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Gas, ion, and biological sensors have been widely utilized to detect analytes of great significance to the environment, food, and health. Paper-based sensors, which can be constructed on a low-cost paper substrate through a simple and cost-effective fabrication process, have attracted much interests for development. Moreover, many materials can be employed in designing sensors, such as metal oxides and/or inorganic materials, carbon-based nanomaterials, conductive polymers, and composite materials. Most of these provide a large surface area and pitted structure, along with extraordinary electrical and thermal conductivities, which are capable of improving sensor performance regarding sensitivity and limit of detection. In this review, we surveyed recent advances in different types of paper-based gas, ion, and biological sensors, focusing on how these materials' physical and chemical properties influence the sensor's response. Challenges and future perspectives for paper-based sensors are also discussed below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A positive effect of pulp and paper mill sludges as a rich source of organic substrates on soil properties was previously found for some types of sludge and soil. In this study, the effect of secondary pulp and paper sludge on water characteristics and thermal properties of Retisol, as well as the growth parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), was tested on the basis of a pot experiment when watering plants with a 20 or 40% sludge solution. The sludge application enhanced plant growth with an increase in biomass accumulation of 21 and 53%, respectively, for 20 and 40% sludge treatments. When the sludge dose was increased from 0 to 40%, the number of leaves increased by 25%, and the leaf mass per area value increased by 42%. Due to the accumulation of more biomass in the shoots than in the roots, sludge causes a change in the allocation of plant biomass. A significant effect of the sludge application on soil particle and microaggregate sized compositions, as well as on the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, was not found in this study. However, fitted soil water retention curves showed an increased soil water content in sludge-treated soil at all water content values exceeding field capacity. Secondary sludge application led to an increase in the saturated water content from 0.50 to 0.56 cm3 cm−3. The 40% sludge solution increased soil thermal conductivity from 0.92 to 0.98 W m−1 K−1 under saturated water content and from 0.83 to 0.92 W m−1 K−1 under field capacity. The thermal conductivity was higher in the sludge-treated than untreated soil due to a more pronounced positive effect of increased saturated water content than the negative effect of the increased organic matter content on heat transfer. The positive impact of secondary sludge application on both plant growth parameters and physical properties of Retisol, such as increased soil water-holding capacity and thermal conductivity coefficient confirms the possibility of using it to improve soil characteristics and plant productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The journal 'Life' has released a Special Issue that showcases a range of studies in the field of biological research. The articles in this issue cover topics such as genetics, disease biomarkers, musculoskeletal health, and therapeutic interventions. One study focuses on the link between genetic variations in the heat shock factor 1 gene and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly in overweight and obese females. Another study explores the use of biomarkers for diagnosing and treating osteoarthritis, with the goal of improving patient outcomes. The issue also addresses the impact of obesity on musculoskeletal health and the role of exercise in mitigating chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Additionally, the intersection of autoimmune diseases and parasitic infections is examined, revealing potential therapeutic insights. The issue also highlights research on sepsis-induced coagulopathy, platelet-derived extracellular vesicles, chondrocyte biology, and innovative treatments for dermatitis associated with immunoglobulin G4-related disease. The articles emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing complex health and disease challenges. Overall, this Special Issue contributes to our understanding of human health and offers potential strategies for improvement. [Extracted from the article]

The dynamic mechanical behavior and cushioning performance of honeycomb sandwich panels, which are extensively employed in product cushioning packaging due to their exceptional energy absorption capabilities, were examined using a combination of experimental and numerical methods. Several factors, such as maximum acceleration-static stress, cushioning coefficient-static stress, and other curves, were analyzed under various impact conditions. The simulated stress-strain, deformation modes, cushioning coefficients, and other parameters demonstrate consistency with the experimental results. The acceleration, maximum compression, and cushioning coefficient obtained from the experiment and simulation calculation were 30.68 g, 15.44 mm, and 2.65, and 31.96 g, 14.91 mm, and 2.79, respectively. The results indicate that all error values were less than 5%, confirming the precision and reliability of the model. Furthermore, the model was utilized to simulate and predict the cushioning performance of honeycomb sandwich panels with different cell structures and paper thicknesses. These results provide a solid basis for enhancing the design of subsequent honeycomb element structures.

The dialogue between population genetics and evolutionary biology, which historically followed separate paths, has now developed into a complex and interdisciplinary field of study [...].

