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Copyright of Estudios Económicos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medunarodni Problemi is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reviews the way in which Mexico and the European Union (EU) established a strategic partnership. In a globalized world and following the Washington Consensus both signed, in March 2000, a Free Trade Agreement (TLCUEM) which entered into force in October 2000. The good results of the bilateral exchanges plus important events in the world encouraged them, in 2016, to renovate the legal framework of the original Agreement. At the end of 2017, the negotiators finished the revised chapters of political dialogue and cooperation and on April 2018 they reached an agreement in principle on a modernized trade pillar of the EU-Mexico Global Agreement (GA). By 2020, negotiations were over. It is expected that after the trade pillar's legal scrutiny and translation, it will become part of the three-pronged GA that will also contain revamped political dialogue and cooperation pillars. After 20 years of its subscription, results are promising. Representing 26% of world GDP, the EU is a key partner for Mexico, and Mexico, with 12 free trade agreements signed with 46 countries, for the EU. The cooperation has encouraged exchanges in subjects of common interest, such as the fight against pandemic and gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1986 and 1990, the Mexican government reduced tariffs and import license coverage by more than 50%. The author, using micro-level data, analyzes the impact of trade reform on Mexican wages and employment. Industries that had greater reductions in protection levels, she finds, had a larger percentage of low-skill workers. Wage dispersion increased in both the non-tradables sector and, to a much greater degree, the tradables sector. This pattern suggests that trade reform increased wage inequality. The decline in import license coverage appears to have reduced relative wages of workers in reformed industries by 2%, but did not affect relative employment. Reductions in tariffs had no statistically significant effect on relative wages or relative employment. Between 1986 and 1990, Mexico under-took a dramatic trade liberalization program, reducing average tariffs and the percentage of domestic output covered by import licenses by more than 50%. Trade liberalization may have stimulated economic growth, but it may also have adversely affected workers in industries that experienced an increase in competition from goods produced abroad. This paper examines the effect of the Mexican trade liberalization program on wages and employment using micro-level data from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU), a survey of the 16 most populous urban areas in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the possible role of US trade liberalization in explaining Puerto Rico's deindustrialization. In order to address this issue, time series techniques were used. The results of the Granger Causality Test suggest that the imports made by the US from Mexico, Canada, Ireland, and Costa Rica do not explain Puerto Rico's deindustrialization. Therefore, no causal relationship was found between the imports made by the US from its NAFTA partners and the countries where the corporations that benefited from Section 936 relocated with the deindustrialization of Puerto Rico. Besides, the impulse response exercise suggests that in the first period, deindustrialization explains its variability by 100%, and in the final period, it explains 95.47%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the way in which Mexico and the European Union (EU) established a strategic partnership. In a globalized world and following the Washington Consensus both signed, in March 2000, a Free Trade Agreement (TLCUEM) which entered into force in October 2000. The good results of the bilateral exchanges plus important events in the world encouraged them, in 2016, to renovate the legal framework of the original Agreement. At the end of 2017, the negotiators finished the revised chapters of political dialogue and cooperation and on April 2018 they reached an agreement in principle on a modernized trade pillar of the EU-Mexico Global Agreement (GA). By 2020, negotiations were over. It is expected that after the trade pillars legal scrutiny and translation, it will become part of the three-pronged GA that will also contain revamped political dialogue and cooperation pillars. After 20 years of its subscription, results are promising. Representing 26% of world GDP, the EU is a key partner for Mexico, and Mexico, with 12 free trade agreements signed with 46 countries, for the EU. The cooperation has encouraged exchanges in subjects of common interest, such as the fight against pandemic and gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Económicos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper estimates a structural model of the balance of payments, with disaggregated exports (manufactures and other) and imports (final and intermediate), and a reduced-form model of the trade balance for the Mexican economy. The analysis identifies structural changes in the composition of Mexico's trade and the parameters that affect it across five subperiods marked by statistical breakpoints. The results indicate that a tightening of the balance-of-payments constraint may account for the post-liberalisation slowdown in Mexico's growth only during certain subperiods and that the impact of real exchange rate changes on the trade balance has diminished, most likely as a result of the increasing integration of export industries into global supply chains. The results also suggest an asymmetry, whereby a country cannot sustain growth above the rate consistent with balance-of-payments equilibrium, as expected, but it can grow persistently below that rate when other constraints are more binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the global economic crisis, in October 2008 the Mexican government announced the ‘Programme to Promote Growth and Employment’ consisting of five steps. One of them resulted in an ambitious unilateral effort to reduce most-favoured nation tariffs. The unilateral liberalization decision emerged as a measure to encourage growth, at a time of global economic crisis. This policy is based on the wide margin of action that the government of Mexico has in improving its foreign trade regulation. This paper reviews the logic of the implementation of tariff dismantling by a developing economy such as Mexico. It analyses the Mexican trade liberalization phases and explains the negative impact on the Mexican economy’s competitiveness of high import tariffs with non-preferential trade partners. Finally, this paper presents preliminary estimates of the impact that the phase-out of Mexican tariffs had on imports during its first year of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since the second part of the 1980s, and with the negotiation and implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mexico's growth-and industry-orientated policies have shifted from the realm of public policy to a market-driven domain. This paper suggests that economic openness and the empowerment of market actors is provoking a new regionalisation of Mexico's core economic activities that will play a crucial role in the coming century. For Mexico, the core of NAFTA, so to speak, encompasses a cross-border territoriality covering two key southern American states: Texas and California, and key Mexican states located from the border to the Central plateau of the country. I also argue in this paper that Mexico's changing economic territoriality, triggered by the dominance of the outward-looking economic model, is exacerbating regional inequalities that prevailed in the country even before the outset of economic reforms. This is mainly the case of Mexico's southern region, still very agriculture-orientated, and with a deficit of those export-orientated industries currently fuelling economic growth. This region is the least endowed with mobile assets-such as technology, capital, knowledge-in order to exploit the opportunities of market-orientated policies. Consequently, social cohesion is at stake, not necessarily provoked by the market, but exacerbated by it, and the market mechanism cannot by itself address this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dry bean is the leading source of plant-based proteins in Mexico, yet the country's self-sufficiency shows an eroding tendency after the enforcement of NAFTA. During this period, the United States became Mexico's principal supplier of dry beans. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the price transmission for black and pinto dry beans in Mexico in the period between 2012 and 2019. The research results however reveal only a very limited relationship between the analysed prices in the two countries. It is established that price dynamics are predominantly governed by domestic market interactions rather than those transmitted across the border, hence the erosion of Mexico's self-sufficiency in dry bean cannot be entirely attributed to the trade liberalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the paper "The Dynamics of North American Trade and Investment Canada, Mexico and the United States," edited by Clark W. Reynolds, Jeonard Waverman and Gerardo Bueno. It informs that contributions from the three countries are carefully balanced and a broad range of problems is examined. Canada and the U.S., with annual trade in excess of 200 billions of dollars, provide the most important example of bilateral trade in the contemporary world. Their similar per capita incomes, banking systems provisions for the enforcement of contracts and common language (apart from Quebec) make adjustments easier for both parties. But in case of Mexico, differences are greater, required adjustments more fundamental and their implementation will take longer. Mexico's history of inflation, capital flight, collapse of security prices, and record levels of external debt, led to the Economic Solidarity Pact of late 1987. It included measures to restrain wages and prices reduce the budgetary deficit and, otherwise, to tighten be its. It was successful to the extent that inflation was reduced to an annual rate of tighten belts.

