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Reviews of various articles are presented including "Hand antisepsis in equine surgery" by Nora Biermann, "Salivary alpha-amylase in abdominal disease" by Marıa Dolores Contreras-Aguilar, and "Diet and exercise for obese equids" by Nicholas Bamford.

Several cellulosic substrates have been surface-functionalized with cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin, β-CD) using citric acid as a crosslinker agent to obtain new surface-modified materials able to release antiseptic molecules over a prolonged period, in view of their use in medical domain. Three different commercial cellulosic substrates were used, namely: (i) an uncoated paper, (ii) a crepe paper, and (iii) a medical bandage. They were successfully grafted by a crosslinked polymer consisting on β-CD molecules as assessed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Several time-temperature kinetic cycles were performed to reach the optimum curing parameters. The grafted and nongrafted samples were loaded with chlorhexidine digluconate (digCHX), a widely used antiseptic agent. The drug-delivery kinetics of the encapsulated digCHX was carried out by immersing the sample under investigation into an aqueous medium, and the quantity of the released digCHX was measured, as a function of time, by UV spectroscopy. The optimal grafting conditions were established on the basis of the highest weight gain. These samples did not give the best release performance. Nevertheless, several grafted substrates were able to uptake an appreciable amount of active molecules and release them over a prolonged time of about 20 days. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 47-year-old man has been presented with acute perianal dermatitis due to Cl+Me-isothiazolinone-containing moistened toilet tissue. The European standard series remained negative except for Cl+Me-isothiazolinone. Three months later, the patient developed a presternal plaque of seborrhoeic dermatitis. A cream containing 1% hydrocortisone in Canestene® cream, mixed with Beeler cream in equal proportion, has been prescribed. Two weeks later, he had an exacerbation of his dermatitis. Patch tests were found positive with the cream and clotrimazole, its active ingredient.

Aim To compare the antimicrobial activities of Activ Point ( Roeko, Langenau, Germany), Calcium Hydroxide Plus Point ( Roeko, Langenau, Germany), calcium hydroxide, 1% chlorhexidine gel and bioactive glass (S53P4) against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. Methodology One hundred and twenty extracted single-rooted human teeth were used. After removing the crowns, root canals were prepared by using the Protaper rotary system. Following autoclave sterilization, root canals were incubated at 37 °C with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and S. mutans RSHM 676 for 1 week. The specimens, which were divided into five treatment groups for each microorganism according to the intracanal medicament used, were tested in 10 experimental runs. In each experimental run, 10 roots were included as treatment, one root as positive control and one root as sterility control. Sterile paper points were utilized to take samples from root canals after the incubation of teeth in thioglycollate medium at 37 °C for 1 week. Samples taken from teeth by sterile paper points were inoculated onto sheep blood agar, and following an overnight incubation, the colonies grown on sheep blood agar were counted and interpreted as colony-forming units. Results were tested statistically by using Kruskal- Wallis and Conover's nonparametric multiple comparison tests. Results CHX gel ( P < 0.001 and P < 0.001), Activ Point ( P = 0.003 and P = 0.002) and Ca( OH)2 ( P = 0.010 and P = 0.005) were significantly more effective against E. faecalis than that of Ca( OH)2 Plus Point and bioactive glass, respectively. On the other hand, compared with Ca( OH)2, CHX gel ( P < 0.001), and Activ Point ( P < 0.001), bioactive glass ( P = 0.014) produced significantly lower colony counts of S. mutans. When compared with the positive control, treatment with Ca( OH)2 Plus Point ( P = 0.085 and P = 0.066) did not produce significantly lower colony counts of E. faecalis and S. mutans, respectively. Conclusions Compared with the medicaments having an antimicrobial effect because of their alkaline pH, the medicaments containing chlorhexidine were effective against both E. faecalis and S. mutans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of anti-plaque chemical formulations for managing gingivitis, in 6-month, home-use, randomised clinical trials ( RCTs). Material and Methods A protocol was designed, including inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify RCTs assessing gingival and/or bleeding indices. Electronic and hand-searches identified relevant papers, which were screened and evaluated for inclusion. Full-papers were retrieved and relevant information was extracted (also plaque indices), including quality and risk of bias. Mean treatment effects were calculated to obtain weighted mean differences ( WMD) and 95% confidence intervals. Results After the process of screening and selection, 87 articles with 133 comparisons, were included in the review. The additional effects of the tested products were statistically significant in terms of Löe & Silness gingival index (46 comparisons, WMD −0.217), modified gingival index ( n = 23, −0.415), gingivitis severity index ( n = 26, −14.939%) or bleeding index ( n = 23, −7.626%), with significant heterogeneity. For plaque, additional effects were found for Turesky (66 studies, WMD −0.475), Silness & Löe ( n = 26, −0.109), and plaque severity ( n = 12, −23.4%) indices, with significant heterogeneity. Conclusion Within the limitations of the present study, formulations with specific agents for chemical plaque control provide statistically significant improvements in terms of gingival, bleeding and plaque indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patulin, a mycotoxin produced by several genera of fungi, is an important concern in apple-based products due to its toxicity and health consequences. Ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation is a method of disinfection that is effective against many microorganisms and is also applied for chemical contaminant treatment via direct photolysis and advanced oxidation with sensitizers such as hydrogen peroxide. The present study evaluates whether UV-C could be an effective method to destroy patulin in apple juice. UV-C irradiation experiments were conducted using a collimated beam system operating at 253.7 nm. It was observed that patulin was not destroyed in pure water, but was degraded in pure and diluted apple juice upon UV-C irradiation, suggesting that chromophores (such as riboflavin) in the juice were important factors in the photo degradation. From an initial patulin concentration of approximately 200 ppb, UV-C dose of 400 mJ/cm2 successfully reduced patulin concentration by 69.47 (±0.69) % ( p < .05). In cell culture studies, our results showed that increasing UV-C dose decreased the patulin-induced cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood cells. Cell viability percentage increased from 47.3% to 81.64% as UV-C dose increased from 0 to 400 mJ/cm2. These doses would also achieve significant inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and many molds and fungi. This study clearly shows the potential for using UV-C treatment