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Background. Physico-chemical modification of leather production waste opens up the possibility of their use, which reduces the environmental load on the environment. Purpose. Establishing a relationship between the components and strength of composite paper from modified leather and waste paper. Methodology. Modification of fibrous waste in an alkaline solution, differential thermal analysis, testing of physical and mechanical properties. Originality. An increase in the degree of leather cross-linking during the modification process was established, and the thermal and physical-mechanical properties of the composition were determined. Findings. Alkaline treatment of chrome shavings promotes the appearance of new polar groups and an increase in the degree of cross-linking of the product. The thermal effects of the leather-waste paperacrylic emulsion composite characterize the process of adhesion of the sizing agent to the fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Since during seed storage some of the embryos may die due to pest damage, drying out or for other reasons, it is necessary to take measures aimed at protecting the seeds. Purpose; To establish the effect of disinfectants on germination energy and laboratory germination of seeds on cotton. Methodology. The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions using synthesized compositions and product control using established methods Originally. For the first time, new seed dressing compositions have been developed based on: formalin, methenamine, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, calcium nitrate and ethanolamine phosphate, which also exhibit the properties of a growth and development stimulator of seedlings. Findings; It has been established that treating seeds with compositions of all tested disinfectants does not have a negative effect on the germination and germination of seeds, and even stimulates their growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is devoted to the moderator’s intellectual work on the international research project “Encyclopedia of flat curves”. A process of creating the so called paper-matrix is described. One unexpected circumstance is brought to light: mainly, the content of a paper-matrix is determined by the project general functions, in spite of its reflection on the moderator’s personal views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of demographic capacity in large cities of republican significance and regional centers is becoming increasingly relevant as the urban population continues to grow. The rapid pace of urbanization and the resulting increase in population density have made it essential to understand and manage the carrying capacity of urban environments effectively. In this paper, a comprehensive assessment of the demographic capacity of the city of Astana is conducted, focusing on critical factors such as the availability of territory, water, and recreational resources. These elements are vital for ensuring the sustainable development of the city and maintaining the quality of life for its inhabitants. The determination of demographic capacity involves a detailed analysis of natural and economic opportunities, which are crucial for the long-term survival and well-being of the population. By evaluating these factors, the study aims to identify the limits to which the city's resources can support its growing population without compromising future sustainability. The analysis reveals that in certain areas, the demographic capacity of the territory has already reached or is on the verge of exceeding its limits. This poses significant challenges for urban planning and resource management, as exceeding these limits could lead to adverse effects on the environment and the overall livability of the city. The findings of this study highlight the urgency of addressing these issues by adopting proactive measures. This paper underscores the importance of compensating for anthropogenic pressures-those pressures exerted by human activity-through the implementation of resource-saving technologies and the enhancement of urban infrastructure. By incorporating innovative technologies that reduce resource consumption and by improving infrastructure, cities like Astana can better manage their demographic growth while minimizing environmental impact. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to urban development planning that considers current and projected demographic trends. Strategic decisions aimed at balancing population growth with resource availability and environmental sustainability are essential for the future of rapidly growing urban centers. The insights gained from this assessment of Astana's demographic capacity could serve as a model for other cities facing similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is aimed to study an important aspect of the preparation of a theatrical costume - its sketch creation in a set of tasks. In the historical evolvement, the sketch of the costume in the performances of Ukrainian theaters firstly accommodated the commonly used methods of performance. During the years of spreading the theatrical avant-garde, there was a significant step forward in terms of using new materials and textures to form special interpretations of the characters for visual solutions. A striking example of this is Anatoly Petritsky's sketches for two ballets: Corsair (1926) and Red Poppy (1927). Important methods for the study of the chosen topic involve consistent consideration of factual materials in chronological and artistic contexts. The first approach, which is based on the cultural-historical method, makes it possible to establish the main characteristics of the sketch of a theatrical costume within a particular historical period. The historical-comparative method allows comparing the features of approaches to creating sketches in chronological order. The application of the formal method reveals the special approaches of artists to the creation of visual meanings of the characters of the play. The novelty of the study is due to the systematic analysis of the most important parameters of the sketch as a type of work of art, a set of techniques used in the Ukrainian avant-garde theatrical and decorative arts. Conclusions. The analysis of the technological methods traced in the article allows us to state that in the projects of A. Petritsky's performances of the first half of the 1920s mostly established materials and graphic techniques were used. The artist intensified his experiments with textures in the middle of this decade, using drawing and applique to create an individual character, using not only different types of paper but also textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The task of developing methods for treating wastewater from pulp and paper production is to select effective reagents and optimize the conditions for their use, which is necessary to control chemical and colloidal-chemical processes occurring in a complex multicomponent multiphase system «waste water + coagulant + flocculant». Purpose. To study the way of purification of wastewater from pulp and paper production using ash from the Angrenskaya CHPP and flocculants based on furan compounds Methodology. To determine the size of the particles and the fraction of the fractional composition, we carried out a sedimentation analysis of wastewater after processing the ash of the Angren CHPP without a flocculant and in the presence of flocculants of the «FEAP» series. The kinetics of sedimentation and properties of sediments were studied on the Uken device until the complete sedimentation of suspended solids. Originality. For the first time, the process of coagulation with the ash of the Angren CHPP and the kinetics of wastewater clarification without and in the presence of flocculants have been studied. The optimal conditions for the wastewater treatment process have been found. Findings. It was revealed that the peagent method allows wastewater to be purified to the maximum permissible MPC. In addition, the use of new synthesized polymeric flocculants of the «FEAP» series accelerates the precipitation of dispersed phases 6-7 times increases the degree of clarification of purified waste water, which provides prerequisites for the development of a local water treatment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a model for determining the thickness of the surface layer of metals and the quantum structure of this layer. An atomically smooth metal is represented as a diagram: nanolayer → mesolayer → bulk phase, which differ from each other in the nature of size effects. There is no