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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the factor structure of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) among abused Iranian women. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is a methodological study. The participants included 554 abused married women who were selected by convenience sampling from the women presenting to health centers and hospitals and their companions as well as women visiting mosques and parks in Shahroud, Iran. The exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure of the WCQ. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Findings: Following the exploratory factor analysis, 36 items and 5 factors were extracted, which could explain 73.24% of the variance in the concept of coping with intimate partner violence. The extracted factors included distancing, planning, wishful thinking, seeking social support and problem-solving. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire as a whole was 0.91. Originality/value: This paper has practice and research implications for promoting coping among abused women. The factor structure of the WCQ obtained in this paper can validly measure coping with intimate partner violence among abused Iranian women. Learning about the coping strategies used by abused women can help design context-based interventions to assist these women in better coping with their husband's violence and improving their well-being. This version of WCQ also enables assessing the effectiveness of the designed interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transition from teacher‐centred towards student‐centred approaches in English language teaching, accompanied by developments in educational technology, has attracted researchers' attention to reverse teaching or flipped class. The related literature asserts that this mode of instruction might influence instructors' and students' participation in the class. Objectives: To shed more light on the role of flipped class in affecting language learning strategies and skills, this study applied a sequential explanatory mixed‐methods approach to explore the impact of flipped class on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' writing metacognitive strategies and writing skills. Methods: Forty‐six intermediate EFL learners with an age range of 21–27, studying at a private language institute, were randomly divided into two groups of 23 learners. The two groups were randomly assigned to a flipped class, which received writing metacognitive strategies and writing skills through video clips before the class time, and a non‐flipped class, which received writing metacognitive strategies and writing skills in a conventional way during the class time. Results and Conclusions: The results revealed that both flipped and non‐flipped classes improved the EFL learners' writing metacognitive strategies, writing performance, writing content, and writing organisation. Furthermore, one‐way ANCOVA analyses indicated that the flipped class outperformed the non‐flipped class in writing metacognitive strategies, writing performance, writing content, and writing organisation. Thematic analyses, which were used to help analyse individual semi‐structured interviews, uncovered a number of categories and themes, signifying the flipped learners' positive perceptions towards the flipped class, such as enhancing motivation, self‐confidence, and writing collaboration. Implications: Pedagogical implications were discussed for flipping writing metacognitive strategies and writing skills. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Metacognitive strategies, including planning, monitoring, and evaluation strategies, help English language learners become more successful writers.Writing skills, including writing content, writing organisation, and language use, help learners deal with collaborative writing activities effectively.Flipped class has been shown to be an effective mode of instruction to improve English language learners' language learning strategies and skills. What this paper adds?: Flipped class improves English language learners' writing metacognitive strategies, writing performance, writing content, and writing organisation.Flipped class is more effective than non‐flipped class in improving English language learners' writing metacognitive strategies and writing skills.English language learners' motivation, self‐confidence, and writing collaboration are increased as a result of the flipped writing course. Pedagogical implications: Writing metacognitive strategies and writing skills need to be flipped in English language contexts in order to free up time for more effective in‐class collaborative writing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The reduction of the violence and child abuse requires the cooperation of national and international health-related organizations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of NGOs in health and peace development through administrating supportive programs for child abuse and violence victims. Design/methodology/approach: The present research was a mixed method research, and the type of research was a descriptive-analytic study. To collect data, library and field methods were used. The research sample included 137 staff members of the NGOs supporting children in Tehran. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Findings: According to authorities and members of the NGOs supporting children, networking and affective factors played a significant role in the development of health and peace (P<0.01). This was feasible by controlling the factors affecting violence and child abuse. Practical implications: Given the fact that NGOs are contributing to the development and establishment of peace through effective participation and networking, trying to support the victims of child abuse and violence, the need for more attention from governments is recommended in order to support these organizations, especially legislative and financial support is needed to expand the activities of such organizations. Originality/value: This paper is original in its method, topic and findings. The first is mixed method research, which has studied the role of networking of NGOs for peace development through implementing support programs for victims of child abuse and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a new self-report measure of perfectionism: the Spiritual/Religious Perfectionism Scale (SRPS). Following preliminary psychometric evidence for a 20-item SRPS (Besharat, 2017), the present investigation examined the structure of the SRPS using exploratory factor analysis in study 1 (368 students: 181 men, 187 women) and confirmatory factor analysis in study 2 (384 community adults: 189 men, 195 women) in Iran. After exploratory factor analysis, we retained 14 items. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the SRPS-14's unidimensionality and invariance across sex and sample type. The SRPS-14's internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and construct validity including criterion, convergent, incremental, and discriminant were examined. The results provided preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the SRPS-14 as a measure of spiritual/religious perfectionism. It should be noted that the English-language translation of the items presented in this paper has not yet been validated in an English-speaking sample, but should be validated in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Using the PRECEDE model, the purpose of this paper is to determine the predictors of mothers' performance in daily consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) in rural preschoolers. Design/methodology/approach: This study was carried out on 350 mothers of preschool children who had health records in the rural health-care centers of Iran. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire based on the PRECEDE model was used. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 19 software. Findings: The results showed that 11.42 percent of the mothers observed the FV intake for their children recommended by WHO. The independent t-test showed a significant difference between the mean scores of predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors. Originality/value: This study showed that the rate of FV intake by preschool children in rural areas was much lower than the recommended WHO rate. To promote behavior, attention to the predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors seems to be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the crucial role of teaching in society and the inquiry into effective teaching qualities. It underscored the prominence of mindfulness in teaching, as well as the ongoing process of reflective practice within the realm of EFL educators. The research aimed to create a model illuminating the relationships between EFL teachers' reflective practice, teacher mindfulness, and professional development. It also delved into the mediating role of teacher mindfulness in this context. To attain this research objective, a convenience sampling method was utilized, leading to the selection of 150 EFL teachers from private language institutions across different provinces in Iran. Employing a quantitative methodology three distinct questionnaires were utilized to gather data. Subsequently, the information was examined through the application of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The structural model evaluation indicated significant path coefficients reinforcing all research hypotheses, with mindfulness functioning as a significant mediator between reflective practice and professional development. It is implied that there is a conspicuous emphasis on integrating mindfulness and reflective practices into educational policies and curricula to cultivate continuous growth and development among teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: After the divorce of their parents, children face various behavioral problems, and the attachment styles of the parents and their parenting styles will affect these problems. This research assesses the mediating role of attachment styles in the relationship between parent-child relationships and parenting styles with children's behavioral problems after divorce. Methods: The investigation was classified as a descriptive-correlation type. The population consisted of mothers of children aged 6 to 10 years who had undergone divorce proceedings at the Shahid Bahonar Judicial Institute's Welfare Department in Tehran City, Iran, during the first half of 2022. A convenience sampling method was used to select 268 mothers based on a correlation plan. They completed the child behavior inventory (CBCL), parent-child relationships survey questionnaire (PCRS), parenting styles inventory (PSI), and revised attachment style survey (RAAS). The research hypotheses were tested using the smart partial least squares in structural equation modeling. Results: The assessment of the research tools' reliability was conducted via the Cronbach α method and the composite reliability coefficient, with all variables showing a coefficient of above 0.7, indicating acceptable reliability. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using the average variance extracted, which exceeded 0.4, indicating relatively acceptable validity. The assessment of the adequacy of the structural model involved analyzing important coefficients of Z, R2, and Q2, with the obtained results indicating an appropriate fit. The results displayed that the mediating role of anxious-ambivalent attachment style and avoidant attachment style is evident in the association between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and the parent-child relationship, particularly concerning children's behavioral problems (β=0.184, P<0.05; β=0.019, P<0.01). Secure attachment style serves as a mediating role (partial role) in the association between authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting style and parent-child relationship with children's behavioral problems (β=-0.364, P<0.05; β=-0.096, P<0.01; β=0.056, P<0.05). Discussion: Avoidant and secure attachment styles can mitigate the impact of permissive and authoritarian parenting styles by mediating roles in the association between parent-child relationships and parenting styles with children's behavioral problems after divorce. They also highlight the emphasis on maintaining positive parent-child relationships and implementing authoritative parenting styles to reduce children's behavioral problems following. Further research is needed to address and assess concerns regarding children's behavioral problems after divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach requires formal and sustained governance structures and mechanisms to ensure that the policies of various non-health sectors maximize positive and minimize negative impacts on population health. In this paper, we demonstrate the usefulness of a network perspective in understanding and contributing to the effectiveness of HiAP. We undertook an exploratory, qualitative case study of a HiAP structure in Iran, the Kerman province Council of Health and Food Security (CHFS) with diverse members from health and non-health sectors. We analyzed relevant policy texts and interviewed 32 policy actors involved in the CHFS. Data were analyzed using within-case analysis and constant comparative methodology. Our findings suggest that CHFS governance from a network perspective drew in practice on elements of two competing network governance modes: the network administrative organization (NAO) and the lead organization mode. Our results also show that a shift from a hierarchical and market-based mode of interaction to a network logic within CHFS has not yet taken place. In addition, CHFS suffers from large membership and an inability to address complex 'wicked problems', as well as low trust, legitimacy and goal consensus among its members. Drawing on other HiAP studies and commentaries, insights from organization network theory, and in-depth findings from our case study, we conclude that a NAO may be the most effective mode of governance for tackling complex social problems in HiAP structures. Since similar studies are limited, and our single case study may not be transferable across all contexts, we suggest that further research be undertaken to explore HiAP structures from a network perspective in different institutional and cultural settings. With increasing emphasis given to HiAP approaches in national and international health policy discourse, it is important that comparative knowledge about the effectiveness of HiAP governance arrangements be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of a valid and reliable women's empowerment tool was reported by previous studies in Iran. The authors of this paper, accordingly, intended to fill this gap by developing a valid questionnaire. 600 women in Dezful city, southeast of Iran, took part in the study in 2014-2015. Multistage sampling method was used to recruit the participants. Our exploratory factor analysis revealed that 18 items of the model loaded on 4 factors. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was suitable as Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.77. Considering high validity and shortness of the questionnaire, it can be used as a trustful and comprehensive tool to measure women's empowerment in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Quality of Life (QOL) of couples with infertility can be affected by Irrational Thoughts (IT) regarding childbearing and it might be influenced by Religious Teachings (RT) as a mediator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between QOL and IT of childbearing with the mediating role of RT in couples with infertility in Shahrekord City, Iran. Method: This analytical correlational study was conducted among 196 couples with infertility who were referred to Shahrekord Infertility Center, Iran selected by a convenient sampling method. Data were collected using the questionnaires on QOL provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), IT designed by Flex and Religious Teaching. Results: The mean score of QOL was 76.42± 20.137, IT 32.20± 9.019 and RT was 150.84± 40.97. A significant relationship was found between the mean scores of QOL and IT of childbearing with the mediating role of RT in couples with infertility (P=0.001). Moreover, mean scores of study concepts had no significant relationship with demographic variables (gender, education, and infertility duration) among the participants. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the QOL of couples with infertility can be improved by strengthening the RT and reducing the IT of childbearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) through the internalized symptoms and stress coping strategies in badly-cared and orphan adolescent girls living in Tehran in 2022. Method: This was a correlational study of a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all adolescent girls aged between 12 and 18 under the direct or indirect supervision of Tehran's welfare center, of whom 200 were selected by the convenience sampling method. The participants answered the questionnaires of Collins and Reed's attachment styles, Billings and Moss's coping strategies, Achenbach and Rascorella's adolescent self-report, and Morris et al.'s SAD. Results: The findings of SEM demonstrated that the hypothesized model of this study has a good fit in the studied sample. The findings reveal that the secure attachment style is related to separation anxiety both directly (T=-4.18 and b=-.22) and indirectly through problem-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=-10.83) and emotion-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=-7.23). Avoidant attachment style is directly (T=4.98 and b=.25) and indirectly related to separation anxiety through problem-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=4.33) and emotion-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=8.79) and internalized symptoms (P<.01 and Z=2.61). Finally, ambivalent attachment style had no significant correlation (P>.05) with separation anxiety. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of attachment patterns formed under the influence of adverse conditions of the vulnerable group, and the lifelong effects of these patterns in the mental health of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous research has indicated that community‐based mental health services in Iran are restricted, leading to overcrowding in psychiatric wards. This overcrowding has been linked to a range of problems, such as violence, suicide and medical errors. Despite the abundance of research on patient safety, there is still a lack of understanding regarding how mental health nurses (MHNs) create a secure environment within these wards. Aim: This study focused on exploring a safe environment provided by MHNs in inpatient psychiatric wards at Farshchian (Sina) Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. Method: An explanatory mixed‐methods study was conducted. Initially, the Safe Environment Scale was distributed to all MHNs (n = 48) working in three wards at Farshchian (Sina) Hospital to evaluate the current status. The scale measured two dimensions, and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data. Subsequently, 20 MHNs were selected for semi‐structured interviews using purposeful sampling at the same hospital to interpret and fill gaps in the quantitative findings. The data collected from the interviews were analysed using conventional content analysis. Results: The perception and engagement of MHNs in creating a safe environment in the inpatient psychiatric wards were found to be at a medium level, according to the Safe Environment Scale (mean ± SD, 14.67 ± 4.18 and 85.27 ± 17.57, respectively). The qualitative study identified several categories in the results, including 'Hyper‐vigilance to safety and security environment', 'Therapeutic communication gap', 'Nurse burnout', 'Staff safety and security need' and 'Environmental safety hazards'. Discussion: MHNs employ a hyper‐vigilant strategy to guarantee a secure atmosphere within psychiatric wards. However, this approach may inadvertently impede the establishment of a safe environment and even diminish MHNs' perception and involvement in its maintenance. Implications for mental health nursing: According to our research, it appears that MHNs need to improve their education and training in order to successfully implement the vigilance strategy for establishing a secure environment. Additionally, it is essential for them to prioritize therapeutic communication with patients, as this plays a vital role in promoting a safe environment within inpatient psychiatric wards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is prone to opportunistic infections, including toxoplasmosis, due to an immunodeficiency system. This study aimed to evaluate the serum of people with T2DM to determine the titer of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in patients and compare it with the control group. Materials and Methods: 720 blood samples have been carried out between October and the end of January 2017 in Sistan, and Baluchestan provinces in southeastern Iran, of these, 360 samples were related to healthy individuals (control), and 360 samples were related to T2DM individuals. The immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods have been used to detect toxoplasmosis. The data were analyzed using SPSS-19, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact test to compare statistical parameters. Results: In this cross-sectional study, out of 360 samples of T2DM by ELISA method, 60% samples in diabetic patients and 48.1% in control group were IgG positive (P < 0.05). Nearly 2.5% samples in diabetic patients and 0.3% in control group were IgM positive (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Anti-toxoplasma antibodies including IgG and IgM were higher in diabetic patient in comparison to control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was an attempt to shed light on the predictive role of intimate partner violence in adhering to treatment regimens in women with chronic illnesses. Method: In a descriptive-analytical study, 400women with chronic illnesses in Bushehr were selected through convenience sampling. The data were collected by distributing a demographic information form and two questionnaires, including the intimate partner violence (IPV) questionnaire and the treatment adherence scale. Results: According to the results, the 40 to 59 years age group (P = 0.046, β = 0.104), the 60 to 79 years age group (P = 0.019, β = 0.122), and the group receiving education about chronic illness (P = 0.031, β = 0.106) showed a direct relationship with treatment adherence, while IPV (P < 0.001, β = 0.284) had a significant inverse relationship with treatment adherence. