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This paper aims to advance the state of knowledge related to innovation and philanthropy, by exploring the emerging field of 'participatory grantmaking' (PGM) through the lens of innovation literature. While there are increasing amounts of European and global grantmakers utilizing more participatory methodologies in their grantmaking as a means to move power and increase the collective ability to create social good, there is yet to be any literature specifically exploring the links between these two fields. This conceptual paper, therefore, uses a broad reading of innovation literature to argue that it is most fruitful to consider PGM as innovation within four modalities: as a form of social innovation, process innovation, both radical and incremental innovation, and user-driven innovation. The paper ultimately finds that user-driven innovation (and in particular co-creation / co-production as a strategy to user-driven innovation) may provide the best examples of theory and practical relevance for those utilizing PGM as a means to democratize philanthropy in Europe and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new information age and the phenomena of digitalization and automation make investments in research and development (R&D) indispensable for economic and social progress. Meanwhile, increased inequality within countries and its effects on advanced countries is one of the consequences of the recent turbulences in the global economy. These two dynamics open debates around the still-unresolved nature of the relationship between innovation and inequality. This paper contrasts postulates from the existing theory and relevant empirical evidence to argue that the analysis of the positive and complex co-evolution of inequality reduction and technological progress in Europe implies a recombination of factors that highlights institutions as the backbone of the relationship. The results of this analysis based on time series / cross-section regressions with panel data from a sample of 20 European countries for the period 1995–2017 show the relevance of structural and institutional aspects within the region, while two sets of countries evince a dissimilar European behavior in the relationship under study. According to our findings, it is plausible to argue the existence of a virtuous circle defined by the combination of social protection contributions with innovation policies that certainly help settle the controversial relationship between innovation and inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between financing constraints, investments in research and development (R&D) and innovative performances has recently attracted renewed attention in the aftermath of a financial crisis that has led to problems of access to the credit on which innovation activities crucially rely. In spite of past developments in the theoretical analysis and in the data and methodologies for empirical investigation, some issues have remained unexplored to date. In this introduction to the special issue, we examine the contribution of the papers it contains, which provide new conceptualisations and empirical evidence at the firm level for Europe. Most previous research results, which were mainly based on extending models of financing constraints and physical investments to R&D investments, are confirmed, while new insights about this relationship are uncovered, in terms of the structural characteristics of the constrained firms, of the industries in which they operate, of their innovative activities and of the innovation outcomes they achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides empirical evidence on the innovation performance in the European countries in the years of recovery from the global economic and financial crisis by using the CDM model of simultaneous equations. The model directly links R&D engagement and intensity to innovation outcomes measured either as process or as product innovation, and then estimates the effectiveness of the innovative efforts leading to productivity gains. The difference between the drivers of innovation systems and its influence over the productivity growth is analyzed between two different institutional settings in Europe. For that purpose a company-level dataset is used from the 2012 round of the Comunity Innovation Survey. Тhe results indicated that the recent financial crisis had negative influence on the companies' willingness to innovate. The effect of the crisis led to further divergence in the innovation systems of these two institutional settings. Identifying the characteristics of the innovation systems and drivers of innovation during the turmoil shows that policy instruments on EU level should be oriented towards creation of competitive business environment, encouragement to adopt the best management techniques and organizational structures and improvement of well-functioning capital, product and labor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a widely employed instrument of regional innovation policy: the innovation incubator. It proposes that incubation approaches are moving away from a 'traditional' approach strongly premised on physical infrastructure and high-technology, to a more interactive, participatory and social mode of innovation, in line with broader developments in innovation policy and theory. To practically illustrate this shift, we take two cases: a 'traditional' style of incubation in Wales, UK, and a 'next generation' incubation programme in Finland. This paper reflects on incubators as a mode of regional innovation policy, both past developments and future trends, to ensure that new policies and programmes learn from best (and indeed, worst) practice and build on, rather than replicate, past approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City evolution is connected to social, economic and technological evolutions. New technologies induce further changes, which are highly innovative, which again affect the urban and territorial systems. The city once again adjusts to new opportunities in relation to information and communications technologies, energy and mobility. In this paper, smart city, configured as a set of interacting systems with people, is focused as a possible model to follow for pursuing sustainability in real cities of the twenty-first century. Three processes are recalled: city development, city planning theories and city rules. Smart city seems to be the convergent point for all processes evolving in European urban areas. Theoretical definitions of smart city are recalled. At the same time, the European Commission is promoting smart city rules for implementation. Moreover, in the last years some local decision-makers implemented specific measures that today can be considered in the class of