In this paper we analyse data on 523 commercial French agents established in Mexico that were registered in the "Indicateur General de l'Industrie et du Commerce Francais pour l'exportation et l'importation", published in Paris since 1892 by Engineer and Businessman F. Bianconi. Two consular reports from 1892-1893 were filed and secured by descendants of Honorary Consul of the French Legation in Puebla. One of the main topics discussed in this paper is the fact that "Free-Trade Imperialism" by French Businessmen was the result of regional and national capital accumulation and social and political networks of these residents inside Mexico, than an active foreign French imperialist policy as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the results of an export-led growth strategy accompanied by a trade liberalization policy implemented in Mexico are analyzed for various periods between 1978 and 2000. The input-output analysis is used to determine the effects of growing exports on gross output and on the level of employment. The results of this analysis allowed us to conclude that the positive effect of increasing manufacturing exports on production is limited and offset by manufacturing imports, thus displacing domestic production. The positive effect of exports on direct and indirect employment is not as important as that of domestic production. However, these positive effects of exports are accentuated by the North American Free Trade Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To anticipate the likely effects of recent trade agreements with Mexico on the environment and food safety, this paper examines changes in agricultural chemical use. Econometric estimation and simulation suggest that the combined effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), economic growth, research investment, and farm policy are expected to increase chemical usage substantially in the United States and undoubtedly lead to greater groundwater contamination. In Mexico, the expected effects are a substantial increase in fertilizer use but a decrease in pesticide use. Increases in private research investment are expected to increase the use of both types of chemicals, but increases in public research investment in the United States are not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the trade relationship between Mexico and South Korea through the lens of trade in value-added perspective. Using the global input–output model, we dissect gross exports into their value-added components to analyze the sectors benefiting most from value-added generation in both countries. To do this, we use the multiregional input–output matrices developed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The results show a growing bilateral relationship between 2000 and 2021, with South Korea having a stronger position by generating a larger share of value-added linked to the bilateral relationship. Nevertheless, the gap has narrowed over time. Notably, South Korean exports to Mexico have substantially contributed to value-added generation in technology-based manufacturing sectors such as machinery, equipment, electronics, electrical, and optical products. Similarly, Mexico's mining sector increasingly relies on exports to South Korea for value-added generation. The trends observed in this study's findings persist even amidst the reconfiguration of Global Value Chains, indicating that a free trade agreement between Mexico and South Korea has the potential to further enhance value-added generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors, one an ethicist and the other an economist, look at the issue of free trade with Mexico and other low wage rate countries from the viewpoints of their disciplines. The conclusion of the paper is that these disciplines differ on their priorities and analytical methods, not on their objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of 1990, the Institute of Economic Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico brought together 16 experts to examine the many implications for Mexico of the proposed North American Free Trade Area Treaty with the United States and Canada. The participants were particularly charged with the task of evaluating the changes that were taking place in respect to the relationships between Mexico and the U.S. The authors published the first edition of their papers in 1990, and for this third edition of 1992, at a time when the Treaty was still under negotiation, they revised and enlarged their contributions. The current instability and declining course of the Mexican economy confirms the accuracy of a number of the authors' predictions of the negative consequences of the Treaty for an economy characterized by deep structural discrepancies, manifested in the vulnerability of its external and financial sectors, the insufficient modernization of its productive structures, its low productivity and its abysmal social inequalities, the latter a condition of explosive proportions.

