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Copyright of Züchtungskunde is the property of Verlag Eugen Ulmer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Egg transport and rough egg handling can have numerous negative effects on hatchability. The authors monitored mechanical effects under field conditions by acceleration sensors and then simulated the same scale effects using a modelling machine to verify the effects on hatchability. To measure and record mechanical effects-instantaneous acceleration (m/s²), three-dimensional HOBO® Pendant® G Data Logger were used. The RSS, RSM values calculated from the data from the accelerometer can serve as a point of reference for practitioners to see the mechanical effect level which results in significant negative impact on the hatchability results. It was also revealed that the measurement of the recorded values in the different directions and the minimum and maximum values are important too. Using the HOBO® Pendant® G Data Logger and detailed logging (the exact location of the logger at the time of the technological steps at a given time) can reveal the location of the maximum impact. By analysing RMS x, y, z, the type of impact can be determined. By combining these two pieces of two information, the technological failure can be clearly revealed and corrected. The measurement process described by the authors provides practical advice for hatching egg producers. Moreover, attention is drawn to the short-term damage effect on hatchability, since the 5-minute treatment at 20 Hz, prior incubation significantly reduced the hatchability (P < 0.05), which was achieved at the level of 10.02 RSS m/s² and 12.3 m/s² maximum value in the direction of x-axis. It is important for hatching egg producers to be aware that the damage to the mechanical effect is not only visible (broken, cracked eggshell), but can also negatively affect hatchability and thus the profitability of the sector. Furthermore, the typical "spider web" crack on the eggshell clearly refers to the mechanical impact caused by vibration. Der Transport von Bruteiern kann ebenso wie ein unsanfter Umgang zahlreiche negative Auswirkungen auf die Brutfähigkeit haben. Die Autoren überwachten mechanische Effekte unter Feldbedingungen mit Beschleunigungssensoren und simulierten dann mit einer Vibrationsplatte dieselben Skaleneffekte und überprüften die Auswirkung auf die Schlupffähigkeit. Zur Messung und Aufzeichnung mechanischer Effekte - Momentanbeschleunigung (m/s²) - wurden dreidimensionale HOBO® Pendant® G-Datenlogger verwendet. Die aus den Daten des Beschleunigungsmessers berechneten RSS- und RSM-Werte können Praktikern als Anhaltspunkt dienen, um zu sehen, wie hoch der mechanische Effekt ist, der sich erheblich negativ auf die Schlupfergebnisse auswirkt. Es zeigte sich auch, dass die Erfassung der Messwerte in verschiedene Richtungen, sowie auch die Minimal- und Maximalwerte wichtig sind. Durch die Verwendung des HOBO® Pendant® G-Datenloggers und eine detaillierte Protokollierung (der genaue Standort des Loggers zum Zeitpunkt der technologischen Schritte zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt) kann der Ort der maximalen Auswirkung ermittelt werden. Durch die Analyse von RMS x, y, z kann die Art des Aufpralls bestimmt werden. Durch die Kombination beider Informationen kann der technische Fehler eindeutig aufgedeckt und behoben werden. Das von den Autoren beschriebene Messverfahren gibt praktische Hinweise für Bruteiproduzenten. Darüber hinaus wird auf den kurzfristigen Schadenseffekt auf die Schlupffähigkeit hingewiesen, da die 5-minütige Behandlung bei 20 Hz im Vorfeld der Inkubation die Schlupffähigkeit deutlich reduzierte (P < 0,05), was ab 10,02 RSS m/s² erreicht wurde, Maximalwert 12,3 m/s² in Richtung der x-Achse. Es ist wichtig, dass sich Bruteiproduzenten darüber im Klaren sind, dass die Schäden durch die mechanische Einwirkung nicht nur sichtbar sind (zerbrochene, rissige Eischale), sondern sich auch negativ auf die Brutfähigkeit und damit auf die Rentabilität des Sektors auswirken können. Darüber hinaus weist der typische „Spinnennetz"-Riss auf der Eischale eindeutig auf die mechanische Einwirkung durch Vibration hin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides vocalization, controlled by the syrinx, clicking sounds, clicks or clicking noise is another kind of acoustic communication between the embryos. They are developed in the last days before hatching, obviously with the onset of respiration, and are audible to the human ear. Embryonic clicking sounds have been demonstrated in turtles and various bird species. Hatching synchronization is widespread in the animal kingdom from insects to birds. The role of clicking sounds in hatching synchronization has only been studied in a few species, e.g. in poultry such as ducks, quails and chickens. This review paper aims to show an overview of the state of the art, including former own research on clicking sound production and hatching synchronization in ducks, and would like to encourage more attention to be paid to this phenomenon in artificial incubation. Literature search was done using Google Scholar and the electronic data basis of PubMed, Science Direct and Europe PMC. Former own experiments were carried out with Muscovy duck hatching eggs during the last week of incubation, incubated at 37.7 ± 0.3°C and 50-60% rel. air humidity. Clicking sound was recorded non-invasively by microphone at the eggshell. The development of clicking sound with increasing embryonic age until hatch and the relationship of clicking sounds and hatch synchronization under different sound pressure levels (steps of 5 dB) were investigated. The literature search revealed that, apart from the classic works, there are only a few systematic studies on this topic. The proportion is even smaller when it comes to studies between clicking sound and hatch synchronization and possible mechanisms. Former own systematic investigations in Muscovy ducks have shown, that: - clicking sounds were produced synchronously with respiration movement - hatch synchronization by clicking sound depends on ambient noise level; at a noise level of more than 80 dB clicking