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Published in 2021 by Presa Universitară Clujeană, ”A Lifetime Dedicated to Norwegian Language and Literature” is a celebratory scholarly work compiled and edited by the members of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Letters in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in honour of Professor Sanda Tomescu Baciu, founder of The Norwegian Language and Literature BA program (1991), of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature (2001) and disseminator of Norwegian culture, language and li-terature for over thirty years. Throughout her entire career, Professor Sanda Tomescu Baciu has never ceased to raise interest in Norwegian studies, and strive to offer her students the best academic resources, a warm and welcoming learning environment and also countless scholarship opportunities. Her contribution to the popularization and the increasing fascination with the North is immeasurably valuable to the academic community, not only in Romania, but also internationally. Her colleagues and editors of this volume have carefully selected and arranged a collection of congratulatory messages and academic essays from various fields encompassed in the Scandinavian studies.

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

Published in 2021 by Presa Universitară Clujeană, ”A Lifetime Dedicated to Norwegian Language and Literature” is a celebratory scholarly work compiled and edited by the members of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Letters in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in honour of Professor Sanda Tomescu Baciu, founder of The Norwegian Language and Literature BA program (1991), of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature (2001) and disseminator of Norwegian culture, language and li-terature for over thirty years. Throughout her entire career, Professor Sanda Tomescu Baciu has never ceased to raise interest in Norwegian studies, and strive to offer her students the best academic resources, a warm and welcoming learning environment and also countless scholarship opportunities. Her contribution to the popularization and the increasing fascination with the North is immeasurably valuable to the academic community, not only in Romania, but also internationally. Her colleagues and editors of this volume have carefully selected and arranged a collection of congratulatory messages and academic essays from various fields encompassed in the Scandinavian studies.

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON PUBLISHED DIALECT MATERIAL

Writing Studies scholars have raised concerns about framing student struggles to integrate secondary sources as an ethical problem of plagiarism. They propose, instead, framing student citation practices as transitional markers of development in which students use patchwriting to learn the discursive norms and values of academia. Patchwriting as a literacy tool for transfer of knowledge raised questions for me about whether students develop other scaffolds to aid in learning transfer. In this pilot study, I investigate student use of anchor sources, the “perfect source” that frames a student’s central argument, rhetorical structure, and/or purpose. Based on a random sample of a nationwide corpus of First-Year Writing research papers from 16 US institutions, findings show that 21 of 30 research papers (70%) revealed evidence of an anchor source. Six of the 9 papers without anchor sources show evidence of significant rhetorical problems. Results suggest evidence of knowledge transfer, as well as pedagogical implications for supporting this transitional stage in student development.

Negation in Sepedi is a complex matter — a variety of negative morphemes are used across complicated verbal and copulative structures and these morphemes are not interchangeable. Dictionary users in a text production situation need to be guided to the correct compilation of negative constructions. In most cases negative morphemes are not lemmatised in Sepedi paper dictionaries or if they are, the lexicographic treatment is inadequate. This paper provides an inventory of negation from which an abstraction of the negative morphemes is given. This is followed by a critical evaluation of Sepedi dictionaries and suggested model entries for lexicographic treatment of negative morphemes.

The collaborative volume The Science of Linguistics brings together a number of contributions on topics related to linguistic typology, sociolinguistics, onomastics, discourse analysis, multilingualism, language acquisition, and more. As such, the editors do justice to the title they have chosen, featuring authors and papers on subjects covering the wide spectrum of linguistic endeavours, that all have one thing in common: the rigorous analysis of language. This volume is dedicated to professor Ștefan Oltean, mentor, advisor, friend, or colleague of many of the contributors to this volume.

Este artigo aborda o futuro do trabalho como fenômeno comu-nicacional, por meio de sua análise como construção discursiva. Elegemos como objeto dois relatórios, dois documentos prospectivos: um assinado pelo World Economic Forum — talvez o maior porta-voz do capitalismo global — e outro da corporação Dell Technologies, expoente da economia digital mundial. Buscamos identificar de que forma esses discursos sobre o futuro do trabalho mobilizam códigos hegemônicos do neoliberalismo, compreendido como lógica social. Essa lógica pressupõe a produção de sujeitos, por meio de competências, perfis, como capital humano a ser gerido com eficácia. A metodologia é baseada na noção de discurso social de Angenot — que propõe a análise do espírito do tempo em sua disseminação nos discursos de dado contexto histórico e social.

يتتبع هذا البحث تشكُل الشخصيات وطريقة بنائها في رواية "أوراق شمعون المصري"، في محاولة لاستكشاف دلالات الشخصيات ومدلولاتها، من خلال الوقوف على تصنيفها وعلاماتها السيميائية، وانطلق البحث في تتبعه لشخصيات النص من المقولات النقدية لفيليب هامون، واعتماد رؤيته في إبراز دال الشخصية ومدلولاتها.سار البحث في اتجاهات متوازية ليُبرز من خلالها بنائية الشخصيات داخل النص السردي، اعتمادًا على أن الشخصية علامة سيميائية تتشكل من دال ومدلول، وتحقق ذلك من خلال تقديم نظري تضمن الرؤية السيميائية للشخصية الروائية. وتبِع ذلك الجانب التطبيقي الذي تضمن تصنيف شخصيات النص المدروس وفقًا لتقسيمات هامون: (شخصيات مرجعية – شخصيات إشارية – شخصيات استذكارية)، ويستكشف البحث كذلك مستوى وصف الشخصيات، سواء عبر دال الشخصية (الأسماء)، أو عبر مدلول الشخصية (طرق تقديم الشخصية كميًا ونوعيًا).AbstractThis research is about how the characters are formed and built in the novel, "The Papers of the Egyptian Shimon", in an effort to explore the connotations of the characters, by identifying their classification and semiotic features. The research based its tracking of the characters of the text on the critical statements of Philip Hammon, and adopting his vision in highlighting the character and its connotations.The research proceeded in parallel directions to highlight the character's constructiveness within the narrative accomplishment, depending on the character being a semiotic sign consisting of a signifier and a connotation, and achieving this through a theoretical presentation that ensures the character's semiotic vision. This was followed by the applied aspect that included classifying the characters of the studied text according to Hamon's divisions: (reference characters - signaling characters - memorabilia characters), then stopping the search in front of the character description level, tracking the character's signifier (names), and the character's connotation (ways of presentation the character quantitatively and qualitatively).

In the context of Judiciary or Forensic Linguistics, this paper shows the results of a study on rhotic consonants in prepausal position (in the spontaneous speech of central peninsular Spanish) in order to assess their forensic value for identifying speakers. The variables that have been analysed are the number of components and the acoustic features of the first and second components of the consonant, which correspond to the closure and opening phases, respectively. The results have shown some significant differences amongst speakers, which is why the rhotics are considered a useful segmental element in comparing speech samples on judiciary purposes

With all the literary and political differences between father and son, what is striking about their literary careers is the way they parallel each other: Kingsley was thirty-one when his first novel, Lucky Jim, was published (1953); Martin was twenty – four when he published The Rachel Papers (1973). Lucky Jim was a runaway best seller and a book that defined a generation. That was not quite true of Martin’s early books, but he had enough precocious reward. No other father-son tandem has produced a corpus as sizable and significant as that of Sir Kingsley Amis and his son. They have maintained not only a quality of writing, but also duration of productivity that other literary families have simply not matched.

L'objectiu d'aquest treball és abordar la didàctica de la prosòdia des de dos punts de vista: en primer lloc, una perspectiva històrica i teòrica que examina el paper i tractament de la competència prosòdica; i, en segon lloc, les implicacions didàctiques i el desenvolupament d'aquesta competència a través del joc, tenint en compte a l'alumnat de l'aula d'Educació Infantil i d'Educació Primària.