size effect in the bulk phase. The thickness of the surface layer of metals R(I) has a size from 1 nm to 10 nm, except for cesium, i.e. they represent a nanostructure. It is shown that the energy levels En of the nanolayer are determined by one fundamental parameter - the lattice constant of the metal à. As soon as the parameter à stops changing, the spectrum of quantum states passes into a continuous spectrum. The nanolayer R(I) is a step function in En, which can be easily reduced to the Lebesgue integral, which plays an important role in quantum theory. Quantum threads (quantum planes) in the nanolayer R(I) can be interpreted as solitons, crowdions, discrete breathers turning into nanocracks. Quantum threads in the R(I) nanolayer and the nanolayer itself can be represented as a nanoparticle with a diameter of R(I) and pre-melting occurs in it in a stepwise manner. It is finally shown that all metal monolayers differ significantly from each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the study of the electron temperature in argon and argon-acetylene plasma of DC glow discharge. The optical-emission method was used to determine the main parameter of the complex plasma. The dependence of the electron temperature on the operating pressure, voltage, and discharge time was determined from the intensity of spectral lines. The source voltage was varied from 1 kV to 1.5 kV, and the pressure was maintained between 0.1-1 torr. As a time-dependent function, the electron temperature was calculated every 20 seconds during a 200-second discharge. The results showed that in argon plasma, as the pressure increases, the electron temperature decreases up to a pressure value of 0.4 torr, subsequent increase leads to an increase in temperature. Also, with the increase in source voltage, a decrease in electron temperature within the error limits is observed. In addition, in dust plasma (PECVD in Ar-C2H2), the electron temperature as a function of pressure and source voltage showed a trend similar to that observed in argon plasma. However, the electron temperature in dust plasma increases as a function of time at the initial moment, after which it decreases sharply with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-energy physics, one of the key areas of research is the study of extensive air showers (EAS). This phenomenon remains insufficiently understood; scientists still lack comprehensive knowledge about the nature of their origin and the mechanisms responsible for their formation in the upper layers of the atmosphere. In this paper, the main characteristics and properties of air showers are described in detail. Numerous experiments conducted at the Hadron-55 complex form the foundation of EAS research. The showers were recorded and analyzed using the ionization calorimeter method, which measures the energy of EAS by detecting the total ionization produced by particles. This calorimeter, equipped with iron and lead absorbers, ensures high measurement accuracy, with an experimental error of only 10%. The experimental data were processed using a program developed in C++. The experiments revealed that the most common particles in the showers are electron-photon and hadronic components, which account for 95-98% of the particles in the shower core. A total of 8717 showers were processed by the program over a period of 485 hours. An analysis of the energy range of the registered showers supports the theory of their galactic origin. Additionally, calculating the primary parameters allows for further, more detailed studies of EAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publications on central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis in our country are few. This paper presents a description of a rare clinical case of invasive aspergillosis of the CNS. This clinical case illustrates the possibility of central nervous system involvement by aspergillosis in patients without AIDS and other previously confirmed chronic immunodeficiency conditions. Our experience confirms that neurosurgical intervention in combination with antifungal therapy is the most effective in the treatment of invasive cerebral aspergillosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the possibility of using the indicator of fluctuating asymmetry of the leaf blade of the hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth.) to assess the state of the urban environment. The proposed method is based on the identification of deviations from bilateral symmetry in leaf development that occur under the influence of anthropogenic factors. The author considers fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of the stress state of plants caused by environmental pollution, and analyzes its potential for bioindication of the level of anthropogenic load in cities. Despite the low level of air pollution according to stationary observations, the authors explore the possibility of using a more sensitive assessment method - analysis of the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of the leaf blade of the hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth.) as an indicator of anthropogenic load. The paper describes the features of FA manifestation in plants, justifies the choice of hanging birch as a bioindicator, and presents a methodology for evaluating FA of leaf blades according to five morphometric characteristics. Four observation points within the city of Kokshetau with varying degrees of anthropogenic load and a control point outside the city were selected for the study. The data obtained will allow us to assess the impact of the urban environment on the FA level of birch leaves and draw conclusions about the state of atmospheric air in the studied areas of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper analyzes satellite altimetry data for the northeastern and middle parts of the Caspian Sea for the period from 1993 to 2023. The verification of altimeter data from the data of marine hydrometeorological stations of nasal observations of the permanent sea at two points was carried out: M Peshnoy and MHP Fort Shevchenko. The results showed that the altimetric data have a high correlation with ground observations (0.89-0.94), with a mean absolute error ranging from 17 cm to 23 cm, and a consistency index above 0.7. The assessment of data applicability according to statistical criteria showed that there are minor deviations. Altimetric data are most accurate for monitoring water levels from April to October and can be used for monitoring sea levels in the open parts of the Caspian Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers modern biotechnological methods aimed at improving the quality of horse meat. The principles of their action, influence on the structure, flavor and nutritional properties of meat are considered. To optimize the production cycle and improve the quality of salted meat products, especially from horsemeat with high hardness, it is recommended to use biotechnological and physical processing methods. One of the effective approaches is the use of steam meat, which has a high moisture-binding capacity and pronounced bacteriostatic properties, which slows down the growth of microbes. Methods such as electrical stimulation, syringing and mechanical treatment are used to accelerate salting and ripening processes. The results show that experimental samples of salted horsemeat contain more moisture and have better moisture-binding capacity, which improves the yield and juiciness of the product. At the same time, their strength characteristics are lower by 32% compared to control samples. Microbiological parameters correspond to the norms, although at the initial stage of mechanical processing a small growth of microorganisms is observed. Heat treatment and the use of paired raw materials contribute to the quality of the product, and the use of 13% salting and 6 hours of cyclic mechanical processing accelerates the salting process and improves the physical and chemical properties of meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) technique is being advanced globally to facilitate the economical production of various engineering and functional materials, including modern ceramics, intermetallic compounds, catalysts, and magnetic substances. This technique relies on self-sustaining combustion reactions, which generate extremely high internal temperatures within the material in a very brief period. Consequently, SHS offers several benefits over traditional methods, including significantly reduced energy costs, lower environmental impact, simplified production processes, and the creation of materials with distinctive properties and characteristics. This paper