A dual-mode lab-on-paper device based on BiVO4/FeOOH nanocomposites as an efficient generating photoelectrochemical (PEC)/colorimetric signal reporter has been successfully constructed by integration of the lab-on-paper sensing platform and PEC/colorimetric detection technologies for sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Concretely, the BiVO4/FeOOH nanocomposites were in situ synthesized onto the paper-working electrode (PWE) through hydrothermal synthesis of the BiVO4 layer on cellulose fibers (paper-based BiVO4) which were initially modified by Au nanoparticles for improving the conductivity of three dimensional PWE, and then the photo-electrodeposition of FeOOH onto the paper-based BiVO4 to construct the paper-based BiVO4/FeOOH for the portable dual-mode lab-on-paper device. The obtained nanocomposites with an FeOOH needle-like structure deposited on the BiVO4 layer exhibits enhanced PEC response activity due to its effective separation of the electron–hole pair which could further accelerate the PEC conversion efficiency during the sensing process. With the introduction of CEA targets onto the surface of nanocomposite-modified PWE assisted by the interaction with the CEA antibody from a specific recognition property, a signal-off PEC signal state with a remarkable photocurrent response decreasing trend can be achieved, realizing the quantitative detection of CEA with the PEC signal readout mode. By means of a smart origami paper folding, the colorimetric signal readout is achieved by catalyzing 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate blue oxidized TMB in the presence of H2O2 due to the satisfied enzyme-like catalytic activity of the needle-like structure, FeOOH, thereby achieving the dual-mode signal readout system for the proposed lab-on-paper device. Under the optimal conditions, the PEC and colorimetric signals measurement were effectively carried out, and the corresponding linear ranges were 0.001–200 ng·mL−1 and 0.5–100 ng·mL−1 separately, with the limit of detection of 0.0008 and 0.013 ng·mL−1 for each dual-mode. The prepared lab-on-paper device also presented a successful application in serum samples for the detection of CEA, providing a potential pathway for the sensitive detection of target biomarkers in clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an integrated approach to understanding fluid dynamics in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (µPADs), combining empirical investigations with advanced numerical modeling. Paper-based devices are recognized for their low cost, portability, and simplicity and are increasingly applied in health, environmental monitoring, and food quality analysis. However, challenges such as lack of flow control and the need for advanced detection methods have limited their widespread adoption. To address these challenges, our study introduces a novel numerical model that incorporates factors such as pore size, fiber orientation, and porosity, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of fluid dynamics across various saturation levels of paper. Empirical results focused on observing the wetted length in saturated paper substrates. The numerical model, integrating the Highly Simplified Marker and Cell (HSMAC) method and the High Order accuracy scheme Reducing Numerical Error Terms (HORNET) scheme, successfully predicts fluid flow in scenarios challenging for empirical observation, especially at high saturation levels. The model effectively mimicked the Lucas-Washburn relation for dry paper and demonstrated the increasing time requirement for fluid movement with rising saturation levels. It also accurately predicted faster fluid flow in Whatman Grade 4 filter paper compared with Grade 41 due to its larger pore size and forecasted an increased flow rate in the machine direction fiber orientation of Whatman Grade 4. These findings have significant implications for the design and application of µPADs, emphasizing the need for precise control of fluid flow and the consideration of substrate microstructural properties. The study's combination of empirical data and advanced numerical modeling marks a considerable advancement in paper-based microfluidics, offering robust frameworks for future development and optimization of paper-based assays.

The demand for eco-friendly packaging materials has urged researchers to look for alternatives to petroleum-based polymers. In this regard, paper-based products have turned out to be a promising choice; however, their weak resistance to water has limited their application. The use of various additives to enhance paper's moisture resistance is a common practice. However, considering the growing global agenda for sustainable development, the search for new bio-based paper additives has become increasingly important. This study investigated the potential synergistic impact of the addition of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and chitosan additives (CHIT) to different fiber combinations to improve paper's properties, in particular, their wet strength. The efficacy of the additive application order was examined and was found to be crucial in achieving the desired outcomes. The results showed that incorporating CHIT after NFC enhanced the paper's tensile and burst indicators, as well as the paper stretch in the dry state, by 35-70%, 35-55%, and 20-35%, respectively. In addition, the tensile index and stretch in the wet state improved 9-13 times and 2.5-5.5 times over, respectively. The air permeability decreased 2.5-12 times over. These findings demonstrate that the sequential addition of the NFC and CHIT additives yield a greater enhancement of paper's properties than using each additive separately.

In this work, a new microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) was developed for on-hand creatinine quantification in urine samples. When compared to conventional methods, this innovative paper device is more accessible and portable, it provides low-cost analysis (cost of consumables of 40 cents), and it is applicable to non-invasive biological fluids. Furthermore, the paper-based approach is used within an environmentally friendly assembly with no need for wax printing and small amounts of reagents resulting in low waste production and easy disposal by incineration. Its assembly method includes cutting paper discs arranged into several reading units within a plastic pouch, enabling effective creatinine quantification with accuracy based on a vertical flow approach. The method is based on the colourimetric reaction between creatinine and alkaline picric acid, where the solution colour changes from yellow to orange/red. Under optimal conditions, the developed method allowed creatinine quantification in the dynamic range of 2.20–35.0 mg/dL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.66 mg/dL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.20 mg/dL. The colour intensity developed was processed in ImageJ software, based on digital image scanning, performed in 20 min (up to 4 h) after the sample insertion. The device is stable for up to one week when stored in a vacuum at 4 °C. The method was validated by comparing the results with a batch-wise procedure, where there were no statistically significant differences between both methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is widely found in oil and natural gas wells and industrial wastewater tanks. Owing to its high toxicity, the monitoring and detection of H2S in the air is essential. However, recent techniques for the quantitative detection of H2S gas suffer from limitations such as high cost, complicated operation, and insufficient sensitivity, preventing their practical application in industry. Thus, we have developed a portable test paper for real-time and inexpensive monitoring of H2S gas by color changes. The test paper had a significantly low H2S detection limit of 200 ppb, which is considered safe for humans. Moreover, the color of the test paper did not change noticeably when exposed to CO2, N2, O2, and air environments, indicating that the test paper is selective for H2S gas and can be stored for a long time. In addition, we fitted a color difference linear model between the color difference values (ΔE) and the concentrations of H2S gas. The establishment of the linear model substantiates that the test paper can provide accurate intensity information when detecting H2S gas leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electronic patient-reported outcomes has increased recently, and smartphones offer distinct advantages over other devices. However, previous systematic reviews have not investigated the reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) when used with smartphones, and this has not been fully explored. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of the paper and smartphone versions of the CES-D, GAD-7, and K6, which were compared following a randomized crossover design method in 100 adults in Gunma, Japan. Participants responded to the paper and smartphone versions at 1-week intervals. The equivalence of paper and smartphone versions was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC agreement ). The mean participant age was 19.86 years (SD = 1.08, 23% male). The ICC agreements for the paper and smartphone versions of the CES-D, GAD-7, and K6 were 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66-0.83), 0.68 (95% CI 0.59-0.77), and 0.83 (95% CI 0.75-0.88), respectively. Thus, the CES-D and K6 scales are appropriate for use in a smartphone version, which could be applied to clinical and research settings in which the paper or smartphone versions could be used as needed.

