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The article presents a study concerning the "parts" of cut-paper art products in an attempt to know the influence of teacher motivation and non-motivation on its overall aesthetic quality in art education. In relation, the definition of terms, population, and the experiment's procedure are presented. The study shows that the amount of overall aesthetic quality judged in the "parts" had much influence on the overall aesthetic quality in the final art product. It suggests that all complex relationships should be carefully defined and explored to understand the relation among the creator, the creative process, and the final art product.

The ultimate aim of cost finding lies in the proper usage of the figures produced. In order to make use of figures, the meaning behind them must be brought to light by analysis and interpretation. The aim of this article is to discuss some fundamentals of analysis and interpretation and to indicate some of the steps involved. Breaking up of accounts or figures has to take place since the flow of figures cannot always be set in advance so that they come "out of the mill" as ready-made analyses, usable for all purposes. Analytical work in cost and finance takes principally the shape of working papers. The working papers may integrate perfectly with the books and records of an enterprise and may be impeccable masterpieces. Creativeness should be based on facts or should lead to the gathering of other pertinent facts. Interpretation may be viewed as a catalytic process of the intellect. The analyst absorbs the analytical data and tries to bring to light the significant features behind them.

Presents abstracts of several papers and discussions related to public opinion. Political games and scenarios; Research on urban development and change; Public housing and social morality; Components of mutual international respect; Roles of the social scientist and the problem of creativity; Horizons of mass communication research; Others.

The article presents a classroom activity involving the creation of various Christmas decorations. Tissue and tonal papers can be transformed into gift wrapping papers after designing it with a vegetable stamp-felt stamp, stencil, free brush lines, crayon or chalk detail. Kite papers can be made into costumes for a choir group, carol singers or the miniature figures in a creche scene. Several ornaments can also be designed from aluminum foil plates including angels, stars, bells and other symbolic shapes.

The characteristics associated with the creative individual and the identification of these characteristics have been explored in a companion paper in this Journal. Once this important task has been accomplished, the equally significant administrative question of the optimum utilization of this creative talent arises. The effective utilization of creative abilities within a goal seeking organization is conditioned by many variables including: top management's attitudinal posture regarding the value of creativeness and innovation; the organizational slack present in the resource inputs, and, certainly, the organizational climate created by the organization's design, control system, and reward system. Given the characteristics of the creative individual and given the recruitment of persons with creative abilities, this paper explores the issue of the organizational climate most conducive to the generation and maintenance of constructive creative responses oriented toward the organization's goals. We will first explore the question of what is the administrative hierarchy attempting to accomplish when it establishes a given organizational design. Within this framework, the organizational design of traditional administrative theory will be superimposed upon our model of the creative individual as developed previously. Given the basic incongruities of the "fit," the question of the possible variation of organizational structures to fit variable purposes arises. Finally, implications for possible organizational designs needed to utilize creative talent effectively will be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about "Creative Hands," a series of 16 millimeter (mm) sound films in color. Art teachers use this series to incite children's interest in using art materials with great satisfaction. Various techniques for making objects out of paper are provided in the series. The films also offer finger painting techniques. The series demonstrates procedures on building model houses. The film series also shows skills and pastimes clearly. True creativity is demonstrated by the art education in the film series.

This paper treats structuralist and interactionist perspectives as complementary, in an approach to the dynamics of professional wrestling as a social scene. Both directive or formulating aspects of culture as it is specified for social life and the creativity of human agents in negotiating such constraints from the viewpoint of their particularistic interests are emphasized in an examination of the confirmation and negotiation of identities, the clash and resolution of moral meanings, the calculated transgression of legal tradition, the location of the charismatic hero, and the ritual importance of disorder and crisis in wrestling. As such, the paper is offered as a contribution to an understanding of the sources and movement of meanings in ritual and dramatic forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the teaching of science for the development of student's creativity. Creativity in science implies the ability to make a discovery in science though such information is already known to others. According to the author, to promote creativity, the science teacher should encourage students to identify and state the problems. The author emphasized that the ability of the pupil to design experiments to solve the problems which is defined by the pupil is another aspect of science creativity. The author's theory about selected teaching methods such as problem solving, open-ended experiments and research projects, if taught under given conditions can promote student creativity in science classes.

