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In order to quantitatively evaluate the impact of inter-industry water rights transfer on economy and society in the main stream of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia, the paper analyzed the impact of water rights transfer on agriculture, and the impact of water rights transfer on water use, production and operation, annual income, people's livelihood and economy of all industrial enterprises. The results show that the transfer of inter-industry water rights in the main stream of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia in 2019-2021 has driven the total investment of industrial projects to 599.58 billion Yuan, created 122 145 new jobs, the gross regional product is 44.709 billion Yuan, the industrial added value is 238.821 billion Yuan, the annual tax revenue is 19.47 billion Yuan, the newly paved road area is 13.161 7 million km², and the new green area is 30.995 million km². The agricultural output value and farmers' income have been significantly increased, local livelihood issues have been effectively solved, and ecological protection and social and economic development along the Yellow River have been promoted. The transfer of water rights between industries in the main stream of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia has alleviated the bottleneck of water resources of industrial enterprises along the Yellow River, realized the multi-win of farmers' production increase, economic efficiency increase and ecological restoration, and provided strong support for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the implementation of the action of deep water saving and control in the Yellow River Basin and improve the level of intensive utilization of water resources in Shaanxi Province, this paper discussed the definition of deep water saving, using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to establish the evaluation index system of deep water saving level, evaluated the deep water saving level of cities in the Yellow River Basin of Shaanxi Province, put forward the existing problems and countermeasures, and calculated the deep water saving potential according to the deep water saving goal, which had theoretical support for the implementation of deep water saving in Shaanxi Province. The results show that in the current year, the level of deep water saving in Xi'an, Xianyang, Yan'an, Tongchuan, Baoji, Hancheng, Yangling, Yulin, Shangluo and Xixian New District is strong, and the level of deep water saving in Weinan is general. The deep water saving potential of the Yellow River Basin in Shaanxi Province during the 14th Five-Year Plan period is 323.9 million m³, which can increase the water saving potential of 82.7 million m³ compared with the general water saving situation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to quantify trade-associated virtual water flows and evaluate their impact on regional water systems, this paper used the multi-region input-output model to reveal the pattern and structure of the virtual water trade inside and outsided of the Yellow River Basin in 2012,2015 and 2017 and used LMDI method to analyze the impact of the virtual water net output of the watershed relative to others, and used the QAP model to analyze the impact factors of the virtual water trade among provinces within the watershed. The results show that a) the Yellow River Basin as a whole presents a virtual water net input state, but the Yellow River Basin net exports virtual water to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and other 12 regions. b) The virtual water trade export industry is mainly the production and supply of agriculture, electricity, gas and water. c) Structure effect and intensity effect are important driving factors of virtual water net output in the watershed. d) QAP regression outcomes prove that economic development level, geographic distance and water use intensity differences are the main factors affecting the virtual water trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the institutional construction of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, from a methodological perspective, this paper analyzed the new institutional construction needs for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, and the contradiction of the overall requirements of basin governance between fragmented management in reality. On the premise of adhering to ecological priority and green development, and implementing tailored and classified policies, the above issues could be solved by finding the smallest tool unit that covered both ecological protection and high-quality development. Green credit is the minimum common multiple between ecological protection and high-quality development. Establishing a green credit system through laws, regulations and policy regulations is a necessary foundation and logical starting point for basin collaborative governance. Yellow River Conservancy Commission and the nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin can, in accordance with higher-level laws and relevant policies such as the Yellow River Protection Law, promptly introduce operational norms applicable to the basin and region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide scientific and technological support for the implementation of major national strategies for ecological protection and high-quality development and rural revitalization in the Yellow River Basin, this paper systematically summarized the research results, key technologies and typical models of the coordinated development of ecological governance and ecological economy in the Yellow River Basin over the years, analyzed the current existing and outstanding issues, and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. Over the years, various regions in the Yellow River Basin have explored a variety of coordinated development models of ecological governance and ecological economy for serious soil erosion. It includes the comprehensive ecological and economic management model with high adaptability of soil and water conservation-geomorphology-ecological economy, the ecological agriculture economic model of soil and water conservation, the integrated development model of soil and water conservation and ecological economy in wind-sand area, the coordinated development model of ecological management and derivative industries in Pisha sandstone area, the virtuous cycle model of rural energy ecology in semi-arid areas, and the governance model of ecological and economic belt of soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau. At present, the existing outstanding issues include the concept of coordinated development of ecological governance and ecological economy is weak, the synergy between the two is not high, the space for coupling and coordination is unbalanced, and the development model has a single structure and low scale efficiency. The suggestions: To innovate the theory and key technologies of coordinated development of ecological governance and ecological economy; To establish a diversified investment mechanism, create a new model of coordinated development of ecological governance and economy and its production and industrial system with the goal of high-quality development, and explore the promotion mechanism and model of “full trust and full chain”; To build an appropriate technical system, industrial system, management system and talent support system; To establish a pilot demonstration county for the coordinated development of ecological governance and ecological economy, lead and optimize the coordinated development of regional modern ecological governance and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the sustainable utilization level of water resources in the nine provinces (autonomous regions) of the Yellow River Basin, improve the status of water resources and realize the sustainable utilization of regional water resources, this paper proposed a comprehensive evaluation index of sustainable utilization of water resources suitable for the nine provinces (autonomous regions) of the Yellow River Basin based on the water footprint model. Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the driving factors of sustainable water resources utilization in the nine provinces of the Yellow River Basin. The results show that the water resources footprint of the nine provinces (autonomous regions) in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2020 increases first and then decreases in a small amplitude, and the water environment footprint shows a decreasing trend, and the spatial distribution of water resources footprint and water environment footprint is very uneven. In the nine provinces (autonomous regions) of the Yellow River Basin, the level of sustainable utilization of water resources has increased to different degrees. The level of sustainable utilization of water resources in the upstream provinces (autonomous regions) is higher, while the level of sustainable utilization in the middle and downstream provinces (autonomous regions) is lower. The main driving factors of sustainable water resources use are population density, wastewater treatment rate and the proportion of secondary industry, followed by per capita water consumption and fertilizer application intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the dynamic evolution and regional differences of quaternity cooperation of water resources-ecology-city-industry in the Yellow River Basin, the paper adopted the synergy model, kernel density estimation, Dagum gini coefficient and its decomposition to estimate it based on the data of 76 major prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2016 to 2020. The results show that the number of cities in primary, intermediate and good coordination is 30, 33 and 13 respectively. The level of synergy among cities is on the rise, but the absolute difference between cities is expanding and the relative difference is narrowing. except for Hu-Bao-E-Yu urban agglomeration, the absolute difference of the coordination degree of the other six urban agglomerations all shows an expanding trend. The internal