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The printing process of box packaging paper can generate volatile organic compounds, resulting in odors that impact product quality and health. An efficient, objective, and cost-effective detection method is urgently needed. We utilized a self-developed electronic nose system to test four different cigarette packaging paper samples. Employing multivariate statistical methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Statistical Quality Control (SQC), and Similarity-based Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), we analyzed and processed the collected data. Comprehensive evaluation and quality control models were constructed to assess sample stability and distinguish odors. Results indicate that our electronic nose system rapidly detects odors and effectively performs quality control. By establishing models for quality stability control, we successfully identified samples with acceptable quality and those with odors. To further validate the system's performance and extend its applications, we collected two types of cigarette packaging paper samples with odor data. Using data augmentation techniques, we expanded the dataset and achieved an accuracy rate of 0.9938 through classification and discrimination. This highlights the significant potential of our self-developed electronic nose system in recognizing cigarette packaging paper odors and odorous samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Public Procurement is currently a voluntary instrument to promote Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy. Surveys in this field help to understand how individual States, Public Authorities and Organizations, are approaching this voluntary instrument and thus how far they support Eco-Innovations and Sustainable Economy. Our survey focuses on mapping of units of local self-governments in the Slovak Republic that carried out Green Public Procurement in the category of paper products through the Electronic Contracting System (ECS) in 2017. We consider local self-government units to be major consumers of paper products, especially because of their extensive administration, what makes them a target group to promote the use of Green Public Procurement in a given category in practice. The total number of contracts awarded through the ECS in 2017 was 471. As the results show, the share of Green Public Procurements in the total number of Public Procurements in the Slovak Republic in 2017 was not satisfactory. In order to improve the situation, it is necessary to further deepen the targeted dissemination of examples of good practice in Green Public Procurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanically transformative electronic systems (TESs) built using gallium have emerged as an innovative class of electronics due to their ability to switch between rigid and flexible states, thus expanding the versatility of electronics. However, the challenges posed by gallium's high surface tension and low viscosity have substantially hindered manufacturability, limiting high-resolution patterning of TESs. To address this challenge, we introduce a stiffness-tunable gallium-copper composite ink capable of direct ink write printing of intricate TES circuits, offering high-resolution (~50 micrometers) patterning, high conductivity, and bidirectional soft-rigid convertibility. These features enable transformative bioelectronics with design complexity akin to traditional printed circuit boards. These TESs maintain rigidity at room temperature for easy handling but soften and conform to curvilinear tissue surfaces at body temperature, adapting to dynamic tissue deformations. The proposed ink with direct ink write printing makes TES manufacturing simple and versatile, opening possibilities in wearables, implantables, consumer electronics, and robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Registrars in specialisation training programmes encounter numerous difficulties in completing the research component of the Master of Medicine degree. Poor patient record-keeping hinders the research process. Objectives. To investigate current types of medical patient record-keeping systems (electronic v. paper) in training health facilities, and the effect data accessibility has on specialist training and research. Methods. This was a mixed-methods study that included both descriptive and analytical components. Of 610 postgraduate students enrolled in the University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences Master of Medicine programme, 168 completed a cross-sectional survey to collect data and 11 did follow-up interviews. The survey and interviews explored issues related to medical record-keeping in the participants' department or hospital, emphasising their experiences with data access while conducting research. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the qualitative data were analysed thematically. Ethical approval was obtained from the institution's Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. Results. Of the 168 participants, 94 (56%) reported that problems with data access hindered their research, while 56 (33%) indicated that data access did not affect their research. Only 30 participants (18%) had no difficulty in obtaining data for their research, while the rest (n=138; 82%) experienced varying degrees of difficulty. A total of 110 participants (65%) indicated that paper-based record-keeping was mainly being used in their department or hospital, while electronic record-keeping was reported by the rest (n=58; 35%). Many (n=125; 74%) expressed the need to improve hospital data management practices, and 39 (23%) reported that plans were being implemented