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This chapter describes the concept of paper space. Covered are the primary reasons for using paper space, how to get in/out of paper space, and how to set up title blocks (layouts), viewports and their properties, viewport scale assignments, controlling what is visible in viewports, setting up text and dim styles in viewports, and the annotative concept.

This chapter mainly focuses on the recent developments made in rapid detection of cancer cells using novel paper-based analytical devices (PADs). Due to their simplicity, portability and biocompatibility, PADs have gained great attention in recent years for rapid detection of biomarkers. Since cancer has become an increasing worldwide concern, there stands an imminent requirement for minimally invasive detection and monitoring techniques. The progress made in paper-based detection of cancer biomarkers has proven to hold great potential for the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices for early detection of tumor cells. In this chapter, after an introduction on paper diagnosis, we will provide a brief explanation on the fabrication methods used for PADs. Then recently developed sensors based on colorimetric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence (CL), electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques will be elaborated. In the end, current limitations and problems hindering the commercialization of paper-based sensors will be pointed out.

This chapter presents and discusses the most usual methodologies for colorimetric detection on paper-based analytical devices (PADs). State of the art associated with pioneering, popularity, physical aspect, surface modifications, instrumental and instrumental-free colorimetric measurements are carefully presented. Moreover, a side-by-side comparison among the most usual colorimetric detection modes on PADs was performed using a well-known complexometric reaction model. The pros and cons were discussed to show their advantages for chemical analysis.

Herein, we describe the development of a paper-based device to detect nucleic acids of pathogens of interest in complex samples using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) by producing a colorimetric response visible to the human eye. To demonstrate the utility of this device in emerging public health emergencies, we developed and optimized our device to detect SARS-CoV-2 in human saliva without preprocessing. The resulting device was capable of detecting the virus within 60 min and had an analytical sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100% with a limit of detection of 200 genomic copies/μL of patient saliva using image analysis. The device consists of a configurable number of reaction zones constructed of Grade 222 chromatography paper separated by 20 mil polystyrene spacers attached to a Melinex® backing via an ARclean® double-sided adhesive. The resulting device is easily configurable to detect multiple targets and has the potential to detect a variety of pathogens simply by changing the LAMP primer sets.

Paper-based microfluidic devices have undergone rapid development and offered a promising low-cost platform for disease diagnostics in poor-resource areas. Recently, paper-hybrid microfluidic devices have attracted much attention and been applied in various low-cost point-of-care testings, due to multiple merits derived from both paper and other substrates. This chapter summarizes the recent progress of low-cost paper and paper-hybrid microfluidic devices for rapid diagnostics of human diseases. The commonly used fabrication techniques are first introduced, and the applications of numerous paper and paper-hybrid microfluidic devices are then elaborated with an emphasis on rapid disease diagnostics in terms of the nature of biomolecules in three major categories, namely, protein-, gene-, and cell-based diagnostics. Both advantages and disadvantages of using these devices are discussed, followed by the perspectives for broad applications in low-cost diagnostics.

A simple cellulosic (C6H10O5)n substance, paper has many applications in addition to its use in writing, painting, and packaging. Papers have long been used in analytical chemistry; however, recently, their use in the development of cheaper portable sensors and energy storage devices has been explored. These paper-based environmental sensing devices are providing faster and simpler contaminant detection, along with the removal of sample storage and transportation. In addition to chemical pollutant detectors, the paper-based sensors are also being developed for the gases and volatile compounds. Such paper-based sensors will be very useful in rapid detection of toxic gases during any emergency. . These easy and cheap paper-based devices will be very useful for the developing countries, where environmental pollution concentration is very high and the sophisticated analytical laboratories are not easily accessible. Along with the exponentially increasing in pollution level, our energy demands have also increased by the same pace. Modern-day electronic devices and electric vehicles need robust energy storage devices, and our conventional batteries are not efficient for it. Therefore the supercapacitor has emerged as a solution to this problem; it is a rechargeable, high energy density and quick-release energy storage device, and the use of paper in its development let it to be used in deformable electronic devices.