The last four decades have witnessed the birth of numerous studies dealing with the research paper (RP), its rhetorical structure and contents, linguistic features, reporting verbs, review procedures, evaluative language, peer editing, transfer of academic writing skills, and many other features. In spite of the countless researches detailing academic writing features, not a small amount of textbooks on academic writing seem to ignore the results yielded by research conducted on this vital and crucial skill. A great number of academic writing textbooks seem to be unaware of the findings of research on academic writing practices. Thus, it is the purpose of this paper to briefly survey a number of academic writing textbooks claiming to be designed for teaching and developing university students’ academic writing skills and introduce the present author’s attempt in utilizing Swales’ IMRD and CARS patterns in teaching the overall rhetorical structure of academic research papers to tertiary students. The current author strongly believes that academic writing is an apprenticeship process. That is, the students should be shown samples of what they are expected to produce before they actually do it. Therefore, students were, individually, requested to find a journal RP, of 15 pages maximum, in the area they would choose for their research from any peer reviewed journal that uses APA style, print it, highlight only all the section headings, copy them on a separate sheet of paper and bring to the following class. In the second class session, students were divided into teams of 4, and were asked to share and discuss the research design patterns they identified. Then, they selected a representative team member to write the sections and subsections headings they found common in the research design on the whiteboard for all students to see. After this, a whole class discussion of the similarities and differences began. Then, Swales’ models were introduced for comparison with what they found. Using Swales’ models made it easy for students to think in an organized way and assign the information that they had gathered to their relevant sections/move(s).The students’ feedback was encouraging and the research papers they produced corroborated their positive responses

The Czech literary scholar Jiři Levy (1926–1967) has gained international recognition for his great contribution to the general theory of translation and has greatly contributed to the history and theory of translation into the Czech language in his books Uměni překladu (1963; Die literarische Ubersetzung: Theorie einer Kunstgattung, German transl., 1969; The Art of Translation, English transl., 2011) and Česke theorie překladu (1957, Czech Theories of Translation), respectively. His other distinguished research included versology, theatrology and various studies on British and American writers. This paper focuses on two related but less discussed aspects of his oeuvre – his contribution to Czech Anglophone Studies and his early translations of foreign poetry into Czech. It chronologically surveys Levy’s papers in the field of Anglophone Studies and outlines their contribution to Levy’s translatological oeuvre. It also includes their bibliography and a hitherto unpublished tentative bibliography of his Czech translations of poetry with two specimens of his translations.

The relevance of the study of lexical transformations in the process of translation is associated with the need to ensure communication between the author and recipients in terms of recreating the lexical, structural and stylistic richness of the original in the translated text. Since today far from all the methods and mechanisms for eliminating language inaccuracies have been studied, this direction occupies an important role in the translation science branch of knowledge. The purpose of the study is to examine the role and functions of differentiation of meanings in the process of literary translation from Russian into Turkish by analysing the lexico-semantic means used in the context of literary works. This paper uses the methods of contextual, lexico-semantic, comparative, linguoculturological and analytical-synthetic analysis are used in the paper. This study is aimed at studying lexical transformations in the translated text, mechanisms for transferring the semantic subtleties of the source with minimization of lexical losses and combining techniques to obtain a translated text that is as accessible to the readership as possible. The work is focused on contextual and lexico-semantic analysis, search, and comparison of lexical variants and structural patterns in the original and translation. Attention was drawn to the mechanisms of differentiation and generalization of meanings, as well as the semantic unfolding of events. When analysing lexico-semantic and syntactic constructions, as well as phraseological phrases, the topic of national linguistic features and cultural specifics, which play an important role in the translation of literary texts, was touched upon. In the future, this work can be used in the field of translation studies, cultural linguistics, automatic text processing, the creation of lexicographic thesauri, and the study of semantic patterns and equivalents. The study examined the nuances of word usage in translations from Russian to Turkish, underscoring the inevitability of lexical transformations. Strategies primarily involved expanding, narrowing, and clarifying the source text’s semantics. Russian-Turkish translations also frequently employed semantic deployment and structural element transformations to elucidate intricate meanings. Stable, often phraseological turns were highlighted, emphasizing their non-equivalent nature. Such techniques reconstruct the original’s cultural essence and authorial style. While there exist discrepancies between the Russian and Turkish contexts, lexical transformations often simplify complex structures for clarity in Turkish. Idiomatic expressions in Turkish involve detailing meanings or unfolding specific events descriptively. The study demonstrated the interplay between the original and its translation, revealing strategies and issues within linguistics and translation studies.

The paper surveys domestication, one of the characteristic features of a number of translations in the early period of the Czech National Revival in the first decades of the nineteenth century. At that time, translations played a role of enormous cultural significance in the development of Czech literature, making up for as yet unrepresented genres and providing models to enrich the corpus. A particular set of circumstances developed due to the social and political conditions of the Czech nation: after a period of gradual decline of the Czech language following the Thirty Years’ War, the Czech language was gradually regaining the status of a language of literature and science. From the twenties onwards the rising middle-class reading public demanded entertaining belles-lettres in Czech. Many of these translations were freely adapted mainly from contemporary popular German prose without crediting the original author and at times even plagiarized, as the writer Karolina Světlá, well-read in both literatures, later recorded in her memoirs. This paper presents two typical examples of localization of English pieces of literature. In his translation of Thomas Gray’s An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Josef Jungmann replaced the English historical figures (Hampden, Milton and Cromwell) with Czech ones (Thurn, Rokycana and Žižka), while Jan Kaška replaced the London characters and setting with Prague in his translation of a piece from Charles Dickens’s Sketches by Boz. These examples show how domesticated poems and tales typically preserved the original plot with localized characters and setting. At present we can see an increase in scholarly research of the original and translated literature of the period.

This paper reflects upon the relevance of the ideas of Peter Newmark to legal translation. Even though legal translation was not the focus of Newmark’s interest, he makes several references to legal translation in his writings, mostly in relation to authoritative statements, which is a broad category of texts introduced by Newmark and including legal and administrative texts. The paper provides a critical analysis of his ideas and puts them into today’s legal translation studies context. The second part of the paper includes a brief and non-exhaustive overview of Newmark’s con-cepts that have been echoed in legal translation studies, namely his list of translation techniques, and his dichotomy of semantic and communicative translation.