This document is a summary of a special issue of the journal Catalysts, which focuses on recent advances in the field of photocatalysis. The issue includes seven exclusive papers written by members of the editorial board and topical advisory panel. The papers cover a range of topics, including the use of gadolinium-doped bismuth ferrite for the photocatalytic oxidation of arsenite, the effect of heterovalent doping on the photoelectrochemical behavior of anatase TiO2, the synthesis of novel ternary composites for photocatalytic degradation, the preparation of metallic MoS2/WS2 dual co-catalysts for hydrogen production, the development of a photocatalyst for removing bisphenol A from water, the synthesis of Au/TiO2/WO3 heterostructures for photodegradation and dye sensing, and the design of furane-based photoinitiators for polymerization. The authors conclude that there is still much research to be done in the field of photocatalysis, particularly in terms of the type of light irradiation, substrate immobilization, and the search for new photocatalysts. [Extracted from the article]

Solid-state supercapacitors with areal capacitance in the order of 100 mF⋅cm−2 are developed on paper substrates, using eco-friendly, low-cost materials and a simple technology. The electrochemically active material used as the electrode is prepared from a stable water-based ink, obtained by doping commercial polypyrrole (PPY) powder with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), and characterized by optical and electrical measurements, Raman investigation and Atomic Force Microscopy. The PPY:DBSA ink can be directly applied on paper by means of rechargeable water pens, obtaining, after drying, electrically conducting solid state tracks. The PPY:DBSA layers are then interfaced to one another through a polymer gel based on potassium hydroxide and chitosan, acting both as the ion-conducting medium and as the separator. The areal capacitance of the devices developed by following such a simple rule can be improved when the PPY:DBSA ink is applied in combination with other nanostructured carbon material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the domain of starch modification, the study delved into cationization of wheat starch through a laboratory-scale twin-screw extruder, exploring various processing conditions. Cationic starch, a crucial component for enhancing paper attributes like dry strength and printability, took center stage. The focus shifted towards integration into papermaking, investigating the transformative potential of reactive extrusion. By contrasting it with conventional dry-process methodology, innovative strides were unveiled. The study extended to pilot-scale extrusion, bridging the gap between laboratory experimentation and potential industrial implementation. Infused with scientific rigor, the investigation navigated the benefits brought about by reactive extrusion. Empirical insights highlighted a significant reduction in the intrinsic viscosity of extruded starch, decreasing from 170 mL·g−1 (native starch) to 100 mL·g−1 at a specific mechanical energy (SME) input of 800 kWh·t−1, demonstrating remarkable stability despite increased mechanical treatment. Moreover, beyond the critical threshold of 220 kWh·t−1, retention efficiency reached a stable plateau at 78%. The study revealed that utilizing a larger extruder slightly improved the mechanical properties of the paper, emphasizing the advantage of scaling up the production process and the consistency of results across different extruder sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of fiber modification methods and beating degrees on the properties of paper sheets. Two different methods were used to modify fibers: NaOH + urea and TEMPO ((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl) and blended with traditional paper fibers. Subsequently, we evaluated the resulting sheets for their optical, strength, and thermo-mechanical characteristics. Notably, we also scrutinized sheets created exclusively with 100% TEMPO-modified fibers. The addition of modified fibers led to improvements in several strength properties, but it had a noteworthy negative impact on the optical properties of TEMPO-treated fibers compared to the other papers. Furthermore, thermal analysis revealed that the contraction rates of the samples increased considerably up to 40–50 °C for the out-of-plane direction and surpassed 130 °C for the in-plane direction. In general, the inclusion of modified fibers had a significant effect on thermo-mechanical properties. Specifically, TEMPO modification resulted in an increase in the maximum in-plane contraction ratio, shifting it from −0.40% to −0.59%, along with its corresponding temperature. This research underscores the potential of modified fibers to enhance paper properties and contribute to the development of more sustainable paper-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the recycle value of waste paper and promote circular economic development, waste corrugated paper fiber (WCPF) was used as a reinforcing agent to prepare waste corrugated paper fiber/polylactic acid (WCPF/PLA) composites via dichloromethane solvent which can be reused. The WCPF in the waste corrugated paper is extracted by beating in a Valli beating machine for different time lengths and grinding in a disc grinder. The effects of beating time and the content of WCPF on the microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition process, and crystallization properties of the WCPF/PLA composite were studied. The result shows that the WCPF can be well separated from each other and can be evenly dispersed in the PLA matrix. When 25 wt% WCPF which was beat for 30 min was used, the composite has the greatest improvement in tensile property. This study provides a new process for the recycling of waste paper in the application of polymer reinforcement. The research on waste paper fiber and degradable polymer composite is of great significance for reducing environmental pollutants and developing circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have the advantages of tunable pore sizes and porosity and have demonstrated unique advantages for various applications. This study synthesized composite MOF nanomaterials by modifying MOF801 or AlOOH with UIO66. The composite nanomaterials, UIO66/MOF801 and UIO66/AlOOH showed increased Zeta potential than their pristine form, AlOOH, UIO66 and MOF801. For the first time, the composite MOFs were used to fabricate filter paper-based evaporation-driven power generators for spontaneous electricity generation. The MOFs-KBF membrane was constructed by coating filter paper (10 × 50 mm) with composite MOFs and conductive Ketjen Black. The UIO66/MOF801 decorated device achieved a maximum open circuit voltage of 0.329 ± 0.005 V and maximum output power of 2.253 μW. The influence of salt concentration (0.1–0.5 M) on power generation was also analyzed and discussed. Finally, as a proof-of-concept application, the device was employed as a salinity sensor to realize remote monitoring of salinity. This work demonstrated the potential of flexible MOF composites for spontaneous power generation from water evaporation and provides a potential way to enhance the performance of evaporation-driven power generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry is recognized as a well-established sector, which throughout its process, generates a vast amount of waste streams with the capacity to be valorized. Typically, these residues are burned for energy purposes, but their use as substrates for biological processes could be a more efficient and sustainable alternative. With this aim, it is essential to identify and characterize each type of waste to determine its biotechnological potential. In this context, this research highlights possible alternatives with lower environmental impact and higher revenues. The bio-based pathway should be a promising alternative for the valorization of pulp and paper industry wastes, in particular for bioproduct production such as bioethanol, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and biogas. This article focuses on state of the art regarding the identification and characterization of these wastes, their main applied deconstruction technologies and the valorization pathways reported for the production of the abovementioned bioproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are expected to be one of the next generations of high-energy-density battery systems due to their high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. Embracing the trends toward flexibility, lightweight design, and cost-effectiveness, paper-based electrodes offer a promising alternative to traditional coated cathodes in Li–S batteries. Within paper-based electrodes, conductive fibers such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) play a crucial role. They help to form a three-dimensional network within the paper matrix to ensure structural integrity over extended cycling while mitigating the shuttle effect by confining sulfur within the cathode. Herein, we explore how variously functionalized CNTs, serving as conductive fibers, impact the physical and electrochemical characteristics of paper-based sulfur cathodes in Li–S batteries. Specifically, graphitized hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (G-CNTs) exhibit remarkable capacity at low currents owing to their excellent conductivity and interaction with lithium polysulfide (LiPS), achieving the highest initial specific capacity of 1033 mAh g−1 at 0.25 C (1.1 mA cm−2). Aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-CNTs) demonstrate an enhanced affinity for LiPS due to the -NH2 groups. However, the uneven distribution of these fibers may induce electrode surface passivation during charge–discharge cycles. Notably, hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OH-CNTs) can establish a uniform and stable 3D network with plant fibers, showcasing superior mechanical properties and helping to mitigate Li2S agglomeration while preserving the electrode porosity. The paper-based electrode integrated with OH-CNTs even retains a specific capacity of approximately 800 mAh g−1 at about 1.25 C (5 mA cm−2), demonstrating good sulfur utilization and rate capacity compared to other CNT variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock dung, discarded crop straws, and residual plastic film are the primary agricultural non-point sources of pollution. For livestock dung and discarded crop straw, the general treatment focuses on compost, animal fodder, industrial raw material, and new energy. The development of degradable mulch film is the main way to solve pollution from residual plastic film. However, an effective way to solve the above three types of pollution simultaneously and use them for ecological circular agriculture has been less studied. In this study, using cow dung and flax straw wastes as raw materials, we prepared natural, fibre-based paper mulch using the rapid-Kothen method and analysed the film-forming mechanism. Based on the Van Soest method, the cow dung and flax straw waste contain abundant cellulose fibres: 36.75% and 54.69%, respectively. The tensile strength and tear strength of fibre paper mulch are 1.87 kN/m and 19.91 N/mm, respectively. To enhance the adaptability of the fibre paper mulch in humid environments, the surface of the mulch was treated with alkyl ketene dimer (AKD). The AKD-coated fibre paper mulch displays hydrophobic properties, indicated by a contact angle of 128° ± 2°. It has a wet tensile strength of 0.64 kN/m and a wet tear strength of 8.23 N/mm. Additionally, it exhibits a dry tensile strength and a tear strength of 2.13 kN/m and 16.43 N/mm, respectively. Notably, the dry tensile strength is increased by 16.31%. In this way, the livestock dung and discarded crop straw can be reused, reducing dung pollution and straw burning in livestock farms, and the final products can alleviate the residual film pollution simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the mechanical properties of mortars incorporating waste paper sludge-derived cellulose fibers. Compression and flexural tests were carried out on specimens prepared with cellulose fibers at different proportions, ranging from 0% to 2% of the total weight of the solid mortar constituents (cement, sand, and lime). In addition, a comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of the preparation method on the mechanical properties of the mortars. To this end, two series of mortars were studied: one prepared following a rigorous control of the preparation parameters and the other made without systematic parameter control to simulate typical on-site conditions. Finally, the applicability of both traditional and eco-friendly mortars in the construction of small-scale masonry walls was assessed through compression tests. Overall, the mechanical properties of mortars with cellulose fibers were comparable to those with 0% waste material, regardless of the production process. Regarding the compressive behavior of masonry walls, experimental tests showed significant similarities between specimens made with traditional and eco-friendly mortar. In conclusion, incorporating cellulose fibers into cement-based mortar shows considerable potential for building applications, enhancing the environmental benefits without compromising the mechanical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional detectors are mostly made up of complicated structures that are hard to use. A paper-based microfluidic chip, however, combines the advantages of being small, efficient, easy to process, and environmentally friendly. The paper-based microfluidic chips for biomedical applications focus on efficiency, accuracy, integration, and innovation. Therefore, continuous progress is observed in the transition from single-channel detection to multi-channel detection and in the shift from qualitative detection to quantitative detection. These developments improved the efficiency and accuracy of single-cell substance detection. Paper-based microfluidic chips can provide insight into a variety of fields, including biomedicine and other related fields. This review looks at how paper-based microfluidic chips are prepared, analyzed, and used to help with both biomedical development and functional integration, ideally at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To transform tall goldenrods, which are invasive alien plant that destroy the ecosystem of South Korea, into useful materials, cellulose fibers isolated from tall goldenrods are applied as EMI shielding