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this paper is to analyze the changes in the traditional scheme of distribution and supply of foods in Mexico, derived from its adaptation to the open economy model. It emphasizes the demographic concentration in cities, technological advances and the simplification of stages of intermediation. Applies a simple methodology that uses data about the number of users of computer, cell phone, with internet access and that also have electronic means of payment. The results suggest that current food supply networks for cities transit towards other schemes as electronic distribution of food, although with certain limitations, as it is still emerging digital infrastructure and transport companies as well as the low level of consumption. The conclusions indicate that this channel has expectations extensive development, as a result of the concentration of consumers in cities, their easier access to credit and the gradual incorporation of digital platforms in shopping, as it is the case of Amazon, 99minutos.com or Hellofood, as well as traditional format stores type Walmart or Comercial Mexicana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Latin America, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, have been using Inflation Targeting for at least two decades, and although there were significant improvements in social indicators, macroeconomic results have been mixed. In particular, the real exchange rate has been much more volatile and growth was significantly slower in Brazil and Mexico. In accordance with these facts, we sketch a simple New Consensus open economy model with hysteresis and we show that a policy that targets inflation disregarding the effects on the real exchange rate may have negative long-run effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the competition among foreign banks in entering the Mexican banking sector and their effects on the Mexican banking system from 1997 to 2007. The liberalization of bank entry by the Mexican government encouraged foreign banks to purchase major banks in Mexico since 1997, causing foreign market share growth from 16 to 76 percent in December 2002. Various foreign banks that have been conducting business in Mexico include Banco Santander, Scotiabank Inverlat and Bital.

