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Explores the maintenance goals and practices at 18th-century paper mills in Europe. Survey of paper manufacture; Influence of technologies; Pervasive operate-to-failure style; Regular minor repairs; Postponed major renovations; Rational choices in market context; Weakness of mills; Annual maintenance spending; Estimated lifespan of the equipment of a paper mill.

A list of books received by the journal in January through March 2009 awaiting book reviews is presented which includes "Philosophical Writings" by George Berkeley, edited by Desmond M. Clarke; "Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography," by James Bieri; and "Rousseau's Critique of Science," by Jeff J. S. Black.

This article comments on a study which examines alternative explanations of the greater generosity of social welfare systems in Europe than in the U.S. The authors then argue, using both historical examples and statistical analyses, that the differences between U.S. and European redistribution policies can be attributed to the first two factors. Hence the paper shows both how the tools of economic analysis can be used to elucidate a question that has traditionally fallen under the purview of political science and sociology, and at the same time how substantive ideas from these fields can be incorporated into and enrich conventional economic explanations. To start with the evidence, the paper brings to bear a vast amount of historical information and statistical analysis to support its many claims. Both types of evidence seem problematic. With respect to history, the paper frequently makes grand assertions concerning U.S. exceptionalism. Yet these claims are typically made without any evidence that the facts underlying them actually matter, and in some cases they show an insensitivity to the state of current historiography.

This paper focuses on the growing U.S. current account deficit and the potentially sharp exchange rate movements any future adjustment toward current account balance might imply. The authors argue that the speed at which the U.S. current account ultimately returns toward balance, the triggers that drive that adjustment, and the way in which the burden of adjustment is allocated across Europe and Asia all have enormous implications for global exchange rates. This paper begins by trying to put the recent U.S. experience with current account imbalances in historical perspective. The authors then provide a nontechnical summary of the authors' core three-region model. The paper's final section highlights the main conclusions that the authors draw from the technical analysis.

We study the implications of the Great Recession for voting for antiestablishment parties, as well as for general trust and political attitudes, using regional data across Europe. We find a strong relationship between increases in unemployment and voting for nonmainstream parties, especially populist ones. Moreover, unemployment increases in tandem with declining trust toward national and European political institutions, though we find only weak or no effects of unemployment on interpersonal trust. The correlation between unemployment and attitudes toward immigrants is muted, especially for their cultural impact. To explore causality, we extract the component of increases in unemployment explained by the precrisis structure of the economy, in particular the share of construction in regional value added, which is strongly related both to the buildup preceding and the bursting of the crisis. Our results imply that crisis-driven economic insecurity is a substantial determinant of populism and political distrust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines alternative explanations of the greater generosity of social welfare systems in Europe than in the U.S. European governments redistribute income among their citizens on a much larger scale than does the U.S. government. European social programs are more generous and reach a larger share of citizens. European tax systems are more progressive. European regulations designed to protect the poor are more intrusive. Economic, political, and behavioral explanations for the differences between the U.S. and Europe are considered. Economic explanations focus on the variance of income and the skewness of the income distribution before taxes and transfers, the social costs of taxation, the volatility of income, and expected changes in income for the median voter. The paper concludes that most of these theories cannot explain the observed differences. Political explanations for the observed level of redistribution focus on institutions that prevent minorities from gaining political power or that strictly protect individuals' private property. Finally, reciprocal altruism is discussed as a possible behavioral explanation for redistribution. Reciprocal altruism implies that voters will dislike giving money to the poor if, as in the U.S., the poor are perceived as lazy.

From the perspective of a wide range of labor market outcomes, the recession that began in 2007 represents the deepest downturn in the postwar era. Early on, the nature of labor market adjustment displayed a notable resemblance to that observed in past severe downturns. During the latter half of 2009, however, the path of adjustment exhibited important departures from that seen during and after prior deep recessions. Recent data point to two warning signs going forward. First, the record rise in long-term unemployment may yield a persistent residue of long-term unemployed workers with weak search effectiveness. Second, conventional estimates suggest that the extension of Emergency Unemployment Compensation may have led to a modest increase in unemployment. Despite these forces, we conclude that the problems facing the U.S. labor market are unlikely to be as severe as the European unemployment problem of the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds on existing scholarship concerning Vergil's Diomedes and his relationship to Aeneas in two ways: first, by stressing that the character of Diomedes presented a problem for Vergil, not just because he wounded Aeneas, Aphrodite, and Ares in "Iliad" 5, but also because he came to be an important figure in Italian myth; second, by focusing on numerous passages previously ignored in this context, including ones in which Diomedes significantly does not appear. In these ways, I hope to show just how elaborate, and important, a process Vergil's rewriting of Diomedes is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the large increases in both unemployment rates and capital shares in Europe. Documentation of factor prices and factor quantities; Interpretation of medium-run evolutions; Construction of the capital shifts in specific countries; Comments shared by several panelists on the issue.