materials in this study. The obtained cellulose fibers were blended with CNTs, which were used as additives, to improve the electrical conductivity. TGCF/CNT papers prepared using a facile paper manufacturing process with various weight percent ratios and thickness were carbonized at high temperatures and investigated as EMI shielding materials. The increase in the carbonization temperature, thickness, and CNT content enhanced the electrical conductivity and EMI SE of TGCF/CNT carbon papers. TGCF/CNT-15 papers, with approximately 4.5 mm of thickness, carbonized at 1300 °C exhibited the highest electrical conductivity of 6.35 S cm−1, indicating an EMI SE of approximately 62 dB at 1.6 GHz of the low frequency band. Additionally, the obtained TGCF/CNT carbon papers were flexible and could be bent and wound without breaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As increasing fiber hydrophobicity can significantly improve the paper dewatering process, we found that replacing SBKP and HBKP with 0.5% superhydrophobic CPGMA can significantly improve the dewatering of paper sheets. Therefore, it can be concluded that if CPGMA has little effect on paper properties, it will have potential industrial value in the papermaking industry. Consequently, it is necessary to further study the effect of the CPGMAs@CPAM/SiO2/APAM system on paper properties. To evaluate the application potential of the system in the papermaking industry, we investigated the effects of CPGMAs, which replaced the fibers in the stocks, on the paper properties in the CPAM/SiO2/APAM system. The findings demonstrate that as the CPGMA replacement increased, the paper's tensile strength, bursting strength, tear resistance, and folding endurance all declined. The trend can be segmented into two phases: a rapid decrease for substitution amounts below 0.5% and a gradual decline for substitution amounts exceeding 0.5%. When replaced with a small amount of CPGMAs, there was a negligible effect on these properties. Second, the paper air permeability increased with the CPGMA substitution amount in the stock. Furthermore, the trend of paper air permeability can be divided into two stages—a rapid stage with a substitution amount of <0.5% and a slow stage with a substitution amount of >0.5%. A small amount of CPGMAs could distinctly improve the paper's air permeability. Third, CPGMAs, which replaced fibers in the stock, minutely affected the paper formation. A small amount of CPGMAs substantially boosted the efficacy of the process of paper manufacture and certain characteristics of the paper, and it had a negligible impact on the strength of paper. The CPGMAs@CPAM/SiO2/APAM technology has the potential to improve the retention and filtration performance of CPAM/SiO2/APAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an introduction to a special issue of the journal Eng, which focuses on experimental and theoretical research in engineering science and technology. The topics covered in the journal include various fields of engineering, such as electrical, chemical, mechanical, civil, and biomedical engineering, with an emphasis on contributing to the circular economy and sustainable development. The special issue contains 34 papers from authors in 25 countries, covering a range of cutting-edge developments in engineering. The author expresses gratitude to the contributors and hopes that the articles will be interesting and inspiring for readers, particularly young scholars. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the importance of molecular plant sciences in sustaining food security in the face of global climate change. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between plant science, physics, mathematics, and computer sciences to collect reliable information about plant biology and develop models that can predict interactions between genotype and environment. The article highlights the impact of abiotic and biotic stress on plants and the role of molecular biology in understanding stress resilience. It also discusses advancements in omics technologies, such as genomics and proteomics, for identifying genetic markers associated with stress tolerance. The article includes review papers on various topics, including plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress, methodology, and the detection and identification of specific plant species. Overall, the article provides valuable information for researchers in the field of molecular plant sciences and its applications in improving crop yields and food security. [Extracted from the article]

This study focused on developing a Pickering emulsion fresh-keeping paper that contained clove essential oil (CEO). Cherry tomatoes served as the test material for assessing the preservative efficacy of fresh-keeping paper. The results showed that Pickering emulsion had strong stability. Additionally, the fresh-keeping paper had a good antioxidant activity and sustained-release effect on CEO. In terms of the preservation effect, 0.75 wt% CEO Pickering emulsion paper reduced the decay incidence and weight loss of cherry tomatoes during 12-day storage. Fresh-keeping paper could also play a positive role in protecting the sensory index and color difference of tomatoes. It slowed the decline rate of soluble solid concentration (SSC) and titrable acid (TA). The vitamin C (Vc) and hardness of preserved tomatoes using fresh-keeping paper were maintained at a high level. The paper also inhibited the growth of microorganisms significantly. Therefore, 0.75 wt% CEO Pickering emulsion fresh-keeping paper displayed considerable potential for application in the preservation of postharvest fruits and vegetables. It is a novel fruit and vegetable preservation material worthy of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The printing process of box packaging paper can generate volatile organic compounds, resulting in odors that impact product quality and health. An efficient, objective, and cost-effective detection method is urgently needed. We utilized a self-developed electronic nose system to test four different cigarette packaging paper samples. Employing multivariate statistical methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Statistical Quality Control (SQC), and Similarity-based Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), we analyzed and processed the collected data. Comprehensive evaluation and quality control models were constructed to assess sample stability and distinguish odors. Results indicate that our electronic nose system rapidly detects odors and effectively performs quality control. By establishing models for quality stability control, we successfully identified samples with acceptable quality and those with odors. To further validate the system's performance and extend its applications, we collected two types of cigarette packaging paper samples with odor data. Using data augmentation techniques, we expanded the dataset and achieved an accuracy rate of 0.9938 through classification and discrimination. This highlights the significant potential of our self-developed electronic nose system in recognizing cigarette packaging paper odors and odorous samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the efficiency of different advanced oxidation processes both individually and in combination