This work was supported by the research group "Ciencia y Cultura del Patrimonio"(HUM-1057) and the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad in the framework of the I + D research project "Nuevas alternativas al conocimiento de los materiales y los procesos de conservacion y restauracion de obra grafica y patrimonio documental"(REF.MAT2014-58659-P). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA., This study offers a new tool to restorers to bleach paper documents: artificial light radiation (ALR). It is a controlled method that is an alternative to other highly aggressive procedures that have been applied to cellulose based media. Its main novelty is its intrinsic lighting characteristics which guarantee uniformity and avoid heating the paper. The results of testing this new tool were compared to those of bleaching with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Each of the two methods was applied to five different types of widely used paper: Arches and Somerset (brands serving for engraving and digital printing), Ingres (drawing), press-type (magazines and newspapers) and Bible-type (historical documents). Once characterised by physico-mechanical, chemical and optical parameters (grammage, thickness, specular gloss, optical properties, air permeance, tensile properties, determining the pH of both surface and aqueous extracts), the different papers were bleached by the two methods according to pre-established criteria. Finally, to determine the evolution and effects of the two treatments, the papers were subjected to accelerated ageing., Research group "Ciencia y Cultura del Patrimonio" HUM-1057, Spanish Government MAT2014-58659-P, Universidad de Granada/CBUA

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, so-called μPADs, were presented for the first time by Whitesides and colleagues in 2007. Since then, several research groups have focused on designing, synthesizing, and investigating the role of microfluidic paper-based devices in different applications including biosensors, drug delivery, gene delivery, and so on. In this chapter, we focused on different aspects of them, to provide an applicable perspective as well as review the recent advances in this field.

The handling of cultural heritage objects has become a highly debated topic in the last decade. The work and outcomes described in this paper are aimed to provide objective data to assist in making appropriate decisions as to whether or not wearing gloves is appropriate in a given situation. The forensic fingermark development techniques of 1,2-indandione and single metal deposition II were used to investigate the efficacy of handwashing and glove use to improve the information available when deciding whether to use gloves when handling paper objects. It was found that fingermarks did not permeate through polymer glove types but could through cotton gloves. It was also shown that the amounts of observable fingermark residues were greater 5 min after handwashing than if handwashing had not occurred, undermining previous arguments for not wearing gloves if hands could be washed before object handling., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Fingermarks can be transferred onto paper even after washing hand. • Developed fingermark residues initially increase after handwashing. • Handwashing is not sufficient to prevent fingermark contamination of artifacts. • Fingermark residues can be transferred from surfaces to gloves to paper. • Some antibacterial gels can increase the amount of fingermark residue deposited.

Tissue paper is defined by its physical and mechanical properties, namely: high softness, low grammage, high bulk and high liquid absorption capacity. It is expected that the production of tissue paper will continue to grow, which increases the importance of better understanding the processes involved in its production as well as its optimization [1] . The experimental data presented in this article, are the physical-mechanical characterization of a group of 13 industrial base tissue papers, which were collected at the end of the tissue paper machine on Portuguese factories. These samples vary in grammage, composition and creping [2] , enabling a later evaluation of the crepe type [3] and its relationship with the final properties of the tissue paper.

Background: Prognostic models combine several prognostic factors to provide an estimate of the likelihood (or risk) of future events in individual patients, conditional on their prognostic factor values. A fundamental part of evaluating prognostic models is undertaking studies to determine whether their predictive performance, such as calibration and discrimination, is reproduced across settings. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies evaluating prognostic models’ performance are a necessary step for selection of models for clinical practice and for testing the underlying assumption that their use will improve outcomes, including patient's reassurance and optimal future planning. Methods: In this paper, we highlight key concepts in evaluating the certainty of evidence regarding the calibration of prognostic models. Results and Conclusion: Four concepts are key to evaluating the certainty of evidence on prognostic models’ performance regarding calibration. The first concept is that the inference regarding calibration may take one of two forms: deciding whether one is rating certainty that a model's performance is satisfactory or, instead, unsatisfactory, in either case defining the threshold for satisfactory (or unsatisfactory) model performance. Second, inconsistency is the critical GRADE domain to deciding whether we are rating certainty in the model performance being satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Third, depending on whether one is rating certainty in satisfactory or unsatisfactory performance, different patterns of inconsistency of results across studies will inform ratings of certainty of evidence. Fourth, exploring the distribution of point estimates of observed to expected ratio across individual studies, and its determinants, will bear on the need for and direction of future research. © 2021

