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The purpose of the article is to analyse the main technologies of production of the tracing paper, to determine their characteristics and their influence on the state of preservation and methods of restoration. To describe the practical experience of restoration on the example of two projects executed on the tracing paper by architect P. Alyoshyn (projects). Methodology: analyse the art, methods of systematization, comparison, and generalization to determine the optimal methods of restoration and conservation measures for the preservation of heritage on the tracing paper. The scientific novelty consists in the introduction into scientific circulation of a comprehensive study of the main features and the implementation of restoration and conservation measures to preserve the works of architectural graphics on the tracing paper. Conclusions. The analysis of factors that should be considered when carrying out conservation and restoration measures for the preservation of collections made on tracing paper allow us to apply the experience gained in practice of preservation of monuments. It is established that the types and methods of making tracing paper affect the state of preservation and selection of methods for restoration and conservation processes. The successful practical experience of restoration of two works by architect P. Alyoshyn executed on tracing paper - "Concert hall" and "Facade of the Zemsky house" is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The main objectives of scientific work is to study the technological parameters of the sodium hydroxide method of delignification of non-wood raw materials and production of fibrous first stuff for the manufacturing of packaging types of paper. Methodology. For the research, rapeseed stalks, sodium hydroxide cooking, anthraquinone catalyst were used. The brews were cooked in steel autoclaves, which were lowered into a glycerin bath. Standard methods for the determination of the quality indicators (yield and residual lignin content) of non-wood fiber first stuff were used. As a mathematical data processing method, the generalized reduced gradient method was used. Laboratory samples of castings of fibrous first stuff and paper were made on a LA-2 sheet-making apparatus, the mechanical parameters of the outturn sheet were determined according to the standard methods using appropriate instruments. Results. The expediency of using rapeseed stalks for processing of fibrous first stuff under alkaline conditions has been proven. It was found that the greatest influence on the delignification of raw materials has the raise of cooking temperature from 80 to 120 ° C and the use of the anthraquinone catalyst. It has been shown that the obtained rapeseed first stuff have sufficient paper-forming properties and are suitable for use in the production of MS 5B brand paper for the use in the production of fluting paper or board of B-3 grade. The scientific novelty of the work is due to the environmental friendliness of the agro-waste processing as an alternative raw material for the production of fibrous first stuff at low cooking temperatures. Using rapeseed stalks as an example, the influence of technological parameters on the quality indicators of first stuff was studied. Using the mathematical methods of the processing of experiment data, the optimal ratio of fibrous first stuff /waste paper at which the strength indicators of fluting paper or board will meet the standards was determined. Practical significance. Research results has shown the expediency of using oilseed wastes for processing of fibrous first stuff, with the aim of expanding the raw material base of cardboard and paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the peculiarities of reading comprehension from electronic, audio devices and hard copies were studied through comparative analysis of the learning accuracy and electrical activity of the brain when reading or listening to the text. Eighty students took part in the research. They were offered 2 passages of text from fiction and popular-scientific literature for reading, presented in a form of an e-book, MP3-format and in a printed copy. The level of comprehension and assimilation of the read material was checked by testing based on the content of the text immediately after reading and in 2 weeks. The comparative EEG analysis did not reveal significant differences in the spectral power of the studied ranges when reading a paper book and e-book. Differences were found when listening to audiobooks comparatively to reading. In general, the effectiveness of text learning does not depend on the way of its presentation, however, sex and individual traits of a person, such as preferred learning style and extraversion level, are more important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf litter is an important structurally fucnctional element of forest ecosystem, dynamic processes in which create a connection between phytocenosis and edaphotope. Accumulation of litter material and its decomposition rate characterize intensity of substance circulation in forest ecosystem. The present article deals with the results researching of the peculiarities of the forming and decomposition of soil litter layer in the hornbeam oak in the conditions of Holosiivskyi National Nature Park (Kyiv) were examined. Its considerable sizes on the north slope of ravine coast system (16,4 t/ha in autumn, 4,3 t/ha in the summer) were determed. Analysis of litter supply at the end of abscission showed a lack of significant differences in different sections of the terrain (12,3–16,4 t/ha). During the winter period, litter volumes are significantly reduced due to intensive mineralization processes under the snow cover. Most intensively, these processes take place in areas of the slope. Fractional composition of the litter did not generally depend on the location of the experimental area by relief elements. A dominating faction in autumn and spring was fall (65– 69 % of the total mass). In the summer, a portion of dust (38-46 %) increased. The smallest number of branches was observed in autumn and winter, their scope was between 11-22 % in all research areas. The maximum amount of branches was observed at all areas in the summer. Their volume was 27-49 %. The scope of seeds and its residues was insignificant and amounted to 1-3 % during the year. The speed of mineralization of cellulose by an application method with the use of filter paper is determined. The rate of decomposition of cellulose in the conditions of the southern and northern ravine slope turned out to be similar to the maximum in March and July-August. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper lies in exploring the effective methods for formation of acting skills in online education and their impact on acting skills' quality. The main emphasis of the paper is on analysis of virtual pedagogical approaches, on the use of technologies and innovations in training of actors, as well as the on study of independent strategies for selfeducation and the interaction between the parties to educational process. The methodology the research involves the use of methods aimed at analysing virtual pedagogical approaches, developing technology and innovation in training of actors, evaluating effectiveness through experimentation and statistical analysis adapted depending on specific features and scope of this research. An interdisciplinary approach was employed to the fullest extent, thanks to which such disciplines as pedagogics, psychology, and aesthetics were involved. The said methodological approach makes it possible to deeply investigate the structure of the topic. The culturological approach was used to analyse the topic in a culturalhistorical context and, together with the functional approach, it determines the scientific weight of the issues outlined in the paper. This is crucial for describing their actual functioning in the culture and in historical perspective. For this reason, analysed were existing research papers on formation of acting skills in online education, reviewed were pedagogical and psychological aspects in mastering of acting skills in online environment and determined were the key methods employed for formation of skills in a distance form. Evaluation of effectiveness of various online pedagogical strategies in formation of actor's professional skills is based on own experience and on experience of colleagues. The scientific novelty of the paper consists in the identification of an innovative approach to understanding and improving the process of actors' training in conditions of online education, taking into account the new challenges and opportunities offered by contemporary educational process. Conclusions. Online education in the sphere of stage craft can become an effective tool for formation of professional skills. With the use of up-to-date technologies, actors can not only develop their own talents, but also adapt them to requirements of the contemporary world, in which virtual space becomes an essential component of success in stage craft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Development of models of estimations is qualities, that characterize a cloudiness and exposure of measure of influence of paper cloudiness on properties that characterize quality of the printed products with development of recommending polygraphists on the choice of paper for the estimation of descriptions of paper quality for polydiene productions. Methodology. A paper was investigational with the purpose of estimation of his cloudiness. The programmatic-algorithmic providing is worked out for the estimation of measure of vibrations of parameters that characterize quality of the printed products. Results. The worked out algorithm for the estimation of paper quality allows to conduct the analysis of his basic properties and determine his fitness to the use for printing. Scientific novelty. Worked out recommendations about the use of paper, that are characterized the quantitative estimations of properties: absorbancy, whiteness, contrast, for printing to it to the certain products: text editions, business graphics, highly artistic editions and advertisement products. Practical meaningfulness. Undertaken experimental studies educed the most effective parameter that characterizes a paper cloudiness, namely, forming index. The got models, and possible limits of oscillation of paper properties, underlay quantitative estimations of paper quality for her recommendation to the use for the certain printed products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. An assessment of suitability and economic feasibility of use of annual plants which are grown in Ukraine, for receiving cellulose and providing the cellulose-and-paper enterprises with cheap and qualitative raw materials. Methods. In work for definition percentage contents of cellulose Vilshtetter-Shudl's method is used. Results. Percentage of cellulose, productivity and acreage of straw of rice, buckwheat, flax olive and technical hemp are analyzed. Scientific innovation. Import substitution of cellulose by means of her receiving from straw of annual plants which in enough