with the biological method for the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater in the pulp and paper industry. Advanced oxidation processes include ozone, Fenton, hydrogen peroxide, and photo-Fenton. Biologically treated wastewater was successively subjected to advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The optimum conditions for the ozone treatment of raw wastewater were found to be a contact time of 9 min and a pH of 5 at a fixed dose of ozone for a removal efficiency of 41.22% for color and 88.53% for COD. Similar optimum conditions for the ozone treatment of biologically treated wastewater showed a removal efficiency of 46.36% for color and 95.92% for COD. The photo-Fenton process also showed an efficiency comparable to the ozone treatment for both raw wastewater and biologically treated wastewater, resulting in a removal efficiency of 39.85% (color) and 90.13% (COD) for raw wastewater, and of 41.34% (color) and 94.29% (COD) for biologically treated wastewater. Each had a contact time of 12 h. The Fenton oxidation of raw wastewater showed a removal efficiency of more than 26.30% for color and 86.33% for COD. Fenton oxidation, however, showed an efficiency of 26.62% for color and 84.49% for COD removal from biologically treated wastewater. Hydrogen peroxide showed an efficiency of 28.45% for color and 85.13% for COD removal from raw wastewater, and 39.48% for color and 86.53% for COD removal from biologically treated wastewater. The results for the raw wastewater treatments indicated that higher removal efficiencies can be achieved when they are used as pre-treatments. Biological treatment is a cost-effective method but it has less efficiency for color removal. In combination with one of the AOPs, either as a pre- or post-treatment under a controlled time and dose, biological treatment increased the efficiency, making treatment feasible at larger scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabies is a deadly viral disease present mainly in low-income countries of Africa and Asia. Dogs are the main reservoir and the source of human deaths. Mass vaccination campaigns of dogs are pivotal to achieve rabies elimination. The monitoring of the immune response of the dog population is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of these campaigns, taking into account field conditions. This study explores the feasibility and the performance of a new tool using filter papers (FPs) to collect blood samples associated with an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) titration of rabies antibodies in dogs. A total of 216 eluates from FP samples were collected from 111 dogs kept in experimental facilities in France and 29 dogs from the field in Tunisia. Sera were also analyzed using both the Fluorescence Antibody Virus Neutralization test (FAVNt) and ELISA. A high specificity (98.0%) was obtained by testing FP blood eluates from 51 unvaccinated dogs, with the results compared with those of FAVNt and ELISA on serum samples. The coefficients of concordance between FP eluates and tested sera were 88.9% for FAVNt and 88.0% for ELISA. Blood filter papers coupled with the titration of rabies antibodies by ELISA provide a reliable, simple, and effective solution to overcome the issues of the logistics and transport of samples, especially in low-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) plasma at different pressures, powers, and times was used to treat Kraft paper (KP) to enhance its water resistance. The KP was treated with SF6 plasma from 20–300 mTorr of pressure at powers from 25–75 Watts and treatment times from 1–30 min at 13.56 MHz. The prepared papers were characterized by contact angle measurement and water absorption. The selected optimum condition for the plasma-treated KP was 200 mTorr at 50 Watts for 5 min. Advancement with the change in treatment times (3, 5, and 7 min) on the physical and mechanical properties, water resistance, and morphology of KP with SF6 plasma at 200 mTorr and 50 Watts was evaluated. The changes in the chemical compositions of the plasma-treated papers were analyzed with an XPS analysis. The treatment times of 0, 3, 5, and 7 min revealed fluorine/carbon (F/C) atomic concentration percentages at 0.00/72.70, 40.48/40.97, 40.18/37.95, and 45.72/39.48, respectively. The XPS spectra showed three newly raised peaks at 289.7~289.8, 291.5~291.7, and 293.4~293.6 eV in the 3, 5, and 7 min plasma-treated KPs belonging to the CF, CF2, and CF3 moieties. The 5 min plasma-treated paper promoted a better interaction between the SF6 plasma and the paper yielded by the F atoms. As the treatment time for the treated KPs increased, the contact angle, water absorption time, and Cobb test values increased. However, the thickness and tensile strength did not show remarkable changes. The SEM images revealed that, as the treatment time increased, the surface roughness of the plasma-treated KPs also increased, leading to improved water resistance properties. Overall, the SF6 plasma treatment modified the surface at the nano-layer range, creating super-hydrophobicity surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffusion layer (DL) in the structure of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) plays an essential role in reactant/product mass transfer and catalyst loading. The material selection and structure design of the μDMFC affects its performance. In this work, a reduced graphene oxide/carbon paper (rGO/CP) was proposed and prepared for the anode DL of a μDMFC. It was prepared using electrophoretic sedimentation combined with an in situ reduction method. The rGO/CP reduced the cell's ohmic and charge transfer resistances. Meanwhile, it provided more significant mass transfer resistance to reduce the methanol crossover, allowing the cell to operate stably at higher concentrations for a longer duration than conventional μDMFCs. The experimental results showed that the maximum power density increased by 53% compared with the traditional anode DL of carbon paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, rapid, and facile method for the colorimetric determination of calcium using micro-analytical paper-based devices (μ-PADs) was developed. The proposed analytical method utilizes the color differences developing, after the addition of calcium, on the surface of the devices because of the complexation reaction of calcium with Methylthymol Blue (MTB) at room temperature, in alkaline pH. The devices were manufactured with chromatographic paper, using wax barriers, and the analytical protocol was easily implemented without the need of any experimental apparatus except for a simple imaging device. The user must regulate the pH, add the solutions on the paper, and measure the color intensity of the formed Ca(II)-MTB complex with a flatbed scanner. The experimental conditions for optimum color development, the possible interfering substances, and the reliability of the paper devices in different preserving conditions were optimized, with satisfactory results. The method exhibited acceptable detection limits (2.9 mg L -1 ) with sufficiently good precision, which varied from 4.2% (intra-day) to 6.4% (inter-day). Saliva samples from healthy volunteers were successfully analyzed, and the calcium levels were calculated in the range of 30.71 to 84.15 mg L -1 .