differences between the upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River show a downward trend, while the internal differences in the middle reaches show an upward trend. The difference between the upper and middle reaches is the largest, and it shows a further expansion trend, and the difference between the upper and lower reaches is gradually narrowing. The difference in Hu-Bao-E-Yu urban agglomeration is the smallest and the difference in Guanzhong urban agglomeration is the largest. The difference between Guanzhong urban agglomeration and Shandong peninsula urban agglomeration is the smallest, and the difference between Jinzhong urban agglomeration and Shandong peninsula urban agglomeration is the largest. In the future, we should further strengthen factor coordination and regional coordination, give play to the dynamic comparative advantages of various regions, and promote the in-depth implementation of ecological protection and high-quality development strategies according to local conditions in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are the spatial carriers of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin’s nine provinces（regions). With the help of eco-efficiency, we can reveal the coordinated development of ecology and economy. In the existing studies, urban eco-efficiency is usually measured under the same external conditions, but little consideration is given to the differences of cities. By constructing a three-stage super-efficiency SBM model after excluding external environmental factors, this paper calculated the ecological efficiency of 57 cities in nine provinces（regions） of the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2019, and further analyzed the spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics of urban ecological efficiency in nine provinces（regions） of the Yellow River. The results show that compared with the traditional super-efficiency SBM model, the three-stage super-efficiency SBM model is more reasonable. After excluding the influence of environmental variables such as income level, industrial structure, environmental policy and foreign direct investment, the urban eco-efficiency of nine provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin decreases slightly. In terms of time evolution characteristics, the eco-efficiency value of most cities in the nine provinces（regions） of the Yellow River Basin shows a fluctuating downward trend, and the eco-efficiency of cities in the upper reaches decreases significantly. In terms of spatial distribution characteristics, most cities in the nine provinces（regions） of the Yellow River Basin are concentrated in low eco-efficiency areas, showing an alternating spatial distribution trend of “low-high-low-high” from west to east. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between water resources utilization and urban development in urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin is the key to the high-quality development of urban agglomerations in the basin. There is an urgent need to explore the coupling and coordination relationship between the two under the sustainable development goals, and provide new ideas for exploring the collaborative mechanism of ecological protection and high-quality development of urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin. Taking 72 cities and five urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin as examples, this paper established an analysis framework for the coupling of water footprint and city development index in 2010-2019 according to the sustainable development goal proposed by the United Nations and the difference of water resources utilization. The Theil variation index method was used to evaluate the spatial differences in coupling coordination results. The results show that the water footprint is decreasing year by year and the city development index is increasing year by year. The coupling relationship between water footprint and city development index is in an unstable state of “rising-falling-rising”. The difference in the level of urban water resources utilization within the urban agglomeration is the main reason for the difference in the level of development, and there are significant differences in the coordination relationship between water resources utilization and urban development in different urban agglomeration development stages. It suggested to build a trans-regional water resources co-governance system, give full play to the regulatory role of public water resources policies in urban agglomerations, and systematically plan the safety pattern of aquatic environment protection and water resources development and utilization among urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the current situation of digital economy and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, explore the coupling coordination and interaction between these two aspects and provide a reference for implementing ecological protection and high-quality development strategies in the Yellow River Basin, the interactive mechanism between digital economy and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin was analyzed theoretically. Based on the panel data 2011 to 2020, a total of 64 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin were selected. This paper measured the development level of the digital economy and high-quality development level, empirically examined the coupling coordination relationship between these two dimensions by using coupling coordination degree model and explored the interactive relationship between the two through a PVAR model. The results of the study show that a) the development level of the digital economy in the Yellow River Basin has shown improvement during the research period, however, it remains generally lower with significant regional differences, which forms a circle distribution pattern with Jinan, Zhengzhou, Xi’an, Taiyuan and Hohhot as the core cities, and has the spatial distribution characteristics of high in the east and low in the west. b) The imbalance of high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin is prominent, characterized by the polarization and a distinct circle structure. This has resulted in the formation of a high-value area with Jinan, Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, Xi’an, Lanzhou and other provincial capitals as the core cities. c) The coupling coordination degree between the digital economy and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin has been increasing annually, but the overall coordination level remains insufficient. The current implementation only achieves the transition from the mild imbalance to near imbalance levels, and the coordination degree also illustrates a pattern of lower reaches＞middle reaches＞upper reaches. d) Both the digital economy and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin are characterized by self-reliance. High-quality development plays a significant role in promoting the digital economy, while the role of the digital economy in enhancing high-quality development needs to be reinforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing carbon productivity is an effective means to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality. To coordinate the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions reduction in the Yellow River Basin, the carbon productivity of 9 provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2017 is calculated. Based on DEA-Malmquist’s total factor carbon productivity model, the spatiotemporal evolution trajectory and spatial distribution pattern of total factor carbon productivity of 9 provinces（regions） is deduced. The potential improvement space of total factor carbon productivity is scientifically decomposed and the influencing factors of the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon productivity is identified. Based on this, the improvement path of carbon productivity in the Yellow River Basin is condensed. The results show that, 1) in the time dimension, the carbon productivity of 9 provinces（regions） rise steadily with the growth of per capita GDP,an increase of 283.3%, while the total factor carbon productivity remains at around 1.000. 2) In the spatial dimension, the regional heterogeneity of carbon productivity and total factor carbon productivity is relatively large affected by economic development and resource endowments, showing a spatial evolution pattern of “downstream significantly higher than midstream, and midstream slightly higher than upstream”. 3) From the point of influencing factors, the midstream and upstream belong to technical efficiency-driven, the role of technological progress is weak, while the downstream is a co-promotion type of technological progress and technological efficiency. Based on this, this paper proposes strategic suggestions such as innovating institutional mechanisms, promoting low-carbon development models, focusing on lowcarbon technology innovation, accelerating energy structure adjustment, strengthening regional integration cooperation, and improving factor allocation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin are significant national strategies. The “Yellow River Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China” provides legal guarantees for comprehensive management at the basin level, high-level protection of the Yellow River, high-quality development, and the building of a “Happy River” benefiting the people. The legislative basis of the “Yellow River Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China” includes legislation at the national, local, and basin levels. It addresses the issues of unclear jurisdiction of Yellow River Basin management institutions and the lack of uniformity and coordination among provincial regulations. The paper proposed recommendations for the prompt building of a legal framework system based on the “Yellow River Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China” and the timely promotion and evaluation of the legislation and its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heishanxia Key Water Control Project is given a new and higher positioning