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This paper examines the web tools used by two Colombian daily papers (El Tiempo, from Bogotá, and El País, from Cali) in order to interact with their readers. For our research we used a matrix to help us classify the abovementioned tools vis-à-vis the different extent of the interactions, the latter understood as the range of possibilities offered by the media to their users in order to modify, produce, and communicate content with both the original transmitters of information and other users. In the case of the papers herein examined, we found that, in spite of the fact that they do offer tools which in fact do bring about interactivity, the latter revolves around three main aspects: adaptability, browsing, and feedback, whereby the user remains at a first level (that of reading the texts) but is not yet allowed to co-produce the content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article aims to analyze the legal position of the student movement of the time which dynamism the process of the pre- constituent who gave birth to the 1991 politic constitution, this towards the initiative seeking of a second presidential reelection in the Colombian constitutional system; the Constitution of 1991 was a tough race in constitutional control model and this participative exercise safeguard the Political Constitutional letter; the analysis focuses on the close execution plans to the High Court ruling roaches; the article seeks to generate a sense of reflection in regards to the constituent derivative and primary on this Colombian Constitution history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes, based on primary and secondary sources, the application of the doctrine of unconscionability in state contracts. For this purpose, the paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, some general considerations on unfair terms are presented. In the second part, it is exposed the scope of these clauses in the field of government contracting in Colombia, in particular, their purpose, characteristics and the legal sanction to which they are subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hostile takeovers operate as a suitable instrument for disciplining directors leading to better company performance. Bearing in mind, what is the role directors should adopt when the transaction has no board's approval? Implicitly, Colombian Law adopted the board neutrality rule that forbids any measure able to frustrate the Bid. This paper aims to analyze the convenience of adopting this rule and propose guidelines to clarify its scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to identify the binding nature of the Committee on Freedom of Association (CFA) recommendations in the Colombian legal system. For that, it has made a study about principles of good faith and pacta sunt servanda, around the OIT Conventions 87 and 98, and the Vienna Convention of 1969, ground principles of the commitments taken at the international level, which are the fundamentals in the international legal system accepted by Colombia. To this analysis, we add a jurisprudential line of the Constitutional Court of Colombia related to binding the Committee’s recommendations on Freedom of Association. The paper concludes that the recommendations of CFA are binding in the Colombian legal system. If these are definitive reports, these are adopted by the ILO Governing Body, and these do not contradict the mandates of the Colombian Political Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this paper is to present a review of specific cases that reported lead concentrations in blood, objects, food, soil, bioindicators, air, and water in specific places in Colombia and evaluate the reported concentrations against target values. Materials and Methods: A systematic qualitative literature review of publications between 1995 and 2019 was done; using Boolean operators 1571 papers were identified, to which 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria were applied. A total of 57 studies met the defined criteria. The reports in these studies were geolocalized and compared with acceptable values. Results and Discussion: Results suggest that lead is present in all environmental matrices, widely distributed in the Colombian territory, and that 72 % of the cases exceeded regulation limits. The percentage of noncompliance per environmental matrix was 89 % for blood samples, 71 % in food, 63 %, in soil, 89 % for bioindicators, 60 % for air, and 55 % for water. Conclusion: These results show that lead pollution is a large-scale problem in the country, more systematic studies are needed, and control measures, policy-making and regulatory updating should be pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the importance that agro industrial innovation systems are gaining in developing countries, such as Colombia, a territory with an agricultural vocation by nature. Based on the above, first this paper presents an approach to the concept, Second, the document also presents the importance of intermediary agents in their synergy, who facilitate the processes of knowledge and technology transfer between the different actors of academia, industry, government and civil society, opening the way to possible alternatives, aiming at strengthening sectoral innovation systems from the economic, social, political and even environmental approaches. Taking into account the above, a literature search was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science, focused on studying the role of intermediary agents in the innovation processes related to agroindustry from the perspective of a sectoral innovation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies two types of constitutionalism, understood as knowledge of the law established by the constitutional rights of the Constitution of Colombia and which it calls the (initial) moral reading and the (current) turn towards efficacy. Its main argument