In this chapter, we have discussed the advancements in the conventional diagnoses and their paradigm shift towards the affordable, sensitive, reliable, user-friendly, and deliverable diagnostics-based approaches. Among various alternatives, paper-based technologies have greatly been acclaimed for delivering sensitive biosensing. Paper being a cheaper and adequate substrate; it has been widely explored for the fabrication of biosensor determining the clinically relevant molecules/biomarkers. This chapter comprehensively describes the properties of paper-based platforms in terms of achieving the sensitive detection followed by the discussion on various adopted biosensing systems including the dipsticks, lateral flow assays (LFA), microfluidic paper-based devices (μ-PAD), and most advanced peripheral accessories assisted paper-based biosensors for clinical detections/diagnoses. Following this section, we have incorporated a brief discussion on commonly used clinical samples and their interaction/behaviour to the paper-based substrates. We have also discussed the prominent challenges associated while handling these clinical samples in the paper-based modules for achieving better analytical performances. The discussion on different strategies for addressing the persisting challenges to paper-based platforms and their recent advancements have also been incorporated to put more insights.

The ideal environmental sensing devices should include following features: autonomous operation; robustness to sustain the extreme environmental stresses, features to undertake quantitative and qualitative measurements with desired sensitivity and reproducibility. The requirement for portable and self-operated devices is crucial in gaining insights to understand potential environmental hazards in all core environments, namely, water, air, land, and biological matrices. There are a variety of environmental contaminants, which require regular monitoring to assess the impacts and to arrive at remedial measures. Several standard analytical techniques are available for monitoring of these contaminants, including laboratory-based spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. These techniques are highly sensitive and selective; however, they are exorbitantly costly, lack portability as they are bulky, and require highly skilled professional operators and laborious operations. Therefore big challenge remains in developing low-cost, portable, and highly efficient field testing devices. Recently microfluidics has evolved as a reliable technology for affordable and portable detection platforms. Recent efforts to develop microfluidic devices mainly focused on the development of integrated microfluidic devices by incorporating fluidic components and analytical and detection techniques into single platform. Tailored microfluidic devices are being developed to address a variety of applications, including determination of air, water, and food quality and detection of pathogens, biofilms, and environmental contaminants. Paper-based microfluidic devices have been developed recently to reduce the cost and due to other advantageous features such as disposability, portability, and requirements of low volume of samples. The chapter offers a comprehensive insight into recent developments pertaining to materials and techniques for detection and fabrication of paper-based microfluidic devices.

Paper-based sensing platforms are one of the most powerful tools for point-of-care diagnostics. The ease of use while ensuring low production costs of such devices is the key for paper-based technologies to find their way to a successful commercialization. Thus, all steps in the analytical process chain from sample interface, sample preparation, signal amplification to signal transduction and data analysis have to be integrated in a single diagnostic platform. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview on recent developments towards integrated paper-based platforms in academia and industry. Herein, innovative solutions are discussed with respect to their sampling methods such as invasive and non-invasive approaches. We also address the requirements and challenges for the sampling and analysis of the different body fluids. Finally, we present our views about the future perspectives, challenges, and opportunities of the integrated paper-based devices.

This chapter describes the importance of PADs for biomarker detection. The screening of disease markers and other biomolecules that related to health conditions have play important roles for an indication of the risk from infections and other diseases. Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) is an excellent option for applications of biomarker detection because it contains all advantages which arise from the paper material. Moreover, the uncomplicated techniques including electrochemistry and colorimetry can be easily applied on PADs for the analytical detection. The detection method can be categorized into three main topics: enzymatic methods, immunoassays, and DNA sensors. Following the main context, other interesting applications also present in this chapter.