Assesses the gains and costs likely to flow from the European Monetary Union (EMU) project of the European Union countries. Overview on the context of EMU; Macroeconomic trends and prospects for EMU; Effect on exchange rate and monetary autonomy; Comments shared by several panelists on the issue.

The article focuses on the macroeconomic implications of Europe 1992. Only a few years ago, Europe was beset with stagnation and mass unemployment. Under the heading of Europe 1992, the discussion has now moved from Eurosclerosis to the growth potential of the internal market, and Europessimism has yielded to pervasive Europhoria. Together with the sharp fall in oil prices in 1987, the disinflationary effects of dollar depreciation, and expansionary policy measures, Europe 1992 has set the stage for growth. The paper shows an outlook for European economic growth that two years ago would have been considered extravagant. Where stagnation had almost seemed inevitable, with discussion of work-sharing a routine response, the prospects have now shifted altogether. This paper first assesses the macroeconomic implications of the internal market project. That assessment highlights the sources of improved macroeconomic performance, its likely magnitude, and its spillover to the rest of the world. Three special areas, the prospects for European protectionism, the implications of financial integration, and the fiscal effects of the present exchange rate system has been discussed.

As the uptake of repositories increases, JISC continues to support UK universities in developing their services. This article describes some of the key areas of activity at the institutional and national levels, illustrates the way in which effective networked repositories can support academics, and showcases the contribution of JISC-funded projects to the global growth of repository services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses colonial history and its place as a discursive site for colonial conceptions and relationships in Romanticism. Scientific and literary dimensions of natural history during the period; Role of natural history as a textual activity whose natures were largely produced on paper; Ways in which natural history's importance as a colonial science led to its being particularly concerned with the issues specifically raised by colonialism; Function of natural history as the major discursive site where Europeans grappled with a range of biological questions raised by colonial expansion.

The article demonstrates how churches, missionary societies and 'younger churches' that came together in the World Council of Churches in 1961 could look back on what is now an unappreciated quarter century of involvement in international affairs. The political and cultural climate of the 1930s ignited an ecumenical movement of mainline Protestant churches across England, North America and Europe. War and its accompanying chaos prompted Christian leaders to define a new global order, one based on a 'just and durable' peace and centralized around human rights. Churches, missionary societies and new Christian communities came together under the guidance of political and religious leaders to form the basis of a post-war world organization. Viewed from a perspective similar to subsequent human rights ideology, the commitment to the new order was rewarded with unprecedented success. It is unfortunate that after the 1950s neither world Protestant churches nor the U.S. Government sufficiently committed themselves to developing effective structures from 'bases of a just and durable peace' that were laid in the 1940s.

The article evaluates the definition and justification between minority and indigenous rights in Europe. Over the last decade, the concept of "indigenous people" has acquired considerable normative power in international practice. In 1982 the United Nations established a Working Group on Indigenous Populations, which in 1993 adopted a remarkably ambitious Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous peoples have been actively involved in these standard-setting activities, and have established themselves as a significant presence on the international stage. However, there is no general agreement on the definition of "indigenous people" that is on who should benefit from the rights framework which is being established nor is there an agreement on a process by which such a definition could be developed. At about the same time that the international community began focusing seriously on the needs of indigenous peoples, the end of the Cold War revived interest in minority rights. There is no international body for minorities comparable to the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations, and both international and regional standards remain comparatively weak.

The article focuses public reactions to the growth of taxation and government expenditure. The paper examines the trends in the magnitude, composition and consequences of taxation and government spending in relation to cross-national patterns of popular opposition to the expansion of the welfare state in five European industrial societies. It was found that the politically optimal system of taxation and expenditure relies heavily on indirect and programmatic taxes rather than on direct, general-revenue levies.