to improve these practices. Participants expressed frustration with regard to accessing data even in departments that used electronic systems, and they raised concerns regarding data security. Conclusion. The migration to electronic patient record-keeping has not yet been implemented in many hospitals, with poor patient record-keeping affecting training and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low‐temperature technology for fabricating thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is essential for the realization of electronic systems on flexible substrates. Presently reviewed are improved techniques for forming the source/drain regions and reducing the population of channel defects in a metal‐oxide TFT. These have been applied to the construction of different TFT structures, including ones with bottom gate, top gate, and dual gates. The utility of the improved 300‐°C technology has been demonstrated by the realization of a variety of electronic systems, such as a gate‐driver on array for active‐matrix displays, an analog front‐end for acquiring biopotential signals, and an artificial neural network for neuromorphic computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a study of notetaking in university courses, we found that the large majority of students prefer paper to computer-based media like Tablet PCs for taking notes and making annotations. Based on this finding, we developed CoScribe, a concept and system which supports students in making collaborative handwritten annotations on printed lecture slides. It includes mechanisms for the paper-based sharing and semantic tagging of annotations and slides. Moreover, we present a novel visualization of shared handwritten annotations providing an integrated access to annotations from all learners. The results of a user study indicate that CoScribe efficiently supports student annotation and can be easily integrated into current annotation practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report results concerning the use of paper as substrate and as an electronic component for the next generation of sustainable low cost electronic systems, where different examples of applications are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on using RGB-D images and modifying an existing machine learning network architecture to generate predictions of the location of successfully grasped objects and to optimize the control system for state delays. A five-finger gripper designed to mimic the human palm was tested to demonstrate that it can perform more delicate missions than many two- or three-finger grippers. Experiments were conducted using the 6-DOF robot arm with the five-finger and two-finger grippers to perform at least 100 actual machine grasps, and compared to the results of other studies. Additionally, we investigated state time delays and proposed a control method for a robot manipulator. Many studies on time-delay systems have been conducted, but most focus on input and output delays. One reason for this emphasis is that input and output delays are the most commonly occurring delays in physical or electronic systems. An additional reason is that state delays increase the complexity of the overall control system. Finally, it was demonstrated that our network can perform as well as a deep network architecture with little training data and omitting steps, such as posture evaluation, and when combined with the hardware advantages of the five-finger gripper, it can produce an automated system with a gripping success rate of over 90%. This paper is an extended study of the conference paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronics on paper enable some specific applications out of conventional ones which require innovative approaches and concepts on the design of devices and systems. Within this context, this work demonstrates that a unique set of characteristics can be combined in planar dual-gate oxide-based field effect transistors with a back floating electrode using paper simultaneously as substrate and dielectric. The working principle of these transistors relies on the formation of electric double layers at the semiconductor/paper and paper/back floating electrode interfaces (associated to ions displacement within the paper) that can be disturbed by a voltage applied at a secondary gate, by the back floating potential or by the combination of both. This feature allows for the control of the on-voltage of the transistors, from depletion to enhancement mode, for instance. Moreover, this specific characteristic allows the implementation of universal logic gates (NAND and NOR) using only one transistor, by setting the proper combination of the voltage level applied at each gate. This way a simple and universal device architecture can be envisaged towards the simplification of the production of low power electronic systems on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates flexible and textile electronic concepts bridged to create innovative and free form factor textile electronic systems. In particular, it focuses on oxide thin‐film transistor development on fiber‐like polymeric substrates to assure compatibility with weaving processes and interconnectivity with other fiber‐based electronic components. By process tuning and device engineering, similar performance to oxide TFTs on glass was achieved, even under a low thermal budget (sub‐200 °C). Integration capability is demonstrated through a rollable 46" smart textile lighting system, able to display variable information provided by an external stimuli detection through fiber‐based devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Ministry of Public Health in Lebanon is in the process of