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Copyright of Etnográfica: Revista do Centro de Estudos de Antropologia Social is the property of Centro em Rede de Investigacao em Antropologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Direitos Fundamentais & Democracia is the property of Revista de Direitos Fundamentais & Democracia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the last years, food sovereignty (FS) has not only become a reference in the struggles of peasant movements in the Southern Hemisphere - a central feature of its 'first generation' - but also been incorporated into the urban contexts of the Northern Hemisphere, which marks its 'second generation'. Recognizing that there is still a gap in studies addressing the process in the Canadian context, this paper aims to discuss the 'second generation' of FS in two cities of Western Canada: Vancouver, in British Columbia, and Calgary, in Alberta. For this analysis, we use qualitative exploratory methodologies to understand how FS can take place in urban contexts in Canada through the practices of urban food activists. Among the main results, we find that in the urban context of the Canadian West, FS can be understood through a broad perspective, across various stages of agri-food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed at presenting recommendations on high-quality education to Latin American countries’ governments by taking the Policy on Educational Success of Québec as Québec’s main official document to achieve quality education. By using the content analysis method, it was investigated the extent to which the Policy on Educational Success of Québec adheres to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 4 (Quality Education), as well as it was analyzed the concordance of the most significant words from the same policy. Findings demonstrate that the Policy on Educational Success of Québec comprises acts that mostly go towards the promotion of equitable development of the people, to people’s learning, skills, and competences, and to the quality in teaching and in learning processes, and in learning spaces. In contrast, the acts that are less significant in the analysis but equally fundamental for the development of society are related to the minimum conditions to achieve quality education, and to the vocational training to foster quality education. Moreover, it was comprehended that the ensuring of quality education in Latin American countries can immediately be linked to some scopes, like the student, school, service, and education ones. This paper concludes that Latin American countries’ governments can support ensuring quality education for their peoples whether they give special attention to the student, school, service, and education scopes in society.

The paper explores the model of regulation of health professionals in Ontario, Canada; a self-regulation model built around a detailed statutory scheme. The core of the paper consists of a discussion of Ontario’s Regulated Health Professions Act and of the key components of 26 specific health profession acts that have been enacted under its umbrella. The paper explores the role of the regulatory colleges, the role of the Ministry of Health in determining scope of practice and other components of medical practice, and the disciplinary and appeal procedures. Some other specific issues are also briefly touched upon, such as the integration into the profession of internationally trained physicians, and the government’s role in ensuring access to specialists across the province. A final section looks at the challenges and the limitations of the Ontario model, through a number of health professions-related controversies that reveal gaps in self-regulation, including: failure to set and enforce proper educational and practice standards in specific areas; failure to conduct timely investigations into potential misconduct by professionals; and failure to question professionals in a position of power. The paper also discusses briefly the implications of recognizing through legal regulation some alternative and complementary medical practices, and the challenge of regulating indigenous health care practitioners. It concludes that the primary limitations of the regulatory model arise on account of professional self-interest and power-relations impacting procedural issues, and the complexity of the regulatory model that may potentially undermine quality control.

Copyright of Etnográfica: Revista do Centro de Estudos de Antropologia Social is the property of Centro em Rede de Investigacao em Antropologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the Canadian state’s refugee determination processes for persons lodging asylum claims in Canada on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity expression (SOGIE). Canada has an international reputation for being a welcoming nation to SOGIE (as well as other categories of) refugees, a reputation that is much promoted by the Canadian government and mainstream media. However, in my ethnographic research with SOGIE refugee claimants navigating the Canadian refugee determination process, I reveal that claimants must quickly learn how to construct an ‘authentically’ gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender narrative that meets refugee adjudicators’ standards of credibility, or risk being identified as a ‘fake’ refugee, and thus face incarceration and/or deportation. I argue that sexuality now forms a crucial component of the nation-state’s gate-keeping apparatus, with uneven effects for queer migrants.