Information literacy was conceived originally as a policy goal in 1974, when Paul Zurkowski expressed the need for establishing a major national program to achieve universal information literacy. Despite such early recognition of its political imprinting, the policy dimension of information literacy has been given scant attention in the academic literature. In order to pave the way toward concrete and coordinated policy measures, this article proposes a stratification of the information literacy discourse into three different perspectives of analysis: (a) sociopolitical perspective: analysis of information literacy as a policy goal (Education to Information); (b) disciplinary perspective: analysis of information literacy as a form of study of information (Culture of Information); (c) cognitive perspective: analysis of information literacy as a form of personal competence (Information Skills). Focusing on the sociopolitical perspective, this article moves on to discuss the view that information literacy is a policy goal crossing the borders of both information and education domains, in that it is an information policy issue that also enters the sphere of influence of education policies. The next sections propose a framework for analyzing and comparing information literacy policies in European countries. The overall aim is to apply a grid of analysis based on a set of variables, suitably defined in order to give a measure of what we call the IL-readiness of a country. Finally, the application of the proposed analysis framework leads to the identification of different policy axes for information literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the concept of relationship between European issues including cultural and national identity with literature to develop the world literature, presented in the essays of the writer, Milan Kundera. It states that the destruction of the Soviet bloc and expansion of the European Union contributed to the dissolution of Europe's national boundaries. It offers information on the efforts of Kundera to create cultural unity using literature.

An essay that explores the history of technology for premodern Europe is presented. It examines the historiography of premodern European technology and discusses contributions made to the field by the Society for the History of Technology. It examines the study of premodern hydrology, mining, textiles and building construction. It also examines the importance of local history in premodern historical investigations.

The article discusses the "Consilio contro la Pestilentia," philosopher Marsilio Ficino. It mentions that the work put forward the traditional medical theories and practices to prevent the plague that was endemic in Europe in the 14th century and late 1470s. It mentions the distinctive integration of both Platonic and Aristotelian thought in the work that make it notable for medicine and philosophy. It explores the passages of the work which imparted to the medico-philosophical line of inquiry.

The article discusses Friedrich Nietzche's speculations on the future of Europe, European identity and European culture. The author states that Nietzsche was a keen observer of contemporary Europe and an expert in delivering contrarian evaluations of the leading trends and movement of the time. In particular, he explores Nietzsche's views on the political role of European intellectuals, his opposition to European nationalism and the German thinker's vision of a Europe-centered new world order.

The article examines the novels by Miguel de Cervantes and other authors which illustrate free will and freedom. The author noted that freedom is a multifaceted and often controversial concern during early modern Europe. He added that freedom is different from today, where under the influence of liberalism and its validation of individual rights, achievements and individual liberties, people are used to cast freedom in a positive light. He compared it to Don Quixote's definition of freedom, the license to make one's own way in the world and the absence of social duties. He also cited Acosta's argument that the oppression to which the American Indians and others conquered by Spain have unjustly been subject.

The article explores various ways of scholars in assessing English Renaissance literature, along with some general observations on the state of the profession. It outlines the use of early modern concept in literature as a substitute for Renaissance to describe a period that encompasses the late Middle Ages and early 1670s. It indicates that much of the recent scholarship on the 16th and 17th century literature reflects a growing emphasis on geopolitics. It notes that some important new books investigate the theoretical implications of poetic landscapes, while others attempt to globalize literary history. Several works received by the journal for consideration are also elaborated.

The article focuses on the real purpose of the inclusion of Ecolier Limousin in the book "Pantagruel," by Francois Rabelais. The author proposes that the chapter is not just a caricature of the linguistic abuses of the university students in Paris, Frances or of the pretensions of scholasticism. He proposes that the chapter depicts the author's involvement in the European vogue of Latinate diction and obscure and archaic styles. Additionally, he points out that it is the Rabelais' way of expressing his view on archaisms and unusual diction and in the debate over the meaning and authority of usage.

The article discusses the birth of the European community and the factors that contribute to the unification of European nation-states including migration, postnationality, and the western race. It tells that the European Union appears foremost as a vanguard and the first supranational system perceived to magnify the virtues and minimize the vicious problems of its nation-states. It assesses Europe's positions both geographically and historically which emphasize the sense of transnational European identity based on common values, rooted in a common tradition, distinct continent from the rest of the world but connects nations with vast and diverse culture.