converting the surveillance reporting from a cumbersome paper-based system to a web-based electronic platform (DHIS-2) to have real-time information for early detection of alerts and outbreaks and for initiating a prompt response.Objectives: This paper aimed to document the Lebanese experience in implementing DHIS-2 for the disease surveillance system. It also targets to assess the improvement of reporting rates and timeliness of the reported data and to disclose the encountered challenges and opportunities.Methodology: This is a retrospective description of processes involved in the implementation of the DHIS-2 tool in Lebanon. Initially, it was piloted for the school-based surveillance in 2014; then its use was extended in May 2017 to cover other specific surveillance systems. This included all surveillance programs collecting aggregate data from hospitals, medical centers, dispensaries, or laboratories at the first stage. As part of the national roll-out process, the online application was developed. The customized aggregated-based datasets, organization units, user accounts, specific and generic dashboards were generated. More than 80 training sessions were conducted throughout the country targeting 1290 end-users including health officers at the national and provincial levels, focal persons who were working in all public and private hospitals, laboratories, and medical centers as well. Completeness and timeliness of reported data were compared before and after the implementation of DHIS-2. The unveiled challenges and the main lessons learned during the roll-out process were discussed.Results: For laboratory-based surveillance, completeness of reporting increased from 70.8% in May to 89.6% in October. Timeliness has improved from 25 to 74%. For medical centers, an improvement of 8.1% for completeness and 9.4% in timeliness was recorded before and after training sessions. For zero reporting, completeness remains the same (88%) and timeliness has improved from 74 to 87%. The main challenges faced during the implementation of DHIS-2 were mainly infrastructural and system-related in addition to poor internet connectivity, limited workforce, and frequent changes to DHIS-2 versions.Conclusion: Implementation of DHIS-2 improved timeliness and completeness for aggregated data reporting. Continued on-site support, monitoring, and system enhancement are needed to improve the performance of DHIS-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing demand for a filtering system for scientific papers that can be utilized by researchers in business organizations. In conventional paper filtering systems, relevant papers are selected without sufficiently representing the researcher's interest structure, and thus the accuracy of filtering is not satisfactory. The purpose of this paper is to solve this problem and to propose a method of providing a structured representation of the researcher's interests by clustering papers of interest to the researcher. The similarity of newly appearing papers to the structured representation is calculated and the result of filtering is presented with rankings, resulting in both accuracy and convenience of use. With three researchers as the participants, an experimental evaluation of the filtering was performed by an N-fold cross-validation test, using 2 years of papers from proceedings journals in information science. An accuracy of 44% to 69% was achieved, 9.6% to 17.9% higher than the results of a filtering system without clustering used as the baseline. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(12): 1–16, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20664 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed an electronic voting scheme based on one-time ring signature and blockchain to solve the problems of the current e-voting system in terms of anonymity, transparency and open vote-counting. This paper introduced one-time ring signature, blockchain and stealth address technology. The one-time ring signature technology solved the problem of voter anonymity, repeated voting and public verification. The blockchain technology could ensure the openness and transparency of the e-voting system. The one-time ring signature technology could ensure no one or institution could obtain the voting intermediate result before the voting ends. In order to improve the efficiency of vote-counting,it used the method of key sharing to improve the vote-counting algorithm. Through security and performance analysis, the scheme conforms to the basic security standards of an electronic voting system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sustainability and circular economy cover the principles of designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems. Due to global trends (eg. increasing e‐waste and material consumption) and global sustainability goals also electronics industry has to consider how to increase sustainability in its products, operations and service models. VTT has demonstrated sustainable electronic solutions by developing bio‐based and renewable material processing, by utilizing high‐speed printing and hybrid integration manufacturing processes, and by evaluating environmental impact of electronic systems and devices. This paper covers the different aspects of sustainability and highlights solutions demonstrated at VTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Current electronic voting systems are not sufficient to satisfy trustworthy elections as they do not provide any proof or confirming evidence of their honesty. This lack of trustworthiness is the main reason why e-voting is not widespread even though e-voting is expected to be more efficient than the current plain paper voting. Many