This article focuses on planning in the United States. Whatever type of planning one has in mind, the context within which planning takes place is critical for its characteristics. In particular, planning under conditions of rapid social transformation is basically different from planning under conditions of stability. The one most important difference between planning under conditions of rapid social transformation and planning under conditions of stability is that when society is passing through rapid transformations, much less can be taken for granted. Planning is a multimeaning term but, at the very least, it implies efforts to shape the future with the help of structured rationality, systematic knowledge, and organized creativity. It constitutes one mode of policy making distinguished by first, a medium-to-long time perspective, and two, much attention to internal consistency between a range of subdecisions. There are many possible planning styles, and the number of available planning modes, methodologies, methods, and tools is very large.

The thesis of this paper is that there are two styles of creativity; one a measured, problem-solving approach to the development of new knowledge, and the other, an emotional, and comparatively uncontrolled, free expression. This duality has a long tradition, for example, the distinction made in the 18th Century between Enlightenment (or Classicism) and Romanticism, in the 19th Century, and in the zone between the "two cultures," scientific and literary. This paper investigates whether corresponding styles of creativity can be discovered. A study was reported in which two types of behavior appeared a permissive, expressive type, and a controlled, coping type. Both of these correlated positively with self- reported creativity. A second study contrasted the correlates of originality on tests of divergent thinking with originality on projective tests. Two clusters emerged, one representing competent, stable, resourceful personalities who scored high on divergent thinking tests of originality, the other representing impulsive, emotionally expressive, imaginative persons who scored high on projective test originality. It was concluded that there are two creativity styles corresponding to the two types of cognitive process, and these styles were labeled "cold" creativity and "hot" creativity. Both styles play a part, in varying proportions, in any creativity process Performance on the divergent thinking tests of originality is more closely related to cold than hot creativity and, therefore, the distinction does not correspond with that between convergent and divergent thinking. Nor does it correspond with differences between scientific and artistic interests and creativity.

This paper presents a rudimentary model of the public school system as an input-output process. The inputs are students' own abilities and attitudes, parental support, peer support, quality of the school system, community support, and society's posture with respect to education. Outputs are various categories of academic achievement as well as social competence, responsibility, self confidence, creativeness, ethics, and ambition. All these factors must be measured by index numbers or simple indicators. The model is a set of regression equations relating outputs to inputs. Some implementation of the model has been made possible by means of data gathered in the U.S. Office of Education's Equality-of-Educational-Opportunity Survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the re-emergence of imagery as a topic commanding attention in psychology. Recent research (by persons such as Haber, Paivio, Sheehan, Singer and Inhelder) is surveyed within the framework of the cognitive-experiential Zeitgeist. Attention is then given to methodological issues involved in devising a 'new' introspection and to a number of theoretical statements on the nature and development of imagery, notably those of Bartlett, Bruner and Piaget. Questions such as the kind and dimension of imagery, individual differences in imagery, and the relationship of imagery to creativity are raised. The general conclusion is that the study of imagery affords a good opportunity for gaining knowledge of the 'everyday stream'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an extraordinary increase in the study of creativity and of artistic production in recent years. For the most part, this work is concerned with psychological variables focusing on the cognitive processes underlying artistic creation or on the artist's personality. But whether cognitive or personalistic in orientation, the vast majority of the studies deal with the artist in vacuo, as it were, without reference to his role or function in society. The central concern seems to be with artists as readily identifiable, exceptional individuals or social deviates, and the impression is given that artists are primarily "interesting specimens" whose activity is dispensable, or at least irrelevant, from a sociological point of view. But as Barnett among others has noted, "… the creative artist himself may be a valuable focus for the study of social and cultural change because he is often remarkably sensitive to tensions in the social order …. Thus the sociology of art … may contribute to the understanding of both social structure and cultural change." Barnett urges that the "sociologist should direct his efforts at a systematic inquiry into the various aspects of this [art] process, perhaps concentrating on the social relations, social structures, norms, and roles which characterize the vocation of the artist. Regrettably, very little has been done from this point of view. The present paper attempts to define the artist's roles in the social structure and presents some empirical data relevant to the understanding of these roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, research style and personality characteristics of men and women mathematicians has been analyzed to provide empirical findings about the separate ways in which creative members of each sex differ from comparison sources. Creative work is reliably appraised and highly valued by mathematicians, so that men who are creative are clearly identified and have higher status than other men in the field. The first hypothesis is that creative men will differ from all other mathematicians, male and female, in such traits as self-assurance and professional participativeness. A research paper by sociologist Erich Neumann suggests a second hyppothesis. He describes two types of consciousness which he called patriarchal and matriarchal. Patriarchal consciousness is assertive, objective, analytical, purposive. It was found in the study that creative men were far more confident, forceful, and effective, both as researchers and also as leaders and evaluators, than all other subjects. Creative men and women differed in opposite directions from comparison men and women on measures of professional participativeness, sociability, and self acceptance.