The article discusses several views related to sati in Europe. It says that Pompa Banerjee examines representations sati in European writing between 1500 and 1723, and discovers that in order to show their own veracity, later accounts often merely confirm the truth of earlier ones. On the other hand, Lata Mani's study shows how British officials claimed to be making their decisions based on the pronouncements of Hindu pundits and to be upholding the Hindu tradition against corrupt Brahmins. John Zephaniah Holwell believes that the young widows who sacrifice themselves are victims of such cruelty.

The article focuses on William Hazlit's response to the linguistic theorizing of John Tooke related to philosophical philology in the 18th century in Europe. It notes that the response of Hazlitt to the works of Tooke was more that subtle and more selective than the standard interpretation allows. The response of Hazlitt to the linguistic work of Tooke may also show something of the manner in which nationalism and radical politics developed during the period 1780-1830 in the Great Britain. Furthermore, Hazlitt's remark suggests that the etymological method of Tooke ceases to the assistance when the general tasks of constructing linguistic theory for language in its entirety is attempted.

This article presents a discussion that explores the reasons why Seville's orphanages in the eighteenth century accommodated more boys than girls. It is mentioned that aside from explaining the gender disparity at Seville's orphanages, the discussion is aimed at challenging common views of gender, confinement, children, and poor relief in Catholic Mediterranean Europe in the last part of the old regime. This article also emphasizes the important role of local players in applying social welfare reforms.

This article challenges the widespread belief that Western countries have been antagonistic to economic and social human rights. Examining wartime planning, drafting the Universal Declaration and the Covenants, and the development of functional regimes for money, trade, and workers' rights as well as the European regional human rights regime, we show that Western advocacy of economic and social rights was strong, consistent, and essential to creating the post-war international order, which was intended to consolidate and strengthen Western welfare states. We conclude by considering the sources of the myth of Western opposition and its contemporary implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the globalization of the European patent-system integration. It examines two turning points in European and global patent-system integration. The 1883 Paris Convention and the implementation in 1978 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty and the European Patent Convention. The political dynamics of the patent systems is discussed. The responses of the 1883 Paris Convention to changes in patenting behavior, technological changes and the growth of world trade is analyzed. The European Patent Convention founded a semi-integrated patent system for European states, partly as a response to the Patent Cooperation Treaty, which was proposed by the U.S.

This article describes and discusses consortia models in Europe. Emphasis is given to those consortia that support content provision and access to electronic information resources in society. Four country cases are introduced as examples of the heterogeneous solutions chosen by the consortia. The main results and impact of the consortia are discussed. International cooperation has played an important role in the development of consortia in Europe. Regional and global collaboration initiatives are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces a century long and multi-nation debate about the primary technological purpose of the roads in Western Europe. It presents the emergence of the limited-access highway as a turning point in the history of mobility. It analyzes the concept of limited-access highways as it developed in Europe.

Discusses a survey of the evidence for an industrial revolution in industrial milling in ancient and medieval Europe. Evidence for a medieval technological revolution; Historical background of industrial milling; Characteristics of the industrial mills found in Europe; Patterns and implications formed from the technological changes concerning industrial mills.

The article serves as an introduction to Derek Alton Walcott, born into a world divided by colonialism. Walcott, a native St. Lucian, was of mixed racial parentage. His bloodline flowed from Africa and Europe. As a result, it is inevitable that Walcott incorporate his personal Caribbean experience with his colonial education.

Focuses on the popularity of mourning jewelry with hair in eighteenth century Europe. Qualities of hair that make its suitable as a medium for remembrance; Representation of the forming and framing of hair in mourning jewels; Production of tensions between presence and absence.

Traces several points of conflict that conditioned the technical features of mechanized olive oil production in Mediterranean Europe. Nature of the olive oil business; Control of the production process; Conditions of ownership of land and machinery.

This article probes the the Christian texts and medieval contexts to reveal the shifting relations between ancient theater and ninth- and twelfth-century European liturgical allegory. The author marks the growing importance of the material world and the corporeality of Jesus Christ in Latin Christian thought and an attendant change in attitude toward Greco-Roman theater and Christian representation in general by focusing on the crossing of Christianity's spiritual truths with the material conditions of the Greco-Roman theater. By reading the Prooemium from the 821 version of Liber Officialis of Amalarius of Metz as a countertext, the author traces a shift in Christian thought that allowed Honorius to compare a priest celebrating the Eucharist to a tragedian. The author convincingly demonstrates how theatrical performance had been transformed from Augustine's idolatrous, abject relic into a useful tool by the twelfth century.