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that predictors of treatment adherence are IPV in women aged 40 and older with chronic illnesses, and receiving education about chronic illnesses. It is necessary for healthcare providers to consider barriers such as intimate partner violence when providing education in order to increase treatment adherence. To avoid nonadherence, managers and health planners should implement policies to increase the level of awareness of healthcare staff on how to manage care of women with chronic illnesses who are abused by an intimate partner and refer them to counselors and family helpers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Occupational therapists use different models and measurements for assessing children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One of those measurements is the Child Occupational Self-Assessment. In this study, concurrent validity of the Child Occupational Self-Assessment with Pediatric Quality of Life was tested in children with ADHD. Methods: A correlational study was conducted. The Child Occupational Self-Assessment and Pediatric Quality of Life were filled by 128 children with ADHD aged between 8 and 11 years. Findings: The results indicated that in competency subscale the highest correlation coefficient was for the total score of Pediatric Quality of Life (r = 0.56, p < 0.01) and the lowest was for social performance (r = −0.44, p < 0.01). The highest and lowest correlation coefficient in value subscale were for the total score (r = −0.46, p < 0.01) and emotional performance of Pediatric Quality of Life (r = −0.34, p < 0.01), respectively. Conclusions: The Child Occupational Self-Assessment has an acceptable concurrent validity with Pediatric Quality of Life. It can be a suitable measurement for assessing of children with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to examine the relationship between Self-Care, Self-Efficacy, and Health Deviation Self-Care Requisites in patients with type 2 diabetes based on Orem's Self-Care Theory. Methods: The research involved 341 patients with type 2 diabetes in Rasht, Iran, using a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional design. The data collection included questionnaires assessing Self-Care Behaviors, Self-Efficacy, and Health Deviation Self-Care Requisites based on Orem's model. Results: Demographic factors such as gender, marital status, employment, education, age, duration of disease, and oral treatment and insulin had no consistent effect on self-care behaviors. Self-efficacy was a key factor influencing Self-Care Behaviors in diabetic patients. There was a strong and direct correlation between Self-Care Behaviors and Self-Efficacy, indicating the role of individuals' confidence in managing diabetes. Health Deviation Self-Care Requisites had both positive and negative correlations with different domains of Self-Care Behaviors.The physical exercise construct of self-efficacy was the most significant predictor of Self-Care Behaviors. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between Self-Care, Self-Efficacy, and Health Deviation Self-Care Requisites in patients with type 2 diabetes. The findings underscore the importance of addressing Self-Efficacy and specific self-care domains, such as physical activity and foot care, in diabetes management strategies. This research contributes to the existing knowledge base and may inform healthcare professionals and policymakers in developing targeted interventions to improve self-care practices in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Feeling alone and enduring distress are risk factors for suicidal thoughts, while parental bonds are protective factors. However, the complex mechanisms behind these factors have not been identified among people with a history of suicide attempts. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict suicide attempts through distress tolerance, feeling alone, and parental bonds in people with a history of suicide attempts. Material & Methods: The current research is a descriptive-correlational study, and the statistical population included all people with a history of suicide attempts in Isfahan, Iran, from among whom 120 people were selected through convenience sampling. The research tools included parental bond questionnaires by Parker et al. (1979), distress tolerance by Simmons and Gaher (2005), feelings of loneliness by Russell et al. (1980), and attempted suicide was made by the researcher. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive methods, including Mean and Standard deviation and inferential statistics (e.g., Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis) using the SPSS software (version 27) and PLS3 statistical software. Results: The results showed that among the predictor variables, feeling alone had the highest predictive power (64.7%), and in the second step, with the addition of parental bond with the mother, it increased to 0.701%, and in the third step, with the addition of Parenting bond with father reached 0.729%, and in fourth step with the addition of distress tolerance, it reached 0.743%, all of which are statistically significant. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, we can point out the influential role of feeling alone in predicting suicide attempts, and the need for families and policy-makers to pay attention to this prominent factor can play a major role in reducing suicide rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescence is a high-risk period. Teenagers experience risky behaviors in this period, including using abusive drugs and addiction. Meanwhile, sufficient awareness helps a person to interpret and analyze health-threatening factors. This study aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy and susceptibility to addiction in adolescents living in the western part of Tehran City, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was performed on 265 senior high school students in the western part of Tehran in 2021. The subjects were recruited by cluster random sampling. The study data were collected online using the addiction susceptibility questionnaire and health literacy measure for adolescents. The obtained data were sorted by frequency distribution, Mean±SD and analyzed utilizing the Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and analysis of variance in SPSS software, version 16. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Most study subjects (56.4%) were female. Their Mean±SD score of health literacy was 65.31±21.15. Among the subscales of health literacy, "calculation", with a Mean±SD score of 68.96±35.89, and "utilization", with 61.29±25.05, had the highest and lowest mean scores, respectively. The Mean±SD score of addiction susceptibility was 25.3±30.05, and among its subscales, "showing off" with a mean score of 33.09±32.64 and "family dissatisfaction" with 19.75±35.47 had the highest and lowest mean scores, respectively. Health literacy and its dimensions had a negative correlation with addiction susceptibility (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings, it is recommended to use appropriate strategies to increase adolescent health literacy by health service providers, school officials, school health nurses, and teachers. The results of this study can be used as a source for further research on addiction and health literacy in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. It is important to evaluate its prevalence through valid tools. Among various tools, the Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) has not yet been validated for Persian speaking people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate, evaluate and validate Batterham PJ., Calear AL et al.'s 2012 Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) in the young military community. Materials & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a methodological approach. The sample was recruited from young military personnel who referred to counseling and psychology clinics that were chosen through convenience sampling. At first, the original version was obtained and translated into Persian by the Forward-Backward method. Then, in order to evaluate the content validity ten experts have examined the scale and content validity ratio (CVR) as well as the content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire. Face validity was also assessed through a sample of 20 subjects from the study population. The test-retest with a two week interval along with Cronbach's alpha were utilized to examine the reliability. Finally, the questionnaire was distributed among 415 subjects to evaluate the construct and convergent validity. Findings: The results showed that based on CVR, CVI and face validity, all questions of the LOSS were at acceptable levels. The Cronbach's alpha for the subscales were estimated to be between 0.71 and 0.76, and for the total scale was 0.75. Also, all components of LOSS had a significant relationship with the total score of this questionnaire (r>0.2). Conclusion: The Persian version of LOSS has acceptable validity and reliability for use among young military personnel. However, further studies among populations with different cultures or demographics are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although different tools have been designed to measure mindfulness, none has comprehensively examined academic mindfulness. Therefore, the present study aimed to build a reliable and valid tool for academic mindfulness measurement in students. Method: The research was a descriptive-correlational study and a validation of the test. Participants included 420 students of Bu-Ali Sina University in the academic year of 2022-2023, selected by multistage cluster random sampling method and completed the Academic Mindfulness Questionnaire (AMQ-5), Fear of Self-compassion Scale, and Academic Engagement Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Examination of the data by exploratory factor analysis showed that all 20 items had acceptable factor loads and revealed five factors (self-compassion, accepting without judgment, presence in the moment, performing tasks with awareness, and listening with full attention). Moreover, according to the confirmatory factor analysis, the questionnaire had an acceptable fit (RMSEA=0.047, AGFI=0.91, NFI=0.96, CFI=0.98). The findings showed that academic mindfulness was significantly correlated with fear of self-compassion and academic engagement. Moreover, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.89. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the academic mindfulness questionnaire has a good validity and reliability and can effectively measure academic mindfulness in the five factors mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Proper physical activities play an important role in reducing disease and mortality in old age, and is one of the main causes of active aging; however, the fear of falling is a barrier to having proper physical activity. Due to the difference between the elderly living in urban and rural areas regarding the risk factors of fear of falling and the amount and type of physical activity, this study aims to investigate and compare the fear of falling, physical activity, and activities of daily living (ADL) in the elderly living in urban and rural areas of Konarak County, Iran. Materials & Methods In this analytical cross-sectional study, 350 elderly people aged ≥60 years, who were under the coverage of comprehensive rural and urban health service centers in Konarak, Sistan and Baluchestan province (224 from rural areas and 126 from urban areas) were selected using a random sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition to recording their demographic information, their fear of falling, physical activity, and ADL were measured by the Persian version of falls efficacy scale-international (FES-I), Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA), ADL scale, and Instrumental ADL scale (IADL), respectively. Results The mean overall age of the elderly was 68.48±7.84 years (69.53±8.29 years in the rural group and 66.62±6.61 years in the urban group), and there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P<0.001). Pearson correlation test results showed that the FES-I score had a statistically significant negative relationship with the scores of ADL, IADL, and RAPA1 in total and in each group (P<0.001), but there was no statistically significant relationship between the FES-I score and the RAPA2 neither in total (P=0.40) and nor in rural (P=0.38) and urban (P=0.81) groups. Conclusion The fear of falling is significantly higher in the elderly living in rural areas of Konarak county compared to those living in urban areas. The RAPA1 and basic ADL of the elderly living in urban areas are higher compared to those living in rural areas, but there is no significant difference between them in RAPA2 and IADL. In addition, fear of falling has a significant relationship with physical activity of the elderly in overall and in rural and urban groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipid metabolism disorders are among the most common metabolic diseases that are increasing globally and are associated with chronic metabolic disturbances. The present study aimed to determine the knowledge and practice of internal medicine physicians concerning lipid disorders according to the AHA, AACE, ESC-EAS, and NCEP-ATP-III guidelines. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study selected a convenience sample of 220 internal medicine specialists from January through September 2021 in Tehran and some other Iranian cities. A 25-item researcher-designed questionnaire was used. Suggested scenarios were designed by emphasizing the points of difference in the guidelines. Content validity was approved by 10 tenured faculty members, and reliability was tested with the test-retest method. Results: Women comprised 60% of the population. In addition, 3.2% (n=7) of the physicians had poor knowledge, 95.0% (n=209) had moderate knowledge, and 1.8% (n=4) had good knowledge of lipid disorders based on international guidelines. Moreover, performance regarding lipid disorders was poor in 25 (11.4%), moderate in 164 (74.5%), and good in 31 (14.1%) physicians. The knowledge score decreased, whereas the practice score increased with age. The knowledge score of female physicians was significantly higher than that of their male counterparts. The knowledge score was negatively correlated with the physician's years of experience. Conclusion: The knowledge and performance of internists regarding dyslipidemia were rated moderate according to the AHA, AACE, ESC-EAS and NCEP-ATP III guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patient falls are highly prevalent in hospitals, and are considered a complicated challenge. Thus, the present research assessed the prevalence of the fall risk assessment and the correlated factors among elderly inpatients. Methods: The present analytical and cross-sectional research was conducted with 419 elderly patients meeting the inclusion criteria. The data collection instrument consisted of two parts including demographic information and the Johns Hopkins fall risk assessment tool (JHFRA). A convenience sampling method was used to select the elderly patients staying in the general wards of Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital, Gonabad City, Iran. The data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 23 using descriptive (frequency, Mean±SD) as well as inferential statistics (logistic linear regression analysis). Results: The Mean±SD of participants' age was 72.09±9.46 and the prevalence of the fall risk was 85.9%. Statistically significant correlations were found between the elderly inpatients' fall risk and their age (P=0.001), sex (P=0.012), and cardiovascular diseases (P=0.001). Discussion: Considering the high prevalence of fall risk among elderly inpatients, it is essential to plan for preventing and reducing the rate of elderly inpatients' falls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to determine whether health literacy, perceived stress, and anxiety sensitivity are correlated with self-care for COVID-19, focusing on the mediating role of health locus of control (HLOC) in Ardabil City, in northwestern Iran, in 2020. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted using path analysis. The research population included households living in Ardabil city. The participants included 300 persons who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected via the health literacy instrument for Iranian adults (HELIA), perceived stress scale (PSS), anxiety sensitivity scale (ASS), self-care questionnaire, and locus of control scale (LCS). The statistical analysis of the collected data was performed with SPSS software, version 25 and AMOS software, version 24. Results: Data analysis showed that anxiety sensitivity had a negative relationship with the internal locus of control (ILOC) and a positive and significant relationship with the external locus of control (ELOC). Furthermore, health literacy has a positive correlation with ILOC and a negative and significant correlation with ELOC. The results also demonstrated that perceived stress had a direct and negative impact on ELOC and a direct and positive impact on the chance locus of control. Moreover, ILOC had a positive and direct relationship with self-care for COVID-19, and ELOC and chance locus of control had a negative and direct relationship. The data also indicated that HLOC played a fully mediating role in the relationships between the research variables, and health literacy and anxiety sensitivity were associated with self-care for COVID-19 mediated by the ILOC and the individual HLOC. However, the relationship between perceived stress and self-care was not confirmed mediated by HLOC. Discussion: The results revealed that health literacy and anxiety sensitivity are associated with self-care for COVID-19 and this relationship is mediated by HLOC. Accordingly, some interventions should be planned and implemented to strengthen and direct HLOC and enhance self-care behaviors in people during the COVID-19 outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of motivational interviewing on the change of breast cancer screening behaviors among rural Iranian women.Methods: This Randomized controlled trial (RCT) was performed on 120 Iranian rural women selected through cluster random sampling method. Out of all 20 rural health centers of Abish Ahmad District, in the northwest of Iran, about one third (six clusters) were randomly selected; out of which three were randomly assigned to the control group and three to the intervention group. A list of women aged 40-69 years in the selective health centers was prepared and 60 participants were selected for each group through the convenience sampling method based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, six group sessions (two educational and four motivational interviewing sessions) were held for the intervention group. The data were collected using demographic and obstetric questionnaire, paper-based health records, and the stages of change checklist and analyzed in SPSS 24. The groups were compared through the chi square test, homogeneity test, and the sequential logistic regression with generalized estimating equations.Results: Two months after the intervention, a significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the stages of change for clinical breast examination and mammography by taking into account the pre-intervention stages (p = 0.001).Conclusion: MI-based counseling increased the Iranian rural women's motivation for displaying breast cancer screening behaviors.Practice Implications: The application of MI for enhancing cancer screening programs among Iranian women is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effect of nutrition education program on hemodialysis patients' quality of life (QoL) and serum electrolytes levels.Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial in which 94 eligible hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 48) and control (n = 46) groups. In the intervention group, the patients were trained in healthy nutrition for four weeks. After two months, samples of both groups completed the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Instrument (KDQOL) and Na, K, P, Ca and Mg levels were also measured and compared.Results: There were no significant differences in QoL scores and electrolytes between the two groups before intervention (p > 0.05). After intervention the QoL scores in the intervention group were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). However, after intervention the levels of Na, K, P and Mg in the intervention group were significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). Calcium level was not significantly different between the two groups after intervention (p = 0.16).Conclusion: The results showed that e-learning is effective in improving the QoL and serum electrolytes of hemodialysis patients.Practice Implications: This paper could serve as support for clinical healthcare professionals to improve patient knowledge and QoL through virtual education methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Due to pathological differences with other chronic diseases, breast cancer causes psychological and emotional problems, such as negative feelings, anxiety and stress. Objectives. The present study aimed to measure the perceived level of stress and its socio-demographic predictors among women with breast cancer. Material and methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 166 women receiving treatment for breast cancer in Ghazi Tabatabaie, Al-Zahra, Vali-Asr and Shams hospitals of Tabriz-Iran in 2017. A convenience sampling method was employed to select the participants. The required data was gathered using Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and then statistically analysed using the independent t-Test, one-way ANOVA, the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression analysis. Results. The mean (standard deviation) score of perceived stress was 32.9 (5.2) out of 56. The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that income, education of the mother and marital satisfaction were predictors of perceived stress. These variables predicted 21.5% of the observed variance in the total score of perceived stress. Conclusions. The results indicated that the mean score of perceived stress was higher than average in women receiving treatment for breast cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and execute strategies to reduce stress in such patients, especially those with a family history of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cambodian Nursing Care Quality Scale. Design: Methodological design. Methods: This study was carried out in several steps: a forward‐backward translation was done, face and construct validity was measured using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was evaluated. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 350 nurses from May 2021 to March 2022. Results: The exploratory factor analysis extracted six factors that explained 60.76% of the total variance. The six‐factor model is supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha and the intra‐class correlation coefficient were 0.94 and 0.85, respectively. Patient or Public Contribution: Evaluation of the quality of care can lead to the enhancement of the quality of nursing services and patient safety. This will subsequently increase the patients' and community satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine a hypothesized model which considers the role of neuro-psychological components (brain-behavioral systems) and emotional insecurity and emotional flexibility in Internet addiction. Method: The design of the present study was descriptive-correlational and structural equation modelling. The statistical population of the study included Iranian adolescents who lived in Shiraz in 2021. Among them, 587 adolescents (318 girls and 269 boys) were selected by cluster sampling method. Subjects filled Jackson's five-factor scale, Young's Internet addiction, emotional flexibility, and emotional insecurity questionnaires. After data collection, the relationship between variables was examined using SPSS and Lisrel software. Results: The findings suggest that the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) neither directly nor indirectly had a significant correlation (P> 0.05) with Internet addiction; the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is only directly related to addiction to the Internet (P <0.01 and β = -0.18), and finally the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) is directly (P <0.01 and β= 0.29); and indirectly (P <0.05 and β= 0.09) correlated with the mediating role of emotional insecurity and emotional flexibility, linked to Internet addiction. Conclusion: Among Gray's brain-behavioral subsystem theory, the FFFS is the strongest predictor of Internet addiction (both directly and indirectly, by influencing emotional flexibility and emotional insecurity), which may indicate that avoidance behavior plays a crucial role in Internet addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Specificity impairment is a memory alteration that occurs in people with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this investigation, we intended to shine a light on obscure aspects of executive resource and capture and rumination frameworks to determine whether these theories are reliable in predicting underlying mechanisms for specificity impairment. Methods: In this correlational research, we used the convenience sampling method over two months, between January and February 2021. We administrated the digit span working memory test, ruminative response scale (RRS), and autobiographical memory interview to indicate whether working memory capacity and subtypes of rumination can predict memory specificity in people with MDD. Using RRS enabled us to determine the correlation between subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Results: Our samples consisted of 105 adults (53 males (50.5%) and 52 females (49.5%)) with MDD. The participants’ mean age was 33.38 years with a range of 22-43 years. The results no significant difference between gender, marriage, and age groups in terms of memory specificity (P>0.05). The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis showed that only working memory capacity can predict memory specificity (r=0.216, P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between brooding and reflection, as two subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Discussion: In line with our results, it should be stated that depression is accompanied by executive deficits, which result in memory impairments. These impairments are due to the structural and functional alterations in the brain in the depressed group. As the Carfax model emphasized, working memory capacity is not only required to maintain, define, and hold the optimal retrieval model but it is also crucial to inhibit interfering autobiographical information. Nonetheless, neither brooding nor reflection rumination can predict memory specificity. Therefore, memory capacity is probably occupied due to ineffective search strategies, not rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mothers of preterm neonates are more concerned about their babies’ health than other mothers, which causes them to be worried and anxious. Meanwhile, the possibility of catching COVID-19 may increase their worries and anxiety and negatively affect their parenting roles. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal fear and anxiety about COVID-19 and maternal role attainment in Iranian mothers with preterm neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted from June to July 2021 in 3 level-III NICUs in Tehran, Iran. The study samples were 211 mothers of preterm neonates who were recruited by convenience sampling. The study data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Coronavirus anxiety scale, the fear of COVID-19 scale, and the maternal role adaptation scale in NICUs. The obtained data were analyzed utilizing the independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software, version 23. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean scores of anxiety, fear, and maternal role attainment were 11.44±3.19, 26.49±5.92, and 57.61±11.95, respectively. There were weak, positive, and significant relationships between anxiety and fear (r=0.385, P<0.001), anxiety and maternal role attainment (r=0.213, P=0.002), and some of it's dimensions: Participation in care, distant mothering, interaction, and growth and development (P<0.05). There were also weak, positive, and significant relationships between fear and maternal role attainment (r=0.204, P=0.003) and some of it's dimensions: Participation in care and growth and development (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the relationship between the fear and anxiety of COVID-19 with maternal role attainment and the special importance of this issue in NICUs, evaluating the mental health of mothers with preterm neonates and implementing effective psychological interventions to support them is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the major problems presented to the mental health of substance users is the presence of suicidal thoughts and beliefs. Paying attention to metacognitive beliefs and schemas predict suicidal thoughts can be considered very important in counseling and psychotherapy. The present study aimed to predict suicidal thoughts based on metacognitive beliefs and emotional schemas in male substance users in Ilam, Iran. Material & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study investigated the relationship of suicidal thoughts with metacognitive beliefs and emotional schemas in male substance abusers in Ilam, in 2021-2022. A total of 170 male substance users were selected via the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire form, the Beck Suicidal Thought Questionnaire (BSSI), the Wells Metacognitive Belief Questionnaire (MCQ30), and the Leahy Emotional Schema Questionnaire (ESS-P). The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regressions. Findings:The results pointed to a significant negative relationship between positive schema and tendency to suicidal thoughts (P=0.001; r=-0.430). Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between negative schema and a tendency to suicidal thoughts (P=0.001; r=0.621). Furthermore, a tendency to suicidal thoughts showed a significant positive relationship with anxiety (r=0.334), negative belief (r=0.432), low cognition (r=0.376), negative metacognition(r=0.329), and low selfawareness (r=0.334) (P=0.001). Discussion & Conclusion: Metacognitive beliefs and emotional schemas can be useful predictors of suicidal thoughts in substance users. Paying attention to these factors can be effective in reducing and preventing suicidal thoughts and creating a model for improving the educational system and preventing suicide in male substance users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the major global health problems and stressful experience for individuals; therefore, different strategies are engaged to cope with the disease and associated problems. Each of these strategies may have different outcomes, including increased depression, anxiety, stress, and decreased social functioning, achieve full mental health, and social well-being. The aim of this study was to evaluate the coping strategies in HIV-positive patients, determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in these patients as well as to investigate the relationship between coping strategies with the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress. Material and methods: In this study, 100 HIV-positive patients who were referred to voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center from January to September 2019 were recruited by convenience sampling method to complete two validated questionnaires: ways of coping strategies (WOC) and depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS). Results: The findings showed that the mean score of emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies were 44.90 and 44.51, respectively. There was a significant relationship between problem-focused strategies and participants' gender and both strategies with age of patients. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 68%, 76%, and 73%, respectively. The prevalence of all three psychological conditions were correlated with gender. In addition, depression and anxiety were significantly correlated with the last educational level. Results also showed that using emotion-focused coping strategies was associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: Considering the study results, it seems necessary to conduct regular screening programs, appropriate psychological interventions, and social support for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cognitive flexibility is associated with psychiatric disorders. Drug addicts experience more psychiatric disorders. This research aimed to examine depression and suicidal ideation among those receiving opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), taking into account the mediating role of cognitive flexibility. Method: This cross-sectional research was conducted on patients who were enrolled in the OMT program in Semnan in 2021 and abstained from opioid use for at least one year. 126 participants (115 males and 11 females) were randomly selected from among patients in three therapeutic groups (42 from each of the methadone, buprenorphine, and opium tincture groups). The main data collection tools were the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and Beck Depression Scale (BDI-II). Data analysis was done through logistic regression models. Results: Correlation analysis between depression scores, suicidal ideation, and cognitive flexibility showed a significant correlation between each of them. Adjusting for the type of treatment, the increase in cognitive flexibility was associated with a decreasing chance of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 0.87; 95% CI [0.82, 0.92]), and the use of buprenorphine (OR = 15.1) and opium tincture (OR = 9.3), compared to methadone, were associated with a depression increase. Yet, multivariate analysis did not show an independent and significant association between cognitive flexibility and the risk of suicide. Conclusion: Based on the results, patients receiving maintenance treatments are in different conditions in terms of depression and suicide, and psychological flexibility is in correlation with depression and suicidal thinking and behavior in them. This suggests that these patients seem to benefit from cognitive training, at least in reducing their depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective One of the most voice-related complaints in teachers is vocal tract discomfort (VTD) which can increase the voice handicap index (VHI) to different degrees. In teachers Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD), increases voice complaints and decreases the voice-related quality of life. The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the frequency and severity subscales of the VTD score and total score of VHI and determine the relation between them in primary school teachers with and without MTD. Materials & Methods This study was cross-sectional and was performed on 80 primary female teachers with and without MTD. The participants in both groups were randomly selected after checking the inclusion criteria. Voice history, auditory-perceptual assessment of voice, palpation, and laryngeal videostroboscopy were assessed on the teachers in two groups. Then, asked the participants to complete the Persian versions of the VTD and VHI scales. After determining the normal distribution of the data using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the results of VTD, VHI, and their subscales were compared between two groups with an independent t-test. Also, the relationship between them was assessed with the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. Results The mean score of the frequency subscale of VTD in teachers with MTD was more than in teachers without MTD (30.17±5.11, 8.22±2.26), respectively. The score of severity subscales of VTD in teachers with MTD was 39.12±4.94 and in teachers without MTD was 7.89±2.13. Also, the total score of the VHI questionnaire in teachers with MTD was significantly higher than teachers without MTD (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the frequency and severity subscales of VTD and the total score of VHI in the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion This study showed the frequency and severity scores of the VTD and the degree of VHI experienced by MTD are remarkably higher than teachers without MTD. The authors emphasize on the use of VTD and VHI scales in screening teachers who are at risk of voice problems, and the researchers pointed out the importance of paying attention to the reduction of discomfort feelings in the vocal tract and voice handicap in the voice therapy sessions of teachers with MTD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Improving people's resilience is one of the most influential factors in dealing with the Corona crisis. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of mindfulness and spiritual experiences in predicting students' resilience during COVID-19. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation, and 269 male and female undergraduate students of Farhangian University of Qazvin Province, Iran, were selected by the convenience sampling method in the academic year of 2019-2020 and answered the questionnaire on mindfulness, spiritual experiences, and resilience. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions via SPSS software, version 24. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between mindfulness and spiritual experiences with resilience (P<0.01). And the components of mindfulness and spiritual experiences (58.5%) explain the variance of resilience. Conclusion: The results showed that mindfulness and spiritual experiences can predict students' resilience in the era of Corona, therefore, it is suggested that educational and counseling programs promote mindfulness and spiritual experiences to improve the resilience of fashion students--the opinion of those involved in the academic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Spirituality in the workplace is the individual's perception of their workplace enabling them to find their goal in life, and align their beliefs with the organization they work for. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the quality of work life (QWL) with organizational intelligence and workplace spirituality among employees of the Iranian Red Crescent Society mediated by job involvement. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population comprises all employees of the Red Crescent Society of Yazd Province, Iran, in 2022. Using convenience sampling, 304 employees were selected to complete the questionnaires of the study. The research instruments included the QWL questionnaire, organizational intelligence questionnaire, measurement of job and work involvement, and workplace spirituality scale. The proposed model was analyzed using path analysis. Results: The results suggested a direct relationship between organizational intelligence and job involvement in employees of the Red Crescent Society (P<0.001). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between workplace spirituality and QWL (P<0.001), and between workplace spirituality and job involvement in employees of the Red Crescent Society (P=0.004). The relationship between job involvement and QWL was positive and significant (P<0.001). The relationship between indirect paths with the QWL was significant through job involvement (P<0.01). Conclusion: Job involvement and workplace spirituality were positively related to the QWL of employees. Based on this model, various programs can be developed and designed to prevent career burnout and improve the quality of their work life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-care is an important concept in controlling COVID-19 disease and a simple and effective way to maintain and improve health. This study aimed to examine the role of general health and health literacy in predicting the self-care behaviors of patients with COVID-19. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study with a predictive correlational design. The sample consisted of 385 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection referring to the COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment center in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan City, Iran, from June to September 2021. The subjects were under quarantine at home and were recruited by convenience sampling. The data were collected by the general health questionnaire (GHQ- 28), the Iranian health literacy questionnaire (IHLQ), and a researcher-made questionnaire on self-care behaviors in patients with COVID-19 (SCB-COVID-19). The Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and logistic regression were used for data analysis in SPSS software, version 19. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: The Mean±SD scores of self-care behaviors, health literacy, and general health of the subjects were 224.89±21.49, 63.78±21.28, and 50.99±12.81, respectively. There were significant relationships between self-care behaviors and health literacy (r=0.567, P=0.001) and self-care behaviors and general health (r=235, P=0.001). Logistic regression showed that about 42% of self-care behaviors score changes are explained by health literacy and general health variables (R2=0.42) Conclusion: The results showed that self-care behaviors score changes are explained by health literacy and general health in COVID-19 patients. Our results can integrate into the body of knowledge to help improve the health and well-being of populations in the COVID-19 outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard empirical studies are needed despite three decades of research on child sexual abuse prevention programs (CSAPPs). This study aimed to investigate the effects of CSAPP on the child's sexual safety. A multicenter, random cluster, quasi-experimental controlled survey was conducted in a 1:1 ratio in Tehran, Iran, from May to December 2019 in seventy 5- to 6-years-old children from 10 kindergartens. In groups of 7 to 8, the intervention group participated in four sessions of 45 minutes of face-to-face sexual self-care training, 3 to 4 days apart. The control groups received one session on accident safety. Knowledge, self-protective skills, fear, and self-disclosure were assessed respectively by the "Personal Safety Questionnaire (PSQ)," "What If Situation Test (WIST)," "Fear Assessment Thermometer Scale (FATS)," and researcher-made questions before and 8 weeks after the intervention. At the baseline, children obtained 70% of knowledge and 45% of protective skills scores. After the intervention, knowledge, protective