sound communication was disturbed. Conclusions: Hatching synchronization by clicking sounds could also be important for commercial poultry incubation. Further systematic studies on the ontogeny and the association of clicking sounds with hatching synchronization in different poultry species and lines, as well as on the role of technical background noise in incubators, are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature after oviposition has been found to have a considerable influence on the rate of embryonic development and success of the hatching egg storage. General recommendations for egg cooling after oviposition is that eggs should be cooled to below physiological zero level within four to eight hours. The rate at which eggs cool is dependent upon a number of factors such as egg size, initial egg temperature, nest and/or storage area conditions and holding time, air movement, collection material, time spent in the cooler. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of following factors under different egg cooling pattern in a commercial hatchery on hatchability of broiler breeder eggs; 1) flock age (Young-Old flocks), 2) season (Winter-Summer), 3) egg location on the cardboard egg tray after collection (Inner-Outer). Four experiments were completed to compare the effects of egg location on the cardboard tray after collection. Commercial flocks of Ross 308 broiler breeder were used as the source of broiler hatching eggs. Breeder flock ages were 27 wk (young) and 61 wk (old) in winter and 27 wk (young) and 51 wk (old) in summer season. A total of 2600, 4800, 2600, and 8000 eggs were used in experiment 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All eggs were had been laid within a 15-min period were collected and placed in cardboard egg trays. Eggshell temperature was measured with an infrared thermometer at 30-min intervals during the cooling process. The eggs were divided into two groups, which were inner and outer of the cardboard egg tray and the eggs were marked permanently. All eggs were stored for 5 d at 16°C and 75% RH. At the time of removal of chicks from hatchers (510 h), all unhatched eggs were opened and examined macroscopically to determine, infertile, early, mid, and late embryonic mortality. The cooling pattern has been affected by location of egg after collection in all experiments, but the effects of egg location on hatchability and embryonic mortalities have been changed by the season and flock age factors. For young flocks, the outer located eggs had a significantly lower hatchability when compared to inner side eggs in winter conditions due to significantly higher late embryonic mortality (P < 0.05), whereas in summer season, there was no significant difference between two located eggs (P > 0.05). For old flocks, the outer located eggs had a significantly higher hatchability when compared to inner side eggs in summer conditions due to significantly lower early embryonic mortality (P < 0.05), whereas in winter season, there was no significant difference between two located eggs (P > 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that the egg cooling pattern after lay is an important factor to achieve better hatchability and the cooling pattern might be needed consideration as so flock age and season in case the eggs have been collected to cardboard tray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Züchtungskunde is the property of Verlag Eugen Ulmer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Poultry Science / Archiv für Geflügelkunde is the property of Verlag Eugen Ulmer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Züchtungskunde is the property of Verlag Eugen Ulmer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Poultry Science / Archiv für Geflügelkunde is the property of Verlag Eugen Ulmer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Poultry Science / Archiv für Geflügelkunde is the property of Verlag Eugen Ulmer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Cultivated Plants / Journal für Kulturpflanzen is the property of Verlag Eugen Ulmer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There was found great variation in birds' eggs, depending factors like life history, genetics or environment. While interspecies variation is well known, interspecies variation is much less described. Aim of conducted studies was to describe egg size, eggshell pigmentation and thickness in relation to female factor, season and laying order. Unhatched eggs and post-hatched eggshells were collected for three years from two breeding centers in Wisła Forestry District and Leżajsk Forestry District. Date of laying and mother id were noted. From 51 females, 312 eggshells were obtained in total. This includes 171 post-hatched eggshells and 141 eggs infertile or containing embryos up to the 4th day of development. Eggs were measured (maximum length and width) with the use of electronic caliper. The egg shape index, i.e. the ratio of long to short axis, was calculated. Eggshell pigmentation intensity (lightness) was assessed with portable colorimeter NH310. After removing eggshell membranes, eggshell thickness was measured to the nearest 0.001 mm using a micrometer with a 0.2-mm spline diameter. In the majority of cases, no statistically significant correlation was found between the female id and laying order, eggshell thickness, pigmentation, measures and egg shape. There was no individual variability of the pigmentation of the eggshells in subsequent seasons. We did not found significant differences in eggshell thickness, measures or shape between breeding centers, but eggshells from Leżajsk were lighter. Coefficient of variation showed that females lay similar eggs in clutch in size (CV = 0,041 for length and 0.014 for width), shape (CV = 0.039) and pigmentation (CV = 0,036). The most variable was eggshell thickness (CV = 0.053). Conclusions: Females lay similar clutches through subsequent breeding seasons. As expected, the greatest variation was found in eggshell thickness, because this egg trait depends very much on external factors, like bird diet, physiological limitations, and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]