experts believe that the only way to assure voters that their intended votes are casted is to use paper receipts. In this paper, we propose an efficient scheme for issuing receipts to voters in an e-voting environment using the well-known divide-and-choose method. Our scheme requires neither special printers or scanners, nor frequent observations of voting machines. In addition, our scheme is more secure than the previous schemes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Humidity sensors are indispensable for various electronic systems and instrumentations. To develop a new humidity sensing mechanism is the key for the next generation of sensor technology. In this work, a novel flexible paper-based current humidity sensor is proposed. The developed alternating current electroluminescent devices (ACEL) consist of the electroless plating Ni on filter paper and silver nanowires (AgNWs) as the bottom and upper electrodes, and ZnS:Cu as the phosphor layer, respectively. The proposed humidity sensor is based on ACEL with the paper substrate and the ZnS:Cu phosphor layer as the humidity sensing element. The moisture effect on the optical properties of ACELs has been studied firstly. Then, the processing parameters of the paper-based ACELs such as electroless plated bottom electrode and spin-coated phosphor layer as a function of the humidity-sensitive characteristics are investigated. The sensing mechanism of the proposed sensor has been elucidated based on the Q ~ V analysis. The sensor exhibits an excellent linearity ( R 2 = 0.99965 ) within the humidity range from 20% to 90% relative humidity (RH) and shows excellent flexibility. We also demonstrate its potential application in postharvest preservation where the EL light is used for preservation and the humidity can be monitored simultaneously through the current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The nursing care plan plays an essential role in supporting care provision in Australian aged care. The implementation of electronic systems in aged care homes was anticipated to improve documentation quality. Standardized nursing terminologies, developed to improve communication and advance the nursing profession, are not required in aged care practice. The language used by nurses in the nursing care plan and the effect of the electronic system on documentation quality in residential aged care need to be investigated. Purpose To describe documentation practice for the nursing care plan in Australian residential aged care homes and to compare the quantity and quality of documentation in paper-based and electronic nursing care plans. Methods A nursing documentation audit was conducted in seven residential aged care homes in Australia. One hundred and eleven paper-based and 194 electronic nursing care plans, conveniently selected, were reviewed. The quantity of documentation in a care plan was determined by the number of phrases describing a resident problem and the number of goals and interventions. The quality of documentation was measured using 16 relevant questions in an instrument developed for the study. Results There was a tendency to omit ‘nursing problem’ or ‘nursing diagnosis’ in the nursing process by changing these terms (used in the paper-based care plan) to ‘observation’ in the electronic version. The electronic nursing care plan documented more signs and symptoms of resident problems and evaluation of care than the paper-based format (48.30 vs. 47.34 out of 60, P < 0.01), but had a lower total mean quality score. The electronic care plan contained fewer problem or diagnosis statements, contributing factors and resident outcomes than the paper-based system ( P < 0.01). Both types of nursing care plan were weak in documenting measurable and concrete resident outcomes. Conclusions The overall quality of documentation content for the nursing process was no better in the electronic system than in the paper-based system. Omission of the nursing problem or diagnosis from the nursing process may reflect a range of factors behind the practice that need to be understood. Further work is also needed on qualitative aspects of the nurse care plan, nurses’ attitudes towards standardized terminologies and the effect of different documentation practice on care quality and resident outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of the stiffness and damping of real elastic shafts on the behavior of a multidrive system driving a tissue paper machine is investigated. The drive system consists of four dc motors, where two of them drive the Yankee drying cylinder and the other two drive the presses section. Six-pulse thyristor bridge power converters that are connected to the same power transformer supply the motors. The inertias of the motors and the driven machines, in conjunction with the shaft stiffness, form mechanical resonators. Thus, resonance phenomena may occur, which may lead to undesirable results. This particular case results to two three-mass and one five-mass systems. This paper presents an analysis of the resonance frequencies of two sections of the machine during startup and machine production, considering the shaft stiffness (shaft diameter, length, and thickness). The elastic shafts eliminate the ripple of the motor electromagnetic torque, which is transferred to the driven machine. The behavior of elastic shafts with different stiffness in the transmission system is studied. Moreover, the steady state and dynamic behavior of the system considering the influence of the elastic shafts and vibration analysis were investigated using simulation. A model algorithm for system simulation was developed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Characteristic simulation