The purpose of this paper is two fold: to report relation ships observed in a sample of normal men between a measure of originality and measures of certain other aspects of personal and intellectual functioning, and more especially, to consider the statistically significant correlates of originality both when intelligence is partialled out. For one thing, correlation coefficients between the measure of originality and several hundred other variables were computed in a search for significant associations, and the observed correlations have not as yet been checked in any other sample. The results therefore are germane to the question of how originality varies with other personal characteristics only if originality be considered as a variable which is distributed continuously throughout the general population. Eight free-response performance tests which purport to yield measures of originality were administered to 100 captains in the United States Air Force. The contrasting pictures which thus emerged seemed to indicate considerable validity in the Originality Composite, but they also raised some question concerning the way in which verbal intelligence alone might have determined some of the observed differences.

This paper focuses on managerial leisure in Great Britain and the U.S. It states there are three aspects to managerial leisure: the amount of leisure taken by managers, the content of their leisure activities and how closely these relate to their work interests, and the subjective meaning of leisure activities to managers. It mentions that the comparative study of management in different countries has attracted increased interest. It comments that American executives tend to enjoy their jobs and experience feelings of creativity at work, while others claim they enjoy business entertaining activities. It mentions that managers in Great Britain tend to spend more time devoted to family and home and use leisure to escape from work.

[Few experiments in participation have taken place, and even fewer have been controlled in a scientific manner. One of the exceptions is the "industrial democracy" project undertaken in several Norwegian enterprises by Professor Finar Thorsrud of Oslo, Norway, with the assistance of the Tavistock Institute of London. This project represents an especially interesting attempt to reconcile the economic objectives of creativity and efficiency with the human objectives of development, responsibility, and free initiative. When viewed in such a perspective, participation can acquire its most concrete and undoubtedly most dynamic dimensions. The following paper presents the problems to which the experiments relate, as well as a summary of Professor Thorsrud's presentation before the Belgian Productivity Board (OBAP - Office Beige pour l'Accroissement de la Productivité) in December 1968.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on research papers on the problem of developing a conceptual framework for mental abilities. Superiority of one paper on grounds of sensible organization and suggestion of critical studies; Factors leading to increased attention and creative abilities; Discussion of factors dominant in Object-grouping test.

The article presents an overview of papers presented in the December 1974 issue of the periodical "acm computing surveys." All papers selected for publication in this issue cover a range of viewpoints about good programming. There is no fixed set of rules according to which clear, understandable and provable programs can be constructed. There are guidelines ofcourse but the individual programmer's style, his clarity of thought and creativity contribute significantly to the outcome. The first two papers in the issue deal with the relationship between better programming and environment.

This paper develops the hypothesis that hierarchical structure and external control in organizations are antecedent variables leading to low achievement, low creativity, and high aggression. An intervening variables of belief systems is postulated and a consistency motivational hypothesis is suggested. Data supportive of the hypothesis is reviewed and implications are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses problems of creativity and control related to television. Television in Great Britain seems to have developed a resistance towards sustained social enquiry from outside, while producing few professionals to attempt to diagnose the medium from within. The standpoint of this paper, written from experience both as a producer and as an executive, is exploratory. It aims to identify and describe some of the main forces which influence decisions in television. The British Broadcasting Corp. and television station Independent Television are sometimes discussed together because, although there are differences between these two systems, similarities in organization and creative impulses are close enough to allow a general discussion of creativity and control in television. The conflict between creativity and control can only be reconciled in television as in so many other forms of human activity, by going back to the idea of responsibility itself. The better way is to look on responsibility in the broadcasting organization as multiple that is a number of people exercising different functions, each with a wide and overlapping responsibility.

The article presents information on some of the research papers related to anthropology, psychology and legal-medicine. "The Practicability of the Binet Scale and the Questing of the Borderline Case," is a bulletin under the authorship of Samuel C. Kohs, a psychologist. The bulletin is dedicated to the Philanthropy Department of the Chicago Woman's Club, through whose inspiration and effort the Psychopathia Department was inaugurated and the special training of the sub-normal in the House of Correction made possible. The statistics upon which this contribution is based are these obtained from the examination of 335 consecutive cases whose chronological ages fell between 17 and 21. The mental ages of one group overlap those of the other. The author describes cases which illustrate the insuperable difficulty one meets ion attempting to make a diagnosis of feeble-mindedness from a reaction to the Binet-Simon test alone, and he outlines a series of supplementary tests which may be utilized in obtaining a more complete and accurate clinical picture.