says that instead of complementary types of knowledge, an adequate understanding shows them as the exclusive alternatives that arise from our need to choose (between two readings on the way in which such norms operate within the judicial courts as devices of claim Social). For his defense it resorts to a strategy in which both types of constitutionalism are linked to the republicanism of Machiavelli (the fight for effective power) and that of Montesquieu (the fight against despotic power). This, first, to sustain that a moral reading in a comprehensive sense and in which the type of reconciling reason that Alexy works with operates would allow his harmonic understanding; second, that under political conditions such as those of the department of Córdoba (which Espinosa and García call institutional apartheid) it becomes inevitable to choose between undertaking the fight against the power deficit or against despotic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the scope of the arbitration agreement in the Colombian corporate regime, specifically, concerning the application of the arbitration clause contained in a corporation’s articles of incorporation, to disputes with corporate directors. The nature of this paper is reflective, with aims of presenting the results of the investigation, from an analytical and interpretative perspective. The following methodological resources were employed: First, a review on applicable literature was undertaken in order to analyze, from a doctrinal and regulatory point of view, the concept of the arbitration agreement and its application in corporate disputes. Subsequently, the jurisdictional decisions of the Delegation for Mercantile Procedures of the Superintendency of Corporations on the matter were analyzed. Finally, the authors present some arguments that support the impossibility of applying the arbitration clause to the administrators without their express consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the criminal trials take a long time to complete in Colombia, largely because of the requirement of witness to authenticate documentary evidence. This paper addresses some of the reasons why such an approach to witnessing is unnecessary in most cases. Among them: i) Trial by jury was not created; ii) the representative nature of the documentary evidence makes it easy to identify its origin or its author; iii) representative documents, except those that are the subject of study or object of evidence, do not require submission to the chain of custody system; & iv) There is a precise regulation of the presumption of authenticity for documents. Considering these guidelines, the authentication of documents goes from being a problem of admissibility to one of weight of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Estimate an optimal policy for the blood platelets supply chain distribution problem using a vendor-managed inventory problems approach. Methods and materials: This paper uses an integrated simulation-based optimization model to develop a Vendor- Managed Inventory approach for blood platelets. Simulation is used to estimate the performance of a defined inventory policy. On the other hand, a genetic algorithm finds optimal or near-optimal inventory policies. This approach is evaluated using a case study inspired by a real blood center in Colombia. Results and discussion: Using the proposed approach, key indicators in the blood supply chain such as total cost and outdated units are significantly improved while maintaining the service level. In terms of costs, the VMI model shows a 19.19% advantage over the non-VMI solution. Moreover, the proposed VMI solution can reduce by 42.25% the number of expired platelets. Conclusions: Using a VMI-based distribution system and a simulation-based optimization approach with genetic algorithms offers promising results in the proposed use case. This mixed methodology allows for flexible system configurations without the need for complex changes in the algorithm, and it does so without the need for excessive computational resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thie main objective of this paper is the conceptual study and characterization of slow journalism from an academic and professional perspective. As a methodological process, a total of 76 files have been analyzed, of which 58 correspond to publications of authors from the academic world and 18 to journalism professionals. Thie publications come from the academic world on information and journalistic quality, on digital journalism and narrative journalism, as emerging journalistic routines with potential and creative dynamics in the media sector. Thie other part of the analysis corresponds to 18 professional journalism experts. Among the most outstanding results is the preeminence of the academic world when it comes to studying the phenomenon, given that among those who practice journalism there is less production of works in this regard compared to those coming from the university environment. Also in academia there is a greater profusion of denominations to refer to the phenomenon in Spanish, although both in academia and in the journalistic profession itself the most commonly used term is the Anglo-Saxon term slow journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research-creation is a methodological proposal still under construction. It is surprising how the field of communication has been inserted in this discussion, although it was the faculties of arts, architecture and design who, at least in Colombia, initiated the debate that culminated with its institutional recognition. Thiis article makes a state of the art of research-creation in the Colombian audiovisual field, based, first, on a literature review and, second, on a look at the offer of postgraduate training in the country. For the review of scientific publications, the EBSCO and SCOPUS databases were used to retrieve documents in Spanish that included the terms "research + creation". Preference was given to publications containing reflections on the method or the conceptualization of research-creation itself. The final list contemplates a corpus of 65 documents, in which the levels that define the discussion are identified: epistemological, methodological and creative. For the review of the postgraduate offerings, the database of the National System of Higher Education Information -SNIES- was used, where the postgraduate programs that declared some component or emphasis on research-creation were selected. The analysis shows the approaches registered in the identified graduate programs. In sum, this paper aims to contribute to the discussion on the place of communication in the construction of research-creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of the provisions of the Final Peace Accord on land should have furnished an unprecedented opportunity for Colombia to overcome traditional obstacles to the effective enforcement of reforms to secure land tenure, provide access to vulnerable groups and realize the productive potential of the Colombian countryside. However, two years later achievements in this field are minimal. While most of the academic discussions are still focused on the tension between ideological positions about the extent of private property rights, this paper will look into some of the policy and institutional challenges faced by the Administration that took office on August 2018. The lack of a strong land policy and institutional frameworks has limited the impact of the implementation of previous reforms and may also impair the reforms pursued by the new Administration. The challenges remain significant and, as this paper asserts, unless they are properly addressed, the risk of another frustrated reform will remain high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the different dimensions of women's empowerment that can arise during the entrepreneurial process. It considers the changes in these dimensions as women advance in the development of their new ventures, differentiating characteristics according to the context (urban or rural). Another contribution refers to which empowerment factors developed by female entrepreneurs are key to reducing poverty. The proposal develops a multiple correspondence analysis and an ordered probit model, with data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Colombia. The results make it possible to identify what is needed to strengthen the empowerment of women through entrepreneurship, and the resources available for this. Furthermore, the relationship found between economic empowerment factors and family income provides evidence for the importance of empowerment for poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with financialization, a concept that critically describes the rise and expansion of financial capital in the economy and its social and political implications. Seen from the perspective of financialization, the Colombian pension system of Law 100 of 1993 (Congress of the Republic of Colombia, 1993) illustrates the expansion of financial capital in emerging or peripheral economies, highlighting the inferior and subordinate status of these countries with respect to the more developed economies. In these countries, the adoption of private pension funds goes hand in hand with financial liberalization and the search to expand their capital markets. Moreover, pension systems have never been far removed from economic structures; they have been created and developed within them. In Colombia, as a country whose industry did not fully awaken, the necessary conditions for the most guaranteeing pension models could not be met. Although the current Colombian model is not purely controlled by private funds, the link between these funds and the financial players is so strong that there is still unresolved tension around the complete privatization of the system. In addition, the institutional formula through which it is evident that this is a financialized system is the so-called multi-fund pension scheme. Thus, under the magnifying glass of the financialization that has governed the current pension system and its most recent changes, we can also read the announcements and reform proposals put forward by the government, unions and think tanks at the end of neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article exposes how Colombian constitutional historicism or traditionalism has been marked by hyper-presidentialism. Although the 1991 Constitution imposed a moderate presidentialism as an alternative to the historicism, hyper-presidentialism returned through constitutional reforms and traditional political practices, especially in the Uribe [2002-2010] and Santos [2010-2018] government mandates. Such accumulation of power in President Santos, organized by several previous governments, allowed him to advance a peace process with the FARC guerrilla against many sectors that have rejected a negotiated solution to the armed conflict. Nevertheless, this paper asks if it is worth betting on accumulating so much power in one person, even though in this case served laudable ends from a pacifist perspective, given that the risks of hyper-presidentialism are very elevated for a republican democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the last 15 years, Colombian migrations experimented a massive geographical expansion without precedents. Within Latin America, Argentina stands out as the main destination, and therefore, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the origins and evolution of Colombian migrations to Argentina. Resorting to statistical and ethnographical elements, the paper shows the new migratory patterns of Colombian population to Argentina, even though the current migratory trend towards this country is descending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides some reflections on the discussions resulting from the UN declaration, A/64/L.63/Rev.1. It is a resolution