In the last decade, electrochemical paper-based (bio)sensors have garnered much attention in the sensing field thanks to their cost-effectiveness, easiness to use, and miniaturisation. Besides these characteristics in common with the other electrochemical (bio)sensors, the features of paper such as foldability and porosity have opened new unprecedented electrochemical (bio)sensor configurations allowing for reagent-free measurements, origami-like set-up, and the absence of sample treatment. In addition, after the measure, the device can be burned reducing the waste management with relevant decrease of cost analysis in case of biological fluids or warfare agents. Herein, we report how we have exploited the features of paper to design smart biosensors able to treat the sample, to contain any reagent needed for the measurement, and to make the measurement delivering novel paper-based lab-on-a-chip devices.

The development and implementation of paper-based sensing devices rely on the ability to mass-produce these platforms at a low cost and in large quantities. This chapter describes the most commonly used printing methods to fabricate paper-based sensors and biosensors with embedded chemical and biological recognition elements and physical transducers. Methods to produce consumer-ready prototypes that are easy-to-use, affordable and accessible are described with examples of applications in the clinical, food and environmental monitoring fields.

Over the past few years, what might not unreasonably be described as a true revolution has taken place in the field of machine vision, radically altering the way many things had previously been done and offering new and exciting opportunities for those able to quickly embrace and master the new techniques. Rapid developments in machine learning, largely enabled by faster GPU-equipped computing hardware, has facilitated an explosion of machine vision applications into hitherto extremely challenging or, in many cases, previously impossible to automate industrial tasks. Together with developments towards an internet of things and the availability of big data, these form key components of what many consider to be the fourth industrial revolution. This transformation has dramatically improved the efficacy of some existing machine vision activities, such as in manufacturing (e.g. inspection for quality control and quality assurance), security (e.g. facial biometrics) and in medicine (e.g. detecting cancers), while in other cases has opened up completely new areas of use, such as in agriculture and construction (as well as in the existing domains of manufacturing and medicine). Here we will explore the history and nature of this change, what underlies it, what enables it, and the impact it has had - the latter by reviewing several recent indicative applications described in the research literature. We will also consider the continuing role that traditional or classical machine vision might still play. Finally, the key future challenges and developing opportunities in machine vision will also be discussed.

BACKGROUND: Digital models are considered the new standard in the clinical practice of orthodontics. However, they are difficult to use in the absence of a true scale for chairside use during clinical appointments. Therefore, an easy standardized method with true-scale paper print images would be of great utility. The aim of this study was to correlate and compare measurements obtained manually in true-scale paper printed images of digital models with those obtained digitally in the computer. METHODS: Sixty desktop scanned digital models (30 upper and 30 lower) were analyzed. Ortho Insight 3D software was used for generating the printed images on paper and for measuring the digital models. Intercanine width, interpremolar width (first and second), intermolar width (first), and arch length measures were performed with both methods and were correlated and compared. RESULTS: There was a high correlation between measurements performed with both methods. Values obtained from paper print images were lower and showed statistically significant differences (

As society develops, the number of published research articles raises. Besides, the pressure to publish has been increased because the competitiveness between researchers working on similar topics. Although this increment is desirable, it leads to multiple issues. At a reader level, insurmountable barriers to keep up with the state of the art appear. From a publisher perspective, it is a very demanding task to determine which research articles are worth publishing. Automatizing these tasks appears as a core solution. In the case of readers, a previous evaluation of articles would simplify the filtering process. As for publishers, they could perform preliminary selections or estimate the reviewing effort. This paper presents Medical Evaluator System for Scientific Interoperability (MESSI) system to overcome all these issues. It is able to evaluate the novelty and reliability of health-related texts. The novelty calculation is based on previously acquired knowledge after processing more than 500,000 papers. The reliability estimation is based on the reputations of similar articles calculated based on previously defined metrics. Multiple experiments have been addressed to illustrate the viability of the proposal. The obtained results show a good performance that encourage to continue evolving the system. S1751157721000596

This document contains supplemental material for the paper [2] . The notations in this document are the same as in [2] . In particular, we first present here the proof of Theorem 1 in [2] . This theorem expresses the locally most powerful unbiased (LMPU) test, which is a general method for local detection, in the presence of known nuisance parameters. Second, we present here the Matlab code of the LMPU and the generalized LMPU for the special case of detection of a small deviation in the frequency of sinusoidal signals, which arises in various signal processing applications.

