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The author defines and examines briefly continuing education as the process by which life-long educational needs of the individual and society are met, requiring new administration and community involvement. The paper also examines in outline form the societal context in which individuals which make up that society find themselves today, in terms of interdependence, rich and poor nations, and a changing occupational structure. The changes in the future are discussed in regard to health and life, environment and technology. There are individual and societal needs for continuing education that revolve around coping with the knowledge explosion; solving community problems; enriching one's life; pursuing interests; and upgrading professions, careers and jobs. In tabular form, the author explains one taxonomy of the categories of Community Service Programs and examples of such programs in Alberta. Another taxonomy dealing with self-development, community development, and program development functions is defined. The conclusion provides recommendations for effective community leadership in implementing these programs. (JB)

This book presents a selection of papers from the international, interdisciplinary conference of the World Association for Case Method Research & Application. Papers are categorized into seven areas: (1) "International Case Studies" (e.g., event-based entrepreneurship, case studies on consumer complaints, and strategic quality management in an internationalized university department); (2) "Teaching Change Across Disciplines" (e.g., student-designed board games, interdisciplinary collaboration to improve instruction, and case method for applying spreadsheets in computer engineering education); (3) "Internet Technology and Teaching and Learning" (e.g., Internet marketing, distance education, and the role of case studies in studying computer technology in education); (4) "Classroom Models and Innovative Approaches" (e.g., case methods in environmental impact, case study in business calculus classes, and audit evidence); (5) "Case Studies, Simulations, and the Learning Process" (e.g., the virtual case, the entrepreneurial creative case method, and case studies in agriculture teaching and learning); (6) "Assessing Benefits and Differences" (e.g., differences in assessment of case studies, assessment of faculty perceptions, and women in international business case studies); and (7) "Building Bridges" (e.g., conducting a case-based inter-university faculty exchange, research in developing countries, and teaching business ethics in international courses). (SM)

This book presents a selection of papers from the annual, international, interdisciplinary conference of the World Association for Case Method Research & Application. Papers are categorized into six areas: (1) "Case Studies and Research" (e.g., subjectivity as a source of insight in case study research, evolution of a teaching case, and preserving the individual case in behavioral research); (2) "Innovative Resources and Case Method Teaching" (e.g., mentoring in the academy, managing diversity in colleges of agriculture, and accountability cases); (3) "Web-based Projects and On-Line Learning" (e.g., teaching and learning online, online instruction via a dynamic roving community, and distance education in business schools); (4) "Case Writing and Use in Various Settings" (e.g., developing gender-based cases, cases from the theory of inverse problems in mathematics, and the power of questions in second language case discussions); (5) "Various Case Method Applications" (e.g., total quality management in education, options for describing individuals in cases, and making simple but effective presentations); and (6) "International Case Studies" (e.g., the event as a case study, better preparation for case discussion using Internet tools, and accounting for intangible assets in partnerships). (SM)

An examination of Canadian continuing education in general and in British Columbia, specifically, is presented. The motives of learning, classification of adult learner orientations, and social influences on adults are discussed. A state of the art review analyzes Canadian university populations, emphasizing the fact that the proclivity for participation in adult education is related to the level of formal education attained, with more participation by those who have reached higher levels of education. Institutional limitations in British Columbia are discussed in terms of: course offering patterns, geared to full-time day students; location, making access to postsecondary education facilities difficult; finance, limiting course offerings and scholarship or funding programs; and noncredit offerings, attended by the greatest proportion of adult students. Professional leadership and two-year community college development in major pools of population throughout British Columbia are discussed, with a list of college roles and functions. It is suggested that the enormous growth of Canadian adult education might be met through strengthening existing institutions' commitment, and developing specialized institutions or agencies to conduct adult education programs. (LH)