explores the SHS method, highlighting its benefits and examining several environmentally relevant applications, such as the development of highly active catalysts for hydrogen production and methanol conversion. Additionally, because SHS can be initiated and completed at ambient temperatures, it is effective for managing toxic or radioactive materials and contaminated sites by enabling on-site formation of extensive protective coatings or by glazing, consolidating, and encapsulating hazardous waste. Also, this method has shown itself to be excellent in the synthesis of catalysts for steam reforming of various alcohols and hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies on obtaining water-soluble complexes of biologically active hydrazides and hydrazones derived from derivatives of o- and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. Hydrazones are widely used in medicine as antitubercular antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs, antiseptics, preservatives and other bioactive substrates. Most of them are characterized by low solubility in water, which limits their further study for biological activity. The paper shows that hydrazides of o- and p-hydroxybenzoic acids and their hydrazone derivatives can form various inclusion complexes with natural macromolecular biopolymers. The new hydrazone products considered in this article are able to dissolve in water and also form stable aqueous dispersions. Obtaining water-soluble complexes of these compounds can lead to an increase in their bioavailability, which, accordingly, will allow to significantly reduce their therapeutic concentration. Complexes between biopolymer and substrate molecules have been shown to be quite stable. In this case, the host complexing molecule will contribute to the protection of the substrate molecule from interaction with various highly reactive molecules, reducing the rate of oxidation, hydrolysis and/or degradation, as well as the probability of steric rearrangements and racemization. The new inclusion complexes of hydrazides and hydrazones of o- and p-hydroxybenzoic acids described in this work have been characterized by IR and NMR-1H spectroscopy, differential scanning thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telemedicine technologies are rapidly evolving, providing new opportunities for remote medical care, especially in areas with limited access to medical facilities. Developing a Medical Information System (MIS) for telemedicine is becoming a crucial task aimed at improving the quality of medical services, optimizing administrative processes, and enhancing the availability of qualified medical care for a broad range of patients, including those living in remote areas. This research paper provides a detailed analysis of existing methods and technologies in this field and proposes new, innovative approaches to addressing the current challenges associated with implementing MIS in practice. The findings may be useful for MIS developers and implementers, healthcare facility managers, and researchers involved in telemedicine and healthcare information technology. The proposed approaches and recommendations contribute to improving medical service delivery processes, increasing the overall effectiveness of telemedicine, and enhancing interactions between doctors and patients at all levels of medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the development of a microprocessor-based system for load monitoring of electric power systems based on IoT technologies. An overview of scientific research in the field is given. A microprocessor-based system for measuring climatic parameters as well as voltage and current has been developed as a pilot prototype. The system is designed to provide effective monitoring and control of the heat pump and related equipment. An information scheme is constructed that describes the interaction between components of the power system load monitoring system and the information flows from the sensors to the final data storage system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Heavy and toxic metals pose a threat to human health. Over the last century, with the growth of industrial activity, many water resources have been polluted with heavy and toxic metals. At the same time, the number of scientific studies has increased exponentially. Purpose. The aim of this paper is to interpret the data of Scopus scientific database and to study the works of scientists who have conducted research in this field using VOS-Viewer software. Methodology. The research was carried out bibliometric analysis to evaluate research trends and proposed methods for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous media. Using VOS-Viewer software, 500 articles with the highest citations were selected. Originality. For the first time, the most cited studies on removal of heavy metals from aquatic environments for the period from 2000 to 2023 were reviewed. Findings. According to bibliometric analysis, the number of articles increased by 1500 % between 2000 and 2023. The results showed that China, India, USA and Iran published the most cited articles on this topic. Using the VOS-Viewer programme, 500 articles with the highest citations were selected. China occupies the first place by a large margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Problem background. Zeolites A and X, as well as their exchange forms, are used, among other things, in air separation processes. Product nitrogen and argon contain residual oxygen, and purification is required to obtain pure gases. For the purpose of using the NiNaA form in the process of removing residual oxygen, it is necessary to introduce as much nickel as possible while maintaining thermal stability. Purpose. is the synthesis and study of the characteristics of nickel-exchanged forms of zeolite A, obtained by ion exchange of the initial NaA zeolite synthesized by recrystallization of kaolin with a rockforming mineral content of 70-80% wt., suitable for gas purification. Methodology. Synthesized and trained in adsorption-thermodesorption cycles, NiNaA samples were studied using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray phase analysis methods, and their adsorption characteristics were determined by the desiccator method at P/Ps = 0.4. Originality. It was revealed that for type A zeolite adsorbents obtained by recrystallization of metakaolin, the exchange of Na+ cations for Ni2+ in the presence of NH4+ and subsequent cycles of heat treatment affect the state of impurity faujasite and quartz, which was not observed for the initial NaA adsorbent. Findings. The paper presents data on the composition and thermal stability of the nickel-exchanged form of zeolite A adsorbent obtained from the intermediate ammonium form without the ammonia removal stage. The applied method allows obtaining exchanged forms of zeolite A in a more economical way and significantly reduces the content of Na+ cation in the spent solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the thermophysical state of a cylindrical rod of constant cross-section and limited length. This paper is devoted to the automation of the study of the thermophysical state of a rod of constant cross-section and limited length. The process of automating research relies on the laws of conservation of energy. A three-dimensional body is considered, the constant cross section of which has the shape of a cylinder. However, due to the complexity of the studied phenomena, to solve analytically partial differential equations by modern mathematical methods. There are also many solution methods suitable for practical use. The problem is solved by reduction to a partial derivative equation in a cylindrical coordinate system, for the solution of which an appropriate algorithm is developed. The obtained results are translated into Cartesian coordinate system. This solves the original problem. A program for finding the temperature propagation along the rod has been developed, which puts the results of numerical calculations into several files. The results of numerical calculations in dynamics (by time) are output in the form of a table and displayed as one-dimensional graphs. A promising direction is the application of interval mathematics to the study of the heat conduction equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains some developmental stages of a scientific and professional article, the formal requirements that it must satisfy in order to be published, its evaluation and the potential benefit that the author may have from publishing it. It deals with a scientific journal as a medium that has detailed instructions for writing texts, clear