are grown in the territory of Ukraine is for the first time proved. The practical significance. Revival of production of cellulose from annual plants will promote ensuring economic independence of Ukraine in production of the materials which contain cellulose and increase of employment of agricultural producers and workers of other industries. It will give the chance to completely provide the paper enterprises of Ukraine with own raw materials and to reduce dependence on import of our country by $209898 thousand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to highlight of the vytynanka art as an integral component of traditional Ukrainian culture. The research methodology is based on the application of a systemic approach and includes the following methods: analytical, comparative-historical, art history, cultural for comprehensive reflection of the outlined issues and the formulation of substantiated conclusions. The scientific novelty consists in an attempt to comprehensively consider the art of vytynanka in historical retrospect; the periodisation of traditional Ukrainian vytynanka art was presented; the main trends of the folk vytynanka development are defined; the types of paper ornaments as well as the technique of their manufacture, their typology and motifs of ornaments, tools and materials for the manufacture are revealed. Conclusions. Ukrainian vytynanka is a traditional type of decoration characteristic of Ukrainian culture. This art consists in creating patterns and images by cutting motifs out of paper. Vytynanka has deep historical and symbolic roots, associated with Ukrainian national identity. The main elements of Ukrainian vytynanka are geometric shapes, flowers, animals, birds, symbols and motifs from nature. The ears of corn, the sun, roosters and other symbols are popular motifs, because they have a deep cultural and symbolic meaning. It is often associated with holidays, especially spring and summer, when decorations from vytynanka are used to decorate houses and attributes of festive events. Thus, Ukrainian vytynanka is a beautiful form of decorative art, as well as the important symbol of Ukrainian culture and national identity, passing on heritage and traditions from generation to generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the peculiarities of damage to welded joints of steam pipelines that have been operated for a long time (more than 280 thousand hours) under creep and fatigue conditions. It is established that the damage caused by creep and fatigue depends to a large extent on the structural and phase state of the metal of welded joints, which changes considerably during their long-term operation. With longer service life of welded joints, a ferrite-carbide mixture forms in their structure as one of the components. The presence of such a mixture contributes to acceleration of damage of welded joints. The dependence of formation of the ferritecarbide mixture on the initial structure of welded joints was established, and recommendations were given for producing an initial structure with improved quality characteristics, which is advisable for increasing their reliability and service life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to explore the need to adapt enterprises risk management (ERM) to crisis environment, i.e., to the situation of martial law in Ukraine. To the best of the author’s knowledge, no ERM framework accounts for business operations in the situation of martial law (i.e. war environment). Organisational activities in hazardous, dynamic, and safety-oriented circumstances are researched in the area of high reliability theory. The paper presents the results of a preliminary literature review in these fields. As a result, the conceptual model "Enterprise Risk Management / High Reliability Theory" ("ERM/HRT") – which formulates the direction of the future research – was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the method of shaping the product using 3D technology by means of applying arc heating and consumable material – a wire with a diameter of 1.2 mm. The aim of the work is to study the structure and mechanical properties of the product manufactured using additive 3D technology. Each deposited layer consists of three separate beads: two lateral ones, which provide the set contours of the layer, and one middle one, which fills the space between the two lateral ones. Electric arc surfacing was carried out with the help of a welding robot. The use of a robot made it possible to control the time between layer depositions, thereby controlling grain growth. Also, the use of a robot makes it possible to reproduce a set part as accurately as possible according to a pre-calculated and designed model with a minimum error of repetition of the torch movement of ±0.03 mm. As a result, the structure and mechanical properties of the deposited product were investigated. It is shown that the product manufactured according to the presented technology has a fine-grained ferrite-pearlite structure; the grain size ranges from 7 to 10 numbers. The mechanical properties along and across the deposited layers were studied. The indices practically do not differ. A comparison of their values with normative ones showed that they exceeded normative values by 10–50%. 14 Ref., 3 Tabl., 4 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the possibilities of detecting a signal in the hydrogen 21 cm line, which was formed in the early universe during the Dark Ages, using the Ukrainian radio telescopes UTR-2 and GURT of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. As a result of cosmological expansion, this line is shifted to the decameter range of wavelengths (λobs ≈ 18 m, νobs ≈ 16 MHz) and is in the band of operating frequencies of these telescopes. The brightness temperature of the predicted sky-averaged global signal ranges from ∼ −0.08 to ∼ 0.02 K, depending on the cosmological model. Such a weak signal is a big challenge even for the world's largest radio telescope in the decameter wavelength range UTR-2, since the signal level of the synchrotron radiation of the Galaxy at these frequencies is 20 000-40 000 K. The paper highlights the peculiarities of spectroscopy at decameter waves, interfering factors of natural and instrumental origin and ways to eliminate them in order to reliably detect the signal in the 21 cm line, which can become an important source of information both about the environment in which the first stars and galaxies were born, and about the nature of dark matter particles and the magnitude of primordial magnetic fields. It was concluded that the detection of such a signal using the most sensitive radio telescopes of the decameter wavelength range is quite possible (with a frequency accumulation of 25 MHz, the detection time will be ∼ 50 days) and can be implemented in the coming years of peace in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have exhibited remarkable eficacy in data analysis across various domains of physical research. Within the realm of particle and high-energy physics, an imperative challenge revolves around the scrutiny of particle tracks acquired through track detectors, exemplified by liquefied argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). These cutting-edge neural networks have showcased unparalleled performance in tackling this intricate task, demonstrating their profound potential in enhancing particle track analysis. Since the scalability requirement is imposed on neutrino detectors, it is also imposed on CNN model implementations. The scalability for LArTPC data processing is achieved due to the sparsity of the data, which have the form of thin trajectories. To process sparse data, subspecies sparse convolutional networks (SSCNs) and sparse tensor networks (STNs) have been proposed. In this paper, we present the results of semantic segmentation of the LArTPC-simulated PILArNET data using STNs and test various modifications of the classical U-Net architecture: Attention U-ResNet, U-ResNet3+, U-ResNet with an additional deep supervision block, as well as loss functions: focal loss, balanced cross-entropy to improve the accuracy of Michel electron identification. The best results were obtained for balanced cross-entropy. Further improvement is possible by combining several methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the main directions of development in the field of promising aluminium alloys. New generation alloys with improved chemical composition, technologies of production and heat treatment of semi-finished products are considered. The question of the relationship between the structure of the alloys and their operational properties, the influence of heat treatment modes and alloying on mechanical properties and weldability of aluminium alloys in order to obtain the specified predicted operational properties is highlighted. The results of the use of aluminium alloys in aviation and space technology are described. A review of industrial deformable alloys of Al-Li and Al-Cu-Mn system, and comparative characteristics of weldability of various promising aluminium alloys (1460, V-1469, 1201 and their analogues 2090, 2195, 2219) is conducted. 30 Ref., 1 Tabl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing use of high-strength low-alloy steels in additive metal structure manufacture is accompanied by an increase in the requirements to the reliability of prediction results in the “composition-structure-properties” system. Application of fractal analysis methods allows establishing the metal structure characteristics by numerical parametrization, the metallographic analysis of which gives only a qualitative assessment. The paper shows the possibilities of fractal analysis for numerical evaluation of such characteristics of additive metal structure as the total length of grain boundaries, distribution of dislocations at the grain structural boundaries, distribution density of nonmetallic inclusion accumulations at a distance less than 5r from one another. Shown is the possibility of numerical parametrization of the structure and nonmetallic inclusions in the “structure-fractal-properties” system for predicting the mechanical properties of additive metal of high-strength low-alloy steel type. 7 Ref., 7 Tabl., 9 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the effect of arc welding technological processes on the resistance of welded joints of scarcely alloyed atmosphere-resistant 06G2BDP steel to cold and hot cracks formation and brittle and fatigue fracture. With the help of the Implant method and using the technological Tekken sample, the conditions for cold cracks formation were evaluated and the methods of their elimination were recommended. It is shown that with the use of mechanized welding in shielding gases, solidsection and flux-cored wires provide high technological strength of welded joints in terms of hot cracks formation in a wide range of welding modes. On the other hand, when using coated electrodes, this range is narrowed, and at Vdef ≥ 20 mm/min, joints are prone to the formation of this defect. The results of studies on the evaluation of welded joints resistance to brittle fracture indicate high values of the stress intensity factor KQ for