We present a computational framework for stability analysis of systems of coupled linear Partial-Differential Equations (PDEs). The class of PDE systems considered in this paper includes parabolic, elliptic and hyperbolic systems with Dirichlet, Neuman and mixed boundary conditions. The results in this paper apply to systems with a single spatial variable. We exploit a new concept of state for PDE systems which allows us to include the boundary conditions directly in the dynamics of the PDE. The resulting algorithms are implemented in Matlab, tested on several motivating and illustrative examples, and the codes have been posted online. Numerical testing indicates the approach has little or no conservatism for a large class of systems and can analyze systems of up to 20 coupled PDEs.

Publisher Summary Recovered paper, or waste paper, can come from a number of different sources, including internally at the paper mill. A number of different terms are used to indicate when in the life cycle of the paper that it is returned for recycling. Recovered paper collection is done in a number of different ways, depending on the type of paper being collected and the source of the paper. In general, preconsumer recycled paper is easier to collect as it tends to be concentrated in specific manufacturing locations and also tends to be much more homogeneous. These collections, often of the form of cuttings, trimmings and over issues, are typically baled and packaged directly at the collection site with little additional processing needed. Paper recycling is a key raw material for the papermaking process, representing a significant portion of the fiber used. However, because of the degradation of the fibers through the papermaking and recycling process, the limit to the amount of paper being recycled is slowly being approached. In addition, there are a number of grades of paper that are currently not recycled and will not be in the foreseeable future. This is particularly true for such personal care products such as toweling and tissue. Future improvements in recycling will need to deal mainly with the fiber quality issues.

Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are simple, convenient, and portable devices that can detect selected substances and quickly display results. PADs are being adopted at increasing rates for use in an expanding array of fields including biochemistry, drug test assaying, and environmental analysis. Compared with traditional analytical methodology, PADs provide several advantages including the following: (1) the capacity for easy mass production; (2) portability; (3) low cost; and (4) small sample volume requirements. These features position PADs as significantly useful tools in rural areas and developing countries, where sophisticated laboratories are limited. In addition to these advantages, PADs offer great potential for integration with the Internet and new artificial intelligence technology. Integrating what may be called “lab-on-a-paper” technology with the Internet of Things offers new opportunities for individuals, in the lab, in the field, and even at home, to carry out advanced examinations and analyses of a variety of things including point-of-care health diagnostics, health status, and environmental quality. In this way, PADs can significantly improve quality of life for a great number of people.

Viral diseases account for a significant portion of global public health expenditure, and the methodologies for their rapid diagnosis are still under development. The existing diagnostic strategies for viral infections are expensive and time-consuming and provide results that may have minimal clinical impact. Hence, there is a significant interest in developing portable and inexpensive diagnostic platforms for various viral diseases and testing at point-of-care (POC) settings. This would help patients in availing timely therapy to avoid future difficulties, thus benefiting the public health sector and helping gather sufficient data for epidemiological studies to put a stop to outbreaks and epidemics involving such diseases. Among the strategies being developed, paper-based diagnostic devices have caught the attention of many researchers owing to advantages like low cost, easy handling, being disposable, and being usable at POC settings. The aim of this review is to discuss the importance of paper-based devices and recent developments in fabrication methodologies.

Data and supplement material of the article “Effectiveness of digital-based interventions for children with mathematical learning difficulties: A meta-analysis” (Benavides-Varela et al.) [1] are presented. Data were collected from studies included in the meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of digital-based interventions for children with mathematical learning difficulties compared to control conditions in group-designed randomized controlled trials. Literature search, inclusion criteria and coding procedure are described. PRISMA flow-chart is reported to summarize the literature search and coding of all the relevant characteristics of the primary studies is made available. This allows other researchers to easily access to the information needed to evaluate the studies and to use these data in future meta-analyses. However, researchers are highly recommended to refer to the original papers in order to check studies suitability to their own criteria. Moreover, in the supplemental material all the information needed to reproduce the meta-analysis results is reported together with the R code syntax. Data and supplemental material are available online ( https://osf.io/ajdnv/ ).