With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, the whole world is overwhelmed with a mood of fear, anxiety, depression and psychological discomfort. The Coronavirus has wrapped all aspects of life with a new mode so that the authorities concerned have imposed stay-at-home orders, curfews and restrictions on mass mobility and daily activities. These restrictions have given rise to unprecedented practices rarely available in pre-Coronavirus era. Consequently, the normal course of life has greatly changed and a new daily routine has been established during the COVID-19 pandemic whose impact on all life activities is characterized by being extensive and having far-reaching consequences. This paper investigates the COVID-19 repercussions in some purposively selected cartoons and comics from different websites. The selected cartoons and comics attempt to establish what may be called covidity, a neologism that requires collective and wide-spread response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyzes negative pandemic-related aspects that have bearing especially on travel, religious and sport activities. The study draws upon Kress and Leeuwen’s approach of Visual Grammar (2006) within the framework of social semiotics. The study probes Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA), which is mainly applied and opted for deeper examination of visual discourse maintained in the data under discussion. Multimodality is a concept that accounts for different semiotic resources in communication to express certain meanings or ideologies. The paper demonstrates how coping strategies help to alleviate the grim mood created by the pandemic and to get adapted to new circumstances. مع ظهور جائحة كوفيد-19، ساد العالم أجمع حالة من الخوف والقلق والانزعاج النفسي. لقد أضفى فيروس كورونا نمطا جديدا على كافة مناحي الحياة، مما دفع السلطات المعنية لإصدار تعليمات البقاء بالمنازل وحظر التجول والقيود على التنقل الجماعي والأنشطة اليومية. وقد أدت هذه القيود إلى ظهور ممارسات غير مسبوقة قلما تواجدت في فترة ما قبل فيروس كورونا. وبالتالي، تغير المسار الطبيعي للحياة بشكل كبير وظهر روتين يومي جديد خلال جائحة كوفيد-19 والذي كان له تأثير بالغ المدى على جميع أنشطة الحياة. تبحث هذه الدراسة تداعيات كوفيد-19 في بعض الرسوم الكرتونية والرسوم المضحكة المختارة من مواقع الكترونية مختلفة. تهدف البيانات المختارة إلى إرساء ما يمكن تسميته "بالكوفيدية"، وهو مصطلح جديد يتطلب استجابة جماعية وواسعة النطاق لجائحة كوفيد-19، ويحلل الجوانب السلبية المتعلقة بالوباء وتأثيرها لا سيما على السفر والأنشطة الدينية والرياضية. تعتمد الدراسة على منهج كريس وليوين في القواعد النحوية المرئية (2006) في إطار نظرية السيمائية الاجتماعية. كما تبحث الدراسة في تحليل الخطاب المتعدد الوسائط والذي يتم تطبيقه بشكل أساسي في تحليل الخطاب المرئي بصورة أشمل للبينات قيد الدراسة. إن تعدد الوسائط مفهوماً يفسر الوسائل السيمائية المختلفة في التواصل للتعبير عن معاني أو أيدولوجيات معينة. وتكشف الدراسة عن مدى مساهمة تلك الاستراتيجيات في التخفيف من حالة التجهم التي خلّفها الوباء والتأقلم مع الواقع الجديد.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of Spanish and Korean reformulation markers against the backdrop of a contrastive / intercultural rhetoric approach (Kaplan, 1966; Hinds, 1987; Clyne, 1994; Connor, 2008, 2011). In order to carry out the analysis, following a line of previous research papers in Murillo (2007, 2012), an empirical study using Spanish and Korean journalistic corpus was performed. The results obtained demonstrate significant disparity between the use of Spanish and Korean RMs when approached from a linguistic-intercultural rhetoric perspective, more specifically as to the use of double reformulation -the repetition of the Korean markers (jeuk… jeuk… / got… got…)-, some particular rhetorical patterns of the Korean marker got, denoting its cultural idiosyncrasy, and the discourse processes, such as ‘definition’, ‘denomination’, and ‘conclusion’, utilizing the selected markers in the two languages.

In 1912 Antoine Meillet published a paper, L’évolution des forms grammaticales, that turned out to be one of the most inspiring contributions in the entire history of linguistics. In the present paper it is suggested that some of the ideas in Meillet’s article were probably stimulated by a letter unpublished so far that was sent to him by Ernesto Rignano, one of the co-editors of Scientia. the journal in which the article was published. The present paper is divided into two parts: in the first, Meillet’s paper will be analysed carefully and the conceptually relevant points will be highlighted, whereas in the second part the text of Rignano’s letter will be briefly commented on, stressing the points that could have stimulated some of Meillet’s reflections on grammaticalization.

This paper examines two Greek inscriptions written in Babylon during the Parthian period with specific focus on the sections containing double dating formulas. Unfortunately, both inscriptions – particularly the first – are damaged. This paper shows that strong evidence in favor of one of the text reconstructions proposed by scholars can be obtained by means of an analysis combining the methods and tools of philology and historical (socio)linguistics. Evidence from other languages is also considered.

This paper presents a study of the Biblical names in regional and historical aspects. Throughout history the Bible has served as the most important religious book for many people. As a result, the Bible has had a significant impact on various aspects of culture, education, and traditions. Ukraine has been characterized by the use of the Biblical names since the adoption of Christianity which influenced on the whole history of the state. Since Biblical personal names are both the lexical units and the symbols, it is interesting to see the presence of these names in different regions and epochs. The present study aims at pointing out at regional aspects of Biblical personal names. The paper provides a brief overview of naming trends in the assignment of Biblical names and Christian names in Ukraine. Our database of all names was fed the names of 2,000 people. The material is taken from the list of students who studied at Odesa State Agrarian University from 2014-2024 with the help of a continuous sampling method. The methodology, both statistical and qualitative, had two phases: a) comparison of the ratio of Biblical names to non-Biblical names, and b) classification of discovered Biblical names. This research is just one aspect of a series of investigations whose goal is to describe the anthroponomical system of Odesa, Ukraine in diachronic and synchronic format. The findings suggest that personal names with Biblical origin continue to be widely used in Ukraine. We emphasize that the study of anthroponyms in different regions and epochs is a valuable tool for understanding the history and cultural traditions of Ukraine. Therefore, the importance of onomastics as an interdisciplinary science affecting History, Sociology, Theology, Literature, and regional studies in the research of the Biblical names in current and past Ukraine is shown. This study draws upon three theoretical frameworks: anthroponomastics (Felecan & Mihali, 2023; Piddubna, 2021, etc.), socio-onomastics (Ainiala, 2016; Beley, 2019, etc.), and the regional onomastics (Braychenko, 2019; Buga, 2013; Chuchka, 1970; Frai, 2021; Matsyuk, 2021; Sholia, 2018, etc.).

The paper analyses the process of textbook selection and materials adaptation in the context of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) courses and in the context of English for Nursing course. Textbooks and materials are essential components of ESP course design, which frequently contribute to the success or failure of the course in completing the course objectives. However, the process of selecting a specific textbook for the course, which will address the course objectives, is not straightforward or simple. In the ESP literature, the views about the need of using textbooks in ESP courses are polarised. The study will examine the benefits of using textbooks in ESP context, which include available sources for the students and facilitate the class preparation for the teachers, as well as the drawbacks which include the impossibility of finding a textbook which corresponds entirely to learners’ needs. The research includes the evaluation of the selected textbook in the context of English for Nursing. The evaluation is based on the literature review on the topic of textbook evaluation in ESP and language teaching and learning context in general. The evaluation described is based on the set of criteria provided by Miekley (2005), which includes the following criteria: content, vocabulary and grammar, exercises and activities, attractiveness of the text, the quality of the teacher’s manual and the context. Two textbooks are examined and compared, in order to select the appropriate one. Apart from the textbook analysis, the paper aims to provide suggestions and recommendations regarding materials adaptation and development of materials which can be used in English for Nursing and Medical English Courses.

Irony is a complex linguistic phenomenon that plays an important role in children’s literature. The use of irony in a children’s literary text opens up new possibilities for interpreting the text and also brings about an important change in the level of reception of the work, as it awakens not only the curiosity of the children but also the interest of the adults. The aim of this paper is to examine the forms of irony based on Erich Kästner’s fairy tale “Puss in Boots” and to discuss the role of morphology and syntax in generating irony. A detailed analysis of the morpho-syntactic elements of irony should show that Kästner’s text can be classified in the category of crosswriting. The paper also deals with the writing style of Kästner. Typical of the German author is that he has often made adaptations of famous works of children’s and young people’s literature. “Till Eulenspiegel”, “Münchhausen” and “Die Schildbürger” are adaptations that show that Kästner is interested in works that have the potential to be humorous. Earlier versions of the fairy tale “Puss in Boots” are also briefly mentioned in this paper to illustrate the popularity of the pre-text. Because Kästner’s text is an adaptation of the fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm, the following important terms are also to be explained: irony, humour and intertextuality. However, the article focuses mainly on the morpho-syntactic peculiarities of Kästner’s adaptation. Different grammatical categories such as modal particles, modal verbs, attributes and punctuation are examined in the paper and this analysis tries to determine to what extent they play a role in the manifestation of irony. Such an analysis opens up new perspectives and possibilities of interpretation of the fairy tale “Puss in Boots” by Kästner.