for patulin degradation in turbid liquid foods such as apple juice. Practical applications This research paper provides scientific evidence of the potential benefits UV-C irradiation in removing patulin from apple juice. UV-C dose of 400 mJ/cm2 successfully reduced patulin concentration by 69.47%. In cell culture studies, increasing UV-C dose decreased the patulin-induced cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood cells. UV-C irradiation is an attractive food preservation technology and offers opportunities for horticultural and food processing industries to meet the growing demand from consumers for healthier and safer food products. Knowledge gained through this study will facilitate major advances in the field of food science and engineering. This study would also provide technical support for commercialization of UV-C technology for patulin degradation in turbid liquid foods such as apple juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiseptics used in endodontics for disinfection purposes include root canal dressings and irrigants. Osmotic shock is known to cause the alteration of microbial cell viability and might have a role in the mechanism of action of root canal antiseptics. The aim of this review was to determine the role of osmolarity on the performance of antiseptics in root canal treatment. A literature search using the Medline electronic database was conducted up to 30 May 2013 using the following search terms and combinations: 'osmolarity AND root canal or endodontic or antiseptic or irrigation or irrigant or medication or dressing or biofilm; osmolality AND root canal or endodontic or antiseptic or irrigation or irrigant or medication or dressing or biofilm; osmotic AND root canal or endodontic or antiseptic or irrigation or irrigant or medication or dressing or biofilm; osmosis AND root canal or endodontic or antiseptic or irrigation or irrigant or medication or dressing or biofilm; sodium chloride AND root canal or endodontic or antiseptic or irrigation or irrigant or medication or dressing or biofilm'. Publications were included if the effects of osmolarity on the clinical performance of antiseptics in root canal treatment were stated, if preparations with different osmolarities values were compared and if they were published in English. A hand search of articles published online, 'in press' and 'early view', and in the reference list of the included papers was carried out following the same criteria. A total of 3274 publications were identified using the database, and three were included in the review. The evidence available in endodontics suggests a possible role for hyperosmotic root canal medicaments as disinfectants, and that there is no influence of osmolarity on the tissue dissolution capacity of sodium hypochlorite. There are insufficient data to obtain a sound conclusion regarding the role of hypo-osmosis in root canal disinfection, or osmosis in any further desirable ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The principles guiding reconstruction of the lower limb after trauma have become established over 300 years through advances in technology and studies of epidemiology. This paper reviews how these principles came about and why they are important. Methods This is a structured review of historical and recent literature pertinent to lower limb reconstruction. The outcomes assessed in the pre-modern era were wound mortality, amputation mortality and amputation rate. In the modern era, infection and non-union emerged as measures of outcome, which are morbidity- rather than mortality-based. Indications for amputation published during the eras are taken to reflect the reconstructive practices of the time. Results Amputation and wound mortality fell throughout the pre-modern era, from 70% and 20% to 1.8% and 1.8%, respectively. Amputation rates peaked in the American Civil War (53%) but have remained less than 20% since then. Infection and non-union rates in the modern era have fluctuated between 5% and 45%. Conclusions Priority areas for research include refinement of soft tissue reconstruction, injury classification, standardization of outcome measures and primary prevention. The impact of débridement and antisepsis on outcomes should not be forgotten as progress is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The very efficacy of antisepsis put its inventor, Joseph Lister, in a difficult diplomatic position—one that required him not to attack those who, for whatever misguided reason, refused to adopt the new technique. Lister’s writings are notably understated, and it is in keeping with their humility of expression that he does not orate against those who resisted antisepsis at such cost to their patients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Of the 4 million neonatal deaths and 500,000 maternal deaths that occur annually worldwide, almost 99% are in developing countries and one-third are associated with infections. Implementation of proven interventions and targeted research on a select number of promising high-impact preventative and curative interventions are essential to achieve Millennium Development Goals for reduction of child and maternal mortality. Feasible, simple, low-cost interventions have the potential to significantly reduce the mortality and severe morbidity associated with infection in these settings. Studies of chlorhexidine in developing countries have focused on three primary uses: 1) intrapartum vaginal and neonatal wiping, 2) neonatal wiping alone, and 3) umbilical cord cleansing. A study of vaginal wiping and neonatal skin cleansing with chlorhexidine, conducted in Malawi in the 1990s suggested that chlorhexidine has potential to reduce neonatal infectious morbidity and mortality. A recent trial of cord cleansing conducted in Nepal also demonstrated benefit. Although studies have shown promise, widespread acceptance and implementation of chlorhexidine use has not yet occurred. This paper is derived in part from data presented at a conference on the use of chlorhexidine in developing countries and reviews the available evidence related to chlorhexidine use to reduce mortality and severe morbidity due to infections in mothers and neonates in low-resource settings. It also summarizes issues related to programmatic implementation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Jorgensen MG, Safarian A, Daneshmand N, Keim RJ, Slots J. Initial antimicrobial effect of controlled-release doxycycline in subgingival sites. J Periodont Res 2004; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00742.x© Blackwell Munksgaard 2004 To determine the ability of a 10% doxycycline hyclate controlled-release polymer (Atridox®) to suppress periodontopathic bacteria when placed subgingivally following scaling and root planing (Sc/Rp). Eight males and seven females, mean age 48 years, with moderate to advanced periodontitis participated in the study. In each patient, bilateral periodontal pockets probing 6–7 mm were randomly assigned to treatment by Sc/Rp + doxycycline polymer or by Sc/Rp alone. Subgingival placement of doxycycline polymer was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sc/Rp was performed with hand instruments for at least 10 min in each study tooth. Subgingival samples were collected by paper-points at baseline, at 2 weeks and at 4 weeks post-treatment. Culture methodology was used to isolate and identify putative periodontal pathogens, including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Dialister