both the weld metal and HAZ metal. The endurance limit of T-joints when tested by cyclic loading was determined, which is [ σ ]-1 = 35 MPa. 15 Ref., 1 Tabl., 5 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the generalized temperature dependence of the stress intensity factor KJC in the WWER-1000 reactor pressure vessel metal, which was derived based on the surveillance test data for fracture toughness. The consistency of the shape of the Master curve and 95 % upper and lower confidence bounds with the experimental dependence of crack resistance parameters on temperature was studied. From the point of view of the level of conservatism and acceptability, a comparison of the normative curves of fracture toughness according to NPRR (Nuclear Power Rules and Regulations) G-7-002-86 and SOU NNEGC (Standard of organization of Ukraine, National Nuclear Energy Generating Company) 177:2019 with a 5 % confidence bound of the Master curve was carried out. The possibility of using RT0 temperature as a temperature index instead of TK for the normative fracture toughness curve of SOU NNEGC 177:2019 was considered [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to explore the peculiarities of forming an individual's information culture in the digital age, taking into account aspects of academic integrity. The paper examines the main components of digital literacy, particularly computer literacy, data skills, digital communication, and digital environment security. The influence of developing an information literacy level on creating a culture of academic integrity is explored. Research methodology. The study uses general scientific methods of system analysis, synthesis, and comparison, informational, cultural, and activity approaches (to analyse the theory of generations, namely the characteristics of centenarians born in the digital age; to define codes of academic integrity of higher education establishments). The scientific novelty of the work lies in identifying the peculiarities of forming an individual's information culture in the digital age and concerning fields such as sociology, psychology, and education. Conclusions. The article discusses the importance of digital literacy and its impact on academic development. It is determined that the ability to work with information in the digital environment can increase the level of integrity in the academic sphere. This combination expands the understanding of the relationship between information culture, digital technologies, and academic ethics, and forms new views on personal development in the modern information environment. The importance of developing the information culture and the culture of academic integrity as a holistic process in the modern digital environment has been determined. In the digital era, the formation of an individual's information culture plays an important role in creating an information space. Academic integrity should be a key aspect in raising the level of literacy and ethical standards in the information sphere. To ensure the successful development of the digital society, it is important to maintain and promote the values of academic integrity and high standards of information culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The modern current task of clinical ophthalmology is the search for simple screening and at the same time objective methods for examination and diagnosis of the ocular pathology. Crystallography, which is based on the properties of biological fluids before crystal formation, has a special place among such diagnostic tests. The important advantages of crystallography are as follows: simplicity, accessibility, possibility of dynamic observation of the pathological process and identification of changes during its development. Tear fluid has been proved to contain a number of components, which respond to external influences and diseases that have diagnostic value. At the same time, it is important to obtain generalized information about changes in the biochemical content of tear fluid. Therefore, in search of such an approach, we turned our attention to the thesiographic method of studying biological fluids of the human body, which is based on the fact that the addition of any biological substance to a crystal-forming material leads to changes in the normal crystallization of this material. This microcrystalline method is called thesiography. The purpose of the research was to clarify the possibility of the thesiographic study of tear fluid for its further use as a diagnostic screening method in ophthalmic practice. Materials and methods. We studied tear fluid samples from 27 healthy individuals, whose age ranged from 25 to 57 years. Tear fluid was collected on a filter strip, which, after tear fluid adsorbed on it, was desiccated and stored until the study. Tear fluid was extracted from the filter paper for the thesiographic study. As a basic crystal-forming material, a 2% solution of copper chloride in 96° ethyl alcohol was used, which was mixed with the obtained extract. Crystallization was carried out in a thermostat at a temperature of +60 °С. The obtained crystallographic patterns were photographed and studied visually and after computer magnification of their size, carrying out their morphological description. Results. Thesiographic studies allowed us to find out the crystal and morphological characteristics of tear fluid in healthy individuals. The crystallogram of the basal tear fluid of healthy individuals is represented as a crystallographic pattern, which is formed on the crystallographic field from the bottom to top from the centers of crystallization as primary facies consisting of long dendrites of the first order with their fern-like divergence to the top with further fern-like branching and the formation of cone-like dendrites with prospective upward growth. There are stellate facies in their separate areas. With a more detailed study of the integral crystal and morphological pattern of the basal tear fluid, it is possible to identify the division of the integral pattern into 4 morphological fields. The formation of the crystallographic pattern of the biological substrate is related to the influence of its components on the crystallization grid of the most basic crystal-forming substance — copper chloride. Moreover, to obtain a crystallographic pattern, milligrams of tear fluid, which corresponds to half the length of its adsorption on the filter paper, are sufficient. Conclusions. The results we obtained allowed us to reveal that even a small amount of tear fluid adsorbed on the filter strip has the ability for thesiographic crystal formation, which indicates the significant sensitivity of this research method. A crystallographic pattern of the tear basal fluid can be obtained from desiccated filter strips, which makes it possible to study it in a delayed manner. Considering the simplicity of the thesiographic method and its clarity, obtaining a crystallographic pattern of tear fluid is a promising screening method for clinical ophthalmology. When clarifying the features of the crystallogram of tear fluid, it is necessary to study its morphology after magnifying the size of the crystallographic pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with application of welding and conducting repair-restoration operations in space, as well as evolution of the design of electron beam tool over several decades. Technical characteristics and technological capabilities of all the generations of hardware and requirements to it at different operation stages are described. Substantiation is provided for electron beam welding being the most suitable process for application under lower gravity conditions. Specification of “Vulcan” automatic unit is given, in which welding experiments were conducted for the first time in space. Specification of the versatile hand tool (VHT) is provided, and its capabilities are described during performance of operations of welding and other related technological processes, namely cutting, brazing, coating deposition and heat treatment, if required. Samples are shown, which were made when conducting the world’s first experiment in open space, when the cosmonaut-welders used VHT to perform the technological operations of welding, cutting, brazing and coating deposition. It is proved that generalization of investigation results and incorporating the experience of operation of all the previous samples of the hardware allowed development of the next “Universal” tool, which passed comprehensive testing at NASA, including in the KC-135 flying laboratory and in the space simulation test chamber. The paper presents new generation electron beam tool, which was developed and is manufactured at PWI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of information and psychological security raises a number of issues related to ensuring human security and preserving human health in connection with various types of information threats: targeted information influence on the population through the media, the Internet, which can lead to negative socio-political consequences; incomplete realisation of citizens' rights to receive and exchange reliable information; provoking social, ethnic, religious tensions through the activities of certain media; manipulation of Predicting the results of information and psychological influence is an important and urgent problem not only on the scale of an individual, but also for the national security of the state. The purpose of this paper is to increase the efficiency of forecasting information and psychological influence by modifying the model of information and psychological influence based on the analysis of influence factors. The paper reviews existing models for predicting the results of influence, from which a model was selected for modification to improve the forecasting results. The result of the work is a methodology that takes into account the channels of information and psychological influence, the emotional component of memes and the methods of counteraction that can be used by the opposing side, which allowed to create a theoretical basis for further practical research. The results obtained can be used to predict the information and psychological impact on society and/or to choose methods of counteracting this impact to reduce its consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research papers devoted to development of laser-plasma processes during the last two decades are reviewed. It was found that the current directions of scientific research of the processes of laser-plasma welding are focused mainly on studying the peculiarities of joint impact of constricted arc plasma and laser radiation with wave length of 1.03 – 1.07 μm (first of all, fiber laser) on steels and alloys, as well as studying the physical fundamentals of manifestation of the synergic (hybrid) effect at such an impact and determination of the possibilities of its practical application. It was determined, in particular, that increase of the effectiveness of synergic effect manifestation is related to improvement of the plasma arc burning conditions in the zone of ionized vapour plume, which forms under the impact of focused laser radiation, as well as simplification of laser keyhole formation due to plasma arc pressure. Ref. 49, Fig. 