Copyright of Canadian Studies in Population is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the prospects for Mexican industry after opening to freer trade. The first part deals with the impact during transition on industrial capacity, particularly the loss of technological capabilities and the scarce development of industrial linkages. The second part shows the recent pattern of industrial specialization in Mexico lacking sectorial linkages, increasing imports content and heavily concentrated in scale intensive and resource based industries. The specialization has favored activities of little technological dynamism where most technological innovations are controlled or dominated through suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which went into effect on January 1[sup st] of 1994 established the largest free trade zone in the world, with a population of over 360 million people. In order to facilitate the escalation in trade that is resulting, transportation planners must have an accurate understanding of current trade patterns. Both U.S. and Mexican Customs agencies collect detailed information on each shipment which crosses the border for both import/export control and assessment of duties. However, traditionally this information has been considered confidential between the shipper and these government agencies and, as such, has not been released publicly or used in any public planning studies. Both agencies have released summaries of shipment data for overall trade statistics, but the level of aggregation in these summaries is not sufficient for detailed transportation studies. Beginning in April 1993, through the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), U.S. Customs began releasing more detailed information on U.S.Mexican freight flows. This paper discusses the trade pattern depicted in these data files, the quality of the data, as well as the limitations of the data for transportation planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the effects of free trade between the United States and Mexico on the sectoral trade balance of the United States. Disparity between economic sizes; Exports under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) or under the maquiladora production-sharing arrangements; Classification of producing sectors and consumer goods and services; Household categories.

Discusses the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and looks at the trade relationship between the United States (U.S.) and Mexico. Impact of trade agreement on jobs in the U.S.; Description of the trade relationship between the U.S. and Mexico; What year NAFTA was implemented.

Copyright of Ciencias Administrativas is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Low labor costs are a key attraction for companies seeking to establish or expand operations in Mexico. However, the realization of sustainable low costs while maintaining high quality requires managerial approaches adapted to the Mexican business environment. Companies doing business in Mexico need to understand the significant culturally based differences between U.S. and Mexican approaches to employee relations. This article examines employee relations in Mexico from the perspective of U.S. managers, identifies pivotal features of Mexican employee relations, and offers pragmatic guidelines for managing employee relations south of the border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between spoligotypes of M. bovis from cattle in Mexico and those reported in countries with free trade of cattle with Mexico: Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States of America. Mexican spoligotypes were obtained from isolates collected from cattle in different parts of the country. Spoligotypes from Canada and New Zealand were obtained from different reports in the literature. Those from the United States were obtained from the database of the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in APHIS-USDA. In order to perform the analysis in a single data set, spoligotypes were all converted to binary data and classified according to or . Epidemiologic information included country and species infected. From 3,198 isolates, 174 different spoligotypes were obtained, 95 were orphans. Ninety one percent of the isolates came from the Unites States (n = 1,609) and Mexico (n = 1,323). Spoligotype SB0265 is shared between Canada and the United States in cattle and wildlife. Six spoligotypes, SB0673, SB0121, SB0145, SB0971, SB0140 and SB1165, were frequent in cattle and wildlife in the United States and cattle in Mexico, suggesting wide exchange of strains. Spoligotype SB0669 was found only in Mexico. Spoligotype SB0140 was the most common in Australia and the sixth in the United States and Mexico. In a phylogenetic analysis, spoligotype SB0140 appears as the oldest spoligotype in the data set, suggesting this as the ancestral spoligotype for all spoligotypes in the five countries. Some spoligotypes are shared by animals and humans, corroborating the zoonotic importance of M. bovis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite evidence that the North America Free Trade Association (NAFTA) accord has promoted significant increases in inward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to Mexico, the impact of these investments has not served to fuel balanced economic growth and development. FDI has been concentrated in Mexican border regions producing significant negative, as well as positive, spillover effects. New policy initiatives are needed by the Mexican government in the areas of environmental, energy, macroeconomic, and investment promotion policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the "North American Journal of Economics and Finance," published by JAI Press for the North American Economics and Finance Association. Some of the topics discussed in the Fall 1992 issue include: economic effects of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on agriculture and capital markets; NAFTA debt constraint and structural reform; Mexican agriculture in economywide policy; agricultural and food policies in a U.S.-Mexico free trade area; the dynamic gains from North American free trade in an equilibrium model of the current account; U.S.- Mexico pesticide residue regulations and the use of a simple duopoly model to study the implications of trade, under a proposed NAFTA.