This study provides evidence of possible sociodemographic characteristics that would influence the intention of Brazilian immigrants to engage in ventures in Canada. Data were collected through surveys released on Brazilian Facebook groups. A total of 675 Brazilian respondents living in Canada were triangulated with data from seven semi-structured interviews conducted in Canada and with two consulate officials. Survey data analysis was performed with logit equations to check relationships between entrepreneurial intention (EI) and variables — namely, gender, age upon arrival, level of education, length of stay in the country, student/work/tourist visa status upon arrival, and citizenship application status/permanent migration. The key results point to factors with a positive influence on the intention to venture: gender (being female) and all visa status and other variables were either non-significant or had a negative influence. Of the entrepreneurs, age upon arrival was a significant predictor. Variables such as level of education, time in the country, and tourist visa had a negative influence. This paper contributes theoretically by evidencing recent immigration patterns and variables related to entrepreneurial venturing in the Brazilian immigrant community in Canada, which may support mechanisms for attracting and fostering future entrepreneurs. Further comparative studies between other Brazilian and ethnic communities are proposed, including other variables.

This article illustrates how authoritative regulatory practices that research ethics boards may deploy when assessing non-traditional social research may pave the way to a homogenization of inquiry and forms of policing of knowledge. The authors sought institutional ethics clearance from multiple research ethics boards in the case of a critically-oriented participatory action-based study with formerly incarcerated persons in Canada. Evidence is provided from two case studies. Two unexpected challenges were encountered from research ethics board members. The first challenge was related to the board’s stereotypical bias about the violent potential of former prisoners (as co-researchers and participants). The second challenge was related to an overly cautious interpretation of federal ethical guidelines leading to the exclusion of Indigenous peoples from the project. Both challenges have in common that they point to research ethics boards’ possible role in the policing of knowledge which may jeopardize researchers’ ability to engage in critical scholarship. El artículo ilustra las prácticas regulatorias autoritarias que los comités de ética en investigación pueden adoptar, y cómo éstas allanan el camino a la homogeneización de las indagaciones y a la vigilancia sobre la producción de conocimiento. Se exhiben pruebas de dos estudios de caso en los cuales los miembros del comité se toparon con situaciones que no esperaban. La primera estaba relacionada con el sesgo típico de los comités sobre el potencial violento de antiguos reclusos, y la segunda, con una interpretación excesivamente prudente de directrices éticas federales, lo cual desembocó en la exclusión de personas indígenas del proyecto. Ambas situaciones señalan al posible rol de los comités de ética como vigilantes de la producción de conocimiento, algo que podría poner en peligro la capacidad de los investigadores para realizar una labor académica crítica. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3139559

In the present age which obviously, is well known for globalization, the fact that the world is growing more and more into a global village where connectivity takes place in real time is no longer debatable. So also is the need to facilitate communication and understanding among people and countries. Based on this, it will not be wrong to recall that translation has thus become an integral part of the modern society. Meanwhile, it is equally important to note that due to certain factors, translation practices differ from one country to another. The purpose of this paper is, first and foremost, to show the differences that exist in the translation industry obtainable in Nigeria and Canada, the two countries that we have chosen as case study. The main aim of the study which is analytical, comparative, informative and corrective in approach is to compare and contrast the situation in the two countries under study, with a view to identifying how one can be enriched through the experience of the other, thus contributing to the development of translation in the world.

The introduction of translation technologies, especially translation memory software, has had a significant impact on both the translator’s professional practice and the target text itself. Apart from the fact that he or she must translate in a non-linear fashion due to the design of translation memory systems, the translator is now called upon to increase output and, in many cases, recycle what has already been translated by others. As a result, the translator, used to having full control over his or her text, is in some regards losing control over the translation process, which brings him or her to reflect on the quality of the final product and, in turn, on the transformations the field of specialized translation is undergoing. In this paper, I will present the results of an important ethnographic study conducted in three Canadian translation environments. I will focus mostly on the effects translation technologies and newly implemented practices have had on the quality of specialized texts destined for the Canadian market, where most of the specialized texts produced in French are in fact translations. Special attention will be given to the comments made by specialized translators during semi-directed interviews.