dated July 26, 2010 whereby the UN enacts the drinking water and sanitation as an essential human right, which creates some obligations the private actors will demand the Member States to comply with. Based on the foregoing, the UN Member States, including Colombia, are now required to ensure a water supply with quality and 100% coverage to their inhabitants via an aqueduct. However, governments face, in turn, the challenge to preserve the water sources constituting the raw material for ensuring those rights the UN has enacted as claimable by all human beings. This way, this paper poses some questions and queries regarding the tasks to be undertaken by both the Colombian State and the private actors to comply with the UN directives, without detriment to the water sources and the environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the article 333 of the Colombian Criminal Code, which establishes the crime of environmental contamination by exploitation of mining or hydrocarbon deposits. It analyzes the semantics and scope of this rule, establishing the criminal effects deriving from it. The paper focuses on the challenges that the article poses for the principle of legality, and address some dogmatic problems of it. This paper is part of the results of the research Environmental Criminal Law in the Context of the Company. Problems Surrounding the Crime of Environmental Pollution, supported by Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of the concept Populism and how it relates to the violence in Colombia during the 20th-century last three decades and the 21st-century first decade, putting special emphasis on the pioneer work by historian Marco Palacios. We explore the idea that the conceptualization of populism in Colombia develops concurrently, on one hand, with the dispute around the notion of violence in the 20th-century second half and, on the other hand, with the idea that the "incomplete populism" was a causal explanation to the times of the bloody armed fights in Colombia. In addition, these events have made the Colombian political case instilled with an idea of exceptionality as compared to the other countries of Latin America. To do this work, we gathered some theoretical contributions from the conceptual history by Reinhart Koselleck and from the history of political languages by Elías Palti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I examine the connections between the hogging of lands, the oil palm tree cultivations, and the para-militarism in Colombia through the lens of the primitive accumulation. To do so, I analyze three concrete cases: the Bajo Atrato en Chocó [a river basin], Mapiripán in Meta Province, and Las Pavas in the South Bolívar Province. These three Colombian locations have undergone violent events including forced displacement and land deprivation, with subsequent projects for growing oil palm trees on a broad scale. The discussion brings into contention the agricultural biofuel international market and the need by the Colombian State to take some territories that were previously hostile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is a country with great potential for the exploitation of geothermal energy due to its high volcanic activity caused by the subduction between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates. However, this energy is yet to be exploited. This article seeks to describe, by means of a literature review and information processing, the current status of geothermal energy in Colombia, including the current regulations, the limitations, the recommendations to develop the geothermal energy, and some of the most important projects, studies, and research papers that have been emerged on the discovery, exploration, and exploitation of geothermal energy within the country, emphasizing the areas where exploration projects have been initiated, such as the Nevado del Ruiz volcano, the Tufiño-Chiles-Cerro Negro volcanic system, the Azufral volcano geothermal area, and the Paipa geothermal area. Over the years, energy vulnerability in Colombia and a government policy of fostering sustainable development in different territories have generated favorable conditions for the exploitation of geothermal resources. Nevertheless, there are several technical, infrastructural, legal, and institutional barriers that slow the proper development of these projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts a bibliographic review of the growth and the characteristics of the population identified as atheist, agnostic or non-affiliated to any religion in Colombia. Based on the review of research papers press articles and information available on blogs and web pages on the subject, it aims to characterize this population in aspects such as its positions about spirituality, ethics, science, and politics. It also proposes some hypothesis about the causes of the growth of this sector of the population and on the relationship of this growth with the secularization of Colombian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article thoroughly examines the historical development of the concept of "University autonomy" that has been drawn from the jurisprudence and case law of the Constitutional Court of Colombia since it commenced operations in 1992. It aims is to identify the core elements of University Autonomy, as well as its scope and range. This analysis will be useful to offer a comprehensive understanding of how the Constitutional Court of Colombia has shaped and developed this concept that underlies the educational system as a whole, but is explicitly applicable to all the local universities, regardless of their public or private nature. To this end, we collected and analyzed close to one hundred (100) court rulings, from the year 1992 to 2018, regarding the specific topic of University Autonomy. Said rulings were reviewed and systematized, extracting the relevant legal precedents applicable to several disciplinary, civil, and constitutional