in the new era. As the center and main power source of multi energy complementary clean energy base, it will give full play to the capacity role of hydropower, meet the peak shaving and new energy consumption needs of the power system better, and assist in achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. This paper studied the optimization and adjustment of the installed scale of Heishanxia Key Water Control Project, analyzed the boundary conditions that the development of Heishanxia section was restricted by the regional comprehensive demand, calculated the output and peak shaving indexes of the hydropower station in each frequency year, proposed several adjustment schemes of the installed scale and made a comparative analysis. According to the research, Heishanxia Hydropower Station has the best power generation and peak shaving indicators in wet years, low average output and small adjustable output in dry years. Its peak shaving capacity is restricted by the power generation in dry years. It is more appropriate to increase the installed capacity of the station from 2 million kW to 2.4 million kW in each installed scale adjustment scheme. After the installed capacity is increased, the power generation will increase by 310 million kWh, and the guaranteed output will increase by 400 kW, the average adjustable output in dry years increases by 8 000 kW and 13 000 kW in the whole year and non ice flood season respectively, and the maximum peak shaving capacity increases by 233 000 kw and 400 000 kW in the whole year and non ice flood season respectively, which can bring better power generation benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to facilitate the efficient utilization of water resources and the high-quality development of economy and society in the national central cities of the Yellow River Basin, this paper analyzed the water resources utilization efficiency, annual changes and influencing factors of Zhengzhou and Xi’an, the national central cities of the Yellow River basin, in terms of water resources utilization, social economy and ecological environment, based on the super efficiency SBM model, DEA Malmquist index and Tobit regression model. The results show that: a) In 2005-2020, Zhengzhou and Xi’an have moderate water resources utilization efficiency. In terms of water resources utilization and socio-economic sub-systems, the efficiency of water resources utilization of Zhengzhou is higher than that of Xi’an; In terms of ecological environment, the water resources utilization efficiency of Xi’an is higher than that of Zhengzhou; The comprehensive water resources utilization efficiency of Zhengzhou is higher than that of Xi’an. b) The total factor productivity of water resources utilization in Zhengzhou City is in an overall rising state in three sub-systems, Xi’an City is in an overall rising state in social and economic sub-systems of water resources utilization, and is in a declining state in water resources utilization and ecological environment. c) Economic development level is positively correlated with water resources utilization efficiency. The correlation between industrial structure, scientific and technological innovation level and water resources utilization efficiency is not significant. There is a negative correlation between water resources endowment and water resources utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the green, low-carbon and high-quality development of agriculture in the yellow river basin, this paper uses the carbon emission coefficient method to calculate the agricultural carbon emissions of nine provinces（autonomous regions）in the yellow river basin from 2010 to 2020 on the basis of considering the matching factors of water and soil. kaya identity and lmdi decomposition model were used to decompose the contribution of each influencing factor to the change of agricultural carbon emissions in the yellow river basin, the results showed that:a)The agricultural water-soil matching degree in the yellow river basin showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2010 to 2020, and its spatial and temporal differences were large;b)The agricultural carbon emissions in the yellow river basin showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017, and decreased significantly from 2018 to 2020, There are great differences in agricultural carbon emissions among provinces（autonomous regions); c) From the perspective of the basin as a whole, the main driving factor of agricultural carbon emissions is the economic output of agricultural water resources, and the main inhibiting factor is the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions. the main driving factor and the main inhibiting factor of agricultural carbon emissions are different in each province（autonomous region); d) The use of water and soil resources is closely related to agricultural carbon emissions, the effects of agricultural water-soil matching degree and agricultural water resources economic output on agricultural carbon emissions are positive and negative in different years and provinces, and the reasons need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the formulation of relevant policies for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, this paper started from the perspective of the dual coupling of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin to build separate evaluation indicator systems for development quality and ecological protection. Then, it calculated the development quality index and ecological protection index of each province (autonomous region) in the year 2020 by using entropy method. It built a two-dimensional quadrant model of ecological protection and development quality with the national average development quality index and ecological protection index as the coordinate origin. Based on the distribution of each province (autonomous region) in the two-dimensional quadrants, it determined the coordination status of ecological protection and high-quality development. The results show that there is significant variation in ecological protection and development quality among provinces (autonomous regions) in the Yellow River Basin, with prominent issues of imbalance and inadequacy. Using the national average development quality index and ecological protection index as benchmarks, considering a development quality index higher than the national average as high quality and an ecological protection index higher than the national average as good ecological quality, the coordination status of ecological protection and high-quality development in the various provinces (autonomous regions) of the Yellow River Basin is classified into four types of excellent ecology-high quality, excellent ecology-low quality, low ecology-low quality and low ecology-high quality. The results show that only Sichuan is in a relatively ideal state of excellent ecology-high quality, while the other provinces (autonomous regions) are in the three types of non-coordinated states of excellent ecology-low quality, low ecology-low quality and low ecology-high quality. Finally, it proposes the establishment of a long-term mechanism for the coordinated advancement of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, focusing on the six aspects of top-level strategic design, inter-provincial (autonomous regional) collaborative control, public participation, rigid constraints on ecological protection, constraints on rights, responsibilities and interests and ecological compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore an effective way to improve the coupling and coordination between ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, build a high-quality development evaluation index system including five dimensions of innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development and shared development, and an ecological evaluation index system including three dimensions of ecological environment resources, ecological environment carrying capacity and ecological environment management and based on panel data from nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin from 2002 to 2021, the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method was used to calculate the high-quality development index and ecological protection index. Then it calculated the coupling coordination degree and the decoupling index of the two and analyzed the coupling coordination level, decoupling state and its temporal and spatial changes. The results show that a) from 2002 to 2021, the level of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin has been improved and the trend of change is steadily improving. However, the issues of uneven high-quality development in the western region lagging behind the eastern region, the larger differences in ecological protection among the provinces (regions) and the fragile ecological environment have not been fundamentally changed. b) The coupling coordination degree between ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin fluctuated significantly before 2010 and the coupling coordination level was basically imbalanced. After 2010, the coupling coordination degree has been steadily improved, and the coupling coordination level is gradually shifted from primary coordination to good coordination and high-quality coordination. However, there are significant differences in the coupling coordination degree and coupling coordination level among different provinces (regions) . c) The decoupling state between ecological protection and high-quality development in the nine provinces (regions) of the Yellow River Basin from 2002 to 2021, in a few years, it is an expansion connection or weak decoupling, and most years experiencing unsatisfactory strong decoupling, strong negative decoupling, weak negative decoupling or declining coupling. At the end of the research period, most provinces (regions) experience a decline in high-quality development level accompanied by a strong negative decoupling state of improved ecological environment. This paper puts forward the path to enhance the coupling coordination between ecological environment protection and high-quality development