O texto aborda os processos de constituição e institucionalização da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil e no Canadá; os pontos de interseção e de distanciamento entre os dois países; e a inserção profissional dos fisioterapeutas brasileiros e canadenses nas equipes multidisciplinares. A primeira parte deste estudo focaliza a atenção primária no Brasil, os caminhos e estratégias de reorientação do modelo assistencial e o papel que coube nesse modelo, de modo crescente, ao fisioterapeuta. Após situar o contexto nacional, o tópico seguinte trata da atenção primária à saúde no Canadá e da atuação deste profissional nas equipes primárias de saúde. No exercício absolutamente preliminar de contrastar as duas experiências nacionais, a brasileira e a canadense, foi utilizada a literatura nacional e estrangeira sobre a temática central, além de documentos e discussion papers. O texto procurou chamar a atenção para a necessidade e importância da participação de fisioterapeutas nas equipes multiprofissionais e as diferenças na atuação deste profissional tanto no Brasil quanto no Canadá. Desnecessário acrescentar que os autores intentaram não uma "análise" comparativa, mas, sim, uma breve exposição sobre constrastes e semelhanças nos rumos da atenção primária, ao longo da história mais recente desses dois países.

Journalists in Western liberal democracies face similar challenges in melding existing, hierarchical models of media production with emerging communications technologies where knowledge, expertise and authority are networked and distributed. This paper examines the attitudes and approaches of a select group of digital journalists in Canada to the impact of social media on journalism and professional constructs of the journalist. It is based on expert interviews with nine leading senior online news managers and journalists from Canada’s principal news organisations, with a focus on the growing influence of social media, and the professionals’ subjective, experience-based understandings of the current changes in journalism. The interviewees demonstrated a tacit understanding of a shift away from the traditional role of gatekeeper towards a shared ecosystem of news and information. While journalism was conceived as more of a collaborative enterprise, with interviewees seeking to adapt and benefit from a more participatory media environment, the journalists also expressed the occupational boundaries of the profession as a way of rearticulating their authority. While immediacy was mentioned as one of the main new factors in news media reporting, concerns about the impact of immediacy on the quality of news reporting were largely absent from the discourse of the interviewees. The increased velocity of information due to social media was thus framed as a positive development that could enable journalists and newsrooms to be more responsive and relevant to audiences. It was also seen as providing the increased opportunities for interaction with audiences. The study contributes to the body of work on how digital news leaders are negotiating the meaning and value of journalism. As such, our sample is not broadly representative of the attitudes of most journalists, either in Canada or elsewhere. Rather, it represents a select group at the vanguard of digital journalism within mainstream media in a Western liberal democratic system. Les journalistes dans les démocraties occidentales libérales font face à des défis similaires en mêlant des modèles hiérarchiques existants de production médiatique avec des technologies de communication émergentes où les connaissances, l’expertise et l’autorité sont distribuées et en réseau. Cet article examine les attitudes et les approches d’un groupe restreint de journalistes en ligne au Canada vis-à-vis de l’impact des médias sociaux sur le journalisme et des constructions professionnelles du journaliste. Il est basé sur des entretiens avec des experts, neuf cadres supérieurs et journalistes en ligne provenant des organismes de presse principaux du Canada, avec un accent sur l’influence croissante des réseaux sociaux, et sur les compréhensions subjectives et fondées sur l’expérience des changements actuels. Les personnes interrogées ont démontré une compréhension tacite d’un déplacement du rôle traditionnel de gardien (gatekeeper) vers un écosystème partagé de nouvelles et d’informations. Même si le journalisme est conçu davantage comme une entreprise collaborative, avec