pneumosintes, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia/ Prevotella nigrescens, Campylobacter species, Eubacterium species, Fusobacterium species, Peptostreptococcus micros, Eikenella corrodens, Staphylococcus species, enteric gram-negative rods, β-hemolytic streptococci and yeasts. The microbiologic examination was carried out blindly. Microbiological data were analyzed using a General Linear Model Analysis of Variance for within and between group effects. Sites receiving Sc/Rp + doxycycline polymer and sites receiving Sc/Rp alone exhibited similar levels of periodontal pathogens at baseline and did not differ significantly in total viable counts and proportional recovery of periodontopathic bacteria post-treatment. Controlled-release doxycycline placed in moderate to deep periodontal pockets caused no significant additional reduction in the subgingival pathogenic microbiota compared to thorough Sc/Rp alone. Since controlled-release doxycycline may not significantly suppress several subgingival pathogenic microorganisms and seems to possess no distinct advantage over broad-spectra, safe and inexpensive antiseptics, the rationale for its employment in periodontal therapy remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics have played a major role in the improvement of life expectancy in the last 50 years and have led many to believe that bacterial infections were about to vanish as a disease entity of any importance. Emerging problems resulting from a widespread use of antibiotics have modified the general perception of the capabilities of antimicrobial agents. Over the years, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to formerly potent antimicrobial agents, including some antiseptics. The use of antimicrobials may also disturb the delicate ecological equilibrium of the body, allowing the proliferation of resistant bacteria or non-bacterial micro-organisms. This shift may initiate new infections that are worse than the ones originally treated. No antimicrobial drug is absolutely non-toxic and the use of an agent carries accompanying risks. This paper discusses the development and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in the subgingival flora towards antiseptics and local or systemic antibiotics and is focussed on the question: how can the outcome of periodontal therapy with/without antimicrobials be improved? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful prevention and treatment of periodontitis is contingent upon effective control of the periodontopathic microbiota. Periodontal pathogens reside in subgingival sites but also colonize supragingival plaque, tongue dorsum and other oral sites. Controlling destructive periodontal disease warrants a comprehensive antimicrobial approach that targets periodontal pathogens in various ecological niches of the oral cavity. Also, to effectively combat periodontal pathogens, the various elements of antimicrobial periodontal therapy should be engaged within a short period of time. Scaling and root planing, with or without periodontal surgery, along with proper oral hygiene, constitute the primary approach to controlling periodontopathogens. Antimicrobial agents administered systemically or locally can help suppress periodontal pathogens in periodontal sites and in the entire mouth. Microbiological testing aids the clinician in selecting the most effective antimicrobial agent or combination of agents, and in monitoring the effectiveness of periodontal teatment. The present paper considers theoretical and practical aspects of effective antimicrobial treatment of destructive periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) This paper deals with the geographical distribution of two sugar esters of caffeic acid determined by a single gene difference in populations of Plantago major ssp. pleiosperma in Danish plant communities. (2) A pronounced skewness in the frequency of the recessive phenotype, an ester with rhamnose, has been verified in two independent sets of plant samples with decreasing frequency of the rhamnose ester towards the west. (3) The existence of polymorphism in these phenolic compounds is shown to be advantageous to the taxon in relation to herbivory by slugs and snails. (4) Selective feeding on the most frequent phenotype has been shown in the population samples as well as in controlled experiments. (5) This mechanism is discussed in relation to a stable polymorphism in the populations and is, so far. one of the very few examples of frequency-dependent selection in favour of the rarest genotype, i.e. pro apostatic selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk of periodontal diseases development increased in patients with malocclusion undergoing orthodontic treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of the use of adjunctive rinses with nano‐Argentum to standard oral hygiene regimen in subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients were observed for 1 year. They were divided in two groups: in test group patients were instructed to rinse with non‐ionic colloidal silver solution according to protocol for 6 months as an adjunct to standard; in control group the patients followed the standard oral hygiene regimen. Index of efficiency of oral hygiene (PHPm), community periodontal index (CPI) and papillary‐marginal‐alveolar index (PMA) were evaluated before treatment and after 1 and 6 months. For statistics analysis, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis tests and Pearson criterion were used. Results: Baseline hygiene levels in two groups had no differences. Oral hygiene indices were significantly lower in the test group in comparison with control after 1 month (PHPm = 0.38 ± 0.18 and 1.19 ± 0.45, respectively, p < 0.01; PMA = 11.78 ± 8.5 and 47.25 ± 20.9, respectively, p < 0.05; CPI = 0.65 ± 0.53 and 1.53 ± 0.77, respectively, p < 0.01) and 6 months (PHPm = 0.5 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.4, respectively, p < 0.01; PMA = 11.62 ± 19.6 and 66.33 ± 27.9, respectively, p < 0.01; CPI = 0.63 ± 0.73 and 1.68 ± 0.78, respectively, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The use of the test solution as an adjunct to standard oral hygiene provided a significant beneficial effect in terms of oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following press reports of patients catching fire or receiving chemical burns in the operating theatre, a review was conducted on the flammability of skin antiseptics. The purpose of the paper was to clarify confusion regarding povidine-iodine (Betadine), which had been reported as being flammable, and also to determine the use of alcohol-based solutions in the Hunter Area Health Service. A risk assessment was conducted and risk reduction strategies outlined. Risk assessment was made following a literature review and an audit of 10 operating theatres in the Hunter Area Health Service. Risk for operating room fires from alcohol-based skin antiseptics was confirmed. Antiseptics in aqueous solutions only smoulder. The Hunter Health survey indicated that although alcohol-based solutions were not used in operating theatres, they were used in anaesthetic bays for insertion of epidural and central line catheters. Strategies to reduce the risk of fire include discontinuation of use of alcohol-based skin antiseptics in operating theatres; using fire retardant surgical drapes; installing over-current protection devices on electrical equipment; minimizing