This volume contains 27 edited papers, and abstracts of 14 papers, presented during the 1981 convention of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Subjects discussed are listed in 10 categories: (1) working together for quality programs; (2) challenges facing the physical education teacher; (3) skill development and decision making in team sports; (4) history: developing a sport history program; (5) athletics: (arguments against athletic scholarships, the sociology of university athletic awards, competitive physical activity, girl's high school basketball programs); (6) dance for boys, the aesthetic in sport and dance; (7) administration (the budgetary process, comparative Canadian-American research grantmanship and legal responsibility, professional development for physical education teachers); (8) health (venereal disease, the health educator as a role model, maturational assessment of female gymnasts, observation as a teaching behavior, effective teaching, individualized instruction in the secondary school, the problem-solving approach for teachers of gymnastics, teaching rugby in secondary schools, mini-field hockey); (9) adaptive instruction (biomechanical analysis of the high jump of an amputee, program effects on behavior of mentally retarded children); and (10) juggling. The abstracts are brief reports of research studies and innovative programs. (JD)

The way in which intraorganizational context can influence strategy making is shown by comparing six Canadian universities formulating retrenchment strategies. "Strategy" involves the components of the strategy, the process by which strategy is made, and the context in which strategy is formed. A variety of university contexts are identified with an emphasis on how they influenced the choice of strategy, processes of implementation, and outcomes. The nature of each university setting is examined by analyzing the behavior of the various interest groups and the relationships between them. The focus is on the key decision making groups in the university (the president's office, the deans, the senate, the board, and the faculty association). Certain university contexts are identified, and the link between them and the retrenchment strategy is discussed (the decentralized collegium, the technocratic bureaucracy, the sectarian university, the collegial bureaucracy, and the centralized collegium). A link between retrenchment strategies and the university context is demonstrated. Contains 38 references. (SM)

A 1986 study was designed to obtain feedback from members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of the Province of Manitoba on the information they receive from the University of Manitoba and ways in which the university could keep them better informed. Interviews were done with 47 of the 57 MLAs. Findings indicated the following: the University of Manitoba is not doing a particularly good job of keeping MLAs informed of its interests and concerns; 47% of those interviewed are dissatisfied with the level and types of information they are receiving from the university; 74% would like to receive additional information. Three recurring themes were: (1) legislators place a high value on secondary relations (the unofficial, less formal contacts between government officials and university personnel); (2) institutions should proceed slowly and cautiously in their attempts to improve university-government relations; and (3) the University needs a more positive approach to selling itself. An appendix lists interview guidelines. Contains 11 references. (SM)

Five papers in this collection are concerned with the preservation of library materials; the remaining paper addresses library building standards, emphasizing their value and identifying other reports on library standards. The conservation papers cover: (1) training for conservation in Canada, identifying institutions and associations offering related courses; (2) the training of restorers in the German Democratic Republic, reviewing the development of training courses, particularly those relating to art works; (3) national regional activities on the conservation of library materials in the Federal Republic of Germany, including restoration workshops and research on the age-resistant properties of paper; (4) the training of conservators and librarians in the Federal Republic of Germany, focusing on job descriptions, training regulations, and how this subject is treated in library schools and technical colleges; and (5) problems of conservation of modern library materials in the Soviet Union due to insufficient durability of modern machine-made paper and the causes of paper deterioration. (RBF)