The surface of plant fibers was modified by silane coupling agents to prepare plant fiber/polylactic acid (PLA) composites, which can improve the dispersion, adhesion, and compatibility between the plant fibers and the PLA matrix. In this work, three silane coupling agents (KH550, KH560, and KH570) with different molecular structures were used to modify the surface of waste corrugated paper fibers (WFs), and dichloromethane was used as the solvent to prepare the WF/PLA composites. The effects of different silane coupling agents on the microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition, and crystallization properties of the composites were studied. The mechanical properties of the composites treated with 4 wt% KH560 were the best. Silane coupling agents can slightly improve the melting temperature of the composites, and WFs can promote the crystallization of PLA. The modification of WFs by silane coupling agents can increase the decomposition temperature of the WF/PLA composites. The content and type of silane coupling agent directly affected the mechanical properties of the WF/PLA composites. The interfacial compatibility between the WFs and PLA can be improved by using a silane coupling agent, which can further enhance the mechanical properties of WF/PLA composites. This provides a research basis for the further improvement of the performance of plant fiber/PLA composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the presented research was to find a model that describes the maximum compressive force of paper in its plane. The research began with crushing tests of a number of packaging paper samples of various lengths. It was shown that due to the specific structure of the paper and the high heterogeneity of its structure, packaging paper is material where it is difficult to determine the maximum compressive stress. Next, three analytical models describing the load capacity of a flat paper web were investigated and an alternative empirical model was proposed. The results of the performed tests are directly applicable in the calculation of the mechanical properties of corrugated cardboard and the determination of the load capacity of cardboard packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of electrochemical detection techniques in paper-based analytical devices (PADs) has revolutionized point-of-care (POC) testing, enabling the precise and discerning measurement of a diverse array of (bio)chemical analytes. The application of electrochemical sensing and paper as a suitable substrate for point-of-care testing platforms has led to the emergence of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs). The inherent advantages of these modified paper-based analytical devices have gained significant recognition in the POC field. In response, electrochemical biosensors assembled from paper-based materials have shown great promise for enhancing sensitivity and improving their range of use. In addition, paper-based platforms have numerous advantageous characteristics, including the self-sufficient conveyance of liquids, reduced resistance, minimal fabrication cost, and environmental friendliness. This study seeks to provide a concise summary of the present state and uses of ePADs with insightful commentary on their practicality in the field. Future developments in ePADs biosensors include developing novel paper-based systems, improving system performance with a novel biocatalyst, and combining the biosensor system with other cutting-edge tools such as machine learning and 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has been the world's largest producer and consumer of paper products. In the context of the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals", China's papermaking industry which is traditionally a high energy-consuming and high-emissions industry, desperately needs a nationally appropriate low-carbon development path. From the consumption-side perspective, this paper calculates the CO2 emissions of China's papermaking industry from 2000 to 2019 by using carbon emission nuclear algorithm, grain-straw ratio, first-order attenuation method, and STIRFDT decomposition model, etc., to further explore the core stages and basic patterns affecting the industry's carbon peaking. The results show that the total CO2 emissions of China's papermaking industry showed an upward trend from 2000–2013, stable from 2013–2017, and a steady but slight decline from 2017–2019. Meanwhile, the total CO2 emissions of the full life cycle of paper products in China have decreased to a certain extent in the raw material acquisition, pulp, and paper making and shipping stages, with only the waste paper disposal stage showing a particular upward trend. We find that from 2000 to 2019, China's CO2 emissions in the pulping and papermaking stage of paper products accounted for 68% of the total emissions in the whole life cycle, of which 59% was caused by coal consumption. Moreover, the scenario prediction shows that improving the energy structure and increasing the waste paper recovery rate can reduce the CO2 emissions of the industry, and it is more significant when both work. Based on this and the four core stages of CO2 emissions of the papermaking industry we proposed ways to promote CO2 emissions peaking of China's paper products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors explore the development of paper-based electronics using carbon-based composites with a biodegradable matrix based on ethyl cellulose and dibasic ester solvent. The main focus is on screen-printing techniques for creating flexible, eco-friendly electronic devices. This research evaluates the printability with the rheological measurements, electrical properties, flexibility, and adhesion of these composites, considering various compositions, including graphene, graphite, and carbon black. The study finds that certain compositions offer sheet resistance below 1 kΩ/sq and good adhesion to paper substrates with just one layer of screen printing, demonstrating the potential for commercial applications, such as single-use electronics, flexible heaters, etc. The study also shows the impact of cyclic bending on the electrical parameters of the prepared layers. This research emphasizes the importance of the biodegradability of the matrix, contributing to the field of sustainable electronics. Overall, this study provides insights into developing environmentally friendly, flexible electronic components, highlighting the role of biodegradable materials in this evolving industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of research on the impact of graphene paper on selected bacterial strains. Graphene oxide, from which graphene paper is made, has mainly bacteriostatic properties. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine the possibility of using graphene paper as a carrier of a medicinal substance. Studies of the degree of bacterial inhibition were performed on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Graphene paper was analyzed not only in the state of delivery but also after the incorporation of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, and methicillin into its structures. In addition, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, contact angle, and microscopic analysis of bacteria on the surface of the examined graphene paper samples were also performed. Studies have shown that graphene paper with built-in ciprofloxacin had a bactericidal effect on the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In contrast, methicillin, as well as cefazolin, deposited on graphene paper acted mainly locally. Studies have shown that graphene paper can be used as a carrier of selected medicinal substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing paper hydrophobicity is of key importance for many paper-based applications. Fatty acids or vegetable oils and their derivatives replace environmentally harmful conventional coating materials but still require challenging chemical reactions for covalent attachment onto paper. Here, we show that simple storage of olive oil-coated cotton linter paper at 70 °C and subsequent Soxhlet extraction is able to endow paper with hydrophobic properties, reaching water contact angles above 130°. In-depth chemical and morphological analytics show the relevance of temperature and air accessibility during the aging process compared with aging at ambient temperature and under the exclusion of oxygen, underlining the importance of assessing a coating's long-term performance and stability under diverse storage conditions. Simple storage of vegetable oil-coated paper at elevated temperatures followed by extraction proves to be an easy way to produce stable covalently attached hydrophobic paper coatings with exceptionally low coating amounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carbonized interlayer effectively helps to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In this study, a simple and inexpensive carbon intermediate layer was fabricated using a traditional Korean paper called "hanji". This