flammable conditions by avoiding nitrous oxide and using the lowest required concentration of inspired oxygen; use of non-flammable cuffed endotracheal tubes; education and training of operating theatre personnel in fire hazards. Operating theatre fires continue to be a major risk for patient safety. In order to reduce this risk, the strategies outlined here should be followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic deeply impacted the capacity of the health systems to maintain preventive and curative services, especially for the most vulnerable populations. During the pandemic, the wound healing centres in Italy assisted a significant reduction of the frequency of their hospital admission, since only urgencies, such as severe infections or wound haemorrhagic complications, were allowed to the hospital. The aim of this multidisciplinary work is to highlight the importance of a new pathway of wound care with patient‐based therapeutic approach, tailored treatments based on the characteristics of the wound and fast tracks focused on the outpatient management, reserving hospital assessment only for patients with complicated or complex wounds. This analysis highlights the point that patients with chronic wounds need to be critically evaluated in order to find the best and most appropriate care pathway, which should vary according to the patient and, especially, to the characteristics of the wound. Moreover, the most adequate topic antiseptic should be started as soon as possible. An appropriate and correct management of the wound care will allow to link the knowledge based on years of clinical practice with the new challenges and the need to visit patients remotely, when possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This randomized clinical trial presents a 12-month follow-up of the clinical and microbiological results after application of minocycline microspheres as an adjunct to mechanical treatment of incipient peri-implant infections compared with an adjunctive treatment using 1% chlorhexidine gel application. Material and Methods: Thirty-two subjects with probing depth ⩾4 mm, combined with bleeding and/or exudate on probing and presence of putative pathogenic bacteria were given oral hygiene instructions and mechanical treatment of infected areas adjacent to implants. The subjects were then randomly assigned adjunctive subgingival antimicrobial treatment using either chlorhexidine gel or minocycline microspheres. Sixteen patients in the minocycline group and 14 in the chlorhexidine group completed the study. Follow-up examinations were carried out after 10 days, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Results: The adjunctive use of minocycline microspheres resulted in improvements of probing depths and bleeding scores, whereas the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine only resulted in limited reduction of bleeding scores. For the deepest sites of the treated implants in the minocycline group, the mean probing depth was reduced from 5.0 to 4.4 mm at 12 months. This study could not show any significant difference in the levels of bacterial species or groups at any time point between the two antimicrobial agents tested. The present findings encourage further studies on adjunctive use of minocycline microspheres in the treatment of peri-implant lesions. Conclusions: The use of a local antibiotic as an adjunct to mechanical treatment of incipient peri-implantitis lesions demonstrated improvements in probing depths that were sustained over 12 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cetrimide has been largely used as a disinfectant in hospitals for preoperative skin preparation and treatment of operative wounds and inoperable ulcerated tumors for many years. Two cases of allergic contact dermatitis to cetrimide are described. They were disinfected with cetrimide in the operating theatre. Allergic contact dermatitis to quaternary compounds are seldom described. Usually the commonest sensitizer is benzalkonium chloride used in ophthalmic solutions and as a disinfectant for leg ulcer treatment.

The effectiveness of three hand antiseptics administered using a spray dispenser (Nebucid 840) was studied together with that of conventional hand disinfection. The tests were carried out by a group of 20 dental students. To obtain baseline samples, the subjects washed their bands with unmedicated Sterisol liquid soap under running water for 30 s and dried them on sterile-packed paper towels. Microbiologic samples were taken from fingerprints pressed gently onto blood agar plates, which were then incubated aerobically and analyzed. The hand disinfection efficacy of 3 ml Isosept solution rubbed onto the hands for 30 s, followed by air drying for 60 s, was studied as a conventional control method. Dermocol, HD 410, and Hibisol antiseptics were sprayed onto the subjects' hands for 3 s using the automatic dispenser, after which the hands were gently rubbed for 30 s and air-dried for 60 s, before fingerprint contact sampling. All the tests were performed three times, with a minimum of 3 days between the series. The results showed Hibisol applied with the spray dispenser to be significantly more effective in reducing bacterial growth than the other methods. No growth was observed on 51 plates out of 60, while bacterial growth was observed in 29 cases out of 60 in the Isosept series. In most cases the spray-dispensed antiseptics proved to be more efficient than the conventional hand antiseptic. All the antiseptics were significantly more effective than the liquid soap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decubitus ulcers are slow healing; in many cases they stagnate and fail to heal. Examination of the literature concerning decubitus ulcers reveals that there is a large body of treatments which have been suggested to stimulate the healing wound. This study examines the clinical effectiveness of the various treatments, and the scientific basis behind them. The treatments currently available are compared with those discussed in the literature over the last century, and common threads emerge which have a bearing on how literally one should accept the advice offered in current textbooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission control of the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is the most effective strategy by the absence of its specified vaccine or drug. Although the aerosol mediated transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 has been confirmed, the physicochemical treatment of the biotic and abiotic objects is still the most promising approach in its infection control. The front line of the most effective disinfecting compounds on SARS‐CoV‐2 implies to be sodium hypochlorite, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and phenolic compounds, respectively. However, widely used compounds of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (benzalkonium chloride) biguanides (chlorhexidine) have not shown the multitude load reduction in less than 10 minutes. The susceptibility of SARS‐CoV‐2 to physical treatment follows the pattern of heat, acidity, and UV radiation. Rather all of the mentioned physical or chemical treatments, target the envelope proteins of the coronavirus mainly by impairing its entry to host cells. The anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity of combinatorial physicochemical treatments or evaluation of new chemical entities or physical treatments such