of strengthening the flow of industrial development factors, accelerating industrial transformation and upgrading, and promoting the development of digital economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide a basis for the policy design of digital economy enabling the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin, this paper empirically tested the impact mechanism and effect of digital economy on the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin by taking 57 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin as sample units, using the panel data from 2011 to 2019 and adopting a two-way fixed effect model of space and time. The results show that the digital economy has a significant promoting effect on the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin, and technological innovation and human capital are important intermediary transmission factors. The development of digital economy can effectively promote the building of modern industrial systems in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin, but its impact on the upper and middle reaches is not significant. The digital economy has a significant positive impact on the building of modern industrial systems in second-tier cities, third-tier cities and fourth-tier cities in the Yellow River Basin, but its impact on first-tier cities and fifth-tier cities is not significant. The promotion effect of digital economy on the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin has a threshold effect. When the development level of digital economy is higher than the threshold value, its promotion effect on the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin is significantly enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During present major regional strategy implementation, water scarcity and spatial imbalances conflicts with increasing industrial water use demand restrict the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Improvement of economic benefit and precaution of the water pollution are effective initiatives for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. This paper calculated the industrial water use efficiency from 2005 to 2019 at provincial and city level by Super-SBM model, and then used GWR model to analyze emphatically the spatial heterogeneity of influence of natural factors and socio-economic factors on industrial water use efficiency. The results show that: the greatest influence factors are GDP per capita, followed by R＆D ratio, industrial water recycling rate, industrial value-added ratio, and industrial water consumption rate. Based on the analysis of different regional development level, rationalization of industrial structure and industrial wastewater discharge, this paper put forward the promotion strategy of industrial water use efficiency at provincial and cities level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to scientifically predict the future sediment load of the Yellow River, support the Yellow River harnessing and development and major project construction and based on the analysis of the characteristics and causes of the variation of water and sediment in the near future, this paper used the hydrological method and the genetic analysis method to predict the future sediment amount of the Yellow River, at the same time, the large flow duration and the water volume which were beneficial to sediment transport were greatly reduced, the dynamics of flow and sediment transport were greatly weakened, and the relationship between water and sediment was still not coordinated. Without considering the sediment retention of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, the downstream channel would still be silted up. It is considered that the main influencing factors of the recent sediment reduction are the massive construction of water conservancy and soil and water conservation measures and the reduction of rainfall intensity, which account for 80% and 20% respectively, taking into account the existing research results and the uncertainty of the forecast, it is suggested that the average annual sediment hydraulic engineering of the Yellow River in the future should be about 800 million tons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science and technology innovation is an important support for the ecological protection and high-quality development strategy of the Yellow River Basin, and the Regional Science and Technology Innovation Center is an important carrier for realizing regional innovation. The paper took 67 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin as the research objects, analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of science and technology innovation level in the Yellow River Basin by using entropy TOPSIS, kernel density, spatial autocorrelation and standard deviation ellipse, and proposed the enhancement path of science and technology innovation center in the Yellow River Basin. The result shows that temporally, the level of science and technology innovation development in the Yellow River Basin shows a gradual growth trend, from 0.084 in 2011 to 0.137 in 2020. Furthermore, the level of science and technology innovation in the basin as a whole shows a pattern of polarization, with the absolute difference gradually decreasing and the imbalance decreasing. Spatially, the level of science and technology innovation in the Yellow River Basin has significant spatial differentiation characteristics, with a "block-shaped" distribution pattern, and the overall level is still in the low and lower level areas, and the downstream area > midstream area > upper stream area. In addition, the level of science and technology innovation in the Yellow River Basin has significant spatial clustering characteristics, and the spatial clustering characteristics are gradually enhanced with the passage of time. The science and technology innovation centers in the Yellow River Basin need to improve the development level of regional innovation centers by focusing on the advantages of innovation center cities, accelerating industrial structure upgrading, promoting industrial integration and agglomeration development and promoting the spatial model of "multicore drive and point-axis extension" in central cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the key and difficult issues faced by the Yellow River Basin, such as water resources shortage, unbalanced economic development and fragile ecological environment, the research and development of the Yellow River Simulator has become the next important work goal of the protection and management of the Yellow River Basin in the new era. With reference to the expression of Yangtze River Simulator, this paper combined with the characteristics of the Yellow River Basin, proposed and interpreted the concept and cognition of Yellow River Simulator and planned the top-level design of the construction of the Yellow River Simulator. From three aspects of perception system, simulation system and service system, the construction framework of Yellow River Simulator was designed. On this basis, the development layout of Yellow River Simulator 1.0 to 4.0 was further proposed, and the construction blueprint for the next 50 or even 100 years was looked forward. The construction of the Yellow River Simulator can provide simulation and decision-making support for disaster prevention and control, resources supply, public management, cultural inheritance and other fields, to promote the systematic protection and governance of the Yellow River Basin, and promote the implementation of the major national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to comprehensively understand the variation law of groundwater storage in the Yellow River Basin and rationally develop and utilize regional groundwater resources, based on GRACE satellite data and GLDAS data, this paper applied M-K trend analysis, correlation analysis and random forest algorithm to analyze the spatial-temporal variation characteristics and driving factors of groundwater storage in the Yellow River Basin from 2003 to 2021. The results show that; from 2003 to 2021, groundwater storage in the Yellow River Basin has an extremely significant decline trend, and the decrease of groundwater storage in the lower reaches is the largest (1.4 cm/a). The spatial distribution of annual average groundwater storage in the Yellow River Basin from 2003 to 2021 shows a gradual increase in the decrease of ground- water storage in the upper reaches to the lower reaches. Vegetation restoration is the main factor of groundwater storage change in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin from 2003 to 2021, while the decrease of groundwater storage in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Ba- sin may be related to the change of land use types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of ecological barrier of the Yellow River Basin and the "Water Tower of China", ecological management of the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan Province plays an important role. Based on the importance and particularity of ecological governance for the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan Province, this paper systematically analyzed the contradictions between ecological protection and economic development, ecological governance and capital investment, ecological governance and scientific and technological support, as well as the contradictions between departments and regions. Based on the experience of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, it is suggested that the ecological governance for the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan should be combined with cultural research, people's livelihood development, green industry development, the construction of ecological civilization system and the cultivation of ecological consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the conservation and intensive utilization of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, this paper built Tapio model and LMDI model, calculated the decoupling elasticity of total water consumption and economic growth during the period of 2000-2019, and decomposed the driving factors of the decoupling elasticity. The results show that a) the total water consumption and economic growth in the Yellow River Basin have experienced weak decoupling and strong decoupling alternately. b) The decoupling status of each province is different. Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and Shandong have two states of weak decoupling and strong decoupling. Sichuan has three states of weak decoupling, strong decoupling and expansion negative decoupling. Ningxia, Shanxi and Henan have four states of expansion negative decoupling, increase connection, weak decoupling and strong decoupling. c) The restraining factors of the decoupling between the total water consumption and economic growth in the Yellow River Basin and provinces are economic development and population size, and the promoting factors are water intensity and industrial structure. d) The contribution of industrial structure and water intensity to decoupling elasticity is quite different among the three industries, the contribution of industrial structure adjustment and water intensity decline to decoupling mainly comes from the primary industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for solving the difficult issue of unbalanced and uncoordinated development of the Yellow River Basin, this paper built a high-quality development evaluation index system of the Yellow River Basin from five dimensions of innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development and shared development. The paper used the weighted TOPSIS model to measure the high-quality development level of provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2019. The results show that in 2010-2019, the high-quality development level of the Yellow River Basin is generally low, and there are obvious differences among provinces（regions） in space, showing a continuous upward trend in time, and the inter provincial gap is gradually narrowing. From all dimensions, the levels of innovative development and shared development shows a steady upward trend. The levels of open development and coordinated development both experience a slight decline from 2012 to 2015 and begin to rise significantly in 2016. The level of green development also shows an upward trend but fluctuates greatly. The coordination level of economic, social and ecological environment coupling in the Yellow River Basin is low, and it has been in a state of imbalance for a long time. After 2016, it has changed from a moderate imbalance to a mild imbalance and a near imbalance. Government capacity, the degree of opening to the outside world, the level of education and the degree of medical security have a positive impact on the degree of coupling and coordination. The level of technology and ecological conditions have different effects on the degree of coupling and coordination of the Yellow River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the panel data of 58 prefecture level cities along the Yellow River from 2010 to 2019, the water resources green efficiency of these cities was studied and analyzed in this paper by using the Super-SBM model. The results show that the water resources green efficiency of cities along the Yellow River is generally improved. The absolute value of the green efficiency level of water resources in the middle and lower reaches is greater than that in the upstream, and the improving rate of the efficiency level in the upstream is greater than that in the middle and lower reaches. Tobit model was also applied in this paper to analyze the impact of the environmental regulation, industrial structure, economic development level, and the degree of openness on the green water resources efficiency. The results show that openness and economic development level have little impact on water resources green efficiency, while the industrial structure has a negative effect and the environmental regulation has a positive influence. Moreover, there are differences among regions in the Yellow River. Policy suggestions are proposed in this paper that the Yellow River Basin should take measures according to local conditions, strengthen water use supervision of upstream cities and collaborative governance of the whole basin, give full play to the agglomeration effect of water resources utilization, accelerate technology spillover and strengthen weak areas, and pay attention to the role of resources allocation in improving green water use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively alleviate the Contradiction between supply and demand of water resources and realize sustainable economic development, it is urgent to improve the efficiency of water resources utilization. Based on the inter-provincial panel data of the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2019, this paper adopted DEA model to calculate the water use efficiency of each province and region, and used Malmquist index to reveal the contribution source of dynamic change of water use efficiency. The results show that: a) the overall water use efficiency of the Yellow River Basin is at a high level, and the utilization efficiency presents a trend of first decreasing and then increasing and the efficiency level of most provinces has a slight decline; b) from the perspective of regional differences, the water use efficiency is higher in the lower reaches and lower in the middle and upper reaches, with a spatial pattern of higher in the east and lower in the west' and significant differences among provinces;《) from the perspective of Driving factors, the technological progress rate is the main contribution source of the overall water use efficiency and the decline of technical efficiency is mainly due to the drop of scale efficiency in various regions. Based on 1his, the paper put forward some suggestions, such as coordinating regional cooperation within, flyer basin, promoting the integrated management of regional water resources utilization among basin as a unit and simultaneously enhancing the positive effect of technological progress and technological efficiency on the improvement of water use efficiency in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of heavy industry and heavy energy in the traditional industries of the Yellow River Basin seriously hinders its high-quality development, and digital transformation has become the direction of industrial transformation in the new era. In order to build a digital ecological community and explore the co-evolution relationship among three industries, this paper took nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin as the research object, based on the synergy model, explored the synergy of industrial digital composite systems in the basin from 2011 to 2020 and explored the driving path to achieve high-level synergy with FS-QCA method. The results show that a) the composite systems in the Yellow River Basin all show a trend of “slowly rising first and then fluctuating and falling”, and the digital synergy of industries in nine provinces (regions) is in a low synergy state for a long time; b)No single antecedent condition can constitute a necessary condition for the high synergy of industrial digitalization, and the high synergy of industrial digitalization composite system needs the joint action of many factors, and the multi-factor configuration analysis forms three paths of technology-driven, economic-based guarantee and comprehensive adjustment. Based on these three paths, it is suggested that the nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin should adopt the wisdom development of all industries, the linkage of industry-wide innovation, strengthen the dominant factors and coordinate the industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the rapid urban development in the Yellow River Basin has brought great pressure to water environment, it is very important to coordinate the relationship between urban development and water quality to ensure the implementation of major national strategy for the Yellow River. In this paper, evaluation index systems were built to calculate the Urban Development Index（UDI） and Water Quality Index（WQI） of 11 cities in the basin from the year 2012 to 2019, and the evolution relationship of coupling coordination between urban development and water quality was demonstrated based on the coupling coordination model. The results show that a) the overall urban development level in the study area is increased year by year and UDI is higher in the “upper and lower reaches” and lower in the “middle reaches”; b) the overall water quality is stable in class Ⅱ and the pollutants are mainly nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients; c) the urban development and water quality are in good coordination. Finally, according to the city characteristics, measures are put forward to enhance the coupling coordination between water quality and urban development, such as strengthening water pollution discharge management and pollution control, driving urban development and environmental governance and protection by scientific and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giving high priority to saving water and spatial equalization should be the principle for the demonstration of water resources engineering. The scientific demonstration of the water transfer scale for the West Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project should base on the water-saving potential in the Yellow River Basin. Taking the water-receiving areas of the West Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project as the research areas, this paper analyzed the current situation of water-saving, potential of water-saving and problems in different industries. The results show that the overall water-saving in the Yellow River Basin has reached a relatively high level in China, but its distribution is spatially uneven. The gross and net water-saving potential of the whole Yellow River Basin is about 2.5 billion m³ and 1.9 billion m³ respectively. The gross and net water-saving potential of the water-receiving area in the West Route is about 2.1 billion m³ and 1.6 billion m³ respectively. The water-saving