Studies on international construction activities tend to focus on project contracting or exporting of raw material (such as cement or steel). However, globalization and free-trade agreements are creating new opportunities for international trade in manufactured housing products (such as roofing systems and other components). The aim of this work is to understand the factors that impact the potential profitability of housing construction products in international markets and develop a process for profitability assessment. This was done in a test market (the Mexican market) through reviewing pertinent literature in conjunction with conducting interviews with experts in this domain. The analysis shows that six major processes have to be undertaken: (1) analysis of market conditions (preventure analysis); (2) assessing competencies; (3) evaluation of product and service; (4) analysis of proper distribution channels (supply chain); (5) evaluation of marketing strategies; and (6) analysis of cost-price-value relationship. A set of factors and best practices has been identified to support and guide the conduct of each process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debt crisis of the 1980s caused the development strategy pursued by the Mexican government to be subject to a radical adjustment process that triggered deep repercussions for the agricultural sector and its farmers, particularly in the corn sector. In combination with the aggressive agricultural policies sustained by the U.S. government, the new approach meant that Mexican agriculture operated within an economic environment characterized by significant asymmetries and distortions, some internal and some imposed by major trading partners. This article summarizes and documents the most salient results of these policy events as well as their implications for the corn sector, and discusses some of the challenges to repair the agricultural sector in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous applications of the balance-of-payments-constrained growth (BPCG) model have concluded that Mexico's equilibrium GDP growth rate fell after trade liberalization, because of a sharp rise in the income-elasticity of imports. Following the bounds testing approach of Pesaran et al. (), the present note estimates equations for intermediate and other types of imports in Mexico from 1960 to 2006. It shows that intermediate imports are significantly affected by manufactured exports, and that once the effect is controlled for, there is no significant rise in their income-elasticity-in contrast to what is observed for other types of imports. Since manufactured exports are highly intensive in imports, what the typical BPCG regression detects as an increase in the elasticity of intermediate imports may reflect a compositional effect, namely, the re-composition of GDP towards exports. Some implications for the BPCG model are briefly discussed in the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the commercialization of the cacao bean from Guayaquil, Ecuador and its use as a form of currency during the second half of the 17th Century. Focusing on the merchant's guild in Mexico City, Mexico, the article analyzes how a small group of Mexican merchants controlled the cacao trade in New Spain. It discusses the merchants' control after the opening of the Pacific ports in 1774 and the establishment of a free trade system in New Spain in 1789. The political and economic results of this free trade system for the demand and prices in the cacao trade are also analyzed.

The authors use a threshold autoregressive model to confirm the presence of nonlinearities in sectoral real exchange rate dynamics across Mexico, Canada, and the United States for the periods before and after the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Although trade liberalization is associated with reduced transaction costs and lower relative price differentials among countries, the authors find, by using estimated threshold bands, that Mexico still faces higher transaction costs than its developed counterparts. Other determinants of transaction costs are distance and nominal exchange rate volatility. The authors' results show that the half-lives of sectoral real exchange rate shocks, calculated by Monte Carlo integration, imply much faster adjustment in the post-NAFTA period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the impact that free trade initiatives have had upon labor unions in North and South America. The author considers the period from 1990 through 2004 using data collected from qualitative interviews and social network data originating from the U.S., Brazil, Mexico, and Chile to consider issues including coalition building, transnational collective action, and political claims regarding how free trade agreements will impact organized labor. The article also discusses labor studies, studies of social movements, and comparative labor ideologies.

This article examines the counterpoint to recent economic reform programs: policies that potentially defy the reform process. Policy ‘reversal’ is particularly evident in the area of trade liberalization where nations reduced tariffs while simultaneously introducing nontariff barriers (NTB), particularly the widespread antidumping (AD) measure. This research seeks to identify the determinants of these new ‘postliberalization’ trade policies by combining dominant interest group approaches with more state-centered explanations in an examination of two vigorous NTB users, South Africa and Mexico. The results of nested probit analyses suggest that private interests dominate the process in Mexico, while both interests and the state's overall strategic development objectives shape trade policy outcomes in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), there has been a dramatic increase in the integration of markets for live cattle and beef products in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. These markets were severely disrupted in 2003 by the confirmation of single cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada and the United States. The bulk of this disruption could have been avoided if the countries had developed more closely coordinated risk management programs based on the guidance of international standards. The BSE events illustrate that failure to address regulatory integration leaves integrated markets vulnerable to recurring disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the environment in Mexico. Trade and Investment Liberalization along with weaker environmental and worker's protection in developing countries, have raised concerns that industries are more polluting in their production processes located in industrial countries to evade stricter regulations. NAFTA critics have expressed their concerns for environmental conditions because growth in manufacturing industries would worsen environmental quality in Mexican border cities where polluting industries are located. This article focuses on the manufacturing sector in Mexico and discusses how the composition, location and technique of production have been effected by NAFTA. It also examines the impact of NAFTA on the composition of trade between Mexico and the United States.