In this chapter, a staple-based electrochemical platform is developed as a simple and low-cost detection system for paper-based devices. This system incorporates stainless steel staples as electrodes with the staple acting as working electrode modified with carbon ink. A simple PDMS platform is employed to embed the connections. A paper strip, sealed with printed wax barriers, is used as sample container. The advantages of the platform are demonstrated through studies performed with ferrocene carboxylic acid, a common redox probe. This is an out-of-box application of staples, a low-cost material that can be employed for quantitative purposes. This is one example of development of low-cost analysis, which can be performed using simple yet precise and accurate electroanalytical platforms that allow decentralization of analysis.

Since the discovery of the paper, around A.D. 105 during the Han Dynasty in China, it has enabled an assortment of versatile applications. In Analytical Chemistry, the paper has emerged as a powerful tool to bolster the development of sensing platforms. A pivotal breakthrough was a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD), an analytical platform assembled on paper or nitrocellulose, which enables low-cost sensor technologies suited for analyzsing complex samples (including sample pretreatment, mixing, separation, and analysis). In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in publications involving the development of paper-based sensing platforms due to the remarkable properties of cellulose, which include versatile chemical functionalization capabilities, biocompatibility, high thermal stability for robust applications, and high mechanical strength to resist wear and tear. However, the most desirable attribute of paper substrate for sensing devices is capillary for fluid transport. At first, µPADs explored predominantly colorimetric detection, which led to less accurate results due to reduced sensitivity. Under these circumstances, electrochemical paper-based devices (ePADs) have emerged as an appealing alternative considering their portability, inexpensive instrumentation, high sensitivity, and capability of miniaturization. This chapter approaches how the field of ePADs has grown since its emergence a decade ago as well as properties of different types of paper, fabrication methods relevant to ePADs with more focus given to hydrophobic channels and electrodes, and new applications of ePADs in the fields of clinical diagnostics and environmental testing.

Insight-HXMT is the first Chinese X-ray astronomical mission, launched successfully on June 15, 2017, from China's Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. Insight-HXMT was designed to have a broad energy coverage in X-rays, from 1-250 keV, with excellent timing and adequate energy resolution at soft X-rays, and the largest effective area at hard X-rays. Here, we present a collection of papers of the Journal of High Energy Astrophysics on the Early Results of China's 1st X-ray Astronomy Satellite Insight-HXMT. These papers cover the in-orbit performance, the background model, and all calibration results, together with several first results on observations of binaries and details on the Galactic plane survey., Comment: Published to introduce a set of 20+ papers from the HXMT collaboration. Most of the referred papers can be accessed in astro-ph already, and all will be avaialble from JHEAp's webpage too, at https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-high-energy-astrophysics/special-issue/10B0FLKPH6C

Large material usage and high production cost restrict the widespread use of solar cells in our society as a clean energy source. A feasible way toward inexpensive solar cells is root in our ability to fabricate solar cells on cheap substrates as the substrate represents 25%–60% of total material costs in current solar cells. Recent efforts to develop solar cells on low cost, flexible, renewable, biodegradable, and versatile paper have rendered encouraging and intriguing results. Paper can not only be taken as a promising substrate to support various solar cells, but also can act as functional elements such as light management layer to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells. The following sections summarize up-to-date progress on the solar cells fabricated on both common and emerging paper substrates and identify the major challenges for paper solar cells that need to be overcome before they can move from the laboratory to industry. Among these reports, a highest 6.7% PCE to date for solar cells on common paper is reported. Paper solar cells demonstrated their potential application in low-cost and disposable paper electronics as a power source. Possible applications include gadgets, product tracking, smart parcels, security identification, and copy protect.