legal cases that derive from our topic of inquiry. These included constitutional rulings, actions of guardianship (legal mechanism listed in the Colombian Constitution to purvey swift justice regarding basic human rights), as well as rulings that unify jurisprudence. The rulings above have been standardized according to their corresponding constitutional scenarios, and the high frequency of quotations present among and between them. These results can be consulted in the annexes of this paper (see annex 1 , annex 2 and annex 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coverage of the Colombian peace process by the national media meant a significant work of media representation starting by introducing the main events in their agenda and was followed by the production of a series of accounts whereby the media told these events and made sense thereof. By analyzing three cases, this paper describes how the media approached the peace process, focusing mostly on produced images. One of the main findings is that the iconography of the peace process --besides being ancillary to the written news-- accounts for the strong polarization of the different stances assumed by the official and political actors regarding the peace process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the study of one's image and the society enemy's image in the margins of the State, this paper provides an analysis of the military logic on the notions of the human and the order in the TV show Hombres de honor (Men of Honor). The TV show displays an army committed to serve the civilian population, especially in the so-called conflict zones. It describes the human character of the military forces beyond their role as soldiers trained for the war. The analysis herein allows understanding both the sphere of power and the thanatopolitics providing the frame for the logic of the war actions in their image. The capitals at stake and the hierarchy in the military sphere were determined in the analysis and, based on it, this work explored the binary structuring and narratives on the law enforcement and the enemies of the society. In this context, the superiority of the army legitimizes the military values for the whole society from the biopower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an empirical study that systematized environmental judicial opinions handed down by Colombia's highest administrative Court --Consejo de Estado-- over a 17-year period (1998-2015). Thanks to a research grant, the authors and a team of coders systematized, using state-of-the art content analysis methodologies, more than 250 opinions handed down by Colombia's highest administrative Court. The results presented in this paper show the most important trends of collective environmental litigation in Colombia: types of plaintiffs and defendants; type of environmental resources involved in the case; plaintiffs' success rates; most litigious regions and cities; overall effects of economic incentives on the type of litigation, among several other subjects. This paper concludes that collective environmental litigation has been instrumental to protect environmental resources in Colombia, one the most biodiverse countries in the world. Finally, the paper concludes that the elimination in 2011 of the economic incentive in favor of litigants did not favor public interest litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the recognition of digital inclusion as a fundamental right in Colombia, thus contributing to the progress of the constitutional theory about the recognition of fundamental rights in Colombia. In recent years, the digital divide has attracted widespread attention of the national and international community. This digital divide has been intrinsically associated with the concept of fundamental right, since digital inclusion is considered as a key factor in social and individual progress. In this paper we conduct the evaluation of the doctrine and the case law criteria on the inclusion of new fundamental rights and the protection using the action for protection (tutela). This evaluation is carried out through a document review and legal interpretation that allows identifying some arguments to justify the consideration of digital inclusion as an inclusion to fundamental rights in the Colombian legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the first 25 years of the Colombian Constitution of 1991. It marks the excessive optimism that the Constitution was received with by the people and the academy in general. However, over the years, although the Constitution changed the Colombian political reality significantly, it started to lose its charm. Among other reasons, (i) this Constitution could not satisfy the high expectations generated, (ii) the continuous reforms that the political class made to it, derailing the original model, and (iii) the way the political system managed to adapt to the new constitutional system so well that we could say "everything changed to stay the same". Moreover, we present the risk implied by a judicial democracy for the Colombian political system. Finally, this paper invites not falling into extreme points (nihilism, on the one side, ingenuity, on the other), so a critical skepticism is suggested regarding what is presented today as Constitution and its immediate future, in post-conflict times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to disclose the response capacity of the Health Information Systems (HIS) in Colombia to support an inspection, surveillance and control model (ISC) driven towards the monitoring of the risks undermining the access, use and quality of the health services. This paper is based on a descriptive cross-sectional study under a risk management approach including a review of the regulations framework dealing with the threats to the effective enjoyment of the right to health (EERH) and the characteristics of the information reported by the actors in the system, which is required