This document contains 7 of the 10 papers presented at the 1995 program of the American Educational Research Association's special interest group, Training in Business and Industry. The following papers are included: "A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Evaluation and Training" (Jo D. Gallagher); "Comparing Managers and Employees in Team Environments" (Darlene F. Russ-Eft, Lilanthi P. Ravishankar); "Customer Satisfaction Research for Training Organizations" (Martin Mulder, Kemp van Ginkel, Wim J. Nijhof); "Evaluation of an Electronic Performance Support System for Instructional Design in Corporate Training Centers" (Kent L. Gustafson, Thomas C. Reeves, Malcolm L. Smith); "Toward Meaningful Evaluation of Manager Training in Technology-Based Companies" (Colla J. MacDonald and others); "Building Training on the Pillars: Applying Total Quality in the Classroom" (Jo D. Gallagher, Douglas H. Smith, and Ralph G. Lewis); and "Personnel Job Involvement and Organizational Climate Affect Transfer of Acquisition" (France M. Gauthier). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This publication contains an introduction and the 19 papers presented in workshops at a conference that addressed some issues relating to professionalization and the training and professional development needs in the area of adult education. Papers are as follows: "Training and Professional Development in Adult and Continuing Education" (Benn, Fieldhouse); "Cultural Awareness and Communication: A Perspective on Europe" (Arthur); "An Investigation of Professional Development Needs in Adult Education" (Benn); "The Search for a Core Curriculum in the Training of Senior Adult Education Personnel" (Cohen); "The Professionalization of Continuing Educators in the UK (United Kingdom): An Appropriate Model for the Future?" (Parker, Davies); "In-service Training and Development of Clinical Educators in Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine" (Farmer); "Adult Counselling: A Need, a Challenge, and an Opportunity for Developing a New Discipline" (Friedlander); "A Competency-based Approach to Initial and Continuing Professional Education" (Gonczi); "Theory and Practice in the Curriculum Preparing Educators of Adults" (Henschke); "Developing Professionals for Adult Education in Flanders" (Hinnekint); "Pedagogy, Androgogy, and Professional Education" (Jarvis); "Lifelong Learning--Holy Grail or Poisoned Chalice?" (Jowitt); "Principles behind the Generation of Adult Education in Local Arenas" (Larsson, Thang); "Adult Educators: Issues of Professionalisation" (Papanaoum); "A Conceptual Framework for Developing Adaptive Competency for Professionals" (Paprock);"Instructors-as-Researchers-and-Theorists: Faculty Development in a Community College" (Peters); "Adult Education Studies in Canada: Graduate and Undergraduate Programmes" (Wickett); "Self Reliance and Distance Education--The Case of Teachers in Tanzania" (Wort); "Towards a Comparative Study of Policy and Practice of Training and Development in Western Learning Societies" (Zeldin); and "The New Education of Adult Educators: What, Who, and Why?" (Zukas). (YLB)

These papers, presented during the 1981 convention of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, addressed eight major topics: (1) the physical education and sport profession in Canada; (2) physical fitness (community agencies, radiology, aging and physical activity, the effective physical education program, aerobic fitness, obesity in elementary school, lifetime fitness); (3) motor learning (task difficulty and activity selection); (4) elite athletics (subsidization of athletes, education and training of the highly talented athlete, an analysis of wheelchairs used at the 1980 Olympic Games for the Disabled); (5) the male dancer and homosexuality; (6) administration (the study of physical education and sport administration, formal and informal structure usage in a voluntary sport organization); (7) history of British Columbia's Provincial Recreation program; and (8) curriculum (Japanese judo in the high school required physical education curriculum, and theory and practice of curriculum implementation). (JD)

This study expands on sociological concepts of transborder ties through a case study of Armenian diaspora members in the United States and Canada. Building on migration scholars who note that ties to the homeland do not dissolve after an individual migrates, this paper asks the questions of if and how transborder activism can promote feelings of belongingness amongst several generations of immigrants and explores how to qualitatively measure the effectiveness of activism done by nonlocal individuals. This paper draws on virtual ethnographic interviews that were conducted in the span of the 20182019 academic year with Armenians in the diaspora. The respondents of this study hold membership ties to diaspora youth organizations, such as the Armenian Youth Federation (AYF), and others are participants of Birthright Armenia, creating a diverse sample of Armenians who can speak to the experience of being in the homeland. This study is particularly important as it seeks to better understand how the Armenian 2018 Velvet Revolution was successful in being peaceful. By relying on literature that focuses on the role of globalization and technology, the responses in this study help to explain the impact of social media's role in influencing international social movement participation. This paper intersects concepts of social theory, politics, anthropology, and technology to add to current immigration dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the confidentiality management of tax accrual working papers. It states that in interim, taxpayers are advised to take necessary measures that may help them in protecting confidentiality of their tax accrual working papers. It mentions the legal framework of the disputes in Canada, U.S., and Great Britain on the ability of tax authorities to access the subjective analysis of taxpayers and the analysis of their professional advisers.