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of artificial long lines in arc welding equipment is considered. These lines allow forming pulsed welding currents of a regulated shape. The need for such currents is determined primarily by the objectives of pulsed technologies, where the loading current shape ensures the required time law of power input into the technological object. The most characteristic examples of such technologies are pulsed laser welding, laser heat hardening, laser piercing of holes, etc. The possibility of adjustment of amplitude-time parameters of loading current pulses in a broad range allows determination and further on ensuring the optimal parameters of pulsed electrophysical processes in order to improve their quality and productivity. Special pulsed current generators are required to create such energy flows, which are described and proposed in the paper. Ref. 12, Fig. 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is investigation of hygienic characteristics of harmful substances, which contaminate the air in continuous and pulsed flash-butt welding, to create the appropriate means for welder protection. Description of the methods of studying the chemical composition of welding fumes and gases, dispersed composition of the fumes and assessment of their influence on the welder body is given. It is found that flash-butt welding of R65 rails is accompanied by evolution of harmful substances into the working zone air in the form of fumes at the nanorange level, which are characterized by high biological activity. It is shown that fume toxicity at continuous and pulsed flashing belongs to a moderately dangerous class. The main elements, which determine the fume toxicity, are manganese and iron. It is found that in flash-butt welding the fumes are generated, which contain nanosized components of manganese and iron in concentrations, exceeding the calculated tentatively safe levels of human exposure. Performed studies showed that flash-butt welding is accompanied by generation of such toxic gases as nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide in the work place, in concentrations exceeding the limit permissible ones. Obtained results of comprehensive hygienic assessment of the fumes in flash-butt welding provided exhaustive information on the level of harmful influence of these fumes on the welder body. Ref. 20, Tabl. 5, Fig. 11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main direction of improving the operational characteristics of titanium alloys is the creation of heat resistant and high temperature titanium alloys. The high specific strength and corrosion resistance of this type of alloys, at temperatures up to 500…600 °С, enables making them the main structural material for aircraft and rocket engineering. However, their widespread use is associated with the problem of precipitation of brittle phases during welding, which requires the use of additional technological operations, such as local heat treatment or pre-heating. In this paper, the finite element modeling method was applied to study the influence of the TIG welding thermal cycle of the high temperature titanium alloy of Ti‒6.5Al‒5.3Zr‒2.2Sn‒0.6Mo‒0.5Nb‒0.75Si system with and without the use of pre-heating and to plot the cooling rates diagrams of the produced welded joints. Ref. 10, Tabl. 2, Fig. 12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal: Purpose of this paper is Study of the efficiency of using RLE and Hoffman compression methods for image compression, taking into account the limited resources of microcontrollers and, accordingly, the need to reduce image transmission time and reduce energy consumption in the wireless sensor networks. Method: An experimental study of the degree of image compression was conducted using the Hoffman and RLE methods. The algorithms are implemented in software for the ESP32-CAM microcontroller module with a built-in camera. The degree of image compression performed using the Hoffman and RLE algorithms was evaluated and compared. Results: A software module was created to implement the Huffman and RLE compression algorithms on the ESP32-CAM microcontroller. The effectiveness of using Huffman and RLE algorithms for image compression with limited microcontroller resources is investigated, compression efficiency and compressed file sizes are compared. As a result of the research, it was found that the RLE method showed a low compression efficiency (less than 1%) compared to the Huffman method, which provided a compression ratio of 11% for the image under test. The previous use of the Haar wavelet transform has a positive effect on the compression results for both investigated methods: for RLE, the degree of compression increased to 16%; for Huffman to 31% without loss of image quality. The JPEG method was used for efficiency comparison, which provides a degree of compression of the same image up to 70%, but with a loss of compressed data quality. Scientific innovation: An analysis of the data compression efficiency using the Huffman and RLE methods, implemented taking into account the limited computing capabilities of 32-bit microcontrollers with the use of additional external memory, was performed. The influence of the choice of method on the time of image processing and the amount of memory used was studied. Practical significance: Software module has been created that implements Huffman and RLE data compression algorithms. The expediency of using the above methods in systems on 32-bit microcontrollers to reduce energy consumption during image transformations and transmission, which makes it possible to extend the battery life of the sensor node, has been confirmed. At the same time, the investigated algorithms for image compression can ensure the quality of the original image with the least possible data loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the research of scientists on the development of a new industrial policy and analyzes papers devoted to assessing financial and economic incentives for the development of new technologies, innovations, smart industry and Industry 4.0. The intervention of state industrial policy in cases where the market fails to allocate resources effectively is analyzed, and the relevance of industrial policy is substantiated by economists and political leaders of the leading countries of the world. The theoretical foundations of the state innovation policy are defined, which is the link between the policy of scientific and technological progress and industrial policy aimed at developing principles for supporting the bringing of ideas and innovations to the market. It has been established that the widely used traditional instruments of innovation policy are government support for research organizations, primarily state universities and scientific institutes. Other common tools for financial and economic stimulation of industry are competitive funding of research (both fundamental and applied), fiscal preferences (tax incentives and subsidies) for R&D by industrial enterprises, and government support for technology transfer. Foreign studies of the theoretical aspects of financial and economic stimulation of development are systematized and grouped into the following areas: justification of state support for research organizations and competitive financing of scientific projects, assessment of the effectiveness of the use of fiscal preferences for R&D, analysis of the impact of state support in the process of technology transfer for the development of smart industry and stimulating the development and commercialization of innovations (patent box mode). An example is given of one of the areas of modern research into financial support for stimulating a particular industry -- fiscal preferences for the production and sales of electric vehicles and charging stations. It has been established that financial and economic incentives for the development of new technologies and their implementation in the smart industry have a positive impact on the development of start-ups, innovation activities, the development of new products, an increase in the number of patents, additional output volumes, growth in investment and employment. It would be advisable to focus further research on analyzing the experience of foreign countries in stimulating the development of smart industry with the help of financial instruments (including fiscal instruments). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to highlight the peculiarities of vocal improvisation in rock music. The historical and theoretical aspects of the research problem are characterised, the works of famous rock singers whose vocal improvisation has become an integral part of their musical activity are analysed. Research methodology. To achieve this goal, a set of methods was used, namely: general scientific methods - analysis, synthesis, generalisation, systematisation - were used to develop the problem; specific scientific methods: historical-genetic and retrospective analysis, which clarified the formation and development of rock music; comparative and contrastive analysis, which was used to outline vocal improvisation in rock music; biographical method, which was used to analyse vocal improvisation in the activities of famous rock singers. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the features of vocal improvisation in rock music are presented. Conclusions. The article focuses on the concept of "vocal improvisation" (the process of creating music with the voice without pre-prepared musical or textual materials), reveals its essential aspects in rock music, which are hidden in a special tension, energy, emotional load, melody, smooth transitions between notes, the use of a rough voice, special effects such as echo, reverb, vocal filters. The features of vocal improvisation are analysed on the example of the works of Freddie Mercury (rock band "Queen"), Robert Plant (rock band "Led Zeppelin"), Steven Tyler (rock band "Aerosmith"). It has been found that a wide vocal range, the use of high notes, spontaneous vocal phrases and sounds are characteristic of Freddie Mercury ("Bohemian Rhapsody", "Galileo", "Someone to Love"). Whereas strong, expressive vocals and the ability to vary vocal riffs characterize Robert Plant ("Whole Lotta Love", "Dazed and Confused", "Black Dog") and Steven Tyler ("Dream", "Sweet Emotions", "Mama Kin"). The focus is on vocal improvisation in rock music of the early ХХІ century, which is characterized by eclectic styles, the use of technology, and variations in lyrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The aim of the work is to study various aspects of the implementation of the nZEB - concept of buildings in European countries and to identify the main problems and obstacles to the scaling and development of buildings with near zero energy consumption and the use of this experience for Ukraine. Methodology. Analysis of regulatory documents, scientific papers and practices on the use of the nZEB concept in European countries. Findings. A review of legal documents, scientific papers and practices on the implementation and consolidation of