structure, established dynamics of publishing, classification of quality, impact factor according to which the ranking lists are being formed. The concept of scientific and professional article is also a subject of interest within this topic. The text is limited to articles intended for scientific and professional journals in the field of library and information science. When it comes to librarianship as a young scientific discipline, scientific journals, being media of communication within the community and observation of new trends in the profession, contribute significantly to the increase of its reputation by bringing better and more comprehensive articles. It is necessary to encourage creation of new scientific journals, and to encourage the existing ones to make additional efforts to define the fields of their interests more precisely, to establish the necessary rules and consistently take care of them being obeyed, so they could meet the requirements for obtaining at least the status of scientific journals. In this way, authors/ librarians would be given greater choice of quality media in order to address the scientific and professional community. On the other hand, in order to improve their scientific and professional reputation, scientific journals need a large number of high quality papers so that editors could choose the ones based on which they could aspire to a better status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the transport characteristics of two-dimensional systems has been investigated. Modeling by means of the Yukawa potential, in a wide range of values of the nonideality parameter, has been carried out. The Yukawa potential was chosen because of its wide applicability in the description of screened interactions in plasmas and other systems. A molecular dynamics method was used to determine the transport characteristics. The study was carried out with the aim of expanding the knowledge of heat transfer in two-dimensional systems. The paper presented the results of numerical experiments in which the dependences of the heat transfer and viscosity coefficients on the screening and non-ideality parameters in systems with Yukawa potential were studied. The obtained data can also serve as a basis for further theoretical and experimental studies in the field of transport characteristics of two-dimensional systems. These data not only expand the understanding of the peculiarities of two-dimensional systems, but also can be useful in the design and analysis of nanostructures and various microdevices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the problems associated with processing large amounts of text data, such as scientific articles, and discusses the possibilities of using distributed data processing systems to improve the efficiency of analysis. In particular, the authors of the paper study the use of language models such as 𝑁 -grams and recurrent neural networks to extract meaning and classify scientific texts. The paper presents algorithmic approaches and methods based on distributed processing and describes the possibilities of using language models and distributed processing algorithms. In general, a new approach to the analysis of scientific texts is proposed, based on the use of language models and distributed data processing frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the semantic and word-formation aspects of the folk names of Orthodox Church holidays in the Serbian language. The research material is excerpted from descriptive and dialectal dictionaries of the Serbian language, from ethnolinguistic studies, as well as from everyday speech. The analysis will be completed giving a review of the situation in other Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Czech, etc.), which was recorded in studies dealing with folk names of holidays. The aim of the research will be to present the folk terminology related to religious holidays, to list the formal characteristics of these names and describe their semantic properties, as well as to look into the attitude of speakers towards the customs and beliefs associated with a certain holiday, through the use of linguistic units. By comparing them to the corresponding names in other Slavic languages, common elements of the folklore image of the world can be determined, as well as whether there are any general features in the understanding of reality among the Slavic peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper considers a generalized plane-stressed state of an elastic half-plane, which at a certain depth from the boundary contains collinear finite cracks parallel to the boundary and is deformed by an absolutely rigid, smooth stamp with a flat base, acting on a certain section of the boundary of the half-plane and under the influence of a vertical, harmonically varying during the time concentrated load. Using the method of discontinuous solutions for the equations of motion of the plane theory of elasticity for a half-plane with internal cracks, the governing system of singular integral equations of the problem was derived, the solution of which was constructed using the numerical-analytical method of mechanical quadrature. In case when there is only one crack, numerical calculations were carried out and patterns of changes in the moduli of contact stresses acting under the stamp, the angle of rotation of the stamp and the intensity coefficients of destructive stresses at the end points of the crack were revealed depending on the frequency of forced vibrations and the relative position of the crack and the stamp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

elastic-spin waves, ferromagnetic half-space, ferromagnetic layer, magnetic screen. This paper examines elastic-spin wave processes associated with reflection and refraction at the boundary of a ferromagnetic half-space and a ferromagnetic layer with a magnetic screen. The described structure is in a constant external magnetic field. The corresponding wave fields were found, and the dependence of the reflection and refraction coefficients on the intensity of the external magnetic field was studied. For a particular case, the corresponding graphs were constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper devotes to the investigation of the critical magnetoaeroelastic behavior of dielectric rectangular isotropic plates, described by constitutive equations. The resulting magnetoaeroelastic stability and dynamic models help determine the total perturbed pressure caused by the free-stream flow of perfectly conducting supersonic gas and the magnetic field, as well as the critical flutter velocity. The analytical description presented here is a generalization of the well-known formula obtained on the basis of the "piston theory" in the classical theory of gas dynamics in the case of magnetohydrodynamic flow around elastic shells. Along with analytical solutions, parametric studies are presented on the influence of the magnetic field on the flutter boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorine-doped detonation nanodiamond (DND) powders are considered as a new class of neutron reflectors and can significantly improve the performance of very cold and ultracold neutron sources, which in turn will lead to new types of experiments at a qualitative level. These improvements are achieved due to such properties of DND as high diffusion and quasi-mirror reflection. The high reflectivity improves the neutron delivery efficiency and, consequently, the neutron fluxes at neutron facilities. On this basis, fluorinated DNDs are considered as a potential neutron reflector material for the designed very cold and ultracold neutron source at the WWR-K reactor. However, to date, experimental data on the behaviour of fluorinated DND in the neutron field are insufficient, and therefore, in order to study the radiation resistance of DND at the WWR-K reactor, work has been started on their irradiation and further study. For this purpose, an optimal irradiation capsule design was developed and comprehensive calculations were performed to justify the conditions and limits of reactor irradiation. This paper describes the irradiated samples and reactor experiment, the methodology and conditions for irradiating the samples, and the results of their initial characterisation after irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers two variants of the algorithm for optimizing excavation units. In recent decades, coal mining and mining of other minerals in underground conditions have begun to face growing challenges, such as increased labor costs, regulatory changes and the constant need to optimize processes. In this context, the introduction