Renewable energy production throughout low-voltage grids has gradually increased in electrical distribution systems, therefore introducing small energy producers - prosumers. This paradigm challenges the traditional unidirectional energy distribution flow to include disperse power production from renewables. To understand how energy usage can be optimized in the dynamic electrical grid, it is important to understand the behavior of prosumers and their impact on the grid’s operational procedures. The main focus of this study is to investigate how grid operators can obtain an automatic data-driven system for the low-voltage electrical grid management, by analyzing the available grid topology and time-series consumption data from a real-life test area. The aim is to argue for how different consumer profiles, clustering and prediction methods contribute to the grid-related operations. Ultimately, this work is intended for future research directions that can contribute to improving the trade-off between systematic and scalable data models and software computational challenges. This work is financially supported by the Danish project RemoteGRID, which is a ForskEL program under Energinet.dk with grant agreement no. 2016-1-12399.

An immunoassay is a biochemical test based on the interaction between antibodies and their corresponding antigens. The traditional immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, are sensitive and specific in various research fields, including food safety, clinical diagnosis, and environment monitoring. However, these methods often suffer from some drawbacks, such as relying on expensive instruments and skillful technicians, and thus are hard to apply in developing countries. To address these issues, paper-based immunoassays provide an alternative solution by means of an affordable, portable, and accessible strategy in various application fields. This chapter presents the strategies of paper-based immunoassays based on different detection methods (e.g., colorimetric, thermal, electrochemical, and magnetic). Moreover, we also review the advances in paper-based immunoassays, including signal amplification strategies, automatic detections, and semiquantification or quantification. At last, we summarize the future development tendency of paper-based immunoassay in this chapter.

This paper introduces a novel enzymatic fuel cell design that employs cellulose paper-based quasi-2D microfluidic system to supply biofuel to the enzymatic layer. The state of the art nanoarchitectural design, employing carbon nanotube-based papers for the bioelectrodes, allows a single cell to maintain 400 mV for 16 days of continuous operation in glucose solution and reach 1 mA of current output. Stacks of cells connected in series show successful performance using glucose in Gatorade® resulting in stack-cell potential of 1.8 V, employed to power a digital clock for 36 h, continuously. These designs open the possibility for obtaining enzymatic fuel cells that can run small portable devices on easily available ubiquitous liquids while addressing environmental concerns that are prevalent in traditional fuel cells. Keywords: Enzyme, Bioelectrodes, Enzymatic biofuel cells, Microfluidic system, Capillary driven flow, Bucky paper

[EN] In this work, we present a dataset which provides information on the scientific program of a set conferences of Machine Learning. Data were extracted from the IEEE Xplore Digital Library and the official web site of the International Conference on Machine Learning Applications (ICMLA). We include data of four different editions (from 2014 to 2017). Web scrapping techniques were used to mine the data contained in these web sites. The dataset covers 448 papers presented in the conference and every paper contains 6 attributes including information about the thematic session in which they were presented in the conference. The dataset is hosted in the Mendeley Dataset Repository., This work was partially supported by IDEIAGEOCA Research Group of the Universidad Politecnica Salesiana. This work also has been supported by the EU (FEDER) and the Spanish MINECO under grant TIN2015-69175-C4-1-R, and by Generalitat Valenciana PROMETE0112019/018.

The classification of science into disciplines is at the heart of bibliometric analyses. While most classifications systems are implemented at the journal level, their accuracy has been questioned, and paper-level classifications have been considered by many to be more precise. However, few studies investigated the difference between journal and the paper classification systems. This study addresses this gap by comparing the journal- and paper-level classifications for the same set of papers and journals. This isolates the effects of classification precision (i.e., journal- or paper-level) to reveal the extent of paper misclassification. Results show almost half of papers could be misclassified in journal classification systems. Given their importance in the construction and analysis of bibliometric indicators, more attention should be given to the robustness and accuracy of these disciplinary classifications schemes.