the definition of the concept of buildings with almost zero energy consumption in European countries as a complement of a highly energy efficient building and renewable energy sources, energy efficient materials and technologies was carried out. Options for a detailed assessment of the new construction of the nZEB residential sector were considered. The impact of possible climate change on the characteristics of nZEB during the life cycle, including heating and cooling needs, is analyzed. Examples of the implementation of the nZEB concept in the renovation of buildings for various purposes are given. The emphasis is on the possible inconsistency and harmonization of nZEB standards with the best financial solutions and the sequence of implementation of approaches to ensure near zero energy consumption by buildings for various purposes for different climatic regions of Europe, the main challenges and obstacles in increasing the share of use of such buildings are analyzed. Originality. Various aspects of the implementation of the nZEB concept are grouped and analyzed, from regulatory documents, government incentives, balance in the concept of energy efficient solutions and the share of renewable energy sources, to technical and cultural-behavioral barriers. Practical Value of the work lies in the use of the above approaches and the experience of European countries for scaling the houses of the nZEB concept in the conditions of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical process of formation and use of business models in e-commerce. The authors analyse the growth trend of digital business models research at the global level. The paper considers directions of principles of formation of corporate business models. As an example of using the Osterwalder’s canvas of a business model, the authors studied the online rental service Airbnb. The article shows the business model design of e-commerce based on the drop shipping business model. The paper defines the consistent and successive stages of development of this type of business and compares the advantages and disadvantages of adopting the drop shipping business model in business projects. Due to the research, there will be an increase in sales as a result of the use of the drop shipping business model. Essentially, the study acquired the importance of formation, evolution and use of business models in general company management, taking into consideration contemporary features of ecommerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives the results of investigations on vacuum diffusion welding of МА2-1 magnesium alloy. Different technological measures were used in welding: unsupported welding, welding with application of forming matrices, welding without interlayers and with a zinc interlayer. It is found that it is not possible to produce the joint in unsupported welding without an interlayer at 400 °С temperature and process duration less than 60 min. Increase of welding temperature or time leads to considerable grain growth. Application of 250 ~m zinc interlayer and of the following welding mode: Т = 320 ºС, Р = 10 MPa, t = 30 min allows producing the joint. Analysis of chemical composition in different areas of the joint zone shows that development of diffusion processes in the butt during welding results in pore formation with magnesium content on the level of 17.8 – 20.12 wt. % in the zinc interlayer at 2 – 3 ~m distance from magnesium/zinc contact line. In the central part of the joint zone the metal chemical composition is close to pure zinc composition. Application of forming matrices and an interlayer of zinc in the solid-liquid state in welding in the following mode: Т = 340 ºС, Р = 10 MPa, t = 30 min. allows producing sound joints due to localisation of plastic deformation in the butt joint. Results of metallographic investigations showed formation in the butt joint of common grains and remains of the interlayer in the form of dispersed particles of 15…50 ~m size, with chemical composition of Mg–4.53Al–0.20Mn–63.49Zn, wt. %, having an irregular elongated shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. A preliminary assessment of the efficiency characteristics of the functioning of a hybrid solar-wind system designed to meet the self-consumption needs of a local consumer, assuming the inability to generate surplus energy from renewable sources to the grid. Methodology. Based on the use of analytical methods of statistical data processing, which enable a detailed analysis and interpretation of the obtained results. Findings. The calculations of efficiency indicators have been carried out - the cost reduction coefficient and the self-sufficiency ratio for a conditional local facility with a specified load connected to the grid. Based on the calculation results, the choice of location for placing a hybrid system with renewable energy sources has been justified. An analysis of periods with high and low renewable energy generation in the specified location has been conducted to determine rational equipment parameters and strategies for energy flows managing for maximum self-sufficiency of the local consumer. Originality. It has been established that during the planning of hybrid system, it is possible preliminary to assess the efficiency indicators for a simplified configuration of a hybrid system that does not involve the use of energy storage devices. Practical value. The paper provides recommendations for evaluating the efficiency of hybrid solarwind systems at the initial stages of system development. It is shown that assessing the loss reduction coefficient based on the average monthly generation of renewable energy sources, averaged over a multi-year period, can lead to the incorrect result (inflated values of the indicators). For more accurate assessments, it is recommended to calculate efficiency indicators using hourly values of renewable energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodology. This paper presents an optimized method of geodata processing based on deep neural networks (GeoDNN+ 2.0), which offers an efficient and automated approach to geographic data analysis. The introductory section details the shortcomings of existing geoinformation processing systems, such as complexity of setup, limited resources and processing time, unreliable results, and the need for constant monitoring. It emphasizes the need for a new approach that addresses these shortcomings and opens up new perspectives for geoinformatics. Findings. GeoDNN+ 2.0 is based on deep neural networks, which are used to automatically determine the characteristics of geographic objects without prior manual data processing. This avoids human errors and improves processing accuracy, while self-learning mechanisms ensure continuous quality improvement using new data. GeoDNN+ 2.0 demonstrates high efficiency in processing large volumes of geodata due to its optimized structure and parallel computing. Another important advantage of GeoDNN+ 2.0 is its ability to effectively integrate with various geodata sources, which allows you to get the full amount of information and provides comprehensive analysis. This is especially useful in areas where a large amount of data from different sources requires in-depth analysis and convenient integration tools. The overall goal of the article is to reveal the potential of GeoDNN+ 2.0 in solving various geoinformatics problems and show its advantages over existing systems. To achieve this goal, the authors present a detailed analysis of the GeoDNN+ 2.0 architecture and provide examples of its implementation on the example of classifying geographic objects in shapefile format. In general, the article demonstrates that GeoDNN+ 2.0 is a powerful and promising tool for modern geoinformatics that solves the shortcomings of existing systems and provides optimised opportunities for automated processing and analysis of geodata, taking into account the needs of the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work developed a modification of the algorithm for detecting cloning of frames in video sequences. It is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person without the constant presence of digital technologies in it. They have become an integral part of our daily life. Everyone has a smartphone, almost everyone owns a personal computer or laptop. Photo and video recording technologies, as well as the distribution and publication of images and videos, such as social networks, have become an integral part of digitalization. Digitization has also spread to very important areas for human life, such as forensics or mass media. In order to have confidence in video materials, which is extremely important in criminal investigations, court cases and information networks, it is necessary to develop the field of exposing modifications and falsifications in video and photo materials, develop new methods that allow you to verify the integrity of the video or detect falsification, and modify and improve already developed ones. The paper analyzes the methods for finding falsifications in video sequences and modern formats and algorithms for saving and compressing video sequences. As a result of the analysis, the current state of development in the field of detection of fake videos was revealed and the most popular video formats were determined. Experiments were conducted with videos of different formats and resolutions, data were collected and analyzed, after which the necessary threshold values of the Pearson correlation coefficient were established for each format studied. Threshold values for searching for cloned frames were proposed in the work. The threshold value is chosen depending on the format and resolution of the video. Parameters such as video format and resolution were taken to modify the algorithm for detecting cloning of frames in a video sequence by analyzing the threshold values of the Pearson correlation coefficient. A software implementation of the modification of the algorithm for detecting cloning of frames in video sequences was created. Errors of the first and second kind are cited in the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. Knowledge about the formation, destruction and trends of the ice regime of rivers and reservoirs is very important for hydropower, shipping, fisheries, etc. There are almost no studies that evaluated the trends, homogeneity and stationarity of the ice regime of the Dnipro Cascade reservoirs. At the same time, such research is relevant especially in the conditions of a changing climate. The objective of this paper is evaluation of spatio-temporal trends of a observation series for the ice regime of the Dnipro Cascade reservoirs based on a complex approach using statistical and graphical methods. Methods. The research used statistical methods, namely the Pearson method for establishing of the trend equation in the time series and the correlation coefficient between variables, and the Mann-Kendell statistical non-parametric test for assessing the statistical significance of the trend. Among the graphic methods, the mass curve and residual mass curve were used to assess the homogeneity and stationarity of observation series, respectively, as well as combined