The aim of this paper is the language analysis of an online-YouTube-interview, where the politeness is defined as a sociocultural entity. In this paper, the most influential theories of politeness are presented and the concept of face is explained. In addition to this, it presents in detail the difference between the positive and negative politeness. The data shows that politeness influences the choice of language means and how the language means can change the communicative situation where the functions of language means in adapting language are illustrated and shown.The results are based on an online-YouTube-interview which is analyzed linguistically by defining and showing the relationship between the participants in the given communication. It also shows how the speakers adapt the politeness forms in relation to the conversation partner. The analysis of the language of the moderator and the guest confirms the assumption that the language is related to the situational context and that the speakers adapt their language depending on the communicative situation, which has been shown by the tendency of the moderator and the interviewed guest to reduce distance, through the use of interpersonal discourse markers as well as other language means.

The paper describes the state of legal interpreting training in the Czech Republic, which, as it currently stands, focuses on legal terminology rather than specific interpreting techniques. Against this background of the existing training opportunities, the paper presents a pilot course on legal interpreting, including court interpreting, for BA and MA students of English for Translators and Interpreters at Palacký University Olomouc. It describes the design of the course, its content and the methodology applied. Specifically, it describes the different settings addressed in the courses and the materials and activities used to train interpreters for these settings, including a mock trial. Finally, the paper also discusses the challenges and potential room for further development.

Healthcare interpreting has been a topic of interest for various fields of study around the world for over 60 years; however, it has not yet been discussed comprehensively in the Czech Republic. This paper aims to lay the groundwork for future research in the country by providing a basic overview of the research findings abroad. Drawing on the summary article by Pöchhacker (2021), the contribution first examines studies and other works on interpreting in healthcare by researchers in fields other than translation studies, such as nursing, psychiatry, linguistics, and social sciences from the 1960s to the early 1990s. Afterwards, the paper compiles the findings of more recent studies from Africa; Asia and Australia; the United States, Canada and Mexico; and Northern, Southern, and Central Europe, concluding with remarks on the few works on healthcare interpreting that have been produced in the Czech Republic.

Stylometry focuses on detecting some linguistic features such as the length and complexity of sentences, spelling errors, punctuation and phraseology analysis, the frequency of words and lexical items. Stylometric analysis identifies and classifies literary texts according to authorship. It also detects, as a serious scholarly discipline and methodology, the lexical items which characterize the style of a text. The present paper proposes a stylometric analysis of Hussien's خِطبة الشيخ khiTbat al-shaykh (1914) and its English translation rendered by M. Enani in (2020) as The Shaykh's Marriage Proposal. The linguistic features examined within the theoretical framework proposed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) are parataxis, hypotaxis and lexical choice. The study tests the validity of the translated text in detecting the style of the source text and hence creating either one profile shared by Hussein and Enani, or two different profiles. The main research questions are: (1) in what way does the deployment of parataxis and hypotaxis trace the writing style changes- if there are any- in Hussein's text and its translation? (2) what role does the translated text assume in the domain of stylometric analysis? (3) how does the lexical choice in both the source text and the target text contribute to the creation of personal profiles for the author and the translator? The study suggests that translation is a valid assessment tool in authorship identification as it creates a separate profile for the translator which discerns him/her from the author of the ST. Though stylometric analysis identifies the anonymous author of a given text by specifying its stylistic features and comparing them to other texts written by the same author, the paper offers instead profiling as a changing, style measuring tool for each literary text written by a given author. By defining the stylomeric features and the authorial discriminators of Hussein's and Enani's texts, it is assumed that the Arabic/ English literary pieces cannot be dealt with as a single text written by two authors in collaborations as each text has its own stylistic features that assign an individual profile for its author.يهدف التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي للنصوص الأدبية إلى تحديد بعض السمات اللغوية كطول الجمل ، مدى تعقيدها، الأخطاء الإملائية ، علامات الترقيم ، تحليل و صياغة العبارات، الكلمات المتكررة و الاستخدامات المعجمية، و ذلك لتحديد و تصنيف النصوص الأدبية وفقاً لهوية المؤلف. و يعتمد التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي على تحديد العناصر المعجمية و التي تميز النص ، و من ثمّ يُعتبر هذا النوع من التحليل من الأساليب العلمية الهامة (فيكرز 2002، هولمز 1992). تطرح هذه الدراسة تحليلاً اسلوبياً لرواية خطبة الشيخ لطه حسين التي صدرت عام 1914 ، و ترجمتها إلى الإنجليزية التي قدمها محمد عناني عام 2020 . في ضوء الاطار النظري الذي وضعه كلا من هاليداى وماثيسين 2014 تبحث الدراسة بعض السمات اللغوية مثل الإرداف و التبعية واختيار المفردات ، وتختبر الدراسة مدى صلاحية النص المترجم في الكشف عن أسلوب النص المصدر و من ثم رسم إما ملف شخصي واحد يتقاسمه الكاتب و المترجم أو ملف شخصي للكاتب و آخر للمترجم. و تجيب الدراسة على الأسئلة الآتية: (1) كيف تعكس الخواص الاسلوبية للإرداف و التبعية التغيرات الأسلوبية - إن وجدت- في نص طه حسين و ترجمته؟ (2) ما هي عناصر التشابه و الاختلاف في لغة كل نص؟ 3)) كيف يمكن استخدام النص المترجم كإحدى أدوات التحليل الأسلوبي الاحصائي؟ (4) كيف ساهمت المفردات المستخدمة في النص المصدر و النص الهدف في رسم طابع خاص لأسلوب الكاتب و المترجم؟ تقترح هذه الدراسة فاعلية النصوص المترجمة في إجراء التحليل الاسلوبي الاحصائي و ذلك باعتبار الترجمة أداة ذات فاعلية يمكن استخدامها لإضفاء طابع شخصي للمترجم من شأنه أن يميزه عن كاتب النص المصدر. و بالرغم من فاعلية التحليل الأسلوبي الاحصائي في الكشف عن هوية المؤلف الأصلي لعمل ما، و ذلك بالكشف عن السمات الأسلوبية لأحدى نصوصه و مقارنتها بالنصوص الأخرى المنسوبة إليه، إلا أن هذه الدراسة تقترح أن لكل عمل أدبي سمات اسلوبية خاصة تكسب كاتبه هوية مختلفة ومتغيرة. فبتحديد السمات الاسلوبية الاحصائية و الشواهد التأليفية لنصي حسين و عناني ، يمكن القول يأن هذين النصين لا يمكن اعتبارهما كنص واحد اشترك في صياغته كلا من الكاتب والمؤلف حيث أن السمات الاسلوبية للنص الأصلي والمترجم تمنح كل منهما طابع خاص به.