carbon interlayer has a fibrous porous structure, with a specific surface area of 91.82 m2 g−1 and a BJH adsorption average pore diameter of 26.63 nm. The prepared carbon interlayer was utilized as an intermediary layer in Li–S batteries to decrease the charge-transfer resistance and capture dissolved lithium polysulfides. The porous fiber-shaped carbon interlayer suppressed the migration of polysulfides produced during the electrochemical process. The carbon interlayer facilitates the adsorption of soluble lithium polysulfides, allowing for their re-utilization in subsequent cycles. Additionally, the carbon interlayer significantly reduces the polarization of the cell. This simple strategy results in a significant improvement in cycle performance. Consequently, the discharge capacity at 0.5 C after 150 cycles was confirmed to have improved by more than twofold, reaching 230 mAh g−1 for cells without the interlayer and 583 mAh g−1 for cells with the interlayer. This study demonstrates a simple method for improving the capacity of Li–S batteries by integrating a functional carbon interlayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Paper mulberry (PM) is an unconventional protein feed material, and silage is its main processing method. The present study aimed to investigate the health benefits and meat quality of supplementing Yangzhou geese with paper mulberry silage. Results indicated that paper mulberry silage supplementation had a promotional effect on the growth of Yangzhou geese, the sensory quality of the breast muscles improved, and the nutritional quality enhanced. Untargeted metabolomics analysis demonstrated that PM treatment enhanced guanidinoacetic acid levels in breast muscles and facilitated the metabolism of amino acids and the role of substances in lipid antioxidant pathways. Consequently, paper mulberry could be considered to be a novel protein feed option capable for geese. There have been few investigations into the health benefits and meat quality of supplementing Yangzhou geese with paper mulberry silage. One hundred and twenty 28-day-old Yangzhou geese were selected for the experiment and randomly divided into two groups: a control group (CON) and a paper mulberry silage group (PM), with six replicates in each group. The experiment lasted for a total of 6 weeks. The experiment found that compared with CON, PM had a promoting effect on the average daily weight gain of Yangzhou geese (p = 0.056). Sensory and nutritional analysis of breast muscles revealed a decrease in a* value (p < 0.05) and an increase in protein content (p < 0.05) following PM treatment. Through untargeted metabolomics analysis of breast muscle samples, it was found that 11 different metabolites, including guanidinoacetic acid and other substances, had a positive effect on amino acid metabolism and lipid antioxidant pathways of PM treatment. Overall, the strategy of feeding Yangzhou geese with paper mulberry silage is feasible, which can improve the sensory quality and nutritional value of goose meat. The experiment provides basic data for the application form of goose breeding, so exploring the impact of substances within paper mulberry on goose meat should be focused on in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin film transistors on paper are increasingly in demand for emerging applications, such as flexible displays and sensors for wearable and disposable devices, making paper a promising substrate for green electronics and the circular economy. ZnO self-assembled thin film transistors on a paper substrate, also using paper as a gate dielectric, were fabricated by pulsed electron beam deposition (PED) at room temperature. These self-assembled ZnO thin film transistor source–channel–drain structures were obtained in a single deposition process using 200 and 300 µm metal wires as obstacles in the path of the ablation plasma. These transistors exhibited a memory effect, with two distinct states, "on" and "off", and with a field-effect mobility of about 25 cm2/Vs in both states. For the "on" state, a threshold voltage (Vth on = −1.75 V) and subthreshold swing (S = 1.1 V/decade) were determined, while, in the "off" state, Vth off = +1.8 V and S = 1.34 V/decade were obtained. A 1.6 μA maximum drain current was obtained in the "off" state, and 11.5 μA was obtained in the "on" state of the transistor. Due to ZnO's non-toxicity, such self-assembled transistors are promising as components for flexible, disposable smart labels and other various green paper-based electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the practical feasibility of using powdered cellulose microblasting for dry cleaning paper-based printed artworks in a real setting of conservation treatment. The control parameters used for this purpose are the potential morphological changes in the surface, the level of cleanliness achieved, and the amount of residue remaining in the artwork after the treatment. In this study, cleaning of a lithography was conducted entirely with powdered cellulose microblasting. The outcomes were evaluated before and after treatment using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry. The results indicate that powdered cellulose microblasting is a feasible and efficient technique for conducting the dry cleaning of printed works on paper without causing morphological changes to their surface. Additionally, it offers significant benefits by enabling precise treatment control, reducing cleaning time, and using materials stable in the long term and compatible with the substrate. Moreover, it mitigates the long-term negative effects caused by synthetic polymer residues from the cleaning materials commonly used in the dry cleaning of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This hypothesis demonstrates that the efficiency of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for nucleic acid detection can be positively influenced by the preconcentration of microbial cells onto hydrophobic paper surfaces. The mechanism of this model is based on the high affinity of microbes towards hydrophobic surfaces. Extensive studies have demonstrated that hydrophobic surfaces exhibit enhanced bacterial and fungal adhesion. By exploiting this inherent affinity of hydrophobic paper substrates, the preconcentration approach enables the adherence of a greater number of target cells, resulting in a higher concentration of target templates for amplification directly from urine samples. In contrast to conventional methods, which often involve complex procedures, this approach offers a simpler, cost-effective, and user-friendly alternative. Moreover, the integration of cell adhesion, LAMP amplification, and signal readout within paper origami-based devices can provide a portable, robust, and highly efficient platform for rapid nucleic acid detection. This innovative hypothesis holds significant potential for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and field surveillance applications. Further research and development in this field will advance the implementation of this technology, contributing to improved healthcare systems and public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiFe2O4 material is grown on carbon paper (CP) with the hydrothermal method for use as electrocatalysts in an alkaline electrolyzer. NiFe2O4 material is used as the anode and cathode catalysts (named NiFe(+)/NiFe(−) hereafter). The results are compared with those obtained using CP/NiFe as the anode and CP/Ru as the cathode (named NiFe)(+)/Ru(−) hereafter). During cell operation with NiFe(+)/Ru(−), the current density reaches 500 mA/cm2 at a cell voltage of 1.79 V, with a specific energy consumption of 4.9 kWh/m3 and an energy efficiency of 66.2%. In comparison, for NiFe(+)/NiFe(−), the current density reaches 500 mA/cm2 at a cell voltage of 2.23 V, with a specific energy consumption of 5.7 kWh/m3 and an energy efficiency of 56.6%. The Faradaic efficiency is 96–99%. With the current density fixed at 400 mA/cm2, after performing a test for 150 h, the cell voltage with NiFe(+)/Ru(−) increases by 0.167 V, whereas that with NiFe(+)/NiFe(−) decreases by only 0.010 V. Good, long-term stability is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is current interest in replacing petroleum-based additives in consumer paper products with abundantly available, renewable and sustainable biopolymers such as lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) and cottonseed protein. This research characterized the performance of cottonseed protein isolate with/without LCNFs to increase the dry strength of filter paper. The application of 10% protein solution with 2% LCNFs as an additive improved the elongation at break, tensile strength and modulus of treated paper products compared to the improved performance of cottonseed protein alone. Improvements in tensile modulus and tensile strength were greatest for samples containing larger amounts of lignin and a greater degree of polymerization than for those with less lignin from the same biomass sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]