to carry out the said monitoring. The data supporting the monitoring to the health care processes and its impact on the population health are not enough to appropriately oversee the risks involved. Advantage should be taken from the changes currently taking place in the health system in order to rethink how the system performance is taken as monitored object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 4 September 2012, the official beginning of the peace process between the Colombian government and the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), there has been much discussion about the possible application of the doctrine of command responsibility in the prosecution of international crimes by national courts. However, the scope of this doctrine, as developed in international criminal law, should be differentiated from the notion of criminal liability by omission under the Colombian Criminal Code (CCC). This paper explores the forms of criminal liability and the factual hypothesis that the doctrine of command responsibility covers. It also examines some decisions of the Colombian courts in which the notion of criminal liability by omission of armed force members is applied (especially with regard to the general provision contained in article 25 CCC), indicating some legal problems that have arisen in this regard. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the doctrine of command responsibility and the general provision of article 25 CCC, though closely related, are not the same. In doing so, it claims that Colombian courts should apply norms of the criminal code’s special part to cover some factual hypothesis which are not covered by article 25 CCC, but still fall within the scope of the doctrine of command responsibility as defined, for example, in the Rome Statute. Finally, it maintains that the confusion of these two regimes of criminal liability could lead us to transfer into the Colombian legal system some of the problems faced in the application of international criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purposes of this paper are to explore the state of implementation of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programmes and their contribution to the construction of integrated social protection systems in Latin America on one hand, and to discuss the most important achievements and challenges in fighting against poverty in Colombia. With this target, the article begins with a brief review of the overall situation of the CCT Programmes in Latin America. This is followed by a comparative analysis of actions undertaken in some countries in the region in order to face the main threats related to the public policies to eradicate poverty. It enables to draw an analysis about the management of such challenges in Colombia. Finally, the last part of the paper suggests some hypotheses and proposals in order to address the problems identified above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of cyberspace law poses a challenge to the traditional borders of law. The increase of activities and business deals on the internet has awakened the interest of lawyers, civil servants, businessmen, and scholars regarding the manner on how to determine internet jurisdiction. The goal of this paper is to establish the criteria for determining jurisdiction that are being used by courts when they have to resolve cases on the internet. The paper analyses academic literature and selected cases in the US, Europe, Colombia, and the world with qualitative and inductive method, using primary and secondary sources, documentary review, and direct observation techniques. The conclusions are that: 1) Differences between common or civil law systems seem to be disappearing when new rules emerge to establish jurisdiction on the internet; 2) An alternative use of both new online and traditional offline rules is observed in resolving cases by the courts, especially in the US; 3) International cases suggest that courts have applied traditional rules rather than online rules like the Zippo test, Calder tests, or the mere accessibility among others; 4) European (Germany, Netherlands) and the Colombian cases show that they prefer use offline criteria, although we can find some online rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how power feminism, a mainstream feminist trend in international legal discourse, was incorporated into the Colombian legal system through the process of design and discussion of indicators to measure the Colombian government's compliance with the Constitutional Court's orders regarding internal forced displacement in the country. To do so, this paper examines the participation of Corporación Sisma Mujer, one of the most well-known Colombian women's rights ngos, in the debates inside and outside the Constitutional Court that led this Court to adopt a battery of indicators to track internally displaced women's effective enjoyment of rights, and in general a women-sensitive approach to forced displacement. To unveil the theoretical foundations of Corporación Sisma Mujer's interventions and strategies before the Constitutional Court, this article combines a theoretical approach with documentary research and interviews. Nancy Fraser's paper Rethinking the Public Sphere, and Janet Halley, Prabha Kotiswaran, Hila Shamir and Chantal Thomas' concept governance feminism constitute the basic theoretical framework. Documents drafted by Sisma Mujer and Constitutional Court decisions that accepted, appropriated and transformed Sisma's claims are analyzed through the lens of Fraser and Halley, Kotiswaran, Shamir and Thomas' theoretical contributions. Interviews with Sisma's staff, and with other relevant actors complement what is found in documents and judicial decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to show how important the ecclesial cultural heritage has been for The Church's work, its historic evolution and legislative development both regarding ecclesial