smart city measures. The objective of the paper is to analyse the European perspectives for smart city, trying to separate the three processes that are strongly integrated, but without formal links. To verify the European smart city approach, a study case concerning city logistics is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the pattern of knowledge flows as indicated by the patent citations in three areas: USA, Japan and Europe. In each economic area, we use information from United States Patent and Trademarks Office data to assess empirically the impact of the technological and geographical proximities for 530 international firms. In particular, the contribution to the existing literature is twofold: first, we use an international sample in such a way that we may compare the empirical results among different economic markets; second, we extend the analysis of the determinants of knowledge spillovers, taking into account the time dimension of the effects of the proximities. In order to compute the technological proximity, we follow the methodology developed by A.B. Jaffe (1986. Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence from firms' patents, profits and market value. American Economic Review 76, no. 5: 984-1001), where a technological vector is based on the distribution of patents of each firm across technology classes. As far as the geographic proximity is concerned, we use the latitude and the longitude coordinates of the city in which each firm is situated to obtain the distance, in miles, between the firms. The empirical results, in line with results from previous studies, indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between the knowledge flows, proxied by the patent citations, and the proximities, but the effects are rather differentiated according to the proximity type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the large literature on gender differences in politics, there have been relatively few empirical studies testing the effects of gender in public administration. This paper examines how male and female public managers show attitudinal differences toward innovation in the public sector. We hypothesize that male and female managers differ in three aspects. Firstly, female managers are more result-oriented than rule-following, and more oriented toward societal interests. Secondly, female public managers are more open to new ideas and creativity, and more willing to challenge the status quo. Yet, thirdly, female leaders are less eager to take risks when would-be innovations may put their organizations in peril. Thus, we argue that female managers are more prudent and entrepreneurial than their male counterparts. We test these hypotheses using a data set of 5,909 senior public managers from 20 European countries. The results of multilevel model analysis find statistically significant gender differences in attitudes toward innovation. Despite the small size of gender impacts, our findings challenge prevailing stereotypes on women's entrepreneurial attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of changes in the level of product market regulation on the industry-level innovation intensity in the EU electricity sector during years 1990–2009. In order to test the impact of deregulatory policies on the propensity to innovate in energy technologies, we match data on R&D budgets and European Patent Office patent applications from International Energy Agency and Eurostat Databases with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development indexes of product market regulation. The analysis addresses innovations in the traditional electricity-related technologies, but keeping aside renewable energy technologies. Findings show an increase in patenting activities following market deregulation, measured along three factors: entry barriers, public ownership and vertical integration. In particular, econometric results suggest that policies aimed at reducing vertical integration – i.e. to unbundle networks from energy generation and supply – have a positive impact on innovation activity. Results are robust to the introduction of controls for country-level public R&D expenditures in the electricity field. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we investigate the factors that lead firms to cooperate with partners from foreign countries on innovation activities. Portuguese and German data from the harmonised Community Innovation Survey III (CIS) allow us to compare innovation cooperation behaviour of private firms in the two countries. We first look at differences between the drivers of foreign and domestic cooperation and find, that absorptive capacities influence both types of cooperation. Supporting absorptive capacity building can therefore be a policy tool to foster international and domestic R&D cooperation at the same time. We also show that the characteristics of firms cooperating with foreigners in both countries are quite similar. International activities other than cooperation, firm size and the importance of protection methods for knowledge have a positive influence on the decision to cooperate with foreign partners in both countries. Some differences remain, however In Germany, exporters are more likely to cooperate with foreign partners than non-exporters, whereas in Portugal this is not the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts of creativity and innovation are often used interchangeably in the literature. However, some authors may discriminate between the two concepts. Such authors usually consider creativity as an internal and rational process of creating new ideas, while innovation refers to the implementation of such ideas. As the global forces become increasingly inevitable, many business experts are predicting that workforce creativity and innovation will be the most important factors in establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage. Because of its theoretical and practical significance, how to foster innovation in organizations has become a fast-growing research area in the field of management. According to the global innovation index Saudi Arabia was ranked at 41 ahead of Italy, Poland, Turkey and China. However, its innovation output index was low at '98' place. The purpose of this conceptual-paper is to examine the current efforts towards organizational creativity and innovation particularly in the context of Arab world especially Saudi industry. This theoretical paper also aims to identify and comprehend the barriers towards creativity and innovation in terms of organizational effectiveness. This paper has found that Saudi Arabia is doing well in attracting and retaining innovation factors (such as human skills, government support and investment in R&D, and increasingly knowledge through education-industry linkages). Still, there