as microwave irradiation still needs to be explored. Therefore, the development of a reliable decontamination protocol for SARS‐CoV‐2 demands revealing its stability pattern study vs a spectrum of single and combinatorial physicochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive therapies in reducing gingivitis and plaque by means of a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Material and Methods: A search protocol was designed to identify 6‐month RCTs that investigated the efficacy of adjuncts to mechanical plaque control on gingivitis and plaque. Following screening, relevant information was extracted, and quality and potential risk of bias were estimated. Mean treatment differences were calculated to obtain standardized mean differences and weighted mean differences (SMD and WMD) as appropriate. Results: Meta‐analyses included 70 studies of adjunctive antiseptics. Compared with mechanical plaque control alone, adjuncts yielded statistically significant reductions in gingival index (n = 72; SMD = −1.268; 95% CI [−1.489; −1.047]; p <.001; I2 = 96.2%), bleeding (%) (n = 26, WMD=−14.62%; 95% CI [−18.01%; −11.23%]; p <.001; I2 = 95.1%), plaque index (n = 93, SMD = −1.017; 95% CI [−1.194; −0.840]; p <.001; I2 = 95.3%) and plaque (%) (n = 23; WMD = −18.20%; 95% CI [−24.00%; −12.50%]; p <.001; I2 = 96.9%). Mouthrinses resulted in greater reductions in per cent plaque compared with dentifrices (meta‐regression, coefficient = 13.80%; 95% CI [2.40%; 25.10%]; p =.020). The antiseptic agents were similarly effective in reducing gingivitis and plaque in patients with dental plaque‐induced gingivitis (intact periodontium) or previously treated periodontitis with gingival inflammation. Conclusion: Adjunctive antiseptics in mouthrinses and dentifrices provide statistically significant reductions in gingival, bleeding and plaque indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel gemini (tail‐head‐spacer‐head‐tail) bis‐quaternary ammonium compounds (bis‐QACs) with a biphenyl spacer between two pyridinium heads were synthesized and compared with commonly used antiseptics such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG). The series of compounds showed high inhibitory activity against five bacterial strains and two fungi. The compounds, which contain C8H17‐C10H21 aliphatic tails best within the series. A counterion change does not affect MIC in general. Cytotoxicity on human embryonic kidney cells and haemolysis were also investigated. For bis‐QACs cytotoxic effect was lower than for 3,3′‐[1,4‐phenylenebis(oxy)]bis(1‐dodecylpyridinium) dibromide (3PHBO‐12), that is their closest structural analogue, and for BAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this randomized split‐mouth clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of ozone therapy on clinical and biochemical parameters of moderate to severe generalized periodontitis patients after non‐surgical periodontal therapy. Methods: A total of 36 moderate to severe generalized periodontitis patients were included in the study. The patients were systemically healthy and 18 to 64 years of age. Periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), percentage of bleeding on probing, percentage of pockets deeper than 5 mm and clinical attachment level (CAL), and percentage of ≥3 mm CAL, were evaluated at baseline and 3 months following periodontal therapy. All participants were treated non‐surgically. Topical gaseous ozone was applied into periodontal pockets twice a week for 2 weeks during active periodontal therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid pentraxin‐3 (PTX‐3), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (Hs‐CRP) were evaluated. All statistical data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Total of 36 participants completed the study (18 males, 18 females). PI, GI, PD, percentage of bleeding on probing, percentage of pockets deeper than 5 mm and CAL, and percentage of ≥3 mm CAL were improved, and there were no significant differences between the two sides. All inflammatory parameters, PTX‐3, Hs‐CRP, and IL‐1, were reduced at 3‐month follow‐up. Only the decrease in PTX‐3 levels between baseline and 3‐month follow‐up was statistically significant. Conclusions: Ozone therapy did not have any additional effect on periodontal parameters. All cytokines were reduced after periodontal therapy. Only PTX‐3 levels were significantly lower at ozone sites compared to those at the control sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Plums are much appreciated by consumers as fresh fruit but have a limited storage life. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with fruit ripening, an increase in ROS scavenging antioxidant systems could lead to a delay in postharvest plum ripening and in maintaining fruit quality after long cold storage. RESULTS: Results showed that crop yield (kg per tree) and fruit weight were enhanced by preharvest oxalic acid (OA) treatment of plum cultivars ('Black Splendor' and 'Royal Rosa'), although the on‐tree ripening process was delayed. In addition, the ripening process during cold storage was delayed in plums from OA‐treated tress, manifested by lower firmness and acidity losses and reduced ethylene production, as compared with fruits from control trees. Antioxidant compounds (phenolics, anthocyanins and carotenoids) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were higher in plums from OA‐treated trees than in controls, at harvest and during 50 days of cold storage. CONCLUSION: OA preharvest treatment could be a useful tool to maintain plum quality properties during long‐term storage, by delaying the postharvest ripening process through a delay in ethylene production, with an additional effect on increasing bioactive compounds with health beneficial effects. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance is an ever‐increasing global concern, with the era of untreatable infection becoming a reality. Wound care is no exception, with increasing issues of antibiotic‐resistant infections across different wound types and care settings. Antibiotic resistance and stewardship have been the priority for most strategic interventions so far; however, in wound care, alternative or supplementary strategies using antiseptics should be considered. Antiseptics such as silver can provide effective cidal activity across a broad range of wound pathogens, assuming they are used at the correct level for an appropriate duration. Evidence summarised in this manuscript suggests that effective antiseptics, such as nanocrystalline silver, have an increasing body of evidence in support of their use to minimise transmission of antibiotic‐resistant organisms as part of institutional infection control procedures and, in addition, through appropriate early use and stewardship on local wound infections, in conjunction with local procedures, to minimise the need for systemic antibiotic therapy. Engagement, alignment, and collaboration between wound care professionals and wider related teams and governments on antimicrobial stewardship, and the potential role of antiseptics within this, will help to generate further evidence for such interventions in the fight against antimicrobial‐resistant infections in wound care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is increasing evidence that topical antibiotics, given before and/or after intravitreal injections, are ineffective in preventing endophthalmitis and are possibly harmful. In addition