of modern technologies such as MICROMINE software provides unique opportunities for optimizing underground mining units. The dredging Unit optimizer determines the optimal combination of parent blocks that need to be mined in order to maximize the overall profit from the development of the field. At the same time, some technological limitations are taken into account. If, in the case of optimization of open-pit mining, technological limitations mean the angles of the slopes of the sides of quarries, then the minimum dimensions and shape of the excavation units are taken into account when optimizing the excavation units. An economic approach combining cost reduction, increased production and risk minimization makes MICROMINE an important tool in the mining industry. In this paper, the aim is to identify an algorithm for optimizing underground excavation units using MICROMINE software and highlight the advantages of using this software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that crack defects exist in the machines initially. All that requires the creation of analysis methods that allow to research the propagation of cracks under real loading conditions based on the mechanics of destruction. Widely used criteria for these cases are stress intensity factor, J-integral and crack opening criterion. This paper discusses numerical research of the J-integral determination by finite element method for typical samples that simulating behavior of welded joints. Samples with edge and center cracks are considered as such samples. The expressions for the J-integral in typical welded joints are obtained from the positions of regression and correlation analyses, based on the planning of machine experiments. These expressions are depending on the geometry of cracks, external load and material parameters. A number of methodological examples for determining destructive stresses have been solved. Limits of application of linear fracture mechanics for typical samples with edge and center cracks are determined. Influence of residual stresses on value of J-integral in typical samples is estimated. Thus, regression dependencies for determining the J-integral have sufficient reliability and can be used in the practice of predicting the residual life of welded steel structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the application of unimodal and multimodal biometric systems for personal identification, with a particular focus on improving recognition accuracy. Unimodal systems, which use a single type of biometric feature, such as the iris or face, are widely used in areas requiring high security measures and attendance control. Despite their popularity, these systems face several challenges, including data noise and intraclass variations, which limit their effectiveness. The paper provides a detailed analysis of various methods and algorithms used in unimodal systems, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for face recognition and the Daugman algorithm for iris identification. Their advantages and limitations are discussed based on recent research. Special attention is given to the development of a multimodal biometric system that combines multiple biometric features to enhance identification accuracy. The article proposes a new combined PCA-Daugman method, integrating face and iris recognition techniques. This approach shows significant improvements in performance compared to unimodal systems, as confirmed by testing on ORL, YALE, Real face, and CASIA datasets. The study demonstrates that a multimodal biometric system can effectively overcome the limitations of unimodal systems, offering a higher level of security and reliability in personal identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word “home” is one of the oldest and most used lexemes in the Russian language, embodying the concepts of family, security and historical transformations of society. The present study aims to trace the semantic history of this lexeme, paying attention to lexicographical and cultural-historical aspects in order to understand its evolution and meaning in Russian more deeply. A number of steps are taken in order to achieve the set goal. Firstly, attention is paid to etymological dictionaries, which reveal the roots of the word and its connection with other languages. This allows us to see the historical context and the development of the meaning of the word “house”. Secondly, the meanings indicated in explanatory dictionaries are identified. The main nominative meanings reflecting the designation of physical structure serving as a dwelling are analysed. Attention is also paid to expressive-synonymous meanings, where the word “house” acquires an emotional-evaluative character, especially in the context of children’s games. Thirdly, with the help of historical dictionaries the dynamics of the use of the word “house” over time is determined. The evolution of the semantics of the word from antiquity to the present day is considered, and changes in the context of use associated with socio-cultural and historical processes are revealed. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development of the semantics of the lexeme “house” in the Russian language. It covers the period from antiquity to the present, allowing a deeper understanding of the evolution of the meaning of this word in the context of its lexicographical development and cultural history. The study allows us to see how the word “house” has undergone changes in its perception: from the original designation of a residential structure to more abstract concepts such as “family” or “community”. This process reflects not only linguistic but also cultural transformations, noting the influence of historical events and socio-cultural changes on the perception of the term. Thus, the study of the word “home” is of interest for understanding its meanings in different historical and cultural contexts, as well as for analysing its role in the linguistic development of the Russian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern challenges caused by external and internal factors on the part of the economy increase the growth of uncertainty in the Russian financial market. These challenges have determined the need to study the situations and trends in Russian banking at the present stage in the context of the need to transition to new digital technologies in the field of passive and active banking operations. It is noted that there is a need for further transformation of banking products, building new bank relationships with customers, stimulating the growth of capitalization of the banking sector of the Economy. The paper substantiates proposals to increase the investment activity of various Russian banks, which can become a catalyst for the growth of the real sector of the Economy. Building new relationships with clients leads to the need for further transformation of banking and the transition to new working methods, which are accompanied by new contradictions in the bank's relationship with the client, new challenges to traditional relationships and traditional business models. At the same time, the transition to new forms of the bank's relations with customers should be smooth and differentiated without drastic changes. An analysis of the situation on the banking market shows that in modern conditions there is a need to develop a unified strategy that will ensure effective coordination of the efforts of various departments, legislative bodies and other participants in the banking market, determine the optimal distribution of responsibilities and tasks between different structures, the center and regions, between different banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the construction of routes for evacuation of employees from the building in case of an emergency situation. Fire extinguishing and fire control system as well as public address and evacuation systems are considered. Graph theory is applicable to construct optimal evacuation routes. There are also many solution methods suitable for practical use. Computer software "Program for building routes for evacuation of employees from the building in case of emergency" was developed. It is designed to calculate evacuation routes for employees of institutions or residents of high-rise buildings in case of an emergency situation. It is designed to calculate evacuation routes for employees of institutions or residents of high-rise buildings in case of an emergency situation. The results of numerical calculations are displayed in the form of a graph. The conclusion presents the future prospects for the development of fire safety systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For