les individus interviewés cherchant à s’adapter et à bénéficier d’un environnement médiatique plus participatif, les journalistes ont également exprimé les limites pratiques de la profession comme un moyen de réarticuler leur autorité. Alors que l’immédiateté est mentionnée comme l’un des principaux nouveaux facteurs dans la production des nouvelles médiatiques, les préoccupations concernant l’impact de l’immédiateté sur la qualité des informations ont été largement absentes du discours des personnes interrogées. La vitesse accrue de l’information due aux réseaux sociaux est donc cadrée comme un développement positif qui pourrait permettre aux journalistes et aux rédactions d’être plus réactifs et pertinents pour les publics. Cet élément est également considéré comme offrant des possibilités accrues pour l’interaction avec les publics. L’étude contribue à l’ensemble des travaux sur la façon dont les dirigeants de l’information numériques sont en train de négocier le sens et la valeur du journalisme. En tant que tel, notre échantillon n’est pas représentatif des attitudes de la plupart des journalistes, que ce soit au Canada ou ailleurs. Il représente plutôt un groupe restreint à l’avant-garde du journalisme numérique dans les médias grand public et dans un système démocratique libéral et occidental. Os jornalistas nas democracias ocidentais liberais enfrentam desafios similares e que misturam os modelos hierárquicos de produção midiática já existentes com as tecnologias de comunicação emergentes em que os conhecimentos, a expertise e a autoridade são distribuídos em rede. Este artigo examina as atitudes e as abordagens de um grupo restrito de jornalistas online no Canadá face ao impacto das mídias sociais no jornalismo e nas construções profissionais do jornalista. Ele faz uso de entrevistas com especialistas. Foram entrevistados nove jornalistas e gestores superiores do meio online provenientes dos principais veículos da imprensa do Canadá. As entrevistas enfatizam a crescente influência das redes sociais e as compreensões, subjetivas e fundadas na experiência, sobre as mudanças atuais. Os entrevistados demonstraram uma compreensão tácita sobre o deslocamento do papel tradicional do gatekeeper rumo a um ecossistema partilhado de notícias e de informações. Embora o jornalismo seja concebido como um processo colaborativo – em que os entrevistados buscam se adaptar e se beneficiar de um ambiente midiático mais participativo – os jornalistas também exprimiram os limites práticos da profissão como uma forma de rearticular sua autoridade. Apesar do imediatismo ser mencionado como um dos princípios fatores da produção das notícias, as preocupações sobre o seu impacto na qualidade das informações estiveram ausentes no discursos dos entrevistados. A crescente velocidade da informação com o advento das mídias sociais é, dessa forma, enquadrada como um desenvolvimento positivo, o que permitiria aos jornalistas e às redações serem mais reativos e pertinentes em relação aos públicos. Também se considerou providencial as crescentes possibilidades de interação com os públicos. O estudo contribui para o conjunto de trabalhos sobre a forma como os dirigentes dos meios de produção de informação digital estão negociando o sentido e o valor do jornalismo. Enquanto amostragem, os nossos entrevistados não são representativos das atitudes da maioria dos jornalistas, seja no Canadá, seja em outros lugares. Ele diz respeito sobretudo a um grupo restrito da vanguarda do jornalismo digital nas meios de massa e em um sistema democrático liberal e ocidental.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive account of the policy and provisions for homeschooling in Canada. Drawing upon existing research, the paper begins by situating homeschooling within the larger educational landscape of Canadian public education, and examines the evolution of homeschooling in this context. The paper highlights the shifting motivation of parents to homeschool during different periods and reviews some of the tension related to this form of schooling. The next section provides a comparative view of the regulatory framework, funding and support for homeschooling in each province, student enrolment figures, student performance outcomes and fiscal efficiencies for Canadian tax-payers. The paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned from the Canadian experience of homeschooling that informs implications for policy makers in other contexts.