is a need for combination of right policies and good human capital to improve 'creative outcomes'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the importance of innovation as a key component of business strategy in tourism, as well as determinants of innovation processes in the small and medium sized hotel industry in alpine tourism destinations of Europe. Initially, the paper delivers a literature overview on innovations as prerequisites for competitive advantages. Furthermore, the authors shed more light on the measurement of innovation in the tourism industry. The empirical study has been carried out in alpine tourism destinations focusing on the assessment of innovation activities in small and medium sized (SMEs) hotels. Diverse functional areas of hotels have been analysed and the results show rather low degrees of innovation in all areas of the hotel value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the determinants of innovation behavior in European firms that are predominantly small and medium in size. The aim is to assess the absolute as well as the relative impact on innovation behavior of firm-specific (i.e., internal) factors on the one hand and region-specific characteristics on the other. Two hypotheses are advanced and tested. The first is that—contrary in part to some recent literature on regional and national innovation systems—firm-specific determinants of innovation are more important than either region-specific or external factors. The second hypothesis is that in high-tech regions dominated by a small number of very large firms the innovation behavior of the smaller firms is more strongly influenced by regional factors than by factors internal to the firm. Whereas the first hypothesis is confirmed by the empirical results presented here, the second is not. Because firm-level innovation determinants are of great importance in the European regions investigated in this study, we suggest that local innovation policy should focus more on the specific needs of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in particular regions than on improving regional conditions for innovation in general. The analysis is mainly based on data from the European Regional Innovation Survey (ERIS) and includes information from more than 8,000 interviews with manufacturing firms, service firms, and research institutions in 11 European regions. The logit analyses reported in this paper used data from some 1,800 manufacturing firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital is supposed to be an important factor for innovation and economic development. However, the long-run impact of human capital on current innovation and economic development is still a black box, in particular at the regional level. Therefore, this paper makes the link between the past and the present. Using a large new dataset on regional human capital and other factors in the 19th and 20th century, we find that past regional human capital is a key factor explaining current regional disparities in innovation and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:This paper aims to reveal, and contribute to an understanding of, the processes that connect learning and innovation networks in sustainable agriculture to elements of the mainstream agricultural regime. Drawing on the innovations and transition literature, the paper frames the analysis around niche-regime interaction using the notion of niche-regime compatibility. Design/Methodology/Approach:17 Learning and Innovation Networks for Sustainable Agriculture (LINSA) engaged in agricultural food production, non-food and rural development were analyzed. In line with the project's transdisciplinary approach data were collected in a series of participatory workshops. Findings:Five modes of LINSA-regime interaction are distinguished based on compatibility. The level of LINSA-regime compatibility influences the extent of the diffusion of LINSA ideas and practices into the regime. However, interaction processes within these modes reveal multiple and diverse connections between LINSA and regime entities suggesting a more complex relationship exists. Practical implications:A range of connecting processes and activities (for example, certification, exemption from regulation, facilitation of networking) can bring about effective LINSA-regime interaction and could be externally supported. Originality/Value:Empirical evidence from 17 case studies provides valuable insights from a number of different contexts across Europe. By directing analysis of interaction at the level of LINSA (niche project), rather than at the macro level, the study offers an original perspective. It suggests that the transition to sustainable agriculture might be understood as a complex of interactive processes leading to a series of adaptive changes, rather than as regime change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The increasing healthcare expenditure, the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and the ageing of population pose some challenges to Basque Health System, like to other health systems in Europe. Hence, a Strategy for Tackling the Challenge of Chronicity in the Basque Country was published in 2010 to address chronicity and to contribute to sustainability. Objective To analyze and describe the transformation of the Basque health system carried out in the last years, as well as, the different initiatives implemented in order to improve coordination and continuity of care. Conclusion The effects of the ongoing reform of the Basque health system have started to be evaluated. So far, results are only available regarding the impact of specific pilots. However, to date, the results obtained from the different projects carried out are very promising and preliminary evaluations suggest that the Basque health system is on the right track. Value of the paper This paper represents the most updated version of the progress made to date in integrated care in the Basque Country. In addition, it highlights the explicit use of assessment schemes which is one of the cornerstones underlying the Basque healthcare transformation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the correlation between the technological proximity measures in three areas: USA, Japan and the Europe. In each economic area, we use information from two international patent systems to construct the technological proximity for 240 large international firms. In particular, we select firms’ patents from United States Patent and Trademarks Office data and European Patent Office data. In order to compute the technological proximity, we follow the methodology developed by Jaffe [1986. “Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D: Evidence from Firms’ Patents, Profits and Market Value.”American Economic Review76 (5): 984–1001], where a technological vector is based on the distribution of patents of each firm across technology classes. Since the Jaffe distance assumes that spillovers only occur within the same technology class, but rules out spillovers between different classes, we develop also a distance measure which exploits the Mahalanobis norm to identify the distance between different technology classes based on the frequency that patents are taken out in different classes by the same firm. The contribution to the existing literature is to investigate the robustness of the technological proximity measure and the extent to which it may be affected by patent system features. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Human tissues and cells, and tissue engineered (TE) therapies, have been the object of attempts at regulatory regime-building in Europe since the late 1990s. As a sector-in-the-making, or technological zone, TE has been beset by multiple uncertainties. The 2007 Regulation on Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, expands the legal scope of EU pharmaceutical jurisdiction to cover tissue engineering as “unconventional medicine”. This paper outlines the regulatory pathway taken by TE, explaining how the eventual pharmaceutical designation hides contentious, continuing stakeholder debates about the substantive definition of TE, its modes of production, tissue bank–hospital–industry relationships, the position of the medical device sector, and the appropriate type and institutional form of regulatory controls. In spite of the aim of providing “legal certainty”, the new regime has strategically built-in scope for future “technical” developments, and recent institutional innovations made by the key EU regulatory body respond to the continuing stakeholder tensions. The conclusion is that the EU Regulation provides some “regulatory ordering” of the TE zone while providing an open-ended flexibility, and inter-sectoral industry tensions continue given the shape of the recent EU legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across European healthcare provision, the mantra of patient and public involvement is gaining momentum. Their voice needs to be heard among the multiple stakeholders whom each have an interest in healthcare innovation; governments, individual healthcare provider organizations, industry, and higher education. Informed by their context, they all have their own 'user' perspective and motivations for being involved in healthcare innovation. What they have in common is a shared desire to establish methods that will help facilitate high quality, fit for purpose innovation while also reducing the time it takes for an innovation to be accessible and used in practice. Historically, the professional 'user' voice has had a stronger input than that of the patient. This paper explores some of the reasons for that, discusses the value of promoting a stronger patient user voice as the catalyst for innovation and presents an approach for innovation that moves beyond involving the patient to one that begins and then leads with the patient perspective. For the purposes of this paper, the terms 'user' or patient will be used to include carers and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lecocq C., Leten B., Kusters J. and van Looy B. Do firms benefit from being present in multiple technology clusters? An assessment of the technological performance of biopharmaceutical firms, Regional Studies. Firms active in knowledge-intensive fields are increasingly organizing their research and development activities on an international scale. This paper investigates whether firms active in biotechnology can improve their technological performance by developing research and development activities in multiple technology clusters. Regions in Europe, Japan and the United States, characterized by a critical mass in terms of technological activity within biotechnology, are identified as clusters. Fixed-effect panel data analyses with fifty-nine biopharmaceutical firms (for the period 1995–2002) provide evidence for a positive, albeit diminishing (inverted ‘U’-shape) relationship between the number of technology clusters in which a firm is present and its overall technological performance. This effect is distinct from a mere multi-location effect. Lecocq C., Leten B., Kusters J. and van Looy B. 公司是否从其所参与的多技术集群中受益？对于生物制药公司技术性业绩的评价，区域研究。 知识密集型产业中的公司正试图在国际尺度上组织其研究与发展活动。本研究考察了生物制药产业公司能否通过在多重技术集群中发展研究与开发活动而提高其业绩。本研究将欧洲、日本以及美国地区内生物科技产业活动积聚的部分定义为集群。对59家生物制药公司进行的固定效应面板数据分析（时间跨度1995－2002）表明，公司业绩与其所在的技术集群数量之间存在着倒U形关系。这一结果与单纯的多区位效应有所不同。 集群 创新 生物科技 Lecocq C., Leten B., Kusters J. et van Looy B. Les entreprises, tirent-elles profit de leur présence au sein de multiples clusters à technologies? Une évaluation de la performance technologique des entreprises biopharmaceutiques, Regional Studies. Les entreprises qui travaillent dans les secteurs à la pointe de la technologie organisent de plus en plus leurs activités de recherche et de développement au niveau international. Cet article examine si les entreprises actives dans le secteur de la biotechnologie sont capables d'améliorer leurs performances technologiques en développant des activités de recherche et de développement au sein de multiples clusters à technologies. Sont considérées comme clusters, les régions situées en Europe, au Japon et aux Etats-Unis qui secaractérisent par une masse critique en termes d'activité technologique au sein de la biotechnologie. Des analyses (effects fixes) à base de données de cinquante-neuf entreprises biopharmaceutiques (de 1995 à 2002) fournissent des preuves d'un rapport positif, bien qu'en baisse (à savoir, courbe en U inversée), entre le nombre des clusters technologiques au sein desquels une entreprise est présente et sa performance technologique globale. Cet effet se distingue d'un simple effet d'emplacements multiples. Cluster Innovation Biotechnologie Lecocq C., Leten B., Kusters J. und van Looy B. Profitieren Unternehmen von einer Präsenz in mehreren Technologie-Clustern? Eine Bewertung der technologischen Leistung von biopharmazeutischen Unternehmen, Regional Studies. Firmen, die in wissensintensiven Gebieten aktiv sind, organisieren ihre Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeit zunehmend auf internationaler Ebene. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, ob Firmen im Bereich der Biotechnologie ihre technologische Leistung durch den Ausbau ihrer Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeit in mehreren technologischen Clustern verbessern können. Als Cluster werden Regionen in Europa, Japan und den USA identifiziert, die sich durch eine kritische Masse an technologischer Aktivität im Bereich der Biotechnologie auszeichnen. Die (Fix Effekt) analyses der panel daten von 59 biopharmazeutischen Unternehmen (im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 2002) liefern Anhaltspunkte für eine positive, wenn auch nachlassende (Form eines umgekehrten U) Beziehung zwischen der Anzahl der Technologie-Cluster, in denen ein Unternehmen vertreten ist, und der generellen technologischen Leistung dieses Unternehmens. Dieser Effekt unterscheidet sich von einem einfachen Mehrfachstandort-Effekt. Cluster Innovation Biotechnologie Lecocq C., Leten B., Kusters J. y van Looy B. ¿Se benefician las empresas de estar presentes en varias aglomeraciones de tecnología? Una valoración del rendimiento tecnológico de empresas biofarmacéuticas, Regional Studies. Las empresas que son activas en campos que requieren un alto nivel de conocimientos específicos organizan sus actividades de investigación y desarrollo cada vez más a nivel internacional. En este artículo investigamos si las empresas activas en biotecnología pueden mejorar su rendimiento tecnológico al fomentar actividades de investigación y desarrollo en varias aglomeraciones de tecnología. Identificamos como aglomeraciones las regiones en Europa, Japón y los Estados Unidos que se caracterizan por una masa crítica en términos de actividad tecnológica en biotecnología. Los análisis (efecto fijo) de los datos de un panel de 59 empresas biofarmacéuticas (para el periodo de 1995 a 2002) demuestran una relación positiva, aunque decreciente (en forma de ‘U’ invertida) entre el número de aglomeraciones tecnológicas en las que una empresa está presente y su rendimiento tecnológico general. Este efecto es distinto al de un simple efecto de varias ubicaciones. Aglomeración Innovación Biotecnología [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massini S. and Miozzo M. Outsourcing and offshoring of business services: challenges to theory, management and geography of innovation, Regional Studies. Drawing on an original survey, this paper discusses the trends and challenges posed by the outsourcing and offshoring of business services. It documents and analyses the increasing offshoring of business services (administrative services, call centres, information technology services, procurement, and product development) from the United States and Europe to less developed countries, the functions offshored, the size of offshorers, their destination, and the delivery models, and it explores the role of information and communication technologies and the development of both large global services suppliers and entrepreneurial ventures in developed and less developed countries. The paper derives implications regarding outsourcing decisions, the globalization of high value-adding activities, such as product development and innovation, raising issues of evolving market structure and the emergence of technical clusters where companies develop expertise to provide, and compete for, activities and skills across a range of sectors. Massini S. et Miozzo M. L'approvisionnement à l'extérieur et les activités extraterritoriales des services aux entreprises: les défis à la théorie, à la gestion, et à la géographie de l'innovation, Regional Studies. Puisant dans une première enquête, cet article discute des tendances et des défis posés par l'approvisionnement à l'extérieur et les activités extraterritoriales des services aux entreprises. On décrit et analyse l'essor des activités extraterritoriales des services aux entreprises (services administratifs, centres d'appels, services de la technologie de l'information, approvisionnement, et développement de produits) des Etats-Unis et de l'Europe aux pays en voie de développement, les fonctions extraterritoriales, la taille des entreprises extraterritoriales, leur zone d'accueil, et les modes de livraison, et on examine le rôle des technologies de l'infomation et de la communication et le développement à la fois des grandes sociétés des services mondialisées et des créations d'entreprise dans les pays développés et en voie de développement. On en tire des conclusions pour la décision de s'approvisionner à l'extérieur, la mondialisation des activités à haute valeur ajoutée, telles le développement de produits et l'innovation, et les questions soulevées quant à l'évolution de la structure du marché, et la naissance des grappes techniques où les entreprises développent le savoir-faire afin de fournir, et de disputer, des activités et des compétences à travers une série de secteurs. Approvisionnement à l'extérieur?Activités extraterritoriales?Services aux entreprises à intensité de connaissance?Innovation Massini S. und Miozzo M. Outsourcing und Auslandsverlagerung von Geschäftsdiensten: Probleme bei der Theorie, Verwaltung und Geografie von Innovation, Regional Studies. Auf der Grundlage einer Originalerhebung erörtern wir in diesem Beitrag die Trends und Probleme beim Outsourcing und bei der Auslandsverlagerung von Geschäftsdiensten. Wir dokumentieren und analysieren die zunehmende Verlagerung von Geschäftsdiensten (Verwaltungsdiensten, Callcentern, Informationstechnologie-Diensten, Beschaffung und Produktentwicklung) von den USA und Europa in weniger entwickelte Länder und untersuchen die ausgelagerten Funktionen, die Größe und die Zielorte der auslagernden Firmen sowie die Umsetzungsmodelle. Ebenso untersuchen wir die Rolle der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik und die Entwicklung von großen, weltweit tätigen Dienstanbietern sowie von neuen Firmen in entwickelten und weniger entwickelten Ländern. Wir erörtern die Auswirkungen hinsichtlich der Outsourcing-Entscheidungen, der Globalisierung von hochgradig wertsteigernden Aktivitäten (wie z.?B. Produktentwicklung und Innovation), der Probleme in sich entwickelnden Marktstrukturen und des Entstehens von fachlichen Clustern, in denen Firmen Fachwissen entwickeln, um Aktivitäten und Fachkenntnisse in einem breiten Spektrum von Sektoren anzubieten bzw. um darum zu konkurrieren. Outsourcing?Verlagerung ins Ausland?Wissensintensive Geschäftsdienste?Innovation Massini S. y Miozzo M. Subcontratación y deslocalización de servicios comerciales: desafios para la teoría, la gestión y la geografía de la innovación, Regional Studies. Basándonos en una encuesta original, en este artículo observamos las tendencias y los retos que implican la subcontratación y la deslocalización de servicios comerciales. Documentamos y analizamos el aumento de la deslocalización de servicios comerciales (servicios administrativos, centros de llamadas, servicios de tecnología de la información, adquisición y desarrollo de productos) desde los Estados Unidos y Europa a países menos desarrollados, las funciones externalizadas, el tamaño de las empresas que externalizan, su destino y los modelos de proveedores. Asimismo evaluamos el papel de las tecnologías de información y comunicación y el desarrollo de grandes suministradores de servicios globales y proyectos empresariales en países