improve the quality of harvests, modern farms in many countries widely use fertilizers of mineral and natural origin. To mitigate the negative impact on the environment, they try to minimize the amount of mineral fertilizers applied to the soil by creating composite systems. In particular, powdered composite materials are known based on highly dispersed silica and microquantities of mineral fertilizers, which are applied to the surface of the seeds by dusting. The aim of this work was to develop a new generation of film stimulating coatings based on mixtures of hydrophobic AM-1-300 and hydrophilic A-300 silicas, mineral fertilizers and bioactive components. Mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicas in the ratio 1:1 and 1:2 were used to obtain a pasty composite with the given stimulating properties; colloidal starch solution; medium salts of mineral acids, bioactive components “Humifriend” and fungicide “Fital”. Such composite systems were applied directly to the surface of sowing material, grains of wheat variety “Natalka” before sowing in sand and on filter paper, according to DSTU 4138-2002. During the study, the following parameters were measured: seed germination energy, germination and morphological characteristics of wheat germs, which consisted in measuring the length of the root and stem. It is shown that when editing certain amounts of bioactive components to the composition of stimulating pasty composites, it is possible to program the properties of future films and powders: to increase morphological characteristics, uniformity of germination and fungicidal characteristics of composites. It has been found that the presence of mineral fertilizers in pasty composites of silicas mixtures 1:1 and 1:2 has a positive effect on the uniform germination of wheat seeds in the sand and on the filter paper. Instead, the presence in the pastes of the active ingredients “Fital” and “Humifriend”, regardless of the environment where the seeds germinated, there is a significant slowdown in the growth of wheat germ in both environments. It has been found that an excess of hydrophilic silica in the pasty composite leads to the development on the surface of the grains of mycosis lesions, regardless of the germination environment. Therefore, stimulant pastes based on 1:2 silica mixtures must contain fungicides of mineral or biological origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of information technologies, which has led to an increase in the amount of multimedia content in World traffic, makes the role of the steganographic component in modern information protection systems significant. At the same time, to ensure steganographic protection of information in real-time when operating with digital video, the steganographic method is expected to meet the main effectivity criteria, as well as provide a low level of computational complexity, which is possible when performing steganographic transformation in the spatial domain of the container. One such modern method is the steganographic method with code control of additional information embedding. The problem of increasing the robustness of the specified steganographic method in the conditions of compression attacks by compression algorithms of digital video, primarily, the widespread MPEG-4 algorithm, is of particular interest. The purpose of this paper is to increase the robustness against attacks by compression of the steganographic method with code control of additional information embedding when operating with digital video. In this paper, experimental research on the robustness of the steganographic method with code control of additional information embedding in the conditions of a co mpression attack against the emb edded message by digital video compression algorithm MPEG-4 when embedding information using different colour models is performed. It is shown that embedding additional information in the Y-component of the YCbCr colour model allows reducing the number of errors when extracting additional information by 17%. It is also proposed to embed additional information using the steganographic method with code control only in dynamic blocks, which made it possible to reduce the number of errors when extracting additional information by 8%. The obtained results can be applied in practical steganographic applications to increase the robustness of the applied steganographic component of information protection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of solving the task of discrete optimization is not completely solved. Lack of publications, scientific developments, algorithms and software products do not give the ability to transfer the mathematical apparatus of solving discrete optimization problems to the class P of computational complexity. All analytical and combinatorial algorithms for solving problems of linear and non-linear optimization are NP completeness. There are developments to improve the efficiency of robotic algorithms, they are filled with requests and actual ones. In this paper, it is proposed to use deterministic and probabilistic methods for forming a priority queue of decision vector components in order to assign positive values to them. After the formation of the variant of the solution, it is possible to vectorize as if the approached solution is taken away from the record value of the goal function, which in exact algorithms is like a solution, which results in a polyp. In this paper has a method for forming a priority line for concretizing the components of the solution vector. The basis of deterministic methods is the idea of a greedy algorithm. The location in the queue is determined by the value of the corresponding component of the cost vector. The appearance of the value of non-visibility in the system of restrictions increases the priority of the component. Behind such a way, another method of determination is modified. Probability assessment probability of priorities is based on the ideas of algorithms in an ant colony and simulated annealing. The scope of probability indicates the significance of the component - a contender for a positive value. A numerical example of a small variability of the task about a knapsack has been introduced, which demonstrates the imitation of a nearby solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the amount of multimedia content generated, stored and transmitted by modern information systems leads to an increase in the role of the steganographic component in information protection systems. At the same time, significant requirements are put to the applied steganographic methods regarding their effectiveness, which include sufficient bandwidth, ensuring the reliability of perception, and resistance to attacks against the embedded message. The performance of the steganographic methods is of great importance, especially if it is intended to be used in real-time on a resource-constrained platforms. One of the modern steganographic methods, which is characterized by providing the main effectiveness indicators with a small computational complexity due to the execution of steganographic transformation in the space domain of the container, is a steganographic method with code control of additional information embedding. However, despite the rather high indicators of resistance to noise attacks, which can occur in many practical applications, the issue of increasing the resistance of steganographic transformation to these types of attacks remains relevant. The purpose of the paper is to increase the resistance to noise attacks of the steganographic method with code control of additional information embedding. The paper researches attacks against an embedded message with two types of noise: additive white Gaussian noise and "Salt and Pepper" noise. In the paper, experimental research on the effects of the structure of the codeword used on the robustness of the steganographic method with code control against a noise attack by additive white Gaussian noise was performed, which made it possible to develop practical recommendations regarding the parameters of the steganographic method with code control under the conditions of this type of attack. The application of the BAN method (broadband signal, attenuator, narrowband signal) is proposed to increase the resistance of the steganographic method with code control against the "Salt and Pepper" noise attack, which allowed to reduce the number of errors when extracting additional information in conditions of this noise by 48%. The results obtained in this paper can be useful for the application of the steganographic method with code control in practice in the conditions of transmission of a