skills, and detection of "appropriate requests" were significantly promoted (p <.001). Detecting "inappropriate requests" did not differ; however, all quadruple skills (Say, Do, Tell, and Report) improved significantly. "Girl sex" and "parents' education" were related factors promoting children's protective skills. Sexual abuse self-disclosure was 4.2% (n = 3), and one child reported child sexual abuse (CSA) only after the intervention. Despite the lack of formal education, children's basic knowledge reflects the importance of parents in preventing CSA. However, the CSAPP significantly improved children's skills and revealed one CSA case. CSAPP should not focus solely on risky scenarios because if children cannot distinguish between safe and unsafe situations, they will experience unnecessary anxiety. Even after recognizing the dangerous conditions, CSA prevention will practically fail without appropriate reactions such as escaping and reporting. CSAPP should emphasize individual rights such as body ownership and assertiveness skills and explain the "danger of known people" with detailed scenarios, especially in collectivistic and traditional societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perception of the threatening disease leads to coping behaviors that can affect the treatment process. Social support can be one of the factors influencing the perception of the disease and coping strategies. Our study aimed to determine the perception of the disease, its relationship with coping strategies and social support in COVID-19 patients in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1014 patients who were hospitalized during October 2020 to May 2021 through multi-stage sampling method. The data-gathering instruments consisted a demographic information checklist, and standard questionnaires including disease perception, social support, and coping strategies. Correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression model, and simple linear regression model were used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 40.87 ± 12.42 and the majority of them were female (67.2%(, married (60.1%), and had relatives who had COVID-19 (82.6%). There was a significant inverse relationship between variables (identity, outcomes, emotional expressions etc.) and social support (> 0.01). Also there was a significant direct relationship between variables (self-control, therapeutic susceptibility etc.) and the coping behavior (p < 0.05). There was an inverse relationship between the variables (outcomes, self-blaming, sex, etc.) (P = 0.0001) and a direct one between the variables (education, disease phase, etc.) and perceived social support (P = 0.004). Conclusions: These results show the importance of promoting positive coping strategies and social support in the face of large-scale health crises. The knowledge of nurses about the results of this study, who are responsible for the care and education of the patient, can be effective in the length of hospitalization and reducing costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Research has demonstrated that individuals with a history of depression engage in complicated strategies (e.g., thought suppression) that may mask the possible existence of major depression. Increasing the mental strain, such as retrieving a six-digit number, may reveal depressive thinking in previously depressed individuals. This study examined the hypothesis that thought suppression could mask a cognitive vulnerability to depression and illustrated how cognitive tasks disrupt mind control. Method: This case-control study recruited 255 participants with a convenience sampling method conducted at the Razi Educational and Therapeutic Psychiatric Center (Tehran, Iran) in 2021. Participants were divided into five groups, then they were evaluated by a scrambled sentence test (SST) after random assignment to either mental load or no mental load conditions. The number of negative unscrambled statements was used as an index of negative interpretation bias. After gathering data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for different group factors and conditions was carried out to test the main hypotheses. Results: The effect of the intervention provided to each group on the score of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRDS) was significant (F (4, 208) = 511.77, P < 0.001). A significant correlation (r = 0.36, P < 0.01) was found between depression (HDRS) and negative interpretive bias (SST). Analysis of ANOVA has revealed a significant effect on the group (F (4, 412) = 14.94, P < 0.001). The effect of the mental load was not significant (F (4, 412) = 0.09, P = 0.75), but the group x load interaction was significant (F (4, 412) = 5.03, P < 0.001). Post hoc test was used to draw multiple comparisons between the five groups. Conclusion: The results revealed that people who are vulnerable to depressive disorders are predominantly engaged in thought suppression, which can conceal their depressogenic thinking until cognitive requests consume their mind control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigated the mediating role of coping strategies in relation to self-care behaviors with early maladaptive schemas in people with type 2 diabetes. Method: This descriptive, correlational research was conducted on patients referring to diabetes clinics in Tehran, 2021. In this study, 200 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected through convenience sampling. Research data were collected using Miller's health attitude scale (1982), Young's schema questionnaire (1995) and the coping strategies questionnaire of Lazarus and Folkman (1980). Data analyze was done using SPSS version 25 and Smart-PLS version 3 was used to fit the model. Results: The results showed that early maladaptive schemas have a direct and significant linear relationship with self-care behaviors (r = -0.630). Also, early maladaptive schemas have an indirect and significant linear relationship with self-care behaviors with the mediating role of coping strategies. The research model had a good fit and it can be said that 36% of self-care behaviors caused by diabetes are explained by coping strategies and early maladaptive schemas. Conclusion: In order to improve the level of self-care behaviors of people with type 2 diabetes, attention should be paid to the early maladaptive schemas and coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Nurses often face many challenges in life which negatively affect their well-being. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of self-transcendence in the relationship between psychological vulnerability and work-related well-being of nurses in Birjand City, Iran. Methods: The present study was a descriptive correlation with the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The statistical population included 795 public hospital nurses in Birjand City, Iran in 2020. The research sample included 440 people selected using the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included the psychological vulnerability scale, the subscale self-transcendence and character questionnaire, and the work-related well-being scale. The data were analyzed using the SEM approach, SPSS software, version 22 and LISREL software, version 8.8. Results: The results showed that the direct path of psychological vulnerability to spiritual acceptance, creative self-forgetfulness and transpersonal identity was negative and significant (P<0.01). The direct path of self-forgetfulness, transpersonal identity, and spiritual acceptance to work-related well-being was positive and significant (P<0.01). Also, the indirect route of psychological vulnerability to work-related well-being through spiritual acceptance, selfforgetfulness, and transpersonal identity was significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that self-transcendence can play a significant indirect role in reducing the adverse effects of psychological vulnerability on nurses’ workrelated well-being. Therefore, using the self-care training program based on the theory of selftranscendence, it is possible to improve the three dimensions of self-transcendence of nurses, increase their work well-being, and reduce their psychological vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Spirituality and spiritual beliefs are among the factors playing key roles in preventing psychological disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between depression symptoms with emotional divorce and spiritual beliefs using artificial neural networks (ANN) in married university students. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included all married students at the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz (Khuzestan Province, Iran) during the 2021–22 academic year. The convenience sampling technique was adopted to select 301 married students as the research sample. An ANN was employed and data collection was done using the Beck’s depression inventory, emotional divorce scale, and religious orientation scale. Data analysis was performed through the Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise regression, and an ANN. Results: The results showed a significant positive relationship between emotional divorce and depression symptoms, whereas there was a significant negative relationship between intrinsic religious beliefs and depression symptoms (P<0.001). However, a significant positive relationship existed between extrinsic religious beliefs and depression symptoms (P<0.001). Furthermore, depression symptoms were associated with emotional divorce and intrinsic/extrinsic religious beliefs in married university students. The results of the ANN also showed that emotional divorce had the most relationship with the depression symptoms of married students. Conclusion: The ANN appropriately predicted depression symptoms through an emotional divorce and spiritual beliefs among married university students. The results indicated the necessity of paying more attention to marital relationships, emotional divorce improvement, and depression alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The COVID-19 outbreak has considerably affected various aspects of our lives and different groups of society. In this regard, healthcare staff is more affected by the pressure of heavy workloads and daily exposure to suspected COVID-19 cases. This study aimed to investigate depression and anxiety as two basic factors of mental health among healthcare workers and the role of self-compassion and cognitive flexibility during the pandemic. Methods: A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted. Healthcare workers were the target group, and the samples were collected through the online groups from healthcare staff of coronavirus hospitalized centers in Tehran. A convenience sampling method was used in this study. The general anxiety disorder-7 scale, patient health questionnaire, cognitive flexibility inventory, and self-compassion short-form scale were used online for data collection. Totally 551 respondents were entered into the analysis process of the current study. Results: A total of 437 respondents (79.3%) had mild to severe anxiety symptoms, and 447(81.1%) had mild to severe depressive symptoms. Cognitive flexibility had a significant negative relationship with anxiety and depression (r=-0.40, r=-0.37, respectively, P<0.001). Similarly, the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety and depression was significantly negative (r=-0.48, r=-0. 