results are presented and are expressed in terms of speed and torque response. Considering the resonance frequency analysis and simulation results, mechanical design guidelines can be given for the most significant drive components in order to avoid torsional oscillation resonance phenomena and minimize torsional oscillations of the drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to analyze and compare AC microgrid (ACMG) solutions to introduce the topic to new researchers. The methodology used to achieve this goal is a systematic literature review using five questions: (1) How have ACMGs evolved in five years? (2) What are the standards for ACMGs? (3) What are the different schemes for connecting MGs to the utility grid? (4) What are the different control schemes in ACMGs? (5) What is an appropriate way to compare results when working with ACMGs? The articles were published in Q1/Q2 journals as based on either the Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) and/or the Journal Citation Report (JCR) between 2018 and 2022 and were from three databases: (1) Web of Science (WoS), (2) Scopus, and (3) IEEE Xplore. Publications not describing pure ACMGs, review papers, publications not related to the questions, and papers describing work that did not meet a quality assessment were excluded, resulting in 34 articles being included in this review. Results show: (1) the energy sources and AC bus nature of microgrids over five years, (2) the identification and quantification of cited standards for microgrids, (3) the pros and cons of different schemes for connecting an AC microgrid to the main grid, (4) the control schemes, classified in a hierarchical control structure, and (5) the simulation tools and experimental benches used in microgrids. Most studies considered a generic energy source and a low-voltage three-phase AC bus, 16 standards were found, and the most cited standard was IEEE Standard 1547. The most common connection scheme to the utility grid was a direct connection, most of the works proposed a modification to a hierarchical control system scheme, and the most common simulation tool was MATLAB. The preferred experimental setup consisted of parallel inverters for testing a control scheme, a prototype when proposing a power electronic system, and a laboratory microgrid for testing fault detection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Assessment documentation practices are varying across aged care organizations. [•] EHRs produce higher amount and more comprehensive assessment data. [•] Electronic assessment forms are better signed and dated than the paper forms. [•] EHRs need to improve the completeness and timeliness of assessment documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study describes the validation of a new electronic appetite rating system, and a statistical variance model for visual analogue scale (VAS) research. Thirty volunteers rated hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective intake, thirst and liking on 100mm paper VAS and on 70mm electronic VAS presented on a Dell™ Pocket PC, after consuming breakfast, in a repeated trial. The electronic method was comparable in relative accuracy and reproducibility to the paper method, with weak differences between tests (within-subject SD≤14mm). The data obtained were used to generate a model for VAS data variability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are characterized at X-, Ku-, Ka-, and Q-bands by rectangular wave- guide measurements. The scattering parameters (S-parameters) of thin MWNT papers containing a large ensemble of randomly oriented nanotubes are measured by a vector network analyzer from 8 to 50 GHz. A rigorous extraction algorithm has been developed to compute the effective complex permittivity (ϵ = ϵ′ - jϵ″) and permeability (μ = μ′ - jμ″) of the nanotube papers from the measured S-parameters. The extracted effective medium parameters are verified by finite-element simulations using Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The uncertainties for this characterization method are analyzed. The systematic uncertainties are found larger at lower frequencies than at higher frequencies. The extracted conductivity of the nanotube papers is in the range of 810-1500 S/m and the dielectric constant is from 250 to 700. The extracted complex permittivity can be fitted with the Drude-Lorentz model for the 8-50-GHz frequency range. The effective medium theory is then applied to remove the impact of air in the nanotube paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study was performed to explore a new approach to systematization of the management of paper-based clinical pathways by developing a new system requiring little capital investment. A new system was developed and incorporated into an existing network at a hospital with a paper-based clinical pathway management system. The effectiveness of this new system was examined by comparing the management efficiency of clinical pathways before and after its introduction, and by comparison of the new system with other such systems currently in place at other medical institutions with regard to efficiency. In addition, the acceptability of the system for other medical institutions was examined by providing free access to the software on the Internet. The development costs of the new system were low. Although the new system has been in place for more than 3 years, no problems have yet been encountered in either the existing network system or in the management system itself. The new system allows the processing of statistics and analysis of circulation or variance automatically, neither of which were possible in the original paper-based system. We provided open