steganographic message over channels characterized by the presence of noise attacks against the embedded message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the possibility of manufacturing metal flux-cored wires based on high-strength titanium alloys of different compositions (Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Fe–1Cr and Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–4Nb–1.5Cr–1Fe–2.5Zr systems), alloy based on medical grade titanium (Ti–13Zr–13Nb system) and structural titanium VT6 alloy (Ti–6Al–4V system), reinforced with TiC particles. The technological moments of the experimental production of metal flux-cored wires by the method of drawing and subsequent pulling are shown. The study was conducted on using these materials as a filler metal in WAAM technology both in the methods of argon arc as well as electron beam surfacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. A vestibular schwannoma (also known as acoustic neuroma) is a tumor developing from the schwann cells of the VIII cranial nerve. On average, 10% of intracranial tumors are accounted for vestibular schwannomas. Neuromas are slow-growing tumors, according to the Koos classification system there are 4 grades of tumors. Asymptomatic neuromas, measuring up to 1,5 сm, now because of the widespread use of MRI are diagnosed more often, which allows specialized monitoring and intervention if necessary. Treatment strategies for these tumors are still under dispute one of the new proposed options for possible treatment is neuroma excision while awake using the assessment of acoustically evoked potentials (AEPs), which provides dual control over the function of both the vestibulocochlear nerve, as well as facial and trigeminal nerves (Spontaneous Potentials, Trigger Potentials). In addition, if the group of caudal nerves is involved, their control is also possible, thereby increasing the chances of maintaining a satisfactory functioning of the anatomical structures bordering the tumor. Materials and methods. This paper reports on 4 microsurgical excisions of acoustic neuroma while the patient is awake, carried out at the multidisciplinary hospital named after professor Makazhanov. The selection of patients was carried out by an interdisciplinary team of physicians, consisting of a neurosurgeon, a neurologist, a neuropsychologist, and a speech therapist. Results. The results of the research are controversial, two of the treated patients noticed a slight improvement in hearing, and the third patient lacked any dynamics, while the forth patient was dissatisfied due to hearing impairment. Conclusion. The functioning of the facial and other nerves of operated patients was not affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the properties of amphiphilic polymers, effectively proven in oil fields by oil recovery agents, is due to the specificity of the physicochemical properties and reservoir parameters, as well as the surface-dispersed characteristics of the formation. A characteristic feature of domestic raw materials, such as high density, viscosity, paraffin with an increased content of heteroatomic sulfur compounds, determine the need to choose an effective method of exposure to displace raw materials. The paper attempts to investigate the physicochemical properties and effects of polymers in the oil-water system in the presence of accompanying components on the basis of a qualitative analysis of the water-oil system. The influence of the degree of water mineralization on the process of displacement of high-viscosity oils is considered, since deposits with high-viscosity oil are often accompanied by highly mineralized reservoir waters. The physicochemical characteristics of oil, reservoir water and oil-water system have been determined in order to find ways to efficiently develop hard-to-recover oil reserves. The influence of the polymer on the thickening properties in the oil-water system and as emulsifying agents contributing to the aggregative stability of the oil emulsion is revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the issue of updating the philosophical and religious doctrines to determine the valuesemantic coordinates of the socio-cultural code is gaining more and more scientific and social importance. In historical retrospect, the teachings of the Sufis were and still are of great importance, since they had a pronounced impact on the formation of the cultural characteristics of the peoples who inhabited a vast geographical area from Altai to the Crimea. This paper shows that the teachings of the Sufis can be interpreted using modern achievements in neuroscience. The authors of the article substantiate that the teaching of the Sufis from the point of view of the neural network theory of the noosphere is a tool for the system-directed formation of a sociocultural code that fully takes into account the specifics of the object of application of efforts. The methodology of this approach is based on the neural network theory of the noosphere, which allows us to interpret the concept of "sociocultural code" from the standpoint of both the humanities and the natural sciences. On the basis of narrative sources, the idea is revealed that the spiritual, moral, ideological value of the Sufi teachings is preserved at the present time. The peculiarity of the ongoing research (this article is being carried out within the framework of the project) is the possibility of forming an axiological basis for mobilizing the spiritual determinants of the past, the collective ideas of the people. On a new round of historical development, the most promising is the harmonious combination of the heritage of our ancestors with modern achievements in science, technology, and digital civilization. It is essential that the arguments presented in the paper are verifiable, since the neural network theory is essentially a mathematical model that operates on calculable and measurable data. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the teachings of the Sufis from the point of view of the neural network architecture are elements of the socio-cultural code that can be used in the system of spiritual and moral values of the nation's intellectual renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predatory fish in aquatic ecosystems regulate the abundance of other species, which weakens the tension of competitive relations and stabilizes the community. Walleye refers to large pelagic predators, which, with a high number, effectively eat small and low-value commercial fish, performing a biomeliorative function in the fishing part of the community. At the same time, pike perch is in great demand, both on the foreign and domestic market. Its meat is considered a dietary product - its fat content is minimal. The nutritional value of walleye is very high - the protein content in it exceeds 18%. Zander meat contains 20 amino acids, 8 of which are irreplace able (that is, they are not synthesized by the human body), and, in addition, contains a lot of minerals necessary for humans (phosphorus, potassium, iodine, molybdenum, manganese and others). It should also be noted that in Kazakhstan, only ordinary pike perch is caught and exported, the reserves of which are being depleted. Therefore, as an alternative, it is supposed to use a sea walleye. The biological resources of sea pike perch and other marine fish species of the Caspian Sea are not sufficiently exploited, since marine fisheries in our country are poorly developed, and the commercial population of these fish species allows increasing the catch in water areas under the jurisdiction of Kazakhstan. This paper describes the qualitative characteristics of sea zander caught in the research catches of the Mangistau coast of the Middle Caspian, as well as the degree of study in the Caspian Sea and other water bodies. The article describes the methodology for conducting a complete biological analysis of fish and presents statistical data processing. The paper gives a description of the following indicators: size-weight, age, sex ratio. Calculated fatness and determined the rate of size and weight growth in sea zander. Based on the results of these studies, a high correlation was found between age and weight, age and size of fish, and size and weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to development of atypical excitation approaches of bistatic laser monitor active elements for the imaging of high-speed processes at a powerful background radiation. The practical significance is increasing the temporal resolution of the bistatic laser monitor, as well as improving the imaging parameters by minimizing the jitter of radiation pulses. To achieve