to the lack of efficacy and increased development of resistant organisms, the use of topical antibiotics adds significantly to the cost of delivering intravitreal therapy. Despite this, in many countries, it is still common practice to use pre‐ and/or postinjection topical antibiotics. This review outlines the general principles of effective antibiotic prophylaxis, and the evidence regarding topical antibiotic use as a prophylactic measure for endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections. A key distinguishing feature of intravitreal injections from most other invasive procedures is the fact that they are often repeated on multiple occasions to the same eye. Given the lack of evidence to support topical antibiotics as an effective method of prophylaxis for postinjection endophthalmitis, it appears that more widespread education of ophthalmologists is required to avoid continued inappropriate use. Revision of drug labels in some jurisdictions, and amendment of local/professional society guidelines, may be required to assist in achieving this goal. Emphasis should be placed on antisepsis and aseptic technique, which are the major proven methods of endophthalmitis prevention, rather than antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of periodontitis aims to control the infection caused by the periodontal pathogenic flora and includes mechanical debridement of root surfaces to disrupt the supragingival and subgingival biofilm. As periodontal pockets of ≤ 5 mm can be perform in a stable condition and may not need additional therapy, the ability and the willingness of the patient to perform good oral hygiene on a long-term basis are of utmost importance for ensuring long-term success of periodontal treatment. In this context, the aim of all home-care measures must be the optimal control of plaque biofilm in order to prevent or treat gingival inflammation as a primary stage of periodontitis. Despite the fact that toothbrushing and other mechanical cleaning practices are the most important elements for preventing periodontal diseases or their progression, other factors, including education, motivation, manual dexterity and compliance with professional recommendation, provision of time and socio-economic status, as well as risk factors, play a role. The present article provides an overview on the various possibilities for self-care of residual pockets in patients with periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the effect of two newly formulated chlorhexidine ( CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC) mouthrinses after scaling and root planing ( SRP) in terms of clinical, microbiological, patient-based variables and adverse events, with a positive control with the same active components, already marketed and tested. Methods A pilot, randomized clinical trial, double-blind, parallel design with 1-month follow-up was conducted. Chronic periodontitis patients requiring non-surgical periodontal therapy were enrolled and randomly assigned to: (i) SRP and test-1 (new reformulation: 0.12% CHX and 0.05% CPC); (ii) SRP and test-2 (new formulation: 0.03% CHX and 0.05% CPC); or (iii) SRP and positive control (commercial product: 0.12% CHX and 0.05% CPC). All variables were evaluated at baseline and 1 month after SRP. Quantitative variables were compared by means of anova or Kruskal-Wallis test and qualitative variables by chi-square or McNemar tests. Results Thirty patients (10 per group) were included. After 1 month, there were significant differences among groups in plaque levels ( P = 0.016) as test-1 showed less sites with plaque than test-2 (31.15% [standard error- SE 2.21%] versus 49.39% [ SE 4.60%), respectively). No significant differences were found for global patient perception of the product or in adverse effects. Test groups showed better results in levels and proportions ( P = 0.022) of Capnocytophaga spp. Conclusions Within the limitations of this pilot study, it can be concluded that the newly formulated 0.12% CHX and 0.05% CPC mouthrinse showed larger plaque level reductions, without showing more adverse effects, when compared to the other two mouthrinses, after SRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis is generally a common and recurrent disease in canine clinical pathology. The increased incidence of fungal resistant to antifungal in both humans and pets is a cause for concern and is associated with the indiscriminate use of antifungals. Finding the most effective disinfectants and antifungals has become essential. To evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of hydrogen peroxide on the growth of M. pachydermatis and compare its efficacy with commercial ear cleaners. The test for sensitivity to antimicrobials was carried out following the indications of the CLSI document M44-A2. The comparative results demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide 1.5% showed excellent results for growth inhibition of M. pachydermatis, followed by Epiotic® and MalAcetic®, the lowest result was for Otoclean®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is a lack of response data for topical treatments for psoriasis vulgaris in Asian patients. Objectives To determine the optimal maintenance regimen for topical treatment with calcipotriol monohydrate/betamethasone dipropionate gel in Korean patients with psoriasis vulgaris, by comparing the efficacy of three 8-week maintenance regimens. Methods This was a multicentre, prospective, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, open-label, phase 4 clinical trial, conducted in South Korea. Patients with psoriasis vulgaris on the limbs/trunk received once-daily treatment with calcipotriol monohydrate (50 μg/g)/betamethasone dipropionate (500 μg/g) gel for 8 weeks (induction phase). Responders (defined as an Investigator's Global Assessment of Disease Severity ( IGA) grade of 'clear' or 'almost clear') were then randomized to receive 8 weeks' maintenance treatment with Xamiol® gel once daily as needed [pro re nata (PRN Group)], once daily every day (Continuous group), or twice weekly - on Saturday and Sunday (Weekend group). The primary endpoint was the percentage of IGA responders at week 16. Results At the end of the induction phase, 62.18% of patients were IGA responders. At the end of the maintenance phase (week 16), the responder rate was 63.89% for the PRN group, 67.5% for the Continuous group and 31.43% for the Weekend group. The PRN and Continuous groups were statistically superior to the Weekend group ( P = 0.0109 and P = 0.0015), but the PRN and Continuous groups did not differ statistically. The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion Among Korean patients with psoriasis vulgaris, maintenance treatment with calcipotriol monohydrate/betamethasone dipropionate using a continuous daily regimen or an 'as needed' daily regimen provided similar efficacy, whereas a twice-weekly regimen was significantly less efficacious than either of these regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the products formed upon oxidation of 4-hydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane and its derivatives with Cu(OH)Cl ·TMEDA depends on the solvent used. In MeOH oxidation accompanied with nucleophilic attack of the solvent to furnish predominantly or exclusively ortho-cyclohexadienones ( o-quinol methyl ethers) of ( Rp*, Rp*) relative configuration. Oxidation carried out in CH2Cl2 results in regio- and stereoselective formation of