While the Water Footprint (WF) is used as a management tool by the private sector, few published studies simultaneously consider all three of its constituent components in its estimation. The components are the Blue Water Footprint (WFblue), the Green Water Footprint (WFgreen), and the Grey Water Footprint (WFgrey). In the case of cellulose production, the only paper published to date did not consider the WFgrey because of the difficulty in finding data relative to natural water quality or to the effluents’ composition. In this context, this article seeks to analyze the WFgrey contribution to the WF of cellulose as well as its consequences for actions to mitigate the negative impact of production processes on water bodies. The study took place in a hypothetical industry located at the Paraíba do Sul River watershed, Brazil. The analyses considered pollutants, such as total chloride, total phosphorous, and phenol—all present in pulp production effluent and regulated by legislation in the three main producer countries in the world. The results showed that the industrial WFgrey can account for up to 55% of the total WF for cellulose production. Additionally, the results indicated considerable variations in environmental standards as well as in the chosen pollutants. Finally, the reduction of the WFgrey values should not be considered an end in itself, without considering the environmental and political context in which the production process takes place.

This paper provides a descriptive account of the growing landscape of school choice in Canada through a comparative analysis of funding and student enrolment in the public, independent and home-based education sectors in each province. Given that the provinces have responsibility for K-12 education, the mixture of public, independent and home school education varies rather widely by province, as does the level of funding and regulation. Delivery and funding of public education in Canada has long prioritized limited linguistic and religious pluralism, providing various options for English or French, and Catholic or Protestant alternatives to qualified parents. More recently growing numbers of parents have been seeking more options for their children’s education. This has fueled slow but steady growth in independent schools and home schooling.

Objectives: This paper reports on Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) students' preferences for course delivery (online, blended or face-to-face) and how their preferences differ based on demographic variables. This research is part of a bi-national study that investigated the motivations and experiences that MLIS students had with online education, while completing their graduate degree in an American Library Association (ALA)-accredited institution. -- Methodology: The study used an online survey to gather data from Master's degree students enrolled in LIS programs accredited by ALA, a professional association which accredits programs in the US, Puerto Rico, and Canada. The online questionnaire was administered with the assistance of the administration and their student associations of LIS programs. Thirty-six programs from Canada and the US were represented by the 1,038 students who responded to the online survey. Respondents who had taken and completed at least one online course constituted the sample (n=910) that was used for analysis and the reporting of the results. -- Results: The findings show that there were five statistically significant indicators associated with preferred instructional delivery for MLIS core courses: age (generational cohort), employment status, metro status, commute distance, and program modality. The results show that younger students who had part-time employment, resided in urban areas, and lived closer to the campus showed greater preference for a course delivery mode that required some form of in-person instruction (face-to-face or blended) than their older peers who had full-time employment, resided in rural areas, and lived farther from campus.