potential in agriculture accounts for more than 80% of the whole Yellow River Basin as well as the water-receiving area in the West Route. The water-saving potential of the Yellow River Basin is far lower than that of the water shortage, and the actual saved water from agriculture is difficult to be transferred to other industries. The shortage of water resources is the essential issue in the Yellow River Basin, it is necessary to construct inter-basin water diversion projects in the future to solve the issue of water shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the goal of regional coordinated development and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, based on the core elements of regional coordinated development strategy and new development pattern in the new era, this paper draws on the research method of value chain and combines the input-output data of China’s regions to construct regional coordinated development indicators. The spatial econometric model is used to empirically test the effect of the integrated development level of value chain in different regions on regional coordinated development and its intermediary mechanism. The results show that whether the value chain is embedded forward or backward, it verifies that value chain integration has positive spillover effect on regional coordinated development, and the backward embedding is dominant. The intermediary effect model is used to prove that the deepening of marketization level and the enhancement of the correlation between products are important ways to promote regional coordinated development. The Yellow River Basin can fully enjoy the dividends of regional coordinated development brought by the integration of value chain, but the negative effects of spatial cycle accumulation should be broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the internal relationship between digital economy and green total factor productivity of manufacturing industry in the Yellow River Basin, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of digital economy on green total factor productivity of manufacturing industry in the Yellow River Basin by using systematic GMM model and panel threshold model based on panel data of 73 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2020. The research shows that digital economy can significantly promote the improvement of green total factor productivity of manufacturing industry in the Yellow River Basin, and this promoting effect is nonlinear with marginal increasing. Further investigation shows that the impact of digital economy on green total factor productivity of manufacturing industry has a single threshold effect based on opening to the outside world and government support. Heterogeneity analysis shows that digital economy has a more significant effect on the improvement of green total factor productivity of manufacturing in the middle and downstream regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water body in the Yellow River basin is complex. Rapid and accurate water extraction in the basin is of great significance to the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. However, the existing water body indexes can not meet the requirements of removing the inherent mountain shadow of remote sensing images and accurately extracting complex water bodies. Based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and Sentinel-2 remote sensing images, this paper proposed a Yellow River Basin Water Index (YRBWI), and the effect of water extraction results were compared with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Shadow Water Index (SWI). The results show that YRBWI achieves an excellent water extraction effect in the Yellow River Basin, specifically: YRBWI can solve the confusion of mountain shadows and accurately extract water bodies with high sediment content; compared with NDWI, MNDWI, and SWI, YRBWI has the largest OA and Kappa values, indicating that YRBWI has the highest water extraction accuracy; the water body extraction accuracy of YRBWI is insensitive to the change of threshold value and has high robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the effectiveness of interprovincial ecological protection and control in the Yellow River Basin, this paper used evolutionary game model to study the dynamic evolution process of government collaborative management in the upper and lower reaches of the river basin, and analyzed the factors affecting the main body’s strategy selection. The applicability of the model in the Yellow River Basin (Henan-Shandong Section) was evaluated by empirical analysis based on cost-sharing model combined with the “Ecological Compensation Agreement” (hereinafter referred to as “Compensation Agreement”) signed by Henan and Shandong provinces. The results show that a) the stability of the evolutionary game model has nothing to do with the benefits of ecological protection and the ratio of rewards and punishments in the downstream region. The core of upstream and downstream governments’ participation in ecological protection and control lies in whether the maximum reward amount of the government is enough to cover the governance cost. b) When the government’s incentive and constraint amount is more than twice the upstream ecological protection cost, it is more conducive to achieve the overall optimal decision. c) Taking Henan and Shandong provinces as examples, the ecological protection cost and compensation amount of the river basin are calculated. According to the Compensation Agreement, the current compensation amount is relatively small for the importance of the ecological protection of the two provinces and the Yellow River. Based on this, suggestions are put forward to increase the award and punishment, explore diversified compensation methods and promote the sustainable development of ecological compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote low-carbon transition and high-quality development process of agriculture in the Yellow River Basin, this paper used coefficient method to calculate the agricultural carbon effect of nine provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020 and analyzed its spatial-temporal evolution law. The fairness and difference of provincial agricultural carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin were researched from the perspectives of ecological carrying capacity and economic contribution capacity. The results show that the overall agricultural carbon effect of the Yellow River Basin maintains a stable growth trend, with the maximum increase in Inner Mongolia and the minimum increase in Sichuan. The agricultural carbon effect of each province (region) shows the characteristic of net carbon sink. The agricultural carbon effect of the Yellow River Basin shows the unbalanced spatial distribution of “high in the eastern area and low in the western area, high in the upstream and low in the downstream.” Based on the numerical difference of ecological carrying coefficient and economic contribution coefficient in the fairness evaluation model of agricultural carbon emissions, the nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin are divided into four categories of double-advantage type, ecological dominant type, economic dominant type and double-disadvantage type. Among which, Shandong has always been the double-advantage type; Henan has always been the ecological dominant type; Sichuan and Qinghai have always been the economic dominant type; Inner Mongolia has transformed from the double-advantage type into the ecological dominant type; Shaanxi and Shanxi have changed from the ecological dominant type to the economic dominant type and the double-disadvantage type respectively; Ningxia and Gansu have always been the double-disadvantage type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to comprehensively evaluate the ecological sustainable development capacity of water-energy-food system in the Yellow River Basin, based on the energy theory and method, and combining with the entropy method, this paper built an evaluation index system for the ecological sustainable development capacity of the water-energy-food system in the Yellow River Basin, and comprehensively evaluated the ecological sustainable development capacity of this system from 2008 to 2018. The results show that a) from the overall perspective of the Yellow River Basin, the nexus system belongs to the resource-consuming economic development mode from 2008 to 2018. The rapid economic development has exerted great pressure on the local ecological environment, and the system has been in a state of high environmental load for a long time, resulting in the continuous weakening of the ecological sustainability of the system. b) From the perspective of provinces in the Yellow River Basin, the ecological environment pressure of the lower reaches of the river basin is increasing day by day and the ecological sustainable development capacity is poor. Therefore, the exploitation of renewable resources should be strengthened and the dependence on non-renewable resources should be reduced. The upstream provinces have relatively less environmental pressure and better ecological sustainability. It should strengthen infrastructure construction and promote economic development. c) The overall structural equilibrium of water-energy-food in the Yellow River Basin provinces and regions shows significant variability in time and space, and the ecological sustainability of the system is weakening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alleviating the contradiction between economic development and energy conservation and emission reduction is an urgent issue to be solved in resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin. In order to discuss the influencing factors of carbon emissions of resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin and make the peak prediction of carbon emission, this paper selected the data of resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020, used the extended STIRPAT model to analyze the influencing factors of carbon emissions and built a carbon emission prediction model based on BP neural network to