para-cyclohexadienone dimers {variously substituted 7,7′-bis[2.2]paracyclophan-4,4′(7 H,7′ H)-diones} with ( Sp*, Rc*, Rc*, Sp*) relative and ( Rp, Sc, Rc, Sp) absolute configurations (two out of six possible diastereomers in each case), whereas oxidation of the enantiomerically pure phenol produced the respective single product. The dimeric cyclohexadienones can suffer aromatization to form the respective dimeric para-biphenols under the action of KOH in EtOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two different types of mesoporous adsorbents and one microporous adsorbent were used for the adsorption of chlorhexidine gluconate and Cetrimide. Chlorhexidine gluconate and Cetrimide are widely used in antiseptic solutions, mouthwashes, and germicidal hand rinses, etc. Scanning electron microscopy images, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, pore size distribution, Fourier transform infrared spectra and points of zero charge illustrate that significant changes occur on the activated carbon after functionalization with NH4OH when compared to the precursor granular activated carbon (GAC). The adsorption capacity of the novel alkali functionalized activated carbon (FAC-NH3) was found to be comparable with the highly expensive mesoporous aluminosilicate MCM-41 for both chlorhexidine gluconate and cetrimide. For a wide concentration range, adsorption with FAC-NH3 is approximately three times more in comparison to GAC for both compounds. Chlorhexidine gluconate forms surface complexes with the functional groups present in the super microporous FAC-NH3. This fact is also supported by kinetic studies, where pseudo first-order and second-order models, intra-particle diffusion, and Boyd's plots showed evidences to support chemisorption, on top of pure physical adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral antiseptics are valuable in controlling oral infections caused by cariogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mouthrinses and pure antiseptic compounds on Streptococcus mutans and nonmutans bacteria (Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus acidophilus). Methods: The agar diffusion assay was employed to determine bacterial growth inhibition. Results: Commercial mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%), cetylpyridinium chloride (0.05%) and sodium fluoride (0.05%) produced statistically similar growth inhibition of S. mutans, S. sanguinis and L. acidophilus (with zones of inhibition ranging from 7.56 ± 0.52 mm to 7.39 ± 0.53 mm, 17.44 ± 0.94 mm to 18.31 ± 0.62 mm and 8.61 ± 1.43 to 8.67 ± 1.43 mm respectively, p > 0.05). The chlorhexidine mouthwash produced the greatest mean growth inhibition of S. sanguinis and S. mutans compared to all other mouthrinses tested (p < 0.01). The minimum concentrations at which inhibition against S. mutans could be detected were chlorhexidine gluconate at 0.005% (wt/vol), cetylpyridinium chloride 0.01% (wt/ vol), povidone iodine 10% (wt/vol) and sodium hypochlorite 0.5% (vol/vol). Conclusions: Chlorhexidine (0.01%), cetylpyridinium chloride (0.01%), povidone iodine (10%) and sodium hypochlorite (0.5%) are effective at inhibiting the growth of S. mutans, S. sanguinis and L. acidophilus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fifty-one monofloral Sardinian honeys from ten various floral origins were screened for their phenolic content, antioxidant activity, colour and electrical conductivity. The total phenolic amounts have been evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu method, whereas quantification of several phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids) has been carried out by HPLC- DAD technique. The richest sample in phenolic compounds resulted strawberry tree honey with about 40 mg GAE/100 g, as well FRAP test and DPPH˙ test confirm that antioxidant activity of strawberry tree honey extract exceed both honey extracts and synthetic antioxidants like BHA and BHT. Among the studied phenolic compounds a total of five phenolic acids (ferulic, syringic, trans-cinnamic, chlorogenic and p-hydroxycinnamic) and nine flavonoids (catechin, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, galangin, pinocembrin and pinobanksin) were identified. Our results show good correlations between total polyphenol amount and antioxidant activity and between colour and electrical conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate the effect of surgical treatment of experimental peri-implantitis at implants with different surface characteristics using different anti-infective procedures. Material and methods Four implants with different surface characteristics (A: TiOblast, B: OsseoSpeed, C: AT-I, D: TiUnite) were installed in a randomized order in each side of the mandible in 6 labrador dogs 3 months after tooth extraction. Experimental peri-implantitis was induced 3 months later. Surgical treatment of peri-implantitis was performed. The implants were cleaned with gauze soaked in either saline (control) or chlorhexidine (test). Clinical and radiographical examinations were performed and microbiological samples were taken during a 6-month period after surgery. Biopsies were obtained and prepared for histological analysis. Results Clinical signs of soft tissue inflammation were reduced after surgical therapy in most test and control sites. While the analysis of bone level alterations in radiographs together with histological and microbiological assessments of resolution of peri-implantitis lesions failed to demonstrate statistically significant differences between test and control procedures, the evaluations disclosed significant differences between implant D and implants A, B and C on treatment outcome. Conclusion It is suggested that (i) the local use of chlorhexidine has minor influence on treatment outcome, (ii) resolution of peri-implantitis following surgical treatment without the adjunctive use of local and systemic antimicrobial agents is possible and (iii) the results are influenced by implant surface characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, structures, and emission properties of vaulted trans-bis(salicylaldiminato)platinum(II) complexes 1 with diethylamino functionalities are described and compared with the non-substituted analogues. The amino substitution provides an improvement of the linker dependence both for the color change of the trans-bis(salicylaldiminato)platinum(II) platform in the glass state and for the acid-induced emission enhancement in the solution state. The linker dependence of the crystalline-state emission intensity changes with the amino functionality, which leads to intense emission of the vaulted crystals with low structural dependence. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and DFT calculations revealed that the unique photophysical properties arising from the amino functionality are attributable to enhanced planarity and self-constraint of the coordination platform, which is due to their strong contribution to d-π conjugation and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the guidelines on skin antisepsis before the blockade of the central neuraxial. Topics mentioned include the need for the guideline to be accessible, practical and applicable, the question on the link between skin antisepsis preparations and chronic adhesive arachnoiditis, and the offer of practical advice to clinicians of the guideline except for chlorhexidine in alcohol which is not considered as a popular application method.