The article focuses on the characteristics and importance of creativity. It has long been recognized that creativity is important in scientific discovery, invention and the arts and it is a distinguishing characteristic of outstanding individuals in almost every field. Moreover, the paper also defines the word creativity which has been used to define a wide range of activities which are not necessarily related to its true meaning as defined by the Webster dictionary. Furthermore, the author also discusses a series of well planned exercises that suited to the development of creativity.

The article presents a study which aims to describe an approach to managerial leadership that offers practical and effective ways for fulfillment of individual personal value in the organization and business work objectives. It provides assumptions regarding managerial leadership including values as the main factors in employees' motivation for work, being dynamic of the said value, and then following their own decision that the recommendations of others. It mentions that with the said type of mind frame, people have good chance to be motivated by self-discipline, creativity, and high productivity.

The article focuses on the effectiveness of music therapy to mentally retarded children in the U.S. It states that the special approach would encourage socialization, stimulate verbalization and provide emotional release to develop self-esteem and aesthetic experiences. Moreover, the opportunity to learn music through all the different skills and abilities such as listening, singing and creativity to help them feel free in the community despite of their disabilities.

Discusses contribution of James Russell Lowell in the Harvard exhibition of 1837. Submission of a paper on 'Ancient Epics as Proofs of Genius'; Influence of Lowell's reading of Homer in his work.

The article focuses on the economic aspects of the implementation of planning in Great Britain. The planning process includes distinction and delineation of the problem, investigation of the alternative solutions to the problem, preference for the most appropriate solution or stages of approach to the problem, and methods adopted for the realization of the solution. It also mentions the features involved in the realization of the solution to the problem, such as the formulation of economic ideas and techniques. Further, it reveals the need for an economist to consider methods to ensure proper utilization of resources in planning.

This article presents information on various books related to sociology. The book "The Citizen Volunteer: His Responsibility, Role, and Opportunity in Modern Society," edited by Nathan E. Cohen, is a useful volume of information and inspiration, sponsored by the National Council of Jewish Women to celebrate its sixty-filth anniversary, directed primarily to those social agency executives and others interested in volunteer work. This book will serve a purpose beyond the one for which it is intended if it inspires some of our graduate students and colleagues to work in this field of sociological and moral importance. The book "Motivation for Child Psychiatry Treatment," by Philip Lichtenberg, Robert Kohrman, and Helen MacGregor, focuses on motivation for treatment and reports the findings of a research study involving 30 families who initiated contact with the child psychiatry clinic of the Michael Reese Hospital. The writers regard motivation for treatment as a complex process of sociological and attitudinal factors and the study represents a fairly comprehensive analysis of motivational determinants.

A test is made of the theory that children's creativity varies according to the degree to which the child's role in the family requires conformity to conventional norms. A test of this ‘conformity-inhibition’ theory is made possible by the known differences in degree to which Indian and American society expect normative conformity of children, and also because both societies expect greater conformity on the part of girls. Creativity was measured by the ability to generate ideas which might solve a puzzle in the form of a game presented for solution to husband-wife-child groups. Data for 128 family groups show that the Bombay children had lower scores than the Minneapolis sample. Girls' scores were lower than those of boys in both societies. Sex differences in creativity were greatest in Bombay. The lesser sex difference in the Minneapolis sample is interpreted as reflecting the greater freedom and individuality permitted girls in American society. As societies change towards a less restrictive normative code, individual creativity is likely to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a strategy for creating workshop setting experiences that can influence the awareness on the part of the participant of his creative potential. It focuses on the importance of teacher's creativity in teaching. Teaching has been defined as an act of structuring or providing experiences that brought about changes in an anticipated direction. A sequence of experiences in a creativity and awareness workshop has been provided as examples of how readiness for awareness training can be increased with some possible decrease in the range of individual variance of readiness. The awareness trainer uses principles and techniques that can help the individual become the split and the nature, strengths and weaknesses of the two selves.

Chapter 20 of the book "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development" is presented. It explores the different techniques used in measuring the special abilities of an individual. Furthermore, it discusses the tools used in evaluating the specific unusual ability of an individual such as his mechanical ability, musical ability, and artistic ability.

The article focuses on the application of the pencil-and-paper Minnesota Tests of Creative Thinking to measure the primary creative abilities using complex tasks with non-specialized content simplified for use at all educational levels in the U.S. The absence of satisfactory criterion measures has been a major obstacle to research on creativity. Concomitant purposes of the studies were to investigate the relationships between measures of creative abilities and standardized measures of intelligence, school achievement based upon teacher's grades, school achievement based upon standardized tests and teacher ratings of selected personality characteristics.