تهدف هذه الورقة البحثية إلى دراسة ارتباط فكرة توحيد المعبودات خلال فترة الآتونية بالمكانة السياسية والدينية للملك ، والتى كانت الغرض الأساسى من هذه الدعوة ، مع إلقاء الضوء على جذورها ، منذ أيام الملك أمنحوتب الثالث ، إضافة إلى ذلك ستلقى هذه الورقة البحثية الضوء على موقف الناس من الدين الجديد وانقسامهم على أنفسهم ، سواء أكانوا من المؤيدين المستفيدين من دعوة التوحيد أو من الرافضين المتمسكين بالعبادات الأخرى سواء فى السر أو فى العلن ، علاوة على أهم رجال عهد "إخناتون" المتميزين ، الذين كان لهم الدور الأكبر فى تنفيذ كل أوامر "إخناتون" ، مع التعرض لموقفهم من المعبود "آمون" والديانات الأخرى ودورهم التخريبى والمدمر الذى عانت منه معابد تلك الديانات وعبادهم ، مع التعرف على دلالات استمرار العبادات الأخرى فى السر والعلن ، وما تركه بعض الأفراد من دلائل على ذلك فى مقابر العمارنة الجنوبية منها ، والشمالية ، وأخيرا نهاية "إخناتون" وما تبعها من تدمير وتخريب لمركز عبادته فى العمارنة ، ومعابد آتون ، ومحاولة مَحوْ ذكراه من الوجود باعتباره مهرطقا.Abstract This research paper aims to study the connection of the idea of uniting deities during the Atonian period with the political and religious status of the king, which was the main purpose of this call, shedding light on their roots, since the time of King Amenhotep III. In addition, this paper sheds light on the people's attitude towards the new religion and their division against themselves, whether they were among the supporters who benefited from the call for monotheism or the rejecters who adhered to other cults in private or in public. It also highlights the most important distinguished men of the era of "Akhenaten", who had the greatest role in executing all the orders of "Akhenaten", tackling their attitude towards the deity "Amun" and other religions and their subversive and destructive role that the temples of those religions and their worshipers suffered from. Besides, this paper identifies the indications of the continuation of other cults in private and in public, and what some individuals left of evidence of that in the southern and northern Amarna tombs, and finally the end of "Akhenaten" and the subsequent destruction and sabotage of his cult center in Amarna and the temples of Aten, as well as the attempt to erase his memory from existence as a heretic.

Pandemic Biopolitics in Romanian Literature. The biopolitics of the COVID pandemic years has had a powerful impact on all areas of activity, including literature and the arts. Contagion and isolation quickly became the governing terms of social interaction, and writers promptly echoed their impact in works that tried to capture the spirit of the time as it was unfolding. Romanian writers were particularly prompt in responding to the challenges of this unprecedented crisis in modern decades, therefore the first pandemic writings were published in the later months of 2020. Florina Ilis’ Pandemia veselă și tristă (The Happy and Sad Pandemic, Polirom, 2020), Teodor Hossu-Longin’s Măștile din spatele măștii (The Masks behind the Mask, Hyperliteratura, 2022) and collective volumes such as Izolare (Isolation, Nemira 2020) and Jurnal din vremea pandemiei. Proză de grup (Journal from the Times of the Pandemic, Brumar, 2021), edited by Marius Cosmeanu, are just the most visible examples that could be explored in this context. Drawing from theories concerning posthumanism, medical humanities, ethics and contagion, this paper aims to explore the manner in which the pandemic segment of Romanian literature could be integrated into a global literary framework that highlights a diversity of genres and a plurality of voices galvanizing the relationship between the massive effects of the pandemic and narrative art. My paper aims at mapping an emerging literary dialect that gives shape, voice and coherence to a collective experience that has left an indelible imprint on the present and will significantly shape the cultural climate of the near future. Biopolitica pandemică în literatura română. Biopolitica anilor pandemiei COVID a avut un impact puternic asupra tuturor domeniilor de activitate, inclusiv asupra literaturii și artelor. Contaminarea și izolarea au devenit rapid termenii esențiali ai interacțiunii sociale, iar scriitorii au reflectat imediat impactul acestora în lucrări care au încercat să surprindă spiritul vremii pe măsură ce acesta prindea contur. Scriitorii români au fost în mod special prompți în a răspunde provocărilor acestei crize fără precedent în deceniile moderne, astfel încât primele scrieri pandemice au fost publicate în ultimele luni ale anului 2020. Pandemia veselă și tristă a Florinei Ilis (Polirom, 2020), Măștile din spatele măștii de Teodor Hossu-Longin (Hyperliteratura, 2022) și volume colective precum Izolare (Nemira, 2020) și Jurnal din vremea pandemiei. Proză de grup (Brumar, 2021), editate de Marius Cosmeanu, sunt doar cele mai vizibile exemple care ar putea fi explorate în acest context. Bazându-se pe teorii despre postumanism, științe umaniste medicale, etică și contagiune, această lucrare își propune să exploreze modul în care segmentul pandemic al literaturii românești ar putea fi integrat într-un cadru literar global ce evidențiază o diversitate de genuri și o pluralitate de voci dinamizând relația dintre efectele cele mai de ecou ale pandemiei și arta narativă. Lucrarea își propune să cartografieze un dialect literar emergent care dă formă, voce și coerență unei experiențe colective ce a lăsat o amprentă de neșters asupra prezentului și va modela semnificativ climatul cultural al viitorului apropiat. Cuvinte-cheie: Pandemia COVID-19, izolare, traumă colectivă, postumanism, contagiune, științe umaniste medicale, literaturi periferice Article history: Received 15 February 2024; Revised 16 March 2024; Accepted 20 March 2024; Available online 25 June 2024; Available print 30 June 2024.

Global Threads, Unveiling Unevenness: Contemporary Maximalist Projects Interrogating Cultural Hybridisation and Marginality. Within a frame that emphasizes the tension between the global and the local, this paper aims to investigate the ways in which complex narratives that incorporate the tropes of migration, periphery, and marginality, amongst others, can bring to light aspects of unevenness and cultural and formal hybridisation. Works like Zadie Smith’s White Teeth, Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, or Bernardine Evaristo’s Girl, Woman, Other employ distinct maximalist modes of inquiry (Nick Levey) to question topics related to inequality, cultural relevance, or representational biases, in a type of novel about which James Wood claimed that it “suffered from an excess of storytelling and an almost paranoid preoccupation with linking up their many subplots in a web of forced meaning.” What stands at the core of this article is precisely this impulse to force a meaning which seems most frequently disrupted by an anarchetypal propensity to renegotiate a “rhetoric of inclusivity” (Franco Moretti) through which the maximalist author tries to exhaustively encompass the whole world (Levey). By selecting a corpus of maximalist novels to illustrate their evolution from the second half of the 20th century until more recent works, such as Evaristo’s, this paper investigates the shift through which these narratives have started to factor margins in, differently and more frequently than in the beginnings of this literary form. Fire globale, dezvăluind inegalitatea: Proiecte maximaliste contemporane care interoghează hibriditatea culturală și marginalitatea. Într-un cadru care evidențiază tensiunea dintre global și local, acest text își propune să investigheze modurile în care anumite narațiuni complexe care încorporează figurile migrației, periferiei și marginalității, printre altele, pot pune în lumină aspecte legate de inegalitate și de hibridizarea culturală și formală. Cărți precum Dinți albi de Zadie Smith, Ministerul fericirii supreme de Arundhati Roy sau Fată, femeie, alta de Bernardine Evaristo folosesc moduri de investigare maximaliste specifice (Nick Levey) pentru a aduce în discuție subiecte legate de inegalitate, relevanță culturală sau biasuri de reprezentare, într-un tip de roman despre care James Wood susținea că „suferă de un exces al povestirii și de o preocupare aproape paranoică de a lega numeroasele intrigi secundare într-o rețea de sens forțat”. Miza principală a acestui articol vizează tocmai acest impuls de a forța un sens care pare cel mai frecvent perturbat de o tendință anarhetipică de a renegocia o „retorică a incluziunii” (Franco Moretti) prin care autorul maximalist încearcă să cuprindă într-un mod exhaustiv întreaga lume (Levey). Selectând un corpus de romane maximaliste cu scopul de a ilustra evoluția lor din a doua jumătate a secolului XX până la opere mai recente, precum cea a lui Evaristo, această lucrare investighează schimbarea prin care aceste narațiuni au început să țină cont de margini într-un mod diferit și mai frecvent decât la începuturile acestei forme literare. Cuvinte-cheie: Romane maximaliste; Hibridizare; Migrație; Marginalitate; Anarhetip; Postmodernism. Article history: Received 07 February 2024; Revised 28 March 2024; Accepted 11 April 2024; Available online 25 June 2024; Available print 30 June 2024.