Introduction Two new microbicide products based on topical (vaginal) application of antiretroviral drugs - 1% tenofovir gel and the dapivirine ring - are currently in late-stage clinical testing, and results on their safety and effectiveness are expected to become available in early 2015. WHO guidelines on the use of topical pre-exposure prophylaxis (topical PrEP) are important in order to ensure that these new prevention products are optimally used. Discussion Given that these new topical PrEP products are designed to be woman initiated and will likely be delivered in reproductive health settings, it is important to ensure that the guidance be framed in the context of comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and human rights. In addition to the safety and effectiveness data resulting from clinical trials, and the regulatory approval required for new products, the WHO normative guidelines on the use of topical PrEP will be essential for rapid roll-out in countries. Conclusions Human rights standards and principles provide a framework for the provision of woman-initiated HIV prevention products. These include addressing issues related to the gender inequities which are linked to the provision of HIV-prevention, treatment and care for young girls and women. Effective programming for women and girls must therefore be based on understanding the local, social and community contexts of the AIDS epidemic in the country, and adapting HIV strategies and programmes accordingly. Such a framework therefore is needed not only to ensure optimal uptake of these new products by women and girls but also to address sociocultural barriers to women's and girls' access to these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzalkonium chloride is a quaternary ammonium compound widely used as an antiseptic in surgery, in the treatment of infected dermatoses and in ophthalmic preparations like, contact lens solutions and cosmetics, though it is known to be irritant in higher concentrations. Allergic reactions have been reported in users of ophthalmic medications in orthopaedic patients treated with plaster of paris and in children wearing a gold earring cleaned with a disinfectant. However, benzalkonium chloride is considered a rare sensitizer.

Nobecutan is widely used for application to operation wounds and also for protection of the skin from irritants. It contains a polymerisation product of ethoxyethylmethacrylate and the propellant used is propane or butane gas. Tetramethylthiuramsulphide (TMTD) is added as an antiseptic in a concentration of 0.025%. The manufacturer gives the information that people may react to nobecutan in cases of already established allergy to TMTD in a brochure. No warning is given that nobecutan in itself may be sensitising.

This article reports on contact urticaria due to the effect of chloramine. Chioramine is commonly used as a sterilizer, disinfectant, and chemical reagent. It has been described as an occupational hazard for pharmaceutical workers. This article cites a case study of 52-year-old female nurse who developed itchy erythematous plaques on the dorsa of both hands. Doctors suspected that this is due to her hospital duties involving contact with irritants such as soaps, detergents and antiseptic solutions. After having suffered for several months from recurrent attacks of edema of the eyelids tingling sensation in her mouth and occasionally in her fingers whenever she came in contact with chloramine powder. On patch testing it was found that patient reacted positively with chloramine solution.

Aim To evaluate the efficacy of calcium hydroxide ( Ca[ OH]2), 2% chlorhexidine ( CHX) gel, and propolis against both Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis) and Candida albicans ( C. albicans) using infected dentine models at two different depths (100 and 200 μm) after 14 days of application. Methods A total of 120 roots of extracted single-rooted human teeth were chemo-mechanically prepared and sterilized. Sixty roots were infected with E. faecalis, and the remaining 60 with C. albicans. Each group was divided into four subgroups ( n = 15) to apply intracanal medicaments, namely saline solution (negative control), Ca( OH)2, CHX, and propolis during the 14 days. Dentine shavings were collected and cultivated. Colony-forming units (c.f.u.) were registered. Statistical analysis was done using the Kruskal- Wallis test, followed by Dunn's/ Bonferroni multiple comparison test ( P < 0.05). Results All experimental agents significantly reduced E. faecalis c.f.u. There was no significant difference between CHX and propolis reducing E. faecalis c.f.u. at 100 and 200 μm. Only CHX had a statistically-significant antifungal efficacy in the C. albicans group at the two depths assessed. CHX was the most potent medicament against both E. faecalis and C. albicans, and Ca( OH)2 was the least. Conclusion Both CHX and propolis were the most effective against E. faecalis, whereas only CHX had the highest antifungal activity on C. albicans in dentine of extracted teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorhexidine contamination of equipment used in central neuraxial anaesthesia has been implicated in causing adhesive arachnoiditis. We measured the extent of chlorhexidine splash during pouring into a gallipot (antiseptic skin preparation container) from heights of 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm. Twenty experiments were performed at each height. Measurements made up to a horizontal distance of 40 cm radius from the gallipot showed a median (IQR [range]) maximum spread of splash droplets ≥ 2 mm diameter of 26.2 (10.2-36.4 [0-40]) cm. The 40-cm radius measurement area was divided into 5-cm-wide zones to assess spread. At pouring heights of 15 cm and 20 cm, all zones were contaminated. These results demonstrate that pouring chlorhexidine into a gallipot generates significant splash, and we recommend that this should be avoided near equipment used for neuraxial anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To assess the efficacy of a 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC) mouth rinse in the control of plaque and gingival inflammation during a 6-month period. Material and Methods Adult subjects with moderate gingivitis were selected [≥40% bleeding on marginal probing ( BOMP)]. After retrieving microbiological samples and evaluating the clinical parameters (plaque, BOMP and stain indexes), a professional prophylaxis was performed and subjects were randomly assigned to the test ( CPC mouth rinse) or to the placebo group. Subjects were re-assessed after 3 and 6 months. Results A total of 67 patients (35 test, 32 placebo) were included in the analysis. At 6 months, intra-group significant plaque reductions were observed in the test group (0.691, p < 0.001), but not in the placebo (0.181, p = 0.653). At 6 months, the mean BOMP values were lower in the test group ( p = 0.052). Changes between baseline and 6 months were significantly higher in the test group both for plaque ( p = 0.002) and BOMP ( p = 0.037) when compared with the placebo. A microbiological impact was observed in the test group, especially for Prevotella intermedia. Conclusion The evaluated 0.07% CPC-based mouth rinse, used three times per day adjunctively to mechanical tooth cleaning, prevents plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation, as compared to the placebo, for at least 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article "The sting in the tail: antiseptics and the neuraxis revisited," that was published in 2012 issue is presented.

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The article presents the author's view on the role of skin antiseptic for complications related to central neuraxial block (CNB). As per the guidelines published by the Queensland Health Department on surgical skin antisepsis, the risk for neurotoxicity is increased by using solution with more than 0.5 percent of chlorhexidine. Author mentions that the povidone-iodine works slow as compared to chlrohexidine.