desarrollados y menos desarrollados. El articolo deriva consecuencias para las decisiones de la subcontratación, la globalización de las actividades de alto valor añadido (tales como el desarrollo y la innovación de productos) y discute las consecuencias para la evolución de la estructura del mercado y la aparición de aglomeraciones técnicas en las que las empresas desarrollan habilidades para competir y ofrecer servicios a una amplia gama de sectores. Subcontratación?Deslocalización?Servicios comerciales con alto nivel de conocimientos?Innovación [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the characteristics and performance of regional innovation systems in 12 new member states of the European Union. More specifically, it develops a typology that differentiates their various potentials as innovative regions. Based on a principal component analysis, five different groups of regions are identified. The characteristic profile of each group is detailed and exploration of possible paths of innovation-based regional development is presented for each type of region. The paper concludes with an examination of policy implications emerging from the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the development and significance of the European Institute of Technology (EIT) in the period since 2005 when the European Union launched a suite of initiatives for higher education, research and innovation, including the EIT, as part of attempts to re-launch its Lisbon Strategy around a 'growth and jobs' agenda. The EIT is presented as implicated in European Commission attempts to redefine the mandates and governance of higher education institutions as part of a knowledge-based economy route to economic and social development. The production and contestation of the EIT as it was negotiated within EU institutions is shown as having been conditioned by the interactions between Commission attempts to use the EIT to disrupt the governance and financing of higher education and research and national and institutional determination to constrain the EIT within extant governance and financing principles. In conclusion, the paper outlines a research agenda for the study and analysis of the EIT in the period up to 2013 which will make it possible to specify the significance of the EIT for EU integration, the development of the European higher education, research and innovation fields, the fate of EU strategies for capital accumulation and social development and the legitimacy of the EU itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labour productivity impact of innovation is investigated in this paper combining neo-Schumpeterian insights on the variety of innovation with the importance of industrial structures and firm size; two models are proposed for explaining productivity and export success in European manufacturing industries and firm-size classes. The empirical estimates are based on data from the European innovation survey (CIS 2), covering Austria, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK, broken down by 22 sectors and for large, medium, and small firms. The econometric results, obtained adopting cross-sectional estimation methodologies able to account for unobserved industrial characteristics, show that productivity in Europe relies on product and process innovation, with the support of the efficiency gains provided by grouped business structures. Conversely, in Italy the introduction of new machinery linked to innovation appears as the key mechanism supporting domestic productivity. When export success is considered, all countries have to rely on an innovation-based model of competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the innovative performance of firms active in the creative industries (CIs). It identifies potential differentials in various innovation indicators between CI and non-CI young firms and examines drivers of the innovative performance of firms in the creative sectors. Our findings suggest that firms in the CIs outperform those in non-CIs both in terms of product innovation and R&D intensity, but not in terms of process and organisational innovation. Empirical analysis also suggests that the human capital of the founders as well as specific firm characteristics play a significant role in the innovative activity of firms in the CIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of relationship lending on innovation (the probability to innovate and the intensity of innovation). Using a unique dataset providing detailed information on bank–firm relationships across European firms, we relate different proxies of relationship lending (soft information, long-lasting relationships, number of banks and share of the main bank) to innovation. We find a very strong and robust positive effect of ‘soft-information-intensive’ relationships, a less robust positive effect of long-lasting relationships and a negative effect of credit concentration as measured by the number of banking relationships. We also find that ‘soft-information-intensive’ relationships reduce credit rationing for innovative firms, while long-lasting relationships seem to favour innovation via other relational channels. These results raise some concern on the impact of screening processes based on automatic procedures, as those suggested by the Basel rules, on firms' capability to finance innovative activities in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Much is expected from the (re) involvement of doctors in health care management to boost innovation. As clinicians may better understand how health services are organized and function, they may be in a better position to identify innovations. However, a key question is: Whose innovation agenda (i.e. what type of innovations) will be the outcome of clinical leadership? This paper explores this question by looking at examples in three European countries of doctor-led innovations. It shows that innovations are not neutral, but shaped by the agenda of its participants. Although doctors have their own interests and perceptions, these seem to change through their involvement in the management of processes and organizations, becoming broader and overlapping managerial agenda's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine the spatial distribution of knowledge-intensive services (KISs) and its relation with innovation in 194 European regions. The methodology applied is known as spatial analysis and evaluates whether there are clusters of KIS. In addition, by employing a spatial econometric model, some potential explanatory factors for the concentration of KIS are examined. The results obtained support the hypothesis that KIS are spatially concentrated and confirm the existence of clusters. Moreover, a close relationship between location of KIS and regional innovation activity