chronological graphs for spatial analysis, determination of synchronous and in-phase (or on the contrary) long-term cyclic fluctuations of the ice regime characteristics at various water gauges. The research was carried out based on the observation data for dates of ice appearance, ice freeze-up, ice break-up (i.e., melt onset), ice disappearance for 35 water gauges. Results. According to the Mann-Kendall statistical test, contradictory results were obtained regarding the stationarity of the observation series of the ice regime of the Dnipro Cascade reservoirs. At the same time, according to graphic analysis, such series turned out to be quasi-homogeneous and quasi-stationary, since they have unfinished phases of increase and decrease of long-term cyclical fluctuations. In turn, the cyclic fluctuations are characterized by synchronous and in-phase, which indicates the same temporal and spatial tendencies of the ice regime of six reservoirs. The dates of the appearance of main phases of the ice regime of the Dnipro Cascade reservoirs are characterized by significant variability. Scientific novelty and practical significance. For the first time, modern knowledge about the ice regime characteristics of the Dnipro Cascade reservoirs were obtained based on the simultaneous application of statistical and graphical methods. In addition, the research results can be used for further research, namely any statistical processing (determination of probabilistic characteristics, search for prognostic dependencies, generalizations, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than 50 years, issues of the environmental protection and pollution prevention have attracted an attention of the general public, scientists and governmental bodies. These concerns has especially increased due to the reduction in supplies and the increase in prices for natural gas and oil on a global scale, as well as the fact that the energy sector generates significant volumes of greenhouse gas emissions. With this in mind, environmental regulation is gaining more and more relevance. Environmental taxes are one of the tools for its implementation. The expansion of environmental taxes around the world took place in conditions of their active support by scientists, activists of the environmental protection movement, representatives of business and government agencies. However, if previously publications highlighted the positive side of these economic instruments of environmental regulation (incentives for polluters to reduce the level of environmental pollution, the formation of revenues for budgets that can be used to finance environmental and social programs), then in the last 3-5 years, there began to appear separate scientific publications, in which the effectiveness of environmental taxes as a mean of regulation the state of the environment is questioned. The objective of this paper is to define factors and features of the environmental taxes' application that reduce their effectiveness as a tool for environmental regulation of the economy. As a result of the analysis of the environmental taxes' revenues dynamics, peculiarities of their application in some countries of the world, and the dynamics of pollutants' emissions, it was once again confirmed that environmental taxes alone cannot solve all environmental problems. They should be supplemented with other tools and approaches of environmental regulation. In addition, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of environmental taxes by removing those rebates, exemptions and subsidies from the national tax systems that have a negative impact on the environment and by indexing environmental taxes' rates in accordance with inflation rates. Ideally, it is also advisable to harmonize environmental taxes' rates on a global scale. But at the moment, this is unlikely to happen even in the medium run. Implementation of these recommendations in practice will allow not only to reduce the level of environmental pollution, but also to obtain additional funds for the carrying-out environmental protection and social programs, for example - in the field of energy conservation, which should reduce the dependence of countries on fuel imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation documents presenting the factual system of sacred compositions 1897 - 1901 in the interior of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra's Dormition Cathedral (Great Church). The research methodology is synthesis of historical and cultural analysis, as well as art study analysis. Scientific novelty. The author has introduced the album of drawings by the artist Andrii Lakov into scientific circulation: ―V. І. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. Lakov A. A. The album of plans and detailed drawings the inside of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra's Great Church showing the locations of sacred images. 1905. Paper, mixed technique. 19 sheets‖. Based on this document, the author has performed three research tasks using examples. First, she reconstructed the system of sacral murals of the Church's compartment. Second, she revealed the difference between the project and the actual mural. Third, she improved and determined the location of a number of compositions. The author has revealed the important theoretical and practical significance of the album as a presentation of the factual system of sacred compositions of 1897 - 1901 in the interior of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra's Great Church (Dormition Cathedral). Conclusions. The album of drawings by the artist Andriі Lakov (1905) presents the factual system of sacral mural painting of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra's Great Church (Dormition Cathedral) of the late 19th - early 20th century. The album permits the determination of the compositions' location on architectural surface. It is the evidence that artists partially changed the project in terms of the location of some compositions. This album provides an opportunity for the authentic historical reconstruction of the Cathedral's painting decoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to study the specific character of the relationship between the socio-cultural phenomena of tourist destinations and mentality; to analyse the impact made by the culture-building potential of destinations in Central Ukraine, their sacred and spiritual significance on the mental paradigm of Ukrainian society; to understand the historical and cultural sights and tourist destinations in Central Ukraine as important components in the formation of the mentality and preservation of the national identity of Ukrainians. The research methodology and the main methods of research are based on the application of a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach, the study of the scientific contributions made by the researchers in the field of cultural studies, philosophy, history of tourism, sociology, and other related disciplines. The article uses general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, in particular analysis, synthesis, genetic, cultural, and other methods. The scientific novelty of the paper lies in the determined need to understand the interrelationship of the development processes of tourist destinations in Central Ukraine and their impact on the mental paradigm of Ukrainian society from the standpoint of cultural studies; in the analysis of the impact of tourist destinations in Central Ukraine and the self-identification and mentality of Ukrainians. Conclusions. The result of the research is the determined existence of the impact of tourist destinations in Central Ukraine on the formation of the mental paradigm of Ukrainian society and their interrelationship. Moreover, the conclusions are the identification and highlighting of the socio-cultural potential of Central Ukraine destinations, their sacred and spiritual significance for the mental paradigm of Ukrainian society, both in historical retrospect and in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to develop a new method for the design of hybrid multivariable automatic control systems. We determine a hybrid control system as a system that includes two different types of parallel operating controllers. The paper's aim is achieved by solving the following tasks. The first task is to develop a method for the design of hybrid control systems. Investigated systems include PI controllers and a linear-quadratic controller. The second task is to investigate the resulting control system. The investigation is based on direct quality indicators, robustness, and fragility analyses. The most significant result of the paper is the development of a method for the tuning of a linear-quadratic controller, which should work with the decentralized control system in parallel. BLT (Biggest Log Modulus) method is used for decentralized control system tuning. BLT is a well-known method of PI controller detuning. The idea of BLT is to ensure the robustness of multivariable control systems tuned by Ziegler Nichols's rules. The proposed method for the design of the control system is not complicated. The possibility of correcting the tunings of decentralized controllers remains. Design of the new hybrid automatic control system for the distillation plant made using the developed method. The analysis of the dynamic properties of the designed control system showed that the use of a parallel linear-quadratic controller provides a small percentage of overshoot in the control by the reference and high accuracy of stabilizing the values of controlled variables at the largest disturbances. At the same time, the robustness does not decrease and the control system remains fragile, i.e., it is possible to change the settings of the controllers without significant loss of robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the development of an application for data encryption with format preservation. Basic definitions such as personal information, identifying information are provided. Over the past few years, a growing number of personal data breaches have resulted in the loss of data integrity for hundreds of millions of user records. Such attacks are aimed at both large companies and small businesses. The cyber-attacks aimed at stealing personal data from enterprises and it is ensured due to the negligence of companies regarding the conscious encryption and masking of personal data of employees and customers. The paper reveals the concept of format-preserving data encryption, as the process of encrypting data in such a way that the output data remains in the same format as the input data. Two modes of operation are considered in format-preserving encryption - FF1 and FF3. When analyzing the existing FPE modes with format preservation, the FF3-1 mode was selected due to the ability to solve the problem of encryption on small data domains. FF3-1 mode was implemented in a software application. The work also reveals the concept of pseudonymization and methods of achieving it. Pseudonymization can be achieved using various methods such as data masking, encryption or tokenization. Data masking process change the value of data while leaving its input format. The goal is to