduce postprandial TG is undetermined. Thus, the effect of 8-s sprinting bouts of HIIE on blood TG levels of 12 females after consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM) was examined. Twelve young, sedentary women (BMI 25.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2; age 21.3 ± 2.1 years) completed a maximal oxygen uptake test and then on different days underwent either an exercise or a no-exercise postprandial TG condition. Both conditions involved consuming a HFM after a 12-hr fast. The HFM, in milkshake form provided 4170 kJ (993 Kcal) of energy and 98 g fat. Order was counter-balanced. In the exercise condition participants completed 20-min of HIIE cycling consisting of repeated bouts of 8 s sprint cycling (100-115 rpm) and 12 s of active rest (easy pedaling) 14 hr before consuming the HFM. Blood samples were collected hourly after the HFM for 4 hr. Total postprandial TG was 13% lower, p = .004, in the exercise (5.84 ± 1.08 mmol L-1 4 h-1) compared with the no-exercise condition (6.71 ± 1.63 mmol L-1 4 h-1). In conclusion, HIIE significantly attenuated postprandial TG in sedentary young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a predicter of infections, cancer and diabetes. However, the relationship between RDW and β-cell function and insulin resistance remains unclear in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between RDW and β-cell function in patients with T2DM. Methods: A total of 559 T2DM patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles. Clinical and biochemical characteristics such as age, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, RDW, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-peptide and lipid profiles were collected. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA2%B) were assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting C-peptide index (FCPI). Correlations and multiple linear regressions were performed to explore the association between RDW and islet function indexes in total population and in different gender subgroups. Results: The HOMA2%B gradually increased according to RDW tertiles (lowest, second, highest RDW tertiles; 47.1(32.9–75.4), 54.05(34.1–81), and 57.9(38.65–95.4), respectively; P = 0.036). Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant correlations between RDW and age, diabetes duration, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG), aspartate transaminase (AST), FBG, HbA1c and HOMA2%B in all subjects. In male subjects, RDW correlated positively with age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and AST, and it correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI), DBP and TG. In female subjects, RDW correlated positively with age, duration, serum creatinine (Cr), FCPI and HOMA2%B, and it correlated negatively with alanine transaminase (ALT), FBG and HbA1c. Multiple linear regressions indicated that RDW was significantly correlated with HOMA2%B and HbA1c in the total population in both unadjusted and adjusted analysis. This finding could be reproduced in the subgroup of men for HOMA2%B only and in women for HbA1c only. Conclusions: RDW is associated with β-cell function assessed by HOMA2%B after adjusting for covariates in male T2DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research investigated the symbiotic supplement influences on serum glycemic indices and lipids as well as apelin rates and obesity values in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 68 obese or overweight patients (20-44 years old) with PCOS were enrolled to conduct a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 34 people in the synbiotic group received a synbiotic supplement and 34 people in the placebo group received placebo, daily for 8 weeks. Fasting blood specimens, anthropometric measurements and dietary intake data were gathered three times during the study. The information was analyzed by independent t test, paired t test, analysis of covariance and chi-square test. Results: Synbiotic supplementation significantly decreased serum fasting glucose (P=0.02), insulin (P=0.001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (IR, P=0.001), weight (P=0.02), body mass index (BMI, P=0.02), waist circumference (WC, P=0.01), hip circumference (HC, P=0.02), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, P=0.02) but significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P=0.02) compared to the placebo. At the end of the trial, no significant differences were seen in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or apelin levels as well as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) between the two groups. Conclusion: Synbiotic supplementation improved glycemic indices, lipid profile and obesity values in women with PCOS. These beneficial effects were not related with alterations in serum apelin levels (Registration number: IRCT20100408003664N19). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a major public problem in developed and developing countries associated with a high mortality rate. Herein, we determined the relationships between severe obesity, lipid profile, blood glucose in metabolic syndrome (MS) patients. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional 215 MS patients, ages ranged from 37 to 84 were randomly selected. Body mass index and waist circumference (WC) were estimated. Fasting serum lipid profile and plasma blood glucose were measured. Results: In total, 132 (61.4%) were female, 151 (70.2%) were obese, 64 (29.8%) were sever obese, and 143 (66.5%) had WC ≥ 110. Chi-square analyses show that severe obesity was significantly associated with increased WC and hyperglycemia with (odds ratio [OR] = 2.230 and 2.400) and (P = 0.019 and 0.005), respectively. The severe obesity in females was two-fold increased than males (OR = 1.93, P = 0.028). Conclusion: Severe obesity associated with central obesity and hyperglycemia in MS patients. Moreover, females at higher risk to have severe obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic rheumatic disorder that is related to high levels of cholesterol, high values of diastolic pressure, higher waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR), and higher body mass index. Objectives: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and Ceratonia siliqua (CS) on blood parameters and anthropometrical measures in women with fibromyalgia. Methods: a double-blind randomized pilot trial was carried out. One group took 6 g/day of micro-milled carpophore powder of GL for 6 weeks, while the second group took the same dose of CS flour. Fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides levels, weight, fat mass, muscular mass, waist-hip ratio, and blood pressure were assessed. Results: our results did not show any statistically significant differences in any of the outcome measures, even if there was a CS tendency to reduce fasting glucose levels and increase WHR. Conclusions: our results did not support the utility of both GL and CS as nutritional supplements to control blood parameters and anthropometric measures as assessed in women with fibromyalgia. Due to the limitations of the research, additional studies will be necessary to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postprandial glucose, insulin, and triglyceride metabolism is impaired by prolonged sitting, but enhanced by exercise. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a continuous exercise bout with and without intermittent active interruptions to prolonged sitting on postprandial glucose, insulin, and triglycerides. Methods: Sedentary adults who were overweight to obese (n = 67; mean age 67 yr SD ± 7; BMI 31.2 kg∙m− 2 SD ± 4.1), completed three conditions: SIT: uninterrupted sitting (8-h, control); EX+SIT: sitting (1-h), moderate-intensity walking (30-min), uninterrupted sitting (6.5-h); EX+BR: sitting (1-h), moderate-intensity walking (30- min), sitting interrupted every 30-min with 3-min of light-intensity walking (6.5 h). Participants consumed standardized breakfast and lunch meals and blood was sampled at 13 time-points. Results: When compared to SIT, EX+SIT increased total area under the curve (tAUC) for glucose by 2% [0.1–4.1%] and EX+BR by 3% [0.6–4.7%] (all p < 0.05). Compared to SIT, EX+SIT reduced insulin and insulin:glucose ratio tAUC by 18% [11–22%] and 21% [8–33%], respectively; and EX+BR reduced values by 25% [19–31%] and 28% [15–38%], respectively (all p < 0.001 vs SIT, all p < 0.05 EX+SIT-vs-EX+BR). Compared to SIT, EX+BR reduced triglyceride tAUC by 6% [1–10%] (p = 0.01 vs SIT), and compared to EX+SIT, EX+BR reduced this value by 5% [0.1–8.8%] (p = 0.047 vs EX+SIT). The magnitude of reduction in insulin tAUC from SIT-to-EX+BR was greater in those with increased basal insulin resistance. No reduction in triglyceride tAUC from SIT-to-EX+BR was apparent in those with high fasting triglycerides. Conclusions: Additional reductions in postprandial insulin-glucose dynamics and triglycerides may be achieved by combining exercise with breaks in sitting. Relative to uninterrupted sitting, this strategy may reduce postprandial insulin more in those with high basal insulin resistance, but those with high fasting triglycerides may be resistant to such intervention-induced reductions in triglycerides. Trial registration: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000737639). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article investigated the effect of age and body mass index of male humans on the carotid arteries intima media thickness (IMT) and the blood concentration of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol.Methods: Thirty seven normal male human subjects participated in this study. The participants were classified to three groups depending on their age; 20-29 (11), 30-39 (14) and 40-49 (12). Also, the study subjects were divided to three groups according to their body mass index; normal (13), overweight (13) and obese (11). The Anova test was used for the statistical analysis of the obtained results.Results: The body mass index significantly affected the blood glucose concentration while its effect on all the other parameters was insignificant. The age significantly affected all the studied parameters except the blood glucose, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. The total cholesterol/HDL ratio was significantly affected by the age and insignificantly by the body mass index.Conclusions: The age was more effective on the studied parameters than the body mass index. Worsening of the lipid profile was seen in the overweight participants rather than the obese ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]