This report contains a summary and six papers from a symposium to examine and define citizenship education for adults and to consider the curriculum implications for adult basic education, English as a second language, and adult special education. The summary report gives an overview of symposium activities and discussions, with particular emphasis on consensus concerning a definition of citizenship education, and the closing comments from three participants synthesizing the symposium themes. In the first paper, adult education activities in the field of citizenship are summarized under four headings: citizenship education and the immigrant, citizenship education for the general population, national and community development, and communications between French and English Canadians. The purposes of citizenship education are considered in the next presentation. The third paper provides a definition of citizenship education. Citizenship education in the context of immigrant education is commented on in the fourth paper with a special focus on religious education. The fifth presentation offers an argument against nationally focused citizenship education. Further definitions of citizenship education in Canada are discussed in the final paper. (YLB)

Nine conference papers examine educational administration in Canada and England. Three papers present the results of survey research on rural principals' reactions to decentralized budgeting in Saskatchewan (Canada), the impact of local government reforms on local educational services in England, and the effects of principals' leadership styles on teachers' job satisfaction, satisfaction with supervision, and participation in decision-making. Another paper proposes research using videotapes to discover whether classroom supervision focuses on the teacher, the student, or both. One author discusses the questions of what schools do and how and why they do it, as an aid to administrators seeking to identify the larger goals of educational administration. Two papers tell of events in Canada, the first recounting a school closing in Manitoba and the second describing a school-community project in northern Alberta. Problems of research methodology are examined in a paper describing participant-observation research in a secondary school in England, and another author proposes a theoretical model of collective bargaining. (RW)

This document contains final papers presented at an International Committee on Family Research (CFR) seminar; included are key, discussant, and free papers as well as closing and farewell addresses. Key papers covered (1) worldwide trends in administrating family policy and (2) work, economic policies, and welfare consequences and responsibilities. Clio Presvelou's "World Survey on Availability of Family Policy Guidelines," Jacqueline Ancelin's "Family Policy and Social Changes in France," and Pierre Cliche's "Quebec's Family Policy: Social Policy or Demographic Policy" address the first topic. Orjan Hultaker's "Income Security Policies and the Application of Marginal or Universal Approaches" addresses the second. Discussant papers focus on several conference issues, including the desirability of supporting the family and pressures, conflicts and expectations of family life; major demographic trends affecting family policy; worldwide trends in the administration of family policy; youth policies and the family/work/education relationship; and legal regulation of the family and the effect of changes in family law. Free papers are Wei Zhangling's "Effects of Population Policy on Families in Contemporary China"; Wolfgang Voegeli and Barbara Willenbacher's "Family Policy and the Implementation of the Constitutional Equal Rights Clause in the Federal Republic of Germany"; Iteka Weeda's "Changing Ideals about the Family and Other Life Styles in Their Macro-Sociological Significance in the Netherlands"; and Gordon F. Streib's "Family Change and Social Policy: Shared Living for the Elderly." The document concludes with Don Edgar's closing address and farewell addresses by Lazlo Cseh-Szombathy, Andre Rauget, Roland Eckert, and Don Edgar. (RH)

The conference in which these papers and perspectives were presented addressed Canadian federal-provincial fiscal issues and relationships. An introduction provides some background on the present funding situation. A sample of papers includes: "Federal Funding of University Education" (Paul Davenport); "A Troubled Future? University Enrolments in Canada and the Provinces" (David K. Foot); "Manpower Issues in Financing Canadian Universities" (David Stager); "Perceptions of Canadian Universities in Relation to Funding: A Maritime Perspective" (John F. Graham); "University Programme Review: A North American Perspective" (G. Grant Clarke); "Private Sector Expectations and Support of Canada's Universities" (Jill Stocker); "Universities and the Federal Government" (Donald C. Savage, Richard Bellaire); "Federal Contributions to Post-Secondary Education: Trends and Issues" (Magnus Gunther, Richard J. Van Loon); "A Perspective on Federal Expectations with Respect to Established Programmes" (Gordon Robertson); "Determining Policy in the National Interest--An Institutional Proposal" (Mark Krasnick); "New Directions in Financing Canadian Universities" (Peter M. Leslie); "The Role of Governments in the Funding of Universities" (G. Rosenbluth, A. D. Scott); and "Student Assistance Policy and the Financing of Higher Education in Canada" (John Kucharczyk, Georges Monette). (MSE)