create an output that cannot be deciphered or reverse engineered. The method of data masking was implemented. Thus, the main task was to implement methods that would help companies encrypt and mask data with minimal contributions to restructuring and preserving functionality on the fly. In order to achieve the goal of clear pseudonymization, so that the fact of replacing real data is imperceptible, it was decided to modernize the approach to masking and encryption for fields such as first name, last name, and email address. The methods of pseudonymization and data fields masking: first name, last name, and email address, and the use of the FPE method in FF3-1 mode for fields such as phone number and credit card were implemented. An improved method of pseudonymization and masking of data fields is implemented in the software application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to research the realisation of national idea in professional music creation. The research aims are the following: to reveal the essence of artistic-esthetic phenomenon of national idea; to distinguish basic principles of its manifestation in cultural and artistic heritage; to make a compendious retrospective review of the existing approaches the creators use to the given topic; to systematise the ways of implementing the national paradigm by means of music. Research methodology lies in the use of a set of methods. The analytical and structural-logical methods have been used to describe the concept of the national idea in creative work. The historical method has enabled the creation of the chronology of addressing the given paradigm in the composer’s activity. The method of sources analysis has been applied to study the existing scientific papers on the adjacent issues. The systemic analysis has been used to study the national idea as a complex sociocultural phenomenon, while the method of theoretical generalisation has helped to draw conclusions. Scientific novelty of the research. The article is the first attempt in Ukrainian study of art to generalise the problems of manifesting the national idea in music. Conclusions. Composers manifest national features in their music first of all through their reinterpretation of folk sources that concentrate cultural, philosophical, historical, geopolitical, and psychological knowledge of a specific ethnic group. In a more abstract form the national creation paradigm may be manifested through its connection with the traditions of professional art of a certain country via the use of typical music genres, the specificity of musical language, particular style, and the mode of thinking. Followers of the national idea in music make a lot of effort to restore traditions, their artistic reconsideration, actualization, and renewal with the projection to the modern. Moreover, they try to create a cultural «matrix», an original concept of the nation’s musical creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samuil Kaplan (1921-1978) was a productive and famous astrophysicist. He was affiliated with a number of scientific centers in different cities of the former Soviet Union. During the earliest 13 years of his career, namely in 1948-1961, he worked at the Lviv University in Ukraine. In the present paper, the Lviv period of his life and scientific activity is described on the basis of archival materials and his published studies. Kaplan arrived in Lviv in June 1948, the same month when he obtained the degree of the Candidate of Science. He was a head of the astrophysics sector at the Astronomical Observatory of the University, a professor of the department for theoretical physics, as well as the founder and head of a station for optical observations of artificial satellites of the Earth. He was active in the organization of an astronomical observatory outside the city. During the years in Lviv, Kaplan wrote more than 80 articles and 3 monographs in 9 areas. At that time, his focus was on the stability of circular orbits in the Schwarzschild field, on the white dwarf theory, on space gas dynamics, on cosmic plasma physics and turbulence, on the acceleration of cosmic rays, on the physics of interstellar medium, on the physics and evolution of stars, on cosmology and gravitation, and on the optical observations of the Earth's artificial satellites. Some of his findings are fundamental to the development of theory in those fields as well as of observational techniques. The paper presents a complete bibliography of Kaplan's works published during the Lviv period and reviews his respective scientific achievements in the light of the current state of research in those areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the improvement of the method of detection and localization of cloning areas in digital images. A significant role in the modern world is played by digital signals, in particular, digital images used in science, medicine, court proceedings, the press, etc. Today, everyone has a camera, if the event is significant, you will have thousands of photos at your disposal. However, changing the photo is very easy. Even amateurs can do it. Often, such falsifications are almost impossible to detect with the naked eye. One of the most commonly used operations in the forgery of digital images is the cloning operation, in which a part of a digital image is replaced by a part of the same digital image. The paper considers the method of detection and localization of cloning regions based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The basic method uses 8x8 blocks as a compromise between image processing time and the accuracy of cloning region detection. Increasing the block size will speed up the base method. Another way to improve the method of detecting and locating cloned blocks is to use markers. Markers are predefined pixels in a block that are used to define the perspective of the block to identify the cloning area. Markers for square blocks and blocks of complex shape are proposed in the work. Blocks of a complex shape in the work are considered to be blocks consisting of a suitable set of pixels, which are used to detect and localize areas of cloning. The main steps of the improved method of detection and localization of cloning regions in digital images are presented. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the improved method of detection and localization of cloning areas was performed by measuring the time of detection and localization of cloning areas before and after improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The 3D modeling technology of the urban environment using LiDAR survey data expands the possibilities of urban research. With proper use of various methods, models and algorithms for processing and analyzing Li- DAR data, they can significantly facilitate and open up new opportunities for many applications discussed in this paper. The main research objective of the paper is to review methods for analyzing LiDAR survey data in urban studies and to present individual elements of the author’s optimization of these methods. Results. LiDAR data obtained as a result of laser scanning of the earth's surface from a certain vehicle form a threedimensional terrain model in the point cloud form of varying density degrees. The post-processing of such data can branch out into many applications, which are discussed in this paper. The building extraction from a cloud of LiDAR points is performed using complex computational operations, the essence of which is to calculate the points of separate planes of the buildings roofs and then extract these points for 3D building modeling. There are many approaches to building extraction that aim to either improve the quality and accuracy of the extracted models or to speed up the data processing. Finding the optimal solution for 3D modeling of the urban environment is an urgent task in this area of research. Tracking changes in urban buildings involves comparing digital models of urban areas for different time periods in order to obtain the changes volume for each building. In a similar fashion, LiDAR data is used to assess damage to buildings by creating random points on the buildings walls and comparing their displacements before and after the damage. The population estimate using LiDAR data is based on a comparison of population data for census tracts with data on the number, area and volume of buildings in the same tracts obtained from processed LiDAR data. As a result, the expected population in each individual building can be calculated. Roads extraction from LiDAR data is performed by creating an image of the LiDAR laser pulse intensity and then comparing this image with a digital surface model. The article provides an example of a scheme for such road extraction. In addition, methods for extracting and mapping power lines by filtering the corresponding points are also considered. The ability to determine the exact size, slope, and exposure of a building's roof plane also makes it possible to estimate the potential level of solar radiation received by the roof, which can contribute to the optimal placement of solar power plants. Such an assessment may cause some difficulties, which are discussed in the article. The article proposes various optimization solutions for the considered methods, which were partially implemented in the ELiT software. In addition to effective tools for automatic data processing, the ELiT Project also provides an environment for high-quality visualization of results in a standard web-GIS interface. Conclusions. LiDAR data, in combination with efficient algorithms for processing and filtering data, greatly facilitates the solution of a number of tasks related to area monitoring and urban planning. In the future, the high accuracy of LiDAR data and the possibility of their visualization in GIS will make it possible to analyze the urban development features in order to identify the urban geosystemic properties of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investments, primarily in manufacturing, are a guarantee that enterprises will be able to update their production assets in a timely manner and maintain or even strengthen their position in markets of goods and services. However, the issue of defining factors that affect the volume and dynamics of investments is quite problematic, which makes it difficult to create appropriate economic and mathematical models. Foreign and Ukrainian scientists have long been engaged in determining such factors. Usually, they include: GDP per capita of the country; the rate of economic growth; national savings; currency exchange rate; inflation; discount rate; the level of tax burden (primarily -- corporate income tax); the price index for industrial products; the level of income on invested capital (return on investment coefficient); wages; labor productivity, etc. But in each country, the strength of influence of different factors may vary. The process of modeling investments is also complicated by the fact that some factors (for example, GDP per capita) are complex in themselves and depend on other factors. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to define the factors influencing investment in Ukraine and to develop appropriate economic and mathematical models, which are supposed to be used in the future to build a comprehensive system-dynamic model of the impact of digitalization on ensuring sustainable development of Ukraine. Such a comprehensive model can become not only a convenient tool for determining the consequences for industry of changes in investment volumes under the influence of various factors, but also the level of Labor morbidity and environmental pollution. According to results of the study, it was found that the volume of investment in the Ukrainian industry is most affected by the NBU discount rate. The paper suggests an appropriate investment model and justifies its adequacy. Investments in industrial digital capital are influenced by the factors of the US dollar index and tax burden, and investments in environmental digital capital are affected by factor of tax burden. However, due to the very approximate statistics on which the calculations were performed, the corresponding models are not reliable. Taking into account the results of the study, recommendations for the development of a methodology for collecting and presenting statistical information related to investments in digital equipment and technologies by enterprises of the country and digital capital for environmental and industrial purposes (by structure) are made. Their implementation will make it possible to make more accurate calculations in the future and create more reliable economic and mathematical models that can become a convenient tool for defining the directions of development of the country's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, changes in the porous structure of carbon material are investigated during chemical activation of apricot pit at different temperatures. The main purpose of the research has been to study the features of the internal micro- and mesostructure of the carbon surface, as well as to find patterns in the size distribution of pores dependent on the carbonization temperature of plant raw materials and subsequent chemical activation. The object of the study is porous carbon material, obtained from dried apricot fruit pits, pre-crushing, and cleaned from the core. This raw material has been carbonized at 300–900 °C with an interval of 100 °C and subjected to chemical activation by potassium hydroxide in the weight ratio XК, where ХК= m(KOH)/m(C). Thereby, a series of samples C3÷C9 has been obtained. The porous structure characteristics (specific surface area and total pore volume) of porous carbon material have been determined based on the analysis of nitrogen adsorption / desorption isotherms. It has been found that these materials have a frame structure with a large number of micropores. The analysis of literature data has revealed that the experimental curves belong to the isotherms that are characteristic of multilayer adsorption in micro- and mesopores of materials of organic origin. The hysteresis loop observed on these isotherms is related to the sorption processes in narrow pores. It has been found that carbonization of raw materials and chemical activation contribute to the cleaning of the frame structure, and there are acceptable modes of heat treatment of raw materials of plant origin, which determine the optimal pore size distribution and have a specific surface area S = (1042–1313) m² /g. With the help of scanning electron microscopy, the peculiarities of the formation of impurities on the surface of the original samples have been studied and their nature has been elucidated. It has been found that the largest total pore area has a sample carbonized at 600 ºC, and the largest pore volume Vtotal = 0.68 cm³ /g for sample C3 is associated with a significant number of mesopores in the porous structure. As the carbonation temperature increases to 800-900 °C, narrow micropores degenerate and the carbon matrix transforms, resulting in a decrease in both the total pore area and the total porous volume. In this paper, changes in the porous structure of carbon material are investigated during chemical activation of apricot pit at different temperatures. The main purpose of the research has been to study the features of the internal micro- and mesostructure of the carbon surface, as well as to find patterns in the size distribution of pores dependent on the carbonization temperature of plant raw materials and subsequent chemical activation. The object of the study is porous carbon material, obtained from dried apricot fruit pits, pre-crushing, and cleaned from the core. This raw material has been carbonized at 300–900 °C with an interval of 100 °C and subjected to chemical activation by potassium hydroxide in the weight ratio XК, where ХК= m(KOH)/m(C). Thereby, a series of samples C3÷C9 has been obtained. The porous structure characteristics (specific surface area and total pore volume) of porous carbon material have been determined based on the analysis of nitrogen adsorption / desorption isotherms. It has been found that these materials have a frame structure with a large number of micropores. The analysis of literature data has revealed that the experimental curves belong to the isotherms that are characteristic of multilayer adsorption in micro- and mesopores of materials of organic origin. The hysteresis loop observed on these isotherms is related to the sorption processes in narrow pores. It has been found that carbonization of raw materials and chemical activation contribute to the cleaning of the frame structure, and there are acceptable modes of heat treatment of raw materials of plant origin, which determine the optimal pore size distribution and have a specific surface area S = (1042–1313) m² /g. With the help of scanning electron microscopy, the peculiarities of the formation of impurities on the surface of the original samples have been studied and their nature has been elucidated. It has been found that the largest total pore area has a sample carbonized at 600 ºC, and the largest pore volume Vtotal = 0.68 cm³ /g for sample C3 is associated with a significant number of mesopores in the porous structure. As the carbonation temperature increases to 800-900 °C, narrow micropores degenerate and the carbon matrix transforms, resulting in a decrease in both the total pore area and the total porous volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to making art products from low-carbon steel. Due to the peculiarities of the design of such products, configuration and relative position of permanent joints and their elements, application of electric arc welding technologies turns out to be limited. The advantages of electric arc braze-welding for making such structures are considered. A detailed description of the implementation of technological tasks, arising in manufacture of real sculptures made of steel, is given, namely joining continuous profiles, joining wire parts to a tube, joining a bundle of thin wires to a semisphere and joining wires of different diameters at sharp angles. A photo and characteristics of the sculptures made with application of TIG braze-welding are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welding of living tissues replaces stitching of tissues with threads during surgical operations. It simplifies and shortens the time of operation performance, lowers their cost and probability of postoperative complications. Water makes up more than half of the biological tissues mass. During welding the melting stage is not clearly expressed. In the post-operative period the weld should be gradually replaced by a healthy tissue without loss of strength. Computer modeling greatly accelerates, simplifies and lowers the cost of studying the mechanical, electromagnetic and thermal processes, running in live tissue welding. Different mathematical packages allow modeling these processes simultaneously. The paper gives an example of mathematical modeling using the finite element method. Its application enables overcoming the difficulties, when studying the processes running in live tissue welding and allows using a 3D computer model, which models the processes of tissues compression and alternating current passage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of investigations of the strength, hardness and structure of butt joints on aluminium alloys of different alloying systems, produced by friction stir welding (FSW). It is shown that this process allows producing sound joints of aluminium alloys of different alloying systems, both in similar and dissimilar combinations. This is true not only for aluminium alloys made by casting by the standard technological scheme, but also for granulated alloys, containing the oversaturated solid solution of refractory transition metals, produced by powder metallurgy. It is found that the strength of welded joints produced at FSW of aluminium alloys, depends on the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of these alloys. Maximum ultimate strength is demonstrated by welded joints of the following high-strength alloys: 1995 (483 MPa), 1963 (473 MPa) and D16 (441 MPa), which is due to a slight degree of metal softening in the zone of thermomechanical impact (ZTMI), which is where the samples fail at mechanical stretching. Destruction of samples of welded joints of dissimilar aluminium alloys also runs in this zone or on its boundary with the heat-affected zone (HAZ) from the side of the softer alloy. Their ultimate strength is on the level of the joints of the respective similar alloys. It is shown that intensive plastic deformation of metal at FSW of dissimilar aluminium alloys results in formation of grains of practically globular shape in the weld nugget in the permanent joint zone, their size not exceeding 4 – 6 μm. In granulated alloy welding, the oversaturated solid solution is preserved in the granules, just their mechanical refinement takes place, resulting in a fine dense structure of the weld nugget, and the granules containing an oversaturated solid solution of refractory transition metals are uniformly distributed over the entire volume of the matrix in the weld metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives the results of investigations on fluxless brazing of АD1М, AMts (Al-Mn), AD31 (Al-Mg-Si) aluminium alloys (Al-Mg-Si) with application of Al-25Ge-5Si-5Cu-1.5Mn-0.15Ti brazing filler metal at the temperature of 550 ± 5 °С in the atmosphere of high-purity nitrogen. The results of high-temperature differential thermal analysis were used to determine the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the brazing filler metal. Thermal effects on the derived thermal curve are indicative of the presence of three phases, which correlates with the results of X-ray microprobe analysis. It is shown that the brazing filler metal structure in the initial state is formed by two solid solutions, based on α-Al and β-GeSi and eutectics. Mechanical testing revealed that the short-term strength of the brazed joints is higher than that of the base metal, and fracture occurs in AD1M alloy. Application of steplike cooling of AD31 alloy brazed joint with soaking at the temperature of 500 C promotes increase of shear strength from 84 to 102 MPa. 42 Ref., 1 Tabl., 7 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]