This paper provides a preliminary semantic description of the verbal category referred to in modern grammar books of Moroccan Arabic as the “medio-passive” (e.g. Harrell 1962). This category is distinguished by the medio-passive marker ‘t-’ that is prefixed to a verb stem to express a variety of grammatical meanings. The origin of this prefix can be traced back to a similar morpheme in Forms V, VI and VII of the verb in Classical Arabic associated with reflexive, reciprocal, resultative and similar meanings. Most of these meanings still survive in the MA medio-passive form, which is also used to express the passive. Following the classification suggested by Kemmer (1993), this paper discusses four major uses of the medio-passive in MA. These are the passive (e.g. t-hǝrrǝs ‘to be broken’), the reciprocal (e.g. t-fahǝm ‘to get to mutual understanding’), the reflexive (e.g. t-ʕǝllǝm ‘to learn/teach oneself), and the middle (e.g. t-ʕǝʒʒǝb ‘to be surprised’) uses. The description is intended to serve as a basis for future comparison of the medio-passive in MA with its counterparts in other languages and the role diachronic change plays in shaping this grammatical category.

This paper presents a new, digital, and interactive list of wounds, deaths, and other acts of aggression in the Iliad. After an introduction, it discusses the state of the art in quantitative approaches to the subject. The following section presents the methodology for compiling the data, briefly establishing the criteria for the distribution of instances in each category. In the discussion, I compare the results with previous similar projects and mention a few examples of the potentiality of the new list – to be published online, not included in the paper –, showing the advantages of the digital format.

The article traces the changes in the aesthetic conventions of Modern art in accordance with the dynamics of literary development in Great Britain. The study focuses on three key areas: the impact of “the ancients and moderns” quarrel on European philosophical and literary thought; the nuances of critical and literary discourse in Enlightenment-era Great Britain; and the reception of the Enlightenment aesthetic values and novelties in Victorian criticism, linking them to the emergence of twentieth-century modernism. The subject involves the evolution of Enlightenment aesthetics and poetics in Great Britain, particularly the departure from classical art and literature models, and the emergence of concepts like imagination, novelty, and the reader’s subjective experience of art. Seminal literary-critical essays of the eighteenth century, including works by Joseph Addison, Henry Home, Richard Hurd, and Leslie Stephen’s monograph ‘History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century”, are analyzed. The paper also examines philosophical texts by Michel de Montaigne, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Marquis de Condorcet to understand the oscillatory nature of philosophical thought before and during the Age of Enlightenment. The study contextualizes “the ancients and moderns” debate on models for literary excellence and accentuates its role in shaping the discourse of aesthetics and artistic creativity. Contributions by Enlightenment figures such as Addison, Home, and Hurd are explored, emphasizing how they reshaped the discourse of aesthetics by redefining the nature of beauty, the sublime, and the principles of artistic criticism, thereby influencing the literary and artistic productions of their time and beyond. Particular attention is paid to the critical views of Stephen who wrote about the “fluctuating mode” of the literature of the second half of the eighteenth century, illustrating his peculiar subjectivism as an exponent of the Victorian worldview (Stephen saw Sterne’s novels as a serious moral threat), and simultaneously reflecting the normative aesthetic views of the second half of the nineteenth century. The paper also demonstrates how the antinomianism in aesthetic thinking, which challenged traditional norms and values as seen in “the ancients and moderns” quarrel, was further evolved in the works of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Schlegel, the latter articulating the antinomy of “classic versus romantic”. This tradition of antinomian thinking, coupled with the rejection of the idea of linear progression in cultural evolution, a call for a reassessment of values amidst a paradigm shift in culture and the breakdown of traditional ethic and aesthetic systems, finds a notable and unique expression in Friedrich Nietzsche’s works, that significantly influenced the transition from Modernity to Postmodernity. In summary, it is argued that the Modern Age was the time of the emergence of a new aesthetic sensibility, and its aesthetic pluralism and anti-classical literary ideas were pivotal in redefining concepts of progress, novelty, and human consciousness in art and literature. This laid the groundwork for modernist art and literature, characterized by a departure from tradition and a quest for new artistic expressions of human experience.

The paper aims to clarify the biblical image-symbols in Frank Peretti’s mystical thrillers. The problem of the detailed analysis of the lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols and their pragmatic value is solved in the article by applying a complex of methods of linguistic poetics, cognitive linguistics, stylistics and methodological tools of discourse analysis. The paper considers the biblical images-symbols, used in American mystical thrillers written by the protestant author Frank Peretti, as biblical intertexts depicting not only biblical knowledge but also author’s intentions and beliefs in conveying the most profound ideas and principles of the literary texts. Executed in the written works by lexical means, biblical image-symbols become the heart of biblically-marked contexts, which are differentiated according to their addressee orientation into author`s and character`s biblically-marked contexts and their scope – into propositional, composite, and complex biblically-marked contexts. The lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols is differentiated according to their structure into one-component (anthroponyms, toponyms, artifact, animalistic, anthropomorphic) and multicomponent, (two-component, three-component and four-component). The type of semantic transposition in the meaning of the lingual representation and pragmatic value of the biblical image-symbols determined the distinguishing of metaphoric and metonymic linguistic classification of the biblical image-symbols. Metaphoric are classified according to their structure (onecomponent and multi-component), their stylistic characteristics (language and speech metaphoric linguistic representants of the biblical image-symbols), and their denotative meaning (anthropomorphic, naturalmorphic, zoomorphic, and phytomorphic). Metonymic are differentiated according to the kinds of the metonymic transference of meaning into four groups: metonymy of belonging, metonymy of place, metonymy of signs, and metonymy of phenomenon.

In the paper, on the basis of a multimodal critical discourse analysis of political posters and social media posts, the authors outline the complex interplay of multimodal means serving to convey a political leader’s charisma. The paper aims to advance a set of historically conventionalized features typical of the charismatic personality (such as intelligence, self-confidence, persistence, ability to inspire, sociability, dominance, narcissism, and vision), present the updated definition of this notion, and substantiate theoretical and methodological grounds for the study of the interplay of multimodal means portraying a charismatic political leader that assist in conveying a political speaker’s charisma creation through its graphical image, namely political posters and social media posts. The results of the study reveal that charisma is a complex communicative and cognitive phenomenon reflecting person’s beliefs about certain innate, obtained or promoted by media, internal or external subliminal traits of a leader. These beliefs are shaped in the recipients’ consciousness during interactive communication on the basis of the leader’s strategy, techniques, and methods used in oral or written communication, as well as a set of linguistic and extralinguistic means associated with the speaker’s ability to satisfy certain needs of the community. As a study material the authors opted for the images of Boris Johnson, a politician already acknowledged as a charismatic one by international audiences, who has been a prominent political figure for almost a decade and has recently come to the forefront of political and diplomatic support of Ukraine in the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The carried out analysis proves the highly informative as well as subliminal potential of multimodal visual pictographic means aimed at creating a charismatic image of a public person. The authors outline a set of verbal (elliptical sentences, catchy slogans in imperative mood, assonance, alliteration, the use of first person plural pronoun “We”, the lexical unit together, etc.) and visual-graphical means (font of the message, symbolic colour scheme, clothes style, body posture, gestures, oculesic features, etc.), whose interaction is aimed at triggering cognitive processes in the recipient’s mind in perceiving a charismatic image of the politician. Boris Johnson’s charisma is confirmed by the survey conducted among British and Ukrainian respondents as well as by his subscribers’ reactions, comments and likes following his posts on social media. The carried out analysis allows summarising the markers of a politician’s charisma portrayed on social media as follows: the number of comments and likes for their posts; informality while addressing the Prime Minister by his first name “Boris” and presence of a “popular name” “BoJo”; high degree of the followers’ messages expressiveness actualised through verbal means (significant amount of exclamatory sentences, interjections, evaluative epithets and idiomatic expressions), as well as graphical-visual means, in particular through the usage of graphic emoticons (emojis), serving to intensify the overall expressiveness of a message. The conclusion is that social media graphical images are aimed at conveying charismatic political leaders’ vision, offering their followers support and promise of a better future, portraying them as approachable, down-to-earth, considerate but at the same time serious leaders, ready to work to endure a better future. The results of the performed study can provide grounds for interdisciplinary research of both oral and written charismatic communication within the cognitive approach framework considering verbal, nonverbal and paralingual means’ (physiological, psychological, social, etc.) interplay that allows the audience to perceive a speaker as a charismatic one.