Objectiu: examinar les preferències que té l'alumnat dels màsters de biblioteconomia i documentació en la modalitat de la docència (en línia, presencial o semipresencial) i analitzar com aquestes preferències difereixen segons diverses variables demogràfiques. Aquest estudi forma part d'un estudi binacional més extens centrat en les motivacions i les experiències que havien tingut diferents alumnes de màster de biblioteconomia i documentació en relació amb l'educació en línia durant l'últim tram dels seus estudis en institucions acreditades per l'American Library Association (ALA), associació professional encarregada de reconèixer i aprovar els estudis d'aquesta disciplina als Estats Units, Puerto Rico i el Canadà. -- Metodologia: enquesta en línia amb l'objectiu de recopilar informació d'estudiants que cursen estudis de màster de biblioteconomia i documentació en centres acreditats per l'ALA, distribuïda amb el suport de l'administració acadèmica i de les associacions d'estudiants dels programes de biblioteconomia i documentació, en la qual participen 1.038 alumnes, pertanyents a trenta-sis programes del Canadà i els EUA, dels quals se seleccionen els que han finalitzat almenys una assignatura en línia, que formen la mostra emprada per a l'estudi (n = 910). -- Resultats: hi ha cinc variables amb un valor estadístic significatiu (grup d'edat, situació laboral, tipus de població de residència, distància entre la residència i la universitat, i modalitat dels estudis) que determinen la preferència per un tipus d'impartició docent o una altra en les assignatures principals dels màsters de biblioteconomia i documentació. Així, els estudiants més joves, que tenen una feina a jornada parcial i que resideixen en zones urbanes situades més a prop de la universitat prefereixen una modalitat que requereixi un cert grau d'assistència a classe (presencial o semipresencial), a diferència dels estudiants més grans, amb feines a jornada completa, amb residència en zones rurals situades més lluny de la universitat. Objectives: This paper reports on Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) students' preferences for course delivery (online, blended or face-to-face) and how their preferences differ based on demographic variables. This research is part of a bi-national study that investigated the motivations and experiences that MLIS students had with online education, while completing their graduate degree in an American Library Association (ALA)-accredited institution. -- Methodology: The study used an online survey to gather data from Master's degree students enrolled in LIS programs accredited by ALA, a professional association which accredits programs in the US, Puerto Rico, and Canada. The online questionnaire was administered with the assistance of the administration and their student associations of LIS programs. Thirty-six programs from Canada and the US were represented by the 1,038 students who responded to the online survey. Respondents who had taken and completed at least one online course constituted the sample (n=910) that was used for analysis and the reporting of the results. -- Results: The findings show that there were five statistically significant indicators associated with preferred instructional delivery for MLIS core courses: age (generational cohort), employment status, metro status, commute distance, and program modality. The results show that younger students who had part-time employment, resided in urban areas, and lived closer to the campus showed greater preference for a course delivery mode that required some form of in-person instruction (face-to-face or blended) than their older peers who had full-time employment, resided in rural areas, and lived farther from campus.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509810555The survival of business in a scenario of accelerated globalization and increasing competition depends on its degree of competitiveness of the business. In this aspect, the comparison among the world’s best standards is fundamental for the improvement of industrial and commercial practices. Canada is an excellent example and parameter to use as a comparison in the Softwood Lumber industry with Brazil´s industry. The aim of this paper was to compare and to explain the competitive Softwood Lumber markets between Brazil and Canada. For this purpose, the methodologies used were: Index of Revealed Comparative Advantage and Regression Analysis for comparison and explanation of competitiveness, respectively. The results indicated that, besides Canada is more competitive than Brazil, the Brazilian competitiveness in the market for softwood lumber is more dependent on the exchange rate.

O presente artigo analisa os modos como os descendentes de imigrantes portugueses no Canadá, tendo crescido neste país mas sob a influência das suas raízes portuguesas, concebem, formulam e negociam as suas identidades por meio dos desportos favoritos dos dois países a que estão ligados - o futebol, no caso de Portugal; o hóquei no gelo, no caso do Canadá. As conclusões apresentadas baseiam-se em dados empíricos recolhidos mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas e conversas informais com luso-descendentes durante um período de trabalho de campo que decorreu entre 2 de outubro e 5 de novembro de 2009 nas cidades canadianas de Toronto, Otava-Gatineau e Montreal.This paper examines the ways descendants of Portuguese immigrants in Canada, raised under the shroud of their ­Portugal ancestry, contemplate, formulate and negotiate their identities via the two primary sporting pastimes of the two countries: soccer, in the case of Portugal; ice hockey, in the case of Canada. The findings presented in this article are based on empirical data collected through semis-structured interviews and casual conversations with Portuguese-Canadian descendants during a fieldwork period that took place from October 2nd to November 5th of 2009 in the Canadian cities of Toronto, Ottawa-Gatineau and Montreal.