this goal, semiconductor excitation sources of active media based on copper bromide vapor were developed, and their synchronization was performed in a pulse-repetition mode. The developed pump sources are set of identical commutation cells. Each cell contains storage capacitor, commutator and transformer. Powerful HGTG27N120BN insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) were chosen as commutators. Their switching storage capacitors are discharged through the primary winding of the transformer and as result the voltage pulse is induced in the secondary winding. The transformer load was the gas discharge tube (GDT) of the small-size brightness amplifier with the specified geometric parameters (l = 40 cm, d = 2.5 cm, V = 196 cm3). The simultaneous switching of 10 identical cells provided GDT breakdown. The radiation power of the active element in oscillator mode was 665 mW. The developed brightness amplifier with semiconductor pump source was used in the bistatic scheme of the laser monitor for the imaging of the test object. The pumping of the second active element, the illumination source (l = 90 cm, d = 5 cm, V = 1767 cm3), was performed by means of thyratron TGI1-1000-25. The pulse repetition frequency of the illumination source and the brightness amplifier was 10.5 and 21 kHz respectively. As result each second image was formed with increased brightness and contrast. The maximal jitter of radiation pulses in this case was 16 ns. The average jitter was 6 ns. Two identical semiconductor pump sources were tested simultaneously. The resulting array of waveforms (GDT current and GDT voltage) show that in most cases the jitter was completely absent, and when it appeared, it did not exceed 4 ns. The imaging at this configuration of the pump sources was not performed due to semiconductor source power (465 W) turned out to be insufficient for the excitation of the illumination source, and therefore options for increasing it were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in beryllium-based composite materials has emerged recently, when intermetallic compounds such as titanium beryllide Be12Ti began to be considered as a promising material for neutron multiplication in thermonuclear fusion facilities, such as ITER and DEMO. Titanium beryllide stands out from other beryllides because it has the highest neutron multiplication rates and also has the added benefit of being more thermally stable than beryllium metal. Titanium beryllide interacts much weaker with water vapor, excluding the possibility of the formation of explosive hydrogen in the blanket body, is less prone to gas swelling, and, unlike metallic beryllium, retains a smaller amount of accumulated tritium. It has also been confirmed that the compatibility of titanium beryllide with structural materials is much higher than that of beryllium. To use titanium beryllide, it is important to study the parameters of its interaction with hydrogen isotopes. One of the most well-known methods for is the method of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The objective of this paper is the development of a specialized experimental setup for TDS research and the development of a methodology for performing experiments. The results of methodical experiments are presented, in which the procedures for saturation of samples in a deuterium medium and procedures for conducting TDS experiments were worked out. Methodical experiments on studying the parameters of the interaction of deuterium with samples of monolithic titanium beryllide were carried out on the material produced by Ulba Metallurgical Plant JSC, saturated in deuterium at atmospheric pressure and a sample temperature of 973 K. linear heating rates of 10 and 20 K/min. Based on the results of the development of the technique for conducting experimental studies of titanium beryllide, a differential mode of the TDS method was recommended. In this case, it is necessary to use a hydrogen isotope, deuterium, as a control probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article challenges the traditional theory according to which only transitive verbs can have passive voice forms in Russian. Based on the Russian National Corpus and texts found on the Internet, the paper shows that the grammatical system of Russian permits the passivization of oblique-complement verbs and verbs that govern prepositional phrases. The analysis shows that whether or not a verb permits the formation of passive voice forms depends on the communicative status of the complement rather than its grammatical form, while the semantic and morphonological restrictions on passivization equally apply to verbs regardless of the form of their complements. The paper gives evidence confirming that some passive voice forms are loan translations from other languages, but argues that the use of the loan translation mechanism does not bring about anything that contradicts the rules of Russian grammar, but rather leads to a more comprehensive implementation of previously unused capabilities of the grammatical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of moments is used to investigate and analyze the dynamic characteristics of dense systems consisting of ions of two types with different masses and charges, and the number of screening electrons corresponding to the charges of the ions. In this paper, we discuss the characteristics of a binary ionic mixture whose component masses differ by a factor of two. Within the framework of the developed self-consistent method of moments, the dynamic structure factors (DSF) of such a plasma are calculated for various thermodynamic parameters. In this case, the calculation algorithm is based on the use, on the one hand, of the static structural factor of the system, which is determined from the solution of the Ornstein-Zernike equation, and on the other hand, the so-called Nevanlinna parameter function (NPF), which is included in the calculated relations. The calculations were carried out within the framework of the classical system of charged particles interacting according to the Coulomb law. The paper analyzes the data obtained using various methods for calculating the NPF. The results obtained in this work qualitatively and quantitatively agree with the data of theoretical calculations and numerical experiments of the authors of other studies of the dynamic properties of a dense multicomponent plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a periodic cosmological model is considered. Previously, it was assumed that the expansion of the universe slows down over time. Theorists proceeded from the assumption that the main part of the mass of the Universe is matter - both visible and invisible (dark matter). On the basis of new observations indicating the acceleration of expansion, it was found that in the Universe there is a previously unknown energy with negative pressure (equation of state). They called it "dark energy". In this paper, a scalar cosmological model is considered. The Lagrangian is derived and the system of equations of motion is obtained. To study the model, a scalar field in the form of a periodic function was chosen. The Hubble parameter, the scale factor, which has the meaning of the radius of the Universe, and in the case of a periodic function of the scalar field, which has an exponential dependence, the density of dark energy, the pressure and the potential of the scalar field are calculated, and their graphs are plotted in the time dependence section from 0 to 2π. To study the inflationary model, the potential is introduced in a power-law form. From it, the parameters of slow rolling through e-folding are derived and a plot of spectral indices for this model is plotted. The results obtained are consistent with the Planck observational data and confirm the correspondence of the model under study with the previously proposed ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the clinical and neurological features, the main diagnostic criteria and tactics of surgical treatment of patients with progressive course of syringomyelia associated Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1 and occlusive hydrocephalus. Two clinical cases are described in which, after decompressive surgery on the cranio-vertebral junction with the formation of a large cisterna of the brain, progression of syringomyelia was noted in the early postoperative period with the addition of manifestations of syringobulbia and occlusive hydrocephalus. The features of clinical and neurological manifestations and the results of surgical treatment of patients with this pathology are described in detail with illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]