The article represents an attempt to build and apply a linguosemiotic model of existential conflict research in modern English fictional discourse. The modern tendency of philological and socio-humanistic studies to involve the tools of semiotics, discourse theory, and multimodality in the process of complex analysis of a literary work as an artistic model of reality is highlighted. The research is based on practical blocks of illustrative material, selected discursive fragments from a literary work, which contain an existential conflict. Basically, the key point here is the analysis of intra- and interpersonal conflict based on the theoretical achievements of semiotics and linguosemiotics (Ch. Pierce, Yu. Lotman, U. Eco, G. Pocheptsov) and the theory of discourse and multimodality (G. Kress, K. O’Halloran, C . Forceville, M. Halliday). It makes it possible to provide a detailed research of existential conflict in fictional discourse with the identification of latent, ambivalent meanings and the relevant reconstruction and interpretation of the conflict by the reader. The paper aims at projecting the modern tendency towards the synergy of various aspects of conflict studies across the humanities. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to outline the advantages of an integral approach to the study of conflict in modern linguistic conflictology and to build a linguosemiotic model for the analysis and interpretation of existential conflict in fictional discourse. Thus, the paper`s core objectives involve: 1) to study the achievements of the semiotic and multimodal approach in its application to synthetic level communicative systems containing conflict; 2) to reveal the place, role and potential of the existential conflict in fictional discourse using the above-mentioned methods; 3) to present a linguosemiotic model for the study of existential conflict in modern English fictional discourse. The theoretical and methodological base of the research involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction as well as the method of linguosemiotic and multimodal analysis to determine the components of semiosis of existential intrapersonal conflict in fictional discourse. The results of the research consist in the creation of an integral semiotic model of the analysis of existential conflict in modern English-language fictional discourse, which assumes the presence of a static and dynamic component in its structure, revealed, in particular, in the process of semiotic reading of the work in three successive stages of mimesis, semiosis, and synthesis. The process of conflict interpretation presupposes a comprehensive approach to semiotic reading activity developed in consecutive steps. The linguosemiotic means of representing the existential conflict at different levels of the literary work, which have a multimodal nature, have been revealed. The temporal, psychological, and sign-symbolic characteristics of the existential conflict, which make up the semiotic space or semiosphere of the literary work, are analyzed and classified. As a result of the identification and unification of the factors that determine the way of development of existential conflict in fictional discourse, the linguosemiotic model of the analysis of this type of intrapersonal conflict was reconstructed. The model covers the study of the semiotic components of the sign-symbolic, psychological and temporal space and the surface and deep levels of the semiotic reading of the literary work, at which the cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of the conflict are decoded and reconstructed.

Although Anglicisms1 have been the subject of research for quite some time now, their definition in the literature sometimes tends to be somewhat inexplicit, and there are points of disagreement, especially regarding their classification and the distinction between their types. This paper advocates a uniform, consistent approach to defining loans (Anglicisms) and their typology in terms of an interplay between three criterial features which are transferred in, and thereby constitute, (lexical) borrowing: concept, model, and form. Their combination results in seven feature patterns or loan types (both mono- and bilingual), which the paper correlates and compares with standard categories of Anglicisms found in the literature and illustrates using examples from Czech

The paper examines the guidelines dedicated to Italian teaching and, above all, to the ideal thematic, language and stylistic features of school reading books in the programmes for primary school and in the related instructions for teachers issued by the Ministry of Education from 1860 to 1905: a decisive period for the arrangement of the Italian school system, the literacy processes and the spread of the national language. It can be seen how these official documents significantly shaped the writing of school books. The paper also explores the complex relationship between the institutional attempts to regulate textbook production, as evidenced by relevant ministerial documentation parallel to the programmes, and the rich publishing activity in this field. To complete the overview of the dialectic between school-educational publishing and the regulatory will of the Ministry and of the boards connected to it, responsible for the evaluation of textbooks, the witnesses of two prominent school female authors of the 2nd half of the 19th century are commented on: Ida Baccini and Felicita Morandi.

This paper argues that Heather Raffo’s Noura (2019) is an instantiation of the Iraqi-American theatre representing postcolonial diaspora. An attempt to bridge the gap between American and Middle Eastern cultures, the play is well regarded as a response to Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. Drawing on the theoretical framework of diaspora, the paper reveals miscellaneous themes such as panic, hysteria, violence, nostalgia, alienation, and hybridity. In doing so, it attempts to answer the following question: How far is Raffo’s Noura delineated as an instantiation of the postcolonial diasporic Iraqi-American theatre? The paper has reached the following findings. First, cultural diaspora is argued to have led to utilizing a great deal of Arabic words/expressions that may be entextualized with the passage of time. Second, Raffo was demonstrated to have reconfigured Ibsen’s view of marriage and motherhood by posing her own novel one for discussion through the open-end technique. Third, it was revealed that the playwright has managed to upend the dramatic conventions of gender roles by expanding the role of the wife and marginalizing that of the husband.

تعتبر النقود مصدراً مهماً من مصادر التاريخ الإسلامي، فهي وثائق صحيحة يصعب الشك فيها، وذلك لأنها إحدى شارات الملك والسلطان الثلاث، والتي كان يحرص كل حاكم على اتخاذها بمجرد توليه الحكم، وذلك إلى جانب الدعاء له في خطبة الجمعة، ونقش اسمه على شريط الطراز. والنقود بمثابة مرآة صادقة للعصر الذي ضربت فيه، إذ تعكس بصدق أحوال الدولة التي سكتها سواء كانت سياسية أو اقتصادية أو اجتماعية أو دينية أو مذهبية أو فنية أو أدبية أو جغرافية وغيرها، وتتجلي أهمية النقود في أنها تسد الثغرات التي لم تذكرها المصادر التاريخية. وفي ضوء ما سبق تستعرض هذه الورقة البحثية نقود بنو الساج وهم أسرة تركية حكمت في أذربيجان ومراغة وأردبيل وبردعة وقد تم نشر عشرة نماذج لم يسبق دراستها أو نشرها من قبل وتُنشر لأول مرة في هذا البحث ومحفوظة بمجموعة الأستاذ يحي جعفر بدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، بالإضافة إلى نشر أربعة نماذج محفوظة بمركز المسكوكات الإسلامية بجامعة توبنجن بألمانيا، ونموذج محفوظ بالمتحف الوطني لتاريخ أذربيجان، بالإضافة إلى نشر عدة نماذج سبق نشرها ولم تدرس وهي ثمانية نماذج محفوظة بجمعية النميات الأمريكية، وتسعة نماذج محفوظة بمتحف قطر الوطني ونموذج محفوظ بمتحف البريطاني بلندن وقطعة محفوظة بمتحف الأشمولين سبق نشرهما ولم يدرسان من قبل، بالإضافة إلى نشر عدة قطع أخرى منشورة بالمزادات والكتالوجات العربية والعالمية. Coinage is considered to be an important resource of Islamic history, as it is true undoubted documents because it is one of the three insignia of king and sultan, which every ruler was keen to take as soon as he assumed power. In addition to praying for him in the Friday sermon and engraving his name on Tiraz. Coins are true mirror of the era in which they were minted as they faithfully reflect the conditions of the country that minted them, whether they were political, economic, social, religious, sectarian, artistic, literary, geographical, etc. The importance of coins appears clearly in filling the gaps of what is absent in the historical resources. In the light of this, this research paper reviews the coins of Banu al-Saj, a Turkish family that ruled Azerbaijan, Maragheh, Ardabil, and Barda’a. Also many other models were investigated in this paper, which were only published and not studied before,These specimens are ten models are preserved in the collection of Professor Yahya Jaafar in the United Arab Emirates, in addition to other four Models preserved in the Islamic Numismatics Center at the University of Tübingen in Germany, and a model preserved in the National Museum of the History of Azerbaijan and I published several models that were previously published and not studied. which are eight models preserved in the American Numismatic Society, and nine models preserved in the National Museum of Qatar and a model preserved in the British Museum in London and a piece preserved in the Ashmolean Museum were previously published but not studied before, in addition to publishing several other pieces published in Arab and international auctions and catalogs.