In the USA and Canada, there has been considerable effort on the part of program providers of professional degrees in Library and Information Science to expand job opportunities for graduates of their programs beyond the traditional placement in libraries. This has led to the development of specializations in topics such as Data Curation and Data Analysis. In other cases, new degrees in Information Management and Knowledge Management have been developed and offered in the effort of improving job placement results of graduates. Expanding placement opportunities for graduates of programs educating information professionals is often referred to as developing alternative career opportunities to the traditional jobs for information professionals in libraries and related organizations such as archives and museums. Such programs often focus on the broader term information and promote education and research for the information professions beyond the traditional LIS professions in libraries and related institutions. A number of schools no longer offer LIS degrees, but offer degrees in Information instead. This paper examines the patterns of name changes found in degrees and programs in schools with American Library Association accredited programs and presents an analysis of the reported impact on alternative and/or new career opportunities on the graduates specifically with Information Management degrees. Suggestions are made for further research needed to determine the success of these new degrees as well as issues related to the relevance of accreditation of programs by the American Library Association in the context of the changes taking place in LIS education.

Als Estats Units i el Canadà s'han posat en marxa nombroses iniciatives per part dels centres acadèmics que ofereixen plans d'estudis en Biblioteconomia i Documentació per tal d'obrir el ventall d'oportunitats laborals als seus titulats més enllà de les tradicionals biblioteques. Aquestes iniciatives han donat lloc a l'aparició d'especialitzacions en àmbits com la custòdia d'informació i l'anàlisi d'informació. En altres casos s'han creat nous títols en Gestió de la Informació i Gestió del Coneixement amb la finalitat de millorar les oportunitats laborals dels titulats. Sovint, la millora del ventall d'oportunitats laborals per a titulats de programes de formació de professionals de la informació es coneix també com a In the USA and Canada, there has been considerable effort on the part of program providers of professional degrees in Library and Information Science to expand job opportunities for graduates of their programs beyond the traditional placement in libraries. This has led to the development of specializations in topics such as Data Curation and Data Analysis. In other cases, new degrees in Information Management and Knowledge Management have been developed and offered in the effort of improving job placement results of graduates. Expanding placement opportunities for graduates of programs educating information professionals is often referred to as developing alternative career opportunities to the traditional jobs for information professionals in libraries and related organizations such as archives and museums. Such programs often focus on the broader term information and promote education and research for the information professions beyond the traditional LIS professions in libraries and related institutions. A number of schools no longer offer LIS degrees, but offer degrees in Information instead. This paper examines the patterns of name changes found in degrees and programs in schools with American Library Association accredited programs and presents an analysis of the reported impact on alternative and/or new career opportunities on the graduates specifically with Information Management degrees. Suggestions are made for further research needed to determine the success of these new degrees as well as issues related to the relevance of accreditation of programs by the American Library Association in the context of the changes taking place in LIS education.

The object of this paper is to identify, across time and space, the means by which the First Nations of Canada have been able to adopt the Catholic religion through a feminine prism. After having shown that the spirituality of the religious congregations was chiefly oriented around Catholicism’s feminine figures, the author demonstrates the existence of similarities between traditional rituals of First Nations people and Catholic rituals that may shed light on the amazing strength of these feminine devotions within the practices of First Nations people since the 17th Century. The example of Catherine Tekawhitka, a Mohawk Indian woman who lived in the second half of the 17th Century and was canonized in 2012, evidences the special link between women and the Catholic First Nations’ faith spread across the centuries.

This paper studies the segregationist policies of the Canadian government with respect to the people of Japanese origin in Canada in the context of the Second World War. It also studies the strategies and political alliances of these groups to prevent the disintegration of their communities and the deportation of its members. The case study of Japanese-Canadians helps to illuminate the emergence in Canada of a broader fight for Human Rights.

This article deals with the political campaigns over access to political rights in Canada, undertaken by immigrants from the British colonial rule of India (especially Punjab, India) in the context of World War II and the immediate postwar period. The purpose of the paper is to show the arguments and strategies used by political actors - especially the immigrants themselves - who mobilized the discourse of political rights and human rights to raise awareness, get their support and reconfigure the notion of "citizenship" in post-war’s Canada.