Distance higher education for adults, media selection, and country profiles are considered in conference papers. Titles and authors are as follows: "Distance Education, Trends Worldwide" (Lord Perry of Walton); "Adults in Higher Education: Lowering the Barriers by Teaching and Learning at a Distance" (Hans G. Schutze); "Distance Education for Adults: Old and New Barriers for Participation" (Kjell Rubenson); "Distance Education for Adult Students: From Old to New Barriers for Participation?" (Ger van Enckevort); "Distance Education in OECD Member Countries"; "The Open University of the Netherlands"; "Background and Objectives" (Pierre Morin); "Basic Concepts" (Henk de Wolf); "The First Students" (G. van Enckevort); "The Open University of the United Kingdom" (Keith Harry); "The German Distance University: Its Main Features and Functions" (Jorn Bartels, Otto Peters); "The Instituto Portugues de Ensino a Distancia, Portugal" (Armando Rocha Trindade); "The Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Spain" (Doina Popa-Lisseanu); "Distance Education in Yugoslavia" (Ana Kranjc); "Towards a Contextual Rationale in Distance Higher Education: The Small Scale Cases of Australia and Sweden" (Urban Dahllof); "Adult Learning and the Consequences for the Selection of Media: The Japanese Approach" (Yoshiya Abe); "Technology-Based Distance Education for Adults in the United States of America" (Marilyn Kressel); "Distance Education, a Critical View from Canada" (Ian Morrison); "The Impact on Higher Education of New Information and Telecommunication Technologies" (Pamela Christoffel); "Selection of Media at the Dutch Open University" (G. van Enckevort, Freek Gastkemper)"; "Development of Computer-Based Learning Materials" (Jef Moonen); and "Computer Communication: A New Tool for Distance Education" (Norman D. Kurland). (SW)

Papers considering some aspects of the British and Canadian continuing education institution in relation to its clients include: the college and the environment (C.M. Turner); the concept of social responsiveness in postsecondary education (G.T. Fowler); adult education as part of the service of continuing education (L. Russell); community colleges in Canada (G. Campbell); and the marketing of educational services (G. Wills). (MSE)

Thirteen essays discussing how teachers are trained to teach geography in various countries are presented. The papers are: "Teacher Education in Geography: The Comparative View" (W. E. Marsden); "The Training of Geography Teachers in the People's Republic of Bulgaria" (Paulina Vekilska and Dimitar Kantchev); "Note Sur la Formation des Maitres Enseignant la Geographie en France" (Jacques Bethemont; in French); "Geography and Teacher Training in Canada" (Dennis Milburn); "Educating Geography Teachers: The Experience of England and Wales" (Norman Graves); "Teacher Education in Geography: The New Zealand Model in the Eighties" (John MaCauley); "Teacher Education in Geography in the Republic of Ireland" (P. McGloin and J. Heywood); "Teacher Education for Australian Geography Teachers" (Rod Gerber); "Geography Teacher Education Programme in Nigerian Universities and Implications for Secondary School Geography" (Julie Okpala); "Geographical Teacher Education Models in West Berlin" (Joachim Barth); "Geography Teacher Education in West Germany with Special Reference to Rheinland-Pfalz" (Hans-Martin Closs); "Teacher Education in Geography in the United States" (Barbara Winston); and "The System of Preparing Students at the Pedagogical Institutes for Geography Teaching, USSR" (Lydia Pancheshnikova). (RM)

The five papers compiled here cover topics related to electronic publishing, library collections and services, interlibrary loan, and serials. In "The Impact of Electronic Publishing on Library Collection and Services: An American View," Joseph W. Price considers possible consequences on library collections and services in the United States of developments in electronic publishing. In "The Impact of Electronic Publishing on Library Collection and Services: A British View," Brian J. Perry discusses the same topic from the British perspective. In "Interlending and Conservation: Friends or Foes?", Maurice B. Line argues that local library use can damage books as much or more than interlibrary loan and suggests methods of conservation. In "The Use of Electronic Mail and Interlibrary Loan Automation in Canada," Carrol D. Lunau highlights the experiences of the National Library of Canada, focusing on automation developments and their impact on interlibrary loan operation. In "Bibliographic Access to Serials: A Study for the British Library," Philip Bryant describes a study of British Library users' requirements and understanding of the catalogs when searching for serials. (MES)