The design of appropriate diagnostic assays for the point of care requires development of suitable biosensors, detection methods, and diagnostic platforms for sensitive, quantitative detection of biological analytes. Protein targets in particular are especially challenging to detect quantitatively and sensitively due to the lack of amplification strategies akin to nucleic acid amplification. However, recent advances in transducer and biosensor design, new detection labels, and paper-based microfluidics may realize the goal of sensitive, fast, portable, and low-cost protein detection. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry, optics, and engineering advances that may be leveraged to design such a sensitive protein diagnostic assay. The binding kinetics, mechanisms of binding in porous networks, and potential transducers are explained in detail. We discuss the relative merits of various optical detection strategies, potential detection labels, optical readout approaches, and image-processing techniques that are amenable to point-of-care use. To conclude, we present a systematic analysis of potential approaches to enhance the sensitivity of paper-based assays. The assay development framework presented here provides bioassay developers a strategy to methodically enhance the sensitivity and point-of-care suitability of protein diagnostics.

In this paper, we introduce a framework for processing genetics and genomics literature, based on ontologies and lexical resources from the biomedical domain. The main objective is to support the diagnosis process that is done by medical geneticists who extract knowledge from published works. We constructed a pipeline that gathers several genetics- and genomics-related resources and applies natural language processing techniques, which include named entity recognition and relation extraction. Working on a corpus created from PubMed abstracts, we built a knowledge database that can be used for processing medical records written in Spanish. Given a medical record from Uruguayan healthcare patients, we show how we can map it to the database and perform graph queries for relevant knowledge paths. The framework is not an end user application, but an extensible processing structure to be leveraged by external applications, enabling software developers to streamline incorporation of the extracted knowledge. Keywords: Controlled vocabulary, Natural language processing, Genomics, Automated pattern recognition, Publications, Medical records

This data article contains data related to the research article entitled, “Solving the multi-vehicle multi-covering tour problem” (Pham et al., 2017) [4]. All data of this article was generated from instances kroA100, kroB100, kroC100, kroD100, kroA200, and kroB200 from TSPLIB. It can be downloaded from public repository. This data can be used as benchmarks for the covering tour problem (CTP) variants, such as m-CTP-p, m-CTP, mm-CTP-p, mm-CTP, mm-CTP-o, mm-CTP-wo. We tested our algorithm on these data and results are shown in Pham et al. (2017) [4].

This paper provides tutorial introductions to Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and the concept of hardware compilation - the translation of a high-level programming language directly into a hardware design. As an illustration, a simple stepper motor control program is presented. The research aims of the sensor validation programme are described, and the benefits of using hardware compilation techniques are presented. This leads on in the conclusion of the paper to a more general discussion of the interaction between research and technology, and in particular the influence of information technology upon control engineering.

Paper is made from a congregation of cellulose fibers that are joined to each other by hydrogen bonds. Mechanical and physical properties play a significant role in its runnability and printability, while optical properties play an important role in determining image quality of the print. Print quality can be evaluated objectively through print quality analysis and subjectively using panel or visual ranking of print attributes. Objective print quality analysis uses instruments to determine print characteristics and attributes, which have an impact on perception of print quality. On the other hand, subjective visual assessment allows print quality to be ranked on human perception of print quality. In this article, the runnability, printability and current techniques to evaluate printed image are presented. Recently developed test methods to characterize paper properties, along with more sophisticated image analysis equipment and algorithms, will allow better prediction of print quality.

The Workshop on Advances in Knowledge Extraction and Re-engineering of Software (WAKERS) was held at the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies (STIAS) in Stellenbosch, South Africa from January 23rd until January 26th, 2017. The workshop was specifically designed to bring together researchers and practitioners from the software reengineering and knowledge extraction communities in order to foster collaboration between these research communities.

The three dimensional (3D) forming of paperboard fills a niche in the fabrication of packaging which needs to meet strong demands on visual quality, strength, stiffness and shape diversity. In the recent past, capabilities of package-making from paperboard through 3D-forming have seen remarkable process development and an expansion of forming limits. This article aims to provide an overview of known and new or modified 3D-forming technologies, and the basic geometrical and physical relations enabling the forming of paper and board within these technological approaches. The emerging new limits in geometrical and functional design of packaging made of paperboard are provided as a guideline in paper packaging.