The paper presents and discusses the travel notes diary of Canadian scientist Robert J. Wilson when he visited Brazil in April 1967 during the Smallpox Eradication Programme run by the World Health Organisation. Wilson's report makes it possible to reflect on the smallpox eradication campaign in Brazil; on the Canada-Brazil cooperation to improve the quality of the smallpox vaccine; on his assessment by of scientists and Brazilian laboratories; on the effects of intersections between scientific activity and social and cultural activities; on the role played by specialist communities of experts role in international scientific cooperation projects; and on a Canadian traveller's concepts and prejudices about Brazil at the end of the 1960s.Apresenta e comenta o diário de viagem ao Brasil do cientista canadense Robert J. Wilson em abril de 1967, no âmbito do Programa de Erradicação da Varíola dirigido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. O relato de Wilson possibilita reflexões sobre a campanha de erradicação da varíola no Brasil; a cooperação Canadá-Brasil para a melhoria da qualidade da vacina antivariólica; a avaliação de Wilson acerca de cientistas e laboratórios brasileiros; os efeitos das interseções entre atividade científica e atividades sociais e culturais; o papel das comunidades de especialistas em empreendimentos de cooperação científica internacional; e os conceitos e preconceitos de um viajante canadense com relação ao Brasil do final da década de 1960.

This paper attempts to fix the parameters of the the debate over decentralisation in France through a study of the situation in the federal States of Canada and the United States of America. After having established the perpetual nature of this debate in North America, we identify what distinguishes the contemporary debate from those in the past. Decentralisation has traditionally been defended by those on the left as a means to enhance the sense of belonging for citizens and as a step on the path towards the creation of new forms of participatory democracy. This leads us to bring to light the strange alliance that has been created on this issue between this left-wing tradition and a right-wing neoliberal political current that sees in decentralisation a way to reduce the presence of the State in the economy. We focus on this paradox and attempt to explain, both from a strategic and a theoretical point of view, why neoliberals have taken hold of the decentralisation issue. This analysis of the decentralisation debate in North America provides lessons for other countries tempted by a similar project, and clarifies some of the issues at stake

Every public art site has a relationship to the history of surrounding areas whether in obscuring social memory or in highlighting certain relationships and events over others. Over the last decade, much of central Vancouver's waterfront, particularly around False Creek (a marine inlet), has been redeveloped with international capital - much of which has been linked to Hong Kong. Several large redevelopment areas have involved close cooperation in urban design processes between `the city' and `the developer'. In these megaprojects, public art has emerged as a more substantial and stable urban amenity while becoming less overtly ideological and associated with democratic public space. In this part of North America, such relatively public art projects have become almost iconographic for economic and social changes associated with globalization. Contentious historical information has tended to be censored - particularly around a range of non-European communities and events over the last century involving social conflict. In the same period, outdoor art has been increasingly used as a part of strategies to reclaim public space and attempts to democratize it. These two kinds and functions of public art have tended to be used for divergent experiences of the relationships of history to the present, of public space and the existence of and responses to social conflict, and of `sense of place'. Six public art sites, with four built, along the north shore of False Creek, in central Vancouver, are analyzed in terms of their cultural, urban and spatial politics and, in particular, in terms of contemporary tensions around the extent of aboriginal presence before and after the arrival of Europeans, the multiracial and multicultural origins and character of the city, contamination with toxic chemicals, violence against women, and the AIDS pandemic. A method for better analyzing the cultural politics of public art sites (and the design processes that were central to their creation) is outlined along with a framework for considering sites with a broader mosaic with a sort of (cultural) landscape ecology. Certain newer cities such as Vancouver put as much if not more of their resources in public art into obliterating and obscuring reminders of social memory than in more carefully highlighting diverse experiences. In comparison to other cities of its size (2 million), Vancouver has a relatively low number of public art sites though the costs for many of the newer works, especially those associated with redevelopment involving `off-shore' capital, are relatively high. In this paper, I discuss some of the mechanisms at work around the functions of public art in city-owned spaces in central Vancouver. I also reflect on being a member, appointed by City Council in early 1999, of the City of Vancouver Public Art Committee.