The four papers in this compilation report on some of the recent core programs of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA): (1) "The IFLA Universal Bibliographic Control and International Machine Readable Cataloging Programme (UBCIM)" (Ross Bourne, IFLA UBCIM Programme Officer); (2) "The IFLA UAP (Universal Availability of Publications) Programme" (Marie-France Plassard, IFLA UAP Programme Officer); (3) "Progress Report on IFLA Core Programme for Universal Dataflow and Telecommunications" (Cynthia Durance, National Library of Canada); and (4) "IFLA Core Programme on Preservation and Conservation (PAC)" (Merrily A. Smith, Director). (CGD)

Thirty leaders from six Canadian social movements were invited to participate in an invitational seminar that was designed to explore strategies for building stronger collaboration among social movements in the Canadian community. This collection contains the following papers from that seminar: "Building the Social Movement: An Introduction," by Anne Ironside; "Building the Social Movement: An Overview," by Ron Farris; "Why Women Must Take Control of Their Own Learning," by Joan Brown-Hicks and Lisa Avedon; "Defogging the Economy," by James Laxer; "Learning and Culture," by John Macfarlane; "Recreating a Partnership between the Adult Education and Co-operative Movements," by Ian MacPherson; "Environmental Citizenship," by Bea Olivastri; "Adult Learning and the Peace Movement," by Murray Thomson; "Adult Literacy and the Literacy Movement," by Cathy Wright; "Impressions of the Seminar," by Ian Morrison; and Post Script (summaries of the recommendations of the six seminar working groups, which were prepared by Anne Usher, Pat Langridge, Lynn Burton, Paul Dampier, Grace Milashenko, and Morley Campbell). A seminar agenda and list of seminar participants conclude the document. (MN)

Four papers on geography and map libraries were presented at the 1986 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference. "Generation and Utilization of Maps and Atlases in Japan," by Takashi Morita of Japan, presents an overview of the making and uses of maps and atlases in Japan and concludes that a comprehensive national map cataloging system is needed as well as a nationwide map library or museum. Related statistics are presented in graphic format. In "Report on the Library of Congress and Other Federal Agencies' Optical Disc Development for Cartography," Ralph E. Ehrenberg (United States) presents a status report on the Library of Congress Optical Disc Pilot Program and the development of optical disk technology projects for cartographic materials at several official mapping organizations. "Map Libraries and Optical Disks" (Lorraine Dubreul, Canada) describes optical disk technology as well as applications at the National Library of Canada and the U.S. Library of Congress. Finally, "Digital Maps and Map Libraries" (Sarah Tyacke, United Kingdom) considers the issues involved in establishing a series of national geographic/cartographic databases, including monitoring database production, new forms of storage and information retrieval systems for archiving, legal deposit and copyright laws, the organization of an archive at the national level, and the necessity for setting up a consultative body. (KM)

Papers on school libraries which were presented at the 1986 International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) conference include: (1) "School Libraries: Bridges or Barriers?" (Gwen Gawith, New Zealand); (2) "The Guidance on Reading and Information Skills in School Libraries--Japan's Case" (Ikuko Koyama, Japan); (3) "Present Status and Problems of School Libraries in Japan--In Order to Achieve Educational Excellence" (Yoshiro Kasahara, Japan); (4) "From CHIFLA to Section of Children's Libraries--Past, Present, and Future of IFLA's Section of Children's Libraries" (Lena Skoglund, Sweden); (5) "Education and Training of Librarians in Children's Librarianship" (Lena Skoglund, Sweden); (6) "The Objectives of Children's Libraries in Scandinavia Based on the Situation in Denmark" (Eva Glistrup, Denmark); (7) "Opening a Big Window for Each Child: A Report on the Bunko--Children's Library Movement by Local Volunteers" (Ikuko Suyehiro, Japan); and (8) "Children's Libraries in Japan--Progress and Problems" (Yasuko Nakata, Japan). A script for a slide presentation, "How a Typical Canadian Elementary School Library Is Run in a Busy Metropolitan Area," by Anne M. Galler of Canada, is also included. (KM)