analyze the carbon emission trends under different scenarios. The results show that: from 2000 to 2020, the carbon emissions of resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin show a fluctuating upward trend; population size, per capita GDP, urbanization rate and energy consumption per unit of GDP can promote the increase in carbon emissions, while industrial structure has a inhibitory impact on carbon emissions; the carbon emissions of resources-based cities have bigger differences under different scenarios. Based on this, it is proposed that the resources-based cities in the Yellow River Basin should promote the speed of urban transformation, accelerate the optimization of industrial structure, vigorously develop clean energy, optimize the energy consumption structure, encourage energy conservation technology innovation and improve energy utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of high-standard warping dam is one of the main measures to achieve the national strategic goals of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, which will play a greater role in promoting the high-quality development of water and soil conservation and regional economic and social development. Based on the goals and requirements of high-quality warping dam construction, this paper analyzed the historical process of warping dam construction and technical standard development in the Yellow River Basin, discussed the definition and connotation of high-standard warping dam, put forward scientific issues and key technologies that need to be studied, and looked forward to the development prospect of high-standard warping dam. The warping dam in the Yellow River Basin has gone through a development process of more than 450 years in six stages, and the high-standard warping dam marks that the construction of warping dam has entered into a new period from “quantity”development changed to “quality”promotisn. The technical standards of warping dams have undergone a development process from the formation in the mid-80s of the 20th century to continuous improvement and revision along with the level of science and technology and practical experience in different periods. Compared with ordinary warping dams, high-standard warping dams have special essential characteristics, value and richer connotation and extension. The status and driving mechanism of high-standard warping dams in the comprehensive benefit chain and the technical standards of high-standard warping dam construction are topics that need to be studied in the future. The construction of high-standard warping dams will surely promote the high-quality development of soil and water conservation, and play a greater role in the coordinated development of multiple elements such as regional ecological governance, derivative economy, social culture, and landscape pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realization of the “Double Carbon Goal” needs to be supported by scientific and technological innovation, and at the same time, it will also promote the continuous progress of scientific and technological innovation. In order to explore the interaction between scientific and technological innovation and low-carbon economy in the Yellow River Basin and its influencing factors, this paper analyzed the obstacle factors in the coupling and coordination of scientific and technological innovation and low-carbon economy in the Yellow River Basin based on the coupling coordination degree model and the obstacle factor diagnostic model. The results show that the overall level of technological innovation and low-carbon economy in the Yellow River Basin has shown a steady upward trend, and there is a large gap in the level of technological innovation development between provinces. The level of coupling and coordination between the two systems is increasing year by year, and the degree of coupling and coordination between the downstream provinces and regions is better than that of the upper and middle regions. The order of the first-level obstacles for the coordination and coordination of technological innovation and low-carbon economy in the Yellow River Basin is: innovation output, green technology, innovation input, social foundation, and ecological environment. However, due to differences in location conditions and development status, the key obstacle factors in each province are different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to encourage the in-depth implementation of China major national strategies on ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, this paper based on the theoretical significance of Economic Geography, the Thought on Ecological Civilization, Dual-Nuclei Structure and the practical needs included the service and integration into the new development pattern, the coordinated development of the north-south economy and the high-quality development in inter-provincial border areas, a strategic concept of Zhengzhou and Jinan Twin City Economic Circle was put forward. The feasibility of Zhengzhou and Jinan Twin City Economic Circle construction was analyzed empirically through the strength of economic connections between Zhengzhou and Jinan, and the spatial layout of “One District, Two Cores and Three Belts” was constructed. Policy recommendations to promote the construction and development of Zhengzhou and Jinan Twin City Economic Circle were put forward by accessing the five aspects of strengthening the development of adjacent areas between Henan and Shandong; ensuring the security and ecological co-governance of the Yellow River Basin; consolidating the construction of transportation infrastructure; strengthening scientific and technological innovations and industrial co-operations; and deepening the integrated development of culture and tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to help solve the water resources issues that restrict the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, based on the multi-regional input-output table of China, this paper calculated the virtual water of the nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin from 2012 to 2015 by building a multi-regional input-output（MRIO） model, and analyzed its flow pattern and trend. The results show that a)the Yellow River Basin changes from virtual net water outflow area to inflow area between 2012 and 2015. The upstream area is always the virtual water outflow area, the downstream area is always the virtual water inflow area, and the midstream area is transformed from the virtual water inflow area to outflow area. The flow pattern of virtual water is not coordinated with water resources. b)Virtual water flow sectors have great industry similarities. However, there are differences in the trade structure of virtual water in different regions. c)In the virtual water trade within the Yellow River Basin, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan are the main virtual water consumers, while Qinghai and Ningxia are the main virtual water suppliers. The virtual water flowing out of the Yellow River Basin mainly flows to the northeast and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Finally, the suggestions are proposed to promote the optimization and allocation of water resources and help the high-quality and coordinated development in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the implementation of ecological protection and high-quality development strategy in the Yellow River Basin, taking the nine provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin as the research object and high-quality development as the starting point, from the perspective of promoting high-quality development, this paper used three-stage DEA model, Malmquist DEA model and absolute β convergence test model to calculate the green economic efficiency of the Yellow River Basin and analyzed the convergence based on the spatial panel data from 2009 to 2017. The results shows that the overall efficiency of green economy in the Yellow River Basin is low, and there are obvious differences in the efficiency of green economy in all provinces and regions; ignoring the influence of external environmental factors and random interference, it will overestimate the efficiency of green economy in the Yellow River Basin; the external environmental factors affecting the efficiency of green economy in the Yellow River Basin are diverse and complex, and the improvement of per capita GDP and urbanization rate is helpless for improving the efficiency of green economy, the proportion of general budget expenditure in GDP is conducive to improve the efficiency of green economy, and the proportion of fixed assets investment in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and mining industry will help to improve the efficiency of green economy; caused by the decline of technological progress change index, the overall green economic efficiency of the Yellow River Basin is declining; the green economic efficiency of the Yellow River Basin has the trend of convergence, which is reflected in the convergence of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the coordination degree between water environment and social economy in the Yellow River basin from multiple logical and spatial dimensions. Based on the analysis of the interaction between water environment and social economy, the water environment index system of the Yellow River basin was constructed from three logical dimensions of water resources, water pollution and water governance. The coupling coordination model was used to measure the overall coordination degree between water environment and social economy in the Yellow River basin. From the three spatial dimensions of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin, seven urban agglomerations along the Yellow River and 61 cities, and three logical dimensions of water resources, water pollution and water governance, this paper used Deng’s correlation degree method to measure the correlation level between water environment and social economy and explore its causes. The results show that the overall coordination degree between water environment and social economy in the Yellow River basin is low