The trade liberalization associated with NAFTA has affected the pattern of state exports by altering the origin as well as the destination of merchandise exports. We find that NAFTA has increased US merchandise exports to Mexico and Canada by just over 15%, and has increased total US merchandise exports by nearly 8%. We also find that although many states have seen large increases in exports to both Mexico and Canada, others have seen large decreases. NAFTA has also affected states’ exports to non-NAFTA regions of the world, tending to decrease exports to Europe and Latin America and increase exports to Asia. States in the northeast regions of the United States have seen the smallest increases in exports in the wake of NAFTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with the citizen submission process administered by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), one of the key concessions made to the environmental movement by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. in their effort to build political support for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993. Overview of the NAFTA; Role of CEC in the area of enforcement of international trade; Status of citizen submissions on enforcement matters; Revisions of guidelines for submissions on enforcement matters.

This article focuses on the effect that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has had on the U.S. since the treaty's enactment in 1994. The U.S. Congress approved the NAFTA after an intense political debate. Opponents voiced a number of concerns, focusing on the impact of the agreements on U.S. labor markets. Often these arguments tool on a mercantilist tone, with NAFTA opponents arguing that imports from Mexico -- accompanied by surging capital flows to Mexico -- would destroy jobs in the U.S. Other concerns were more subtle and related to the effect trade liberalization in Mexican agriculture would have on labor market transitions in Mexico and unskilled labor emigration to the U.S. For example, there was concern that Mexico's traditional anti-poverty policies for rural labor, which accounted for approximately 25 percent of the labor force in the early 1990s, were partially supported by trade restrictions. The anticipated expansion of U.S. grain exports to Mexico under NAFTA raised concerns that Mexico's rural labor market would collapse, leading to a surge of migration of unskilled workers to the U.S. Quantitative economic analysis of the potential effects of NAFTA made a major contribution to the policy debate.

This article discusses Mexico's quest for macroeconomic stability and growth since the eruption of the international debt crisis in 1982. During the past 15 years, Mexico experienced what Latin American social scientists call a change in its development model. Gone is the import-substitution industrialization model that had characterized Mexico since the 1930s. Instead, Mexico has become a fairly open economy in which state intervention is limited by a new legal and institutional framework. Under the new model, the tendency has been for the market to replace regulation, private ownership to replace public ownership, and competition, including that from foreign goods and investors, to replace protection. One vivid illustration of this change in strategy was the country's embrace of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1993. This shift in development strategy was prompted by the debt crisis in 1982. In the next six years, Mexico struggled with falling output and runaway inflation. By the early 1990s, many analysts and observers viewed Mexico as a model reformer among developing nations, a country that would soon reap the benefits of its new development model. However, while inflation was lower, Mexico's economic growth in the early 1990s turned out to be lukewarm, even before the country was staggered by the financial crisis of 1995.

This study uses household-level data from the United States and Mexico to examine labor-market integration. I consider how the effects of shocks and rates of convergence to an equilibrium differential are affected by borders, geography, and demographics. I find that even though a large wage differential exists between them, the labor markets of the United States and Mexico are closely integrated. Mexico's border region is more integrated with the United States than is the Mexican interior. Evidence of integration precedes the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and may be largely the result of migration. (JEL F15, F20, J61) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconsiders the dimensions of Mexican nationalism with the challenges from the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Ejercito Zapatista de Liberacion Nacional and the presence of economic and political crisis. Components of Mexican nationalism; Nationalist debates over the Indian, the American and the state; Link between nationalist sentiments, ideas and policies.