Discusses the methodological problems of conceiving fictionality in ahistorical terms and of attributing a system of status to literature in early modern Europe. Realization that the increase in knowledge will bring with it an increase in non-knowledge, of blank spaces and uncertainty; Need for the reflection of the historicity and relativity of traditional literary concepts and distinctions; Modern epistemological function of literary communication.

Focuses on the history of group identities in European cultural discourses. Conventions of typography when scholars speak of medieval social groups; Typographical hyphen spread during European explorations across the Atlantic; Mechanics of binary thought with the hyphen.

This article examines the role of the Council of Europe in promoting human rights in twenty-one former Soviet bloc countries. Using three cases, the author argues that constructivist approaches best inform the process of norm diffusion in countries of high compliance (Latvia), while neoliberal and neorealist approaches better explain why norm diffusion is less successful in medium (Croatia) and low-compliance (Russia) countries. She concludes that the Council decided it is more effective to persuade new entrants to conform to European human rights standards as members than to wait years until they have reached a high level of compliance before rewarding them with membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses literary genres and subgenres formed during the Renaissance. Adaptation of old forms; Characteristics of the Renaissance epistle; Anthology's dependence on the print medium; Genres and subgenres that arose from changed social circumstances; Importance of metaphors; Genre's associative function.

This article examines the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights as it relates to, and possibly impinges on, minority groups. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms contains no minority rights provision akin to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Therefore, there is no direct way for members of minority groups to claim minority rights at the Court, although the Court has held that member states are under an obligation to uphold "international standards in the field of the protection of human and minority rights." In 1993, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, in Recommendation 1201, did propose a new protocol to the European Convention providing for minority rights. The Heads of State and Government meeting of the Council of Europe at its Vienna Summit in October 1993 rejected recommendation 1201. The Council of Europe did pioneer the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 1995, but it contains no complaint mechanism for individuals or groups.

This article highlights refugee protection and asylum seeking in Europe. The two key human rights standards linked to refugee protection are the right to seek and enjoy asylum as guaranteed in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and the non-discrimination principle as embodied in Article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the 1951 Refugee Convention. In 1948, profoundly influenced by the atrocities of the World War II, the right to seek and enjoy asylum from persecution became human right number 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In particular, the non-admission policy, which had been adopted by many states in relation to German Jews, Roma and others in the 1930s, had catastrophic consequences because Jews and others found nowhere to seek asylum. New trends developed in the international refugee regime as a result of the increase in the number of asylum seekers in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Examines the visionary imagination of William Wordsworth on democracy and war in Europe. Internalization of millennial desire; Intersection between democratic ideology and romantic aesthetic theory; Emphasis of private conscience.

Focuses on the role of theater in the emerging social and political formation in Europe. Significant cultural shifts in the political economy; Analysis of the plays 'Mnemonic' by the Theatre de Complicite, 'Pentecost' by David Edgar and 'Europe' by David Greig; Dramaturgical and representational challenges faced by theatrical artists.

Discusses the rebuilding of Dover Harbor, under the guidance of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Significance of the harbor in commercial trade in Europe; Examination of the managerial strategies employed by Elizabeth's Privy Council in rebuilding the harbor; Description of the location of the harbor; Design of the harbor.

Examines the transfer of the technique in the development of meteorological satellite under the auspices of the European Space Agency across the interface between those promoting its research and development and those who will operate it. Development of satellites in meteorology; Objectives of the promoters of meteorological satellite projects; Changes in the practice of meteorologists; Institutional and political considerations in building a satellite.

Discusses diesel engineering in Germany and France from 1920 to 1940. Definition and concept of technological style; Market patterns and business cycle; Grammatical codification on engineering in Germany.

Studies female friendship in 17th-century Europe that became institutionalized in 18th-century painting, poetry, fiction and letters. Emergence of female friendship through women's agency as a tool in the struggle for autonomy and authority; Women in the consolidation of gentry-class interests; Social hierarchy separating monstrous sapphist from tender friendship.