but increasing. From 2009 to 2018, the correlation degree between the three logical dimensions of water environment and social economy fluctuated between 0.7-0.8 and the spatial differentiation is not obvious. From 2009 to 2018, the correlation degree between water environment and social economy in the middle of the Yellow River basin has been increased, while the correlation degree between water environment and social economy in the upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin has been decreased. Taiyuan urban agglomeration shows an increasing trend and Ningxia urban agglomeration along the Yellow River decreases slightly. Among the 61 cities, it needs to focus on the cities of Longnan, Linfen and Baoji that have high correlation between water resources and social economy, the cities of Guyuan, Jincheng and Longnan that have high correlation between water pollution and social economy and the cities of Linfen, Qingyang and Bayannur that have low correlation between water management and social economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of the industrial layout in the Yellow River Basin is of considerable significance to promote its high-quality development. Based on investigating the basic situation of the industrial layout of the nine provinces (autonomous regions) in the Yellow River Ba sin, this paper depicted the distribution map of key industries in the Yellow River Basin and analyzed the current situation of the industrial layout in the Yellow River Basin and its impact on the Yellow River. This paper also discussed the applicability of three industrial layout models, including the growth pole development, point-axis development and network development under the condition of high quality development in the Yellow River Basin. The industrial layout optimization matching the high-quality development of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River was proposed and the expected effect of this optimization's implementation was also studied. The results show that the effective industrial layout models matching high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin are expanding the industrial circle radiation range of existing growth poles and developing new growth poles, strengthening the driving ability to exist industrial axes and developing new shafts, as well as carrying out green and sustainable industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific and technological innovation is the fundamental support for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. This paper analyzed the current status of scientific and technological innovation in nine provinces ( autonomous regions) in the Yellow River Basin from 2016 to 2020, and finds that the supporting mechanisms of scientific and technological innovation for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin are as follows: speed up the digitalization process of factors of production, smooth the high-quality factor circulation mechanism, improve the adaptability and innovation level of the economic structure, build high-quality synergy mechanism, optimize the law-based business environment, and implement the digitalization progressive governance mechanism. The Yellow River Basin ecological protection and high quality development of science and technology innovation support mechanism path and policy Suggestions for: in green technology innovation as the gripper coordinated development, promote the global ecological construction of the Yellow River Basin integrated large data center, improve the efficiency of digital integration of government affairs, increase efficiency and improve the business environment under the rule of law governance service governance and supervision system, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are nearly 400 development zones above the provincial level in the Yellow River Basin. The rapid expansion of development zones not only drives local economic growth, but also causes problems such as prominent contradiction between land supply and demand, low ef-ficiency of spatial resources allocation and environmental pollution. By establishing DPSIR model, this paper analyzed the evolution trend of de-velopment zones in the Yellow River Basin and the distribution characteristics of leading industries from the perspective of ecological carrying capacity. The results show that the agglomeration characteristics of the development zones of the Yellow River Basin are obvious, the quantity and scale are increased obviously, and the overall ecological carrying capacity of the agglomeration areas in the development zones has been de-creased. The development zones are distributed in the east-west direction, with the trajectory and center of gravity of the national development zones shifting eastward, and the provincial development zones shifting southwest from the overall trajectory and center of gravity, increasing the dispersion degree. There are differences in the spatial distribution of different types of industrial development zones. The leading industrial struc-tures of provincial and national development zones are quite different, and the phenomenon of industrial convergence in some provinces is obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the changing trends and spatial differences of the resources and environmental carrying capacity of the Yellow River Basin, and to provide policy references for the ecological protect • and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, this paper selected 20 indicators from the three subsystems of social economy, resources and environment to build a comprehensive evaluation index sys-tem of resources and environment carrying capacity. Based on TOPSIS Model amp combined with obstacle degree diagnosis model, it evaluated the level of resources and environment carrying capacity of nine provinces along the Yellow River Basin from 2008 to 2019 and diagnosed ob-stacle factors. The results show that from 2008 to 2019, the resources and environmental carrying capacity of the Yellow River Basin show a steady upward trend, rising steadily from a low level to a good level; the social and economic carrying capacity and environmental carrying capacity also show a steady upward trend, while the remmrces subsystem has a higher starting point but is fluctuated greater. The reason is that the per capita water resources and other indicators in the resources subsystem fluctuate greatly; the resources and environmental carrying capacity of the provinces ( regions) in the Yellow River Basin vary significantly, among which the resources and environmental carrying ca-pacity of Shandong is close to a good level, and the resources and environmental carrying capacity of Gansu is at a low level. The resources and environmental carrying capacity of other provinces is at the intermediate level; the main obstacle factors affecting the improvement of the resources and environmental carrying capacity of the Yellow River Basin are the amount of domestic waste removal and transportation, the ar-ea of soil erosion control, the proportion of the GDP of the tertiary industry, the consumption expenditure of farmers, the decline rate of unit energy cons lllll pt., the per capita GDP, construct• level of transportation infrastructure, the number of industrial enterprises above desig-nated size and the investment in industrial pollution control. Key Words: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the coupling coordination relationship and dynamic evolution characteristics among water, energy and environment systems, this paper established a coupling coordination evaluation index system of water-energy-environment system based on the panel data of nine provinces ( regions) in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2019, and quantitatively analyzed the coupling coordination development level of the whole system and subsystems by entropy weight method and coupling coordination model. The results show that the water-energy-environment system has been in a high-level coupling state during the study period. The coupling coordination degree rises in fluctuation, goes through two stages of primary and intermediate coordination, and tends to evolve to a good coordination type, but there is still a large gap for the coupling coordination relationship among the three systems. Water resources system plays a leading role in comparison with other systems, and its development speed is obviously better than that of energy and environmental systems after 2016. It suggested to improve the development level of lagging system through cross sectoral cooperation according to the local situation, so as to realize the sustain-able and coordinated development of resources system and environment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the level of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, improve the level of urban capacity for disaster reduction and management and explore the coordination between urban resilience and economic development level, in this paper, nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin were selected as the research objects, and the evaluation values of urban resilience and economic development level were estimated by using entropy weight method from 2010 to 2019, and the coupling coordination between urban resilience and economic development level was discussed based on the coupling coordination degree model. The results show that a) the level of economic development in the Yellow River Basin has regional differences and the overall distribution is "high in the east and low in the west, and high in the south and low in the north". b) The overall urban resilience of the Yellow River Basin is at a low level and its spatial distribution is correlated with the level of economic development. c) The development of coupling coordination degree system shows the three routes of a growth-oriented route represented by Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia, a steady route represented by Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia and a mature route represented by Sichuan, Henan and Shandong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]