access to the system as free software on the Internet, and it has since been downloaded by many medical institutions and enterprises in Japan. This system is very useful for institutions where it is difficult to introduce expensive new systems for systematic management of clinical pathways, such as electronic medical records, because of problems regarding capital or system management, and it may also be useful in other countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this article, we describe the Interval Manager (INTMAN) software system for collecting time-sampled observational data and present a preliminary application comparing the program with a traditional paper-and-pencil method. INTMAN is a computer-assisted alternative to traditional paper-and-pencil methods for collecting fixed interval time-sampled observational data. The INTMAN data collection software runs on Pocket PC handheld computers and includes a desktop application for Microsoft Windows that is used for data analysis. Standard analysis options include modified frequencies, percent of intervals, conditional probabilities, and kappa agreement matrices and values. INTMAN and a standardized paper-and-pencil method were compared under identical conditions on five dimensions: setup time, duration of data entry, duration of interobserver agreement calculations, accuracy, and cost. Overall, the computer-assisted program was a more efficient and accurate data collection system for time-sampled data than the traditional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an algorithm for generating realistic drawing strokes in real-time that can take on the appearance of pastels, charcoals, or crayons. The similarity between the pigment deposit patterns on paper surfaces produced by pastel strokes and the shadows/shades on illuminated paper surfaces have been investigated. Multiple paper textures have been prepared and the paper surfaces have been ascertained by illumination from various directions to represent strokes in arbitrary directions. These textures have been processed as if they could be used as a height field, and pigments deposited on the paper have been calculated using the height field and tablet inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a democratic regime, voting is crucial to making collective decisions. Unfortunately, although this activity has great significance and value, little effort has been made to improve the way we vote. Paper ballots are still the most used method, although this method is relatively simple, brings many inconveniences, and represents a contradiction to the modern world and its advances. This paper mostly focuses on a review study of blockchain-based voting systems. It aims at identifying the strategies and the guidelines as well as provides a comprehensive end-to-end electronic voting system based on blockchain, with the help of cryptographic techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs to improve privacy. The novelty of this paper is that we tackle the limitations of electronic voting systems found in the literature, including cost, identity management, and scalability problems. Our purpose is to provide key elements for organizations on how to design their proper electronic voting system based on blockchain technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper-based uniplanar ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency-selective surface (UWB FSS) design was developed to achieve UWB radar signal cut-off. The proposed structure includes a unit cell combining a square-loop structure and fan-blades structure arranged on a 0.2 mm-thick paper. Resistive ink was used to introduce a resistive element, thereby securing incident angle stability. To verify the performance of the designed structure, a screen-printing method was used to introduce the conductive patterns and resistive element. The free-space measurement showed that the vertical incident wave has wideband characteristics of 4.5 to 11.4 GHz at −10 dB blocking, with relatively stable polarisation and incident angle stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Paper-based microfluidic device combined with a graphene heater for silicon nanodots synthesis. • Total carbohydrates determination based on fluorescence intensity of the silicon nanodots. • Heater temperature controlled by portable electronic system with wireless communication. We report a simple, rapid, low-resource and one-step method for formation of fluorescent silicon nanodots (SNDs) in a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) incorporated in a reusable, portable and flexible heater for determination of total carbohydrates. The synthesis of SNDs is based on the redox reaction between (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) reagent and carbohydrates, which act as a reducer. The graphene-based heater was fabricated by laser ablation of Kapton polyimide. Thereby, the developed system heat the μPAD during the synthesis of SNDs at 80 °C for 30 min. The blue emitting SNDs formed have an emission peak wavelength at 475 nm. We used a digital camera and smartphone for the quantitative analysis of total carbohydrates expressed such as index of glucose or fructose with grey scale value as the analytical parameter. Under the optimal conditions, the method has a low detection limit (0.80 μM for glucose and 0.51 μM for fructose, respectively), and a linear response (10–200 μM for glucose and 10–100 μM for fructose). The method has been applied to the determination of glucose in biological fluids (serum and urine samples). In addition, determination of total carbohydrates in commercial juices and teas have been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]