and civil issues. The current society has been producing different legal-civil frameworks for the heritage protection. These tools should be used by The Church according to the call made by the Roman Pontiffs in the recent years. Therefore, this paper seek to let known some legislative tools concerning both the civil and the canonic law to allow a better efficiency in the protection of this heritage, focused mainly in the Colombian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work aims to delve into the background issues that led to the protection acts of the film productions in Colombia. In addition, this paper reflects on how the legislative evolution concerning film issues occurred hand in hand with the industry growth in our country. The scope of the copyrights for every film author and interpreter in our country is also explored herein. Finally, this work studies the evolution of their copyrights and how it relates to the film industry in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framework contracts are a frequently used tool in the legal dealings. However, they have been studied scantily in the Colombian legal doctrine despite the difficulties they posit in both the theory and the practice. This paper aims to examine the notion of framework contract in order to differentiate it from other related legal concepts, study its legal nature, and ascertain its legal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a first instance, the following article proposes an analytical itinerary around three "cursed" words (violence, populism and Gaitanism) of the Colombian historiography. In a second instance, an inquiry is suggested over those categories and over their own digressions under the light of a non-pejorative interpretation of both populism and Gaitanism. Finally, the article exhibits an exploratory hypothesis and argues that Gaitanist populism could be thought of as a particular way of processing and stopping political violence. To illustrate this proposition two specific dimensions are described to understand the Gaitanist process between 1924 and 1948: its political-comunicative practices and the oscillations between rupture and integration in the Gaitanist discursivity. By analyzing Gaitán and his followers' discursivity, we can consider that Gaitanism, as a framework of political-communicative practices, contributed to process popular demands that diminished bipartisan tensions in Colombia in the first half of the 20th century. The construction of a popular subject, and the "face to face" presentation between the leadership and the masses in the public arena, among other elements of the Gaitanist identity, served to process --in a belligerent but peaceful way-- the political and social discontent of the time. Likewise, Gaitanism as an identity process --between 1944 and 1946-- raised as a movement that arrogated the representation of a "true country" (rupture) and the construction of a restoring order for Colombian democracy (integration). In short, the proposed disquisitions in this paper seek to highlight the relevance of thinking historical processes, such as populism, through a conceptual framework aimed at the study of political identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public choice theorists argue that political and administrative decentralization increases the efficiency in the delivery of public services in local communities. This paper departs from a critical stand of this perspective in studying the phenomenon of poor school performance. The Department of Atlántico is a case that deviates from the assumptions of public choice scholars, and hence its analysis serves to open an ontological and practical discussion on how to study processes of primary and secondary educational decentralization in Colombia. The use of a realist paradigm as a methodological backup to analyse a set of individual and group interviews at different levels of the government helps to unveil many of these implications. Themes identified in this study include the limited capacity of local authorities to design and administrate educational policies, the lack of clarity among the actors of different levels of the national education system about the use of state examinations, and the difficulty experienced by school directors of public educational institutions to access promptly to educational quality resources. These findings are all indicative of policy complexities omitted in the diagnostics of the sector published in the mainstream literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze and criticize the situation of trade unionism in Colombia throughout the use of international and comparative law, analyzing the conceptual framework of the concept of representativeness, the recognition criteria of representativeness and the prerogatives of the same. In this sense, we proceed to an analytical study of the legal device regarding the constitutional framework in order to demonstrate the inadequacy of that in respect to that design proposed by the Colombian Constitution of 1991. Similarly, a comparative perspective is adopted to enrich the reflection offering elements for the understanding of the meaning and how of the notion of union representation works. Reflection leads to highlight the mismatch between the constitutional and legal frameworks for trade union advocacy and to consider the introduction of the notion of union representation in the legal system as a central tool of promotion of trade unionism in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the system of shareholders agreements contained in Article 70 of Law 222 of 1995 and Article 24 of Law 1258 of 2008, in order to determine its scope and thus understand generally the regulation of these agreements in the Colombian commercial law and the way how are you standards relate to the general rules on obligations, contracts and partnerships, thereby seeks to sustain the possibility to conclude agreements partners in all