47, respectively, P<0.001). Discussion: This study demonstrates the positive effects of cognitive flexibility and selfcompassion on healthcare staff during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to explain the causal model of marital boredom based on emotional and social maturity among married people in Shiraz, Iran. Material & Methods: This descriptive and correlational study was conducted on 362 married people (270 women and 92 men) married for 10 years and were selected by convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Paynes' Marital Boredom Self-Report Scale (1996), Yashvir and Bhargava's Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) (1991), and Rao's Social Maturity Scale (RSMS) (1973). In addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and correlation matrix), inferential statistics (structural equation model) were used to analyze the data of the aforementioned scales collected from the sample population by AMOS software. (Ethic Code: ETHICS-2107-1014) Findings: The results showed that emotional maturity predicts marital boredom negatively and significantly (P<0.01, β= -0.69); however, social maturity is not a significant predictor of marital boredom (P<0.01, β= -0.09). After calculating the model by considering the output correction indicators of AMOS software, this model was modified and fitted with eight indicators. In general, the results of this analysis confirmed a good model fit. Discussion & Conclusion: The causal model showed that emotional maturity is able to predict marital boredom negatively and significantly. However, social maturity is not a significant predictor of marital boredom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Marital trust as a fiduciary relationship is very important for ensuring the continuity of married life, and identifying its factors are critical. Female nurses are prone to marital problems due to involvement in stressful jobs with different work shifts and long working hours. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of covert aggression in relationships between attachment behaviors and marital trust in female nurses. Methods: This correlational study was conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM) from March to June 2021. The statistical population consisted of all married female nurses (aged 25-55 years) working in hospitals in Shiraz City, Iran. Of whom, 310 were selected as the sample through two-stage cluster random sampling. The research instruments included the Trust in Close Relationships scale, the brief accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement (BARE) scale, and the couples relational aggression and victimization scale (CRAViS). The proposed model was evaluated by SEM, and indirect relationships were examined using the Bootstrap method in AMOS-24. The significance level was considered to be 0.05. Results: The results showed that both indirect paths of dimensions of attachment behaviors and a marital trust, mediated by covert aggression (destruction of social image and emotional withdrawal), were statistically significant (P<0.05). In addition, the results demonstrated a significant and direct relationship between dimensions of attachment behaviors and marital trust (P<0.01). Conclusion: The study results show the acceptable goodness of fit of the proposed model. Therefore, policymakers, family consultants, and psychiatric nurses are recommended to pay special attention to the effects of attachment behaviors and covert aggression on the marital trust of female nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that involves the central nervous system. Cognitive impairments in patients with MS have a direct and significant impact on their performance in the activities of daily living, and hence their social participation is disrupted. Thus, exploring cognitive domains can help us make clinical decisions and interventions. To cognitively rehabilitate these people and estimate the relationship between cognitive performance (computer test and performance test) and the level of participation, we should examine the correlation between these two domains. This study aims to determine the correlation between social participation and two types of cognitive assessments: computerized and functional. Materials & Methods The present study was a cross-sectional study, and sampling was done by available sampling. The target population was patients with MS admitted to the MS center of Isfahan City, Iran, provided that they met the inclusion criteria in the winter of 2021. Forty-five patients with MS (9 males and 36 females) with an expanded disability status scale between 1 and 5 were selected by available sampling. To assess their cognitive performance, Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CANTAB) and the Lowenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment (LOCTA) functional test were used. Also, the community integration questionnaire (CIQ) was used to determine the level of participation. The data were then processed with SPSS. Results Based on the study results on the intensity and relationship between the measures, there is integration in targeted activities with all measures of LOTCA and CANTAB. This measure had a significant relationship with orientation, visual perception, and motor praxis from the LOTCA test and Delayed matching to sample test (DMS) from the CANTAB test. Notable results include a high correlation between home integration of the CIQ and the stocking of Cambridge test from CANTAB (r=0.353), and social integration of the CIQ with the DMS from CANTAB (r=0.538), integration in purposeful and productive activities of the CIQ with the motor proxy from LOTCA (r=0.422). Conclusion According to the results, both tests have a high correlation with the CIQ. So, computer test, which has a good correlation with participation, can be used alongside the performance test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Cerebral palsy refers to a group of postural and movement disorders that limit movements and can be related to a non-progressive disorder in the developing brain. The international classification of disability emphasizes the child's functional abilities and routine performance. Some classification tools have been developed to describe and evaluate child's functions in daily activities such as walking, manipulating objects, and everyday communication. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between classification systems (gross motor function, manual ability, communication function, and eating and drinking ability) in children with cerebral palsy. Materials & Methods This study was performed by cross-sectional correlation method and of descriptive analytical type. Children with cerebral palsy aged 12-144 months were recruited by convenience sampling from patients referred to clinics and public and private rehabilitation centers in Tehran and Arak cities, Iran, in 2019-2020. After completing the demographic information questionnaire by the child's primary caregiver, the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), manual ability classification system (MACS), Communication function classification system (CFCS), and eating and drinking ability classification system (EDACS) were completed by a child therapist. Results In the present study, 154 children with a Mean±SD age of 49.45±32.22 months participated. also, 87 children (56.5%) were boys, and 67(43.5%) were girls. According to GMFCS, the highest percentage distributions at levels II and IV were 31.2% and 26%, respectively. In other words, more than 57% of children were distributed in these two levels. According to MACS, the distributions of the highest percentages at levels II, III, and IV were 28.6%, 22.1%, and 20.8%, respectively. In other words, more than 70% of the children were distributed in these three levels. According to EDACS, the distribution of almost all levels was equal except the V level, with 4.3% having the lowest percentage. According to CFCS, the distribution of the highest percentage at levels V and IV was 23.5%. In examining the relationship between functional systems, significant relationships were observed in all cases: MACS and GMFCS, r=0.672; CFCS and GMFCS, r=0.581; EADCS and GMFCS, r=0.593; CFCS and MACS, r=0.555; EADCS and MACS, r=664; EADCS and CFCS, r=0. 547 (P<0.01). Conclusion It seems that children with more motor function limitations show more limitations in other performance classification systems, too. Of course, the number of studies in this field is limited and needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Theater actors are a subgroup of professional voice users who may present their performances at a high-pressure vocal demand, like loud talking, shouting, or even stage singing. Disturbances in auditory-perceptual or acoustic parameters of voice are commonly experienced by theater actors and are known as a frequent occupational hazard for them. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between auditory-perceptual and acoustic parameters of the voice in Iranian theater actors. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 45 Iranian theater actors, including 22 females and 23 males, with a meanage of 30.76 ± 7 years. The auditory-perceptual evaluation was performed using the Persian version of the Consensus Auditory- Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V). Acoustic characteristics, including mean fundamental frequency (F0), local shimmer, local jitter, and harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), were extracted from the subjects' "speech sample." Correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationship between the measures of auditory-perceptual and acoustic voice characteristics. Results: The overall auditory-perceptual severity was negatively correlated with mean F0 (r = -0.592, P < 0.05) and HNR (r = - 0.324, P < 0.05). Roughness was also negatively correlated with voice mean F0 (r = -0.629, P < 0.05) and HNR (r = -0.322, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with voice local jitter (r = 0.310, P < 0.05). We also found that pitch was negatively correlated with voice mean F0 (r = -0.309, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with voice local jitter (r = 0.292, P = 0.050). Conclusions: Acoustic measures, including F0, HNR, and jitter, correlate with auditory perceptual parameters of the voice quality in Iranian theater actors. These findings highlight the significance of acoustic parameters in assessing voice quality in professional voice users such as theater actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]