is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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OVERVIEW: In today's competitive environment, the ability of an organization to innovate is paramount. While most organizations have flashes or spurts of innovation, only a handful have been able to innovate on a continuous and sustained basis. This paper surveys the challenges faced by firms when trying to build sustainable innovation programs. These findings have been derived from an examination of innovation programs in over 30 organizations in North America, Europe and Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of farming previously dedicated mainly to food production changed with an increasing recognition of the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas. It seems obvious to expect that farmers and rural actors adapt themselves to these new conditions, which are innovative and redefine their job. In many regions farmers can increase their income basis as rural entrepreneurs, developing new services and exploring new markets. Often, however, there is a gap between the need for change and farmers' willingness to adjust, and the insufficient capacities of innovation agencies and advisory services to effectively support changes. In this contribution we discuss the kinds of gaps between present societal demands, the related farm-level adjustments, and the capacities of innovation agencies and advisory services. We explore a conceptual framework that understands innovation processes as the outcome of collaborative networks where information is exchanged and learning processes happen. We argue that technical and economic factors used to analyse drivers and barriers alone are not sufficient to understand innovation processes. The related social and institutional aspects of cross-sector as well as intra-sector processes are explored. Overall, we emphasize that innovation functions as a process where farmers' and rural entrepreneurs' knowledge, motivations and values play an important role. We emphasize that institutions, administrations and extension services, whose mission it is to support changes, can become barriers to innovation if they do not acknowledge that the needs of farmers and of society have changed. The paper builds on the conceptual level work carried out in the on-going EU funded IN-SIGHT research programme with multidisciplinary teams from seven European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodríguez-Pose A. and Crescenzi R. Research and development, spillovers, innovation systems, and the genesis of regional growth in Europe. Regional Studies. Research on the impact of innovation on regional economic performance in Europe has fundamentally followed three approaches: (1) the analysis of the link between investment in research and development (R&D), patents, and economic growth; (2) the study of the existence and efficiency of regional innovation systems; and (3) the examination of the geographical diffusion of regional knowledge spillovers. These complementary approaches have, however, rarely been combined. Important operational and methodological barriers have thwarted any potential cross-fertilization. This paper tries to fill this gap in the literature by combining in one model R&D, spillovers, and innovation systems approaches. A multiple regression analysis is conducted for all regions of the group of 25 European Union countries (EU-25), including measures of R&D investment, proxies for regional innovation systems, and knowledge and socio-economic spillovers. This approach allows the discrimination between the influence of internal factors and external knowledge and institutional flows on regional economic growth... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the potential of the open method of co-ordination (OMC) and of laboratory federalism for policy innovation and learning in a multi-level system of jurisdictions. Our analysis shows that both can be seen as institutions that establish processes of generating and spreading new knowledge about appropriate public policies. However, the respective learning mechanisms are very different: in laboratory federalism learning takes place through a purely non-centralized process of experimentation with different new policies. In comparison, the OMC relies on a benchmarking process carried out on a higher-level jurisdiction from which, in a rather centralized way, policy recommendations are derived. In both cases, serious learning problems resulting from limited transferability of experiences gained with policies and from lacking or distorting incentives arise. We find that to fully use their potential the OMC should become an integral part of laboratory federalism, thus supporting the smooth working of yardstick, interjurisdictional and regulatory competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper outlines a model for the development of dynamic and innovative research environments in national innovation systems. The development model is based on an in-depth study and analysis of fifteen research environments selected by the Danish Council for Research Policy as examples of dynamic and innovative public research environments. According to the model, research environments follow certain stages with respect to epistemological, organizational and socio-cultural development that either enable them to advance from one stage to the next in the model or impede this advance. The consequence of the latter is either a static state or dissolution. In the long run only dynamic and innovative research environments survive. The analysis of the cases studied identifies several preconditions that have to be present in such research environments in order for them to emerge, develop and finally reach excellence. The results presented here may well be a valid tool for policy-makers, particularly in Europe where the framework conditions for public R&D are comparable to the Danish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores cross-innovation between CCIs and SMEs. To enable such innovation, the DIVA project developed a set of tools and methods, based on an analysis of field-specific stakeholder requirements. By looking at specific cases of interaction between designers and artists on one side and business firms on the other, also leaning on the Cross Innovation project and considering a wide range of secondary research, the article captures both the existing mechanisms, as well as detects tacit potentials and new possibilities for deep cross-fertilization. Based on a theoretical reference framework presented in the first part of the article, the findings of a multi-stakeholder SWOT analysis carried out by the DIVA project indicate new innovative paradigms brought about by introducing art thinking next to the predominant paradigm of design thinking