types of companies and not only in the corporation and simplified stock. It also seeks to identify the main issues under discussion for which the work is based not only on a policy analysis, but also doctrinal, jurisprudential and includes reference to the interpretations made by the Superintendencia de Sociedades both concepts and judicial decisions related corporate agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze how the prevention of HIV infection in Colombia -- from the 1980s until now -- has taken place, given that it is one of the main measures to control infection. We present the epidemiological context in the world and in Colombia, the development of the prevention of infection, and conclude with some reflections on the gaps and realities of what has characterized HIV prevention in our environment. Methodology: we analyzed papers and scientific articles in Spanish, English, and Portuguese from 2000 to 2016, available in PubMed Lilacs, Ebsco, Medline, Justor, and Scielo. Seventy-five articles were reviewed out of which twenty-nine selected. Conclusions: HIV prevention must move from the assistance-based approach to policies that promote human, social, and economic development, without leaving aside the fact that the general population is at risk of acquiring the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a comparison between the drug violence in Peru and Colombia. These two countries are the greater cocaine producers in the world, but present different levels of violence. In the case of Peru there are low levels of violence, whilst in the case of Colombia, the levels are high. The paper argues that the cocain cultivation and production in itself is not a source of high levels of violence. The intensity of the violence depends on the presence of other variables that will be proposed and analized here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will address some of the problems arising from the legal identification of trans people and the exercise of their rights in Colombia. After a brief théorie explanation about the notion of trans as an identitary concept, the author will describe two different approaches concerning the role of the law regarding trans people's lives and experiences. The first one, rooted on queer theory, opposes any governmental intervention. The second one, based on the human rights discourse embraced by the LGBTI social movement, is willing to demand legal recognition. This paper concludes with the analysis of the difficulties in the assignment of sex on the identification documents and its effects on the exercise of citizenship, a debate where both approaches can be highlighted and were new challenges about the legal recognition of gender identity emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the interactions between courts, experts and interest groups present in the sentence C 355/2006, through which abortion is partially decriminalized in Colombia. A detailed review of this paper allows to track the role that interest groups and social movements have in the mobilization of expert discourses in the high courts as a strategy to influence their decisions. The use of disciplines and fields of knowledge is articulated to the general structure of the sentence as literary technology that makes visible the role of the court as administrator of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Emotional Intelligence (EI) in Colombian Primary School Children depending on their location (rural or urban) and gender. The final sample consisted of 1451 students in fourth and fifth grade of three provinces in the Boyacá department. Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version ([EQ-i: YV]; Bar-On & Parker, 2000) was used for data collection. Both the reliability and validity of EQ-i: YV have been determined for this sample. The main results revealed differences in EI according to location. Overall, EI was higher in urban than in rural settings. Also, scores on the interpersonal and adaptability dimensions differed by gender. Additionally, the need for future research and development of Social and Emotional Learning programs in schools is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the legal validity of the fast track constitutional amendments (FT). First, the work analyses the concept of legal validity and highlights the next notions: membership, legal applicability and moral applicability of the legal rules. Later, the author argues that FT does not fulfill with two necessary validity conditions to constitutional amendments in Colombia: its democratic character and the constitutional rigidity. Lastly, it is concluded that FT only could claim moral applicability but in this sense FT are legally irrelevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the discussion about the international legal status of the "Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera" and the legal effects that such status would produce under constitutional law in Colombia. Thus, it analyses the scope of public international law sources with the aim of evaluate if the beforementioned Acuerdo complies with the requierements in order to be considered a legal source under public international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colombian Consumer Act --Law 1480, 2011-- still generates relevant questions about how to explain the protection system of users. That said, 'it is important to study the meaning and effect of the principles of the Colombian Consumer Act --article 1--' that involve the essential and basic issues of Consumer Law in this country. With this goal in mind, this paper aims to examine the implications of those principles in order to think about a Consumer Law in Colombia that suggest an organized and harmonic system of rules aiming for the protection of the consumers. This is because; the mentioned principles and the Colombian Consumer Act are the mainstay of this new part of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]