Exploring Framework Bias: The Case of Minimalism Vs Parallel Architecture in Studies on Language Evolution. The present paper explores the issue of framework bias through the analysis of two lines of study concerning language evolution, one framed by the Minimalist program and one by the proposal of Parallel Architecture of language. Framework bias, as proposed in this study, raises the question of the degree to which the theoretical framework chosen for a certain line of research will influence the design of an experiment, the selection of data, and therefore the analysis and final results. The studies presented in this paper tackle the same topic (language evolution) using the same parameters for research (gradual versus saltational evolution; continuation versus exaptation; and unique versus shared property) but reach significantly different conclusions because of their respective theoretical framework. O explorare a influenței cadrului teoretic asupra rezultatelor cercetării: Programul Minimalist vs Arhitectura paralelă a limbajului în studii despre evoluția limbajului. Lucrarea de față explorează problema bias-ului creat de cadrul teoretic prin analiza a două linii de cercetare asupra evoluției limbajului, una centrată pe programul minimalist, iar cealaltă pe teoria arhitecturii paralele a limbajului. Bias-ul de cadru teoretic, astfel definit în lucrarea de față, ridică problema măsurii în care cadrul teoretic ales pentru o cercetare influențează design-ul unui experiment, alegerea corpusului de analiză, și implicit analiza în sine și rezultatele aferente. Studiile prezentate în această lucrare abordează aceeași temă (evoluția limbajului) folosind aceiași parametri de cercetare (evoluție graduală vs saltațională; continuare vs exaptare; și proprietate unică sau comună) dar ajung la concluzii semnificativ diferite din cauza cadrului teoretic ales de fiecare studiu în parte. Cuvinte-cheie. bias de cadru teoretic, programul minimalist, arhitectura paralelă, evoluția limbajului Article history: Received 19 January 2024; Revised 08 February 2024; Accepted 08 March 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024.

Challenging the Palate and the Mind. Introducing Western Baking Vocabulary into Chinese. Starting from the first Western recipe book published in China in 1866, the paper analyzes the attempts to translate Western bakery vocabulary into Chinese. Although the Chinese cuisine was already very rich and refined, with a complex vocabulary, dessert had never been an integral part of a traditional meal, and, in fact, there was no specific word for it. After China’s defeat in the two Opium Wars, in the mid-19th century, the increasing foreign presence on Chinese soil meant both an increase in demand for cooks able to satisfy the dietary needs of the Westerners, and of restaurants serving Western food, especially in cities with foreign concessions, like Shanghai, where dining in such a place had become very “modern”. Zao yang fan shu (Foreign Cookery in Chinese) compiled and translated by Martha Foster Crawford, and published at The American Presbyterian Mission Press, in Shanghai, in 1866, was the first Western recipe book to be translated into Chinese. Out of the 271 recipes, 139 are desserts. Considering the resistance of the Chinese language to loanwords, especially phonetic loans, the paper looks at the solutions employed by Crawford to translate the new vocabulary, find out when were the phonetic loans used and how were they transcribed, if it was possible to identify equivalents in Chinese for the new terms, which terms were translated as semantic loans, and which are still in use today. Provocarea gustului și a minții. Pătrunderea vocabularului de patiserie occidentală în China. Pornind de la prima carte de bucate occidentale publicată în China în 1866, lucrarea de față propune o analiză a transpunerii vocabularului patiseriei occidentale în limba chineză. Deși în momentul publicării cărții, bucătăria chineză era deja extrem de bogată și rafinată, cu un vocabular complex, desertul nu era parte dintr-o masă tradițională și nu exista un termen care să definească acest fel. După înfrângerea Chinei în cele două Războaie ale opiului, prezența tot mai numeroasă a occidentalilor pe teritoriul chinez a făcut ca cererea de bucătari capabili să satisfacă cerințele culinare ale străinilor și numărul restaurantelor care serveau mâncare occidentală să crească, mai ales în orașele cu concesiuni străine, precum Shanghai, unde servitul mesei în restaurante occidentalizate devenise o modă. Prima carte de bucate occidentale în limba chineză, Zao yang fan shu (Rețete occidentale în chineză), a fost tradusă și editată de Martha Foster Crawford, în 1866, publicată la Editura Misiunii Prezbiteriene Americane, din Shanghai. Dintre cele 271 de rețete, 139 sunt deserturi. Luând în considerare rezistența limbii chineze la împrumuturi, mai ales la cele fonetice, lucrarea de față analizează soluțiile folosite de Crawford pentru a reda în chineză vocabularul de patiserie, când și de ce au fost preferate calcurile fonetice, cum au fost ele transcrise, dacă a fost posibilă identificarea unor termeni echivalenți din vocabularul culinar chinez pentru felurile de desert incluse în carte, când s-a folosit calcul semantic și care dintre termenii propuși de autoare mai sunt încă în uz. Cuvinte-cheie: Zao yang fan shu, traducere, carte de bucate, patiserie, împrumuturi fonetice/semantice Article history: Received 22 August 2023; Revised 03 January 2024; Accepted 17 January 2024; Available online 27 March 2024; Available print 27 March 2024

This paper investigates emphatic interpretations of object marking in various Bantu languages. We focus on Lubukusu (spoken in Kenya) and Cinyungwe (spoken in Mozambique) in particular, but we also report initial evidence from other Bantu languages (mainly Tiriki, Wanga, and Ikalanga). In these languages, OM-doubling—the co-occurrence of an object marker with a lexical DP object—is infelicitous in neutral pragmatic contexts. However, we show that certain contexts make OM-doubling possible. In these contexts, OM-doubling constructions receive particular emphatic interpretations that are very different from interpretations of non-doubling object marking constructions. We identify at least four types of these interpretations: verum, mirativity, exhaustivity, and intensity. We show that emphatic interpretations of OM-doubling are widespread among Bantu languages, and we provide strategies for identifying and analyzing them. While this paper is primarily descriptive, we discuss a possible analysis of these interpretations as conventional implicatures, influenced by recent work on a similar range of emphatic interpretations arising from focus fronting in Indo-European languages.

Digression is a discourse function that is identifiable and distinct from other similar functional strategies, and varies cross-linguistically. This paper investigates the way speakers of Spanish and English digress from their main discourse topics and how these transitions are marked. Once digression is defined by the proposal of four features considered to be inherent in this concept, the paper focuses on so-called 'digression formulating phrases', recurrent expressions which make explicit reference to the digression and signal that a new direction with respect to topic is proposed. The paper thus adopts a less common than the usual approach to discourse coherence and digression, whose literature has largely focused on discourse markers. The dataset, extracted from a corpus of parliamentary discourse, is analysed in an attempt to address two research questions. I investigate, first, the frequency and distribution of the selected digression formulating phrases in the two languages, and discern which of the two contexts of digression (i.e. beginnings and ends) is more highly marked, and, second, their use in connection to aspects such as syntactic configuration and position, and co-occurring features of semantic and pragmatic meaning. The contrastive perspective adds precision and richness to the treatment of digression.