within traditional industry realms. Upon the empirical evidence of analyzed cooperation potentials, a Europe-wide selection of good practice cases and through focused interviews, the article digests a set of business-needs transformations that call for a profound cross-fertilization between art and entrepreneurship. These evidence-based guidelines present the potential of a new 'innovation catalyst' profile who facilitates the shift from unintentional spillovers to art-thinking based crossovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Neil Rollings and Laurent Warlouzet, the historical analysis of the European competition policy has been a priority in the research on institutions but the reaction of companies to these policies has received less attention. This study highlights the importance of analyzing how public policies affect business strategies in innovation. More specifically, how the policy adopted by the High Authority of the ECSC regarding the scrap market influenced the strategies implemented by the steelmakers in the innovation of their production processes. The High Authority banned exports and established maximum prices and a system to equalise internal prices with import prices. This policy was considered a success by both institutions and companies. It decisively influenced the scrap price to be maintained at affordable levels in Europe. But this success in resolving the scrap problem created a larger one as it delayed innovation. This was the scrap paradox suffered by Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift of employment from lower to higher productive firms is an important driver for structural change and industry dynamics. We investigate this reallocation in terms of employment gains and losses from innovation. New employment created by product innovation may be offset by employment losses in related products, known as ‘cannibalisation’ or ‘business stealing’ effects in the literature, by employment losses from process and organisational innovation and by general productivity increases. The paper investigates this effect empirically with a large data set from the European Community Innovation Survey. We find that employment gains and losses increase with technology intensity of the sector. High-technology manufacturing shows the strongest employment gains and losses from innovation, followed by knowledge-intensive services, low-technology manufacturing and less knowledge-intensive services. The net contribution of innovation to employment growth is mostly positive, an exception being manufacturing industries in recession periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International differences in technological activity are considered a fundamental factor in explaining differences in both levels and trends between countries' exports, imports, and income, especially among industrialized nations. This study examines the effects of innovation activity (measured by R&D expenditure and patent applications) and economic growth (GDP per capita) on trade openness (the ratio of imports plus exports to GDP) in 10 European countries from 1983 to 2018 using time series analysis. We also investigate the impact of the Lisbon and Europe 2020 strategies on trade openness. We use autoregressive distributed lag methodology and Granger causality tests based on the vector error correction model to conduct the analysis. The empirical findings indicate a strong long-run relationship among the variables in all the countries examined. In most countries, the long-run coefficients of R&D expenditure, patent applications, and GDP per capita are positive and statistically significant. In short-run dynamics, error correction models are well-defined and provide interesting results for each country. The effects of the Lisbon Strategy and Europe 2020 differ across the countries examined. Finally, the Granger causal relationships among the variables vary across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide novel empirical evidence on the role of advice in technological and non-technological innovation uptake decision-making processes from the perspective of European farmers, we develop the microAKIS (farmer microscale knowledge and innovation systems) framework. The MicroAKIS framework is expanded to gather empirical evidence built on quantitative data from a sample of 675 European farmers. Different types of innovation lead to different microAKIS, and farmers' involvement with innovation introduces new dynamics in advice supply. MicroAKIS supporting innovations tend to be small in size and diversity, suggesting the anticipated pluralism of advice resulting from advisory services privatisation across Europe did not work as expected, i.e. not translating into pluralistic microAKIS. Pluralism in advice for innovation is needed and could be enhanced by integrating different sources of advice: professional and non-professional, formal and informal, agricultural and cross-sectorial. We advance the scope of the AKIS concept by accounting for the temporal dynamics of innovation uptake decision-making and adopting multi-level analysis that combines micro (farm) and meso (region) scales. Empirical evidence at the European level, gathered from the common farmer's perspective on the dynamics of farm-level microAKIS and the role played by farm advisory, accounting for diversity of innovations and regional contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Favoring innovation by making timely medical technology available to people and by securing patients' safety is a challenge. The new European Medical Device Regulation (MDR) will have a central implication in the development of new devices and could affect their innovation and availability, as well as discourage investment in research within Europe. Start-ups and small companies might not be able to cope with the increasing complexity and the required changes of perspective. Health-care institutions are facing an increasing availability of complex technologies, while data on their clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness are rarely provided. A partnership/collaboration between health-care institutions, academia, and private industries will enhance their own specific interests with the common goal of improving overall health and quality of life. The complexity of the subject combined with the variety of specialists and stakeholders involved requires the implementation, in hospital centers of clinical excellence, of units dedicated to the whole path of the medical device innovation. Stakeholders should quickly provide adequate measures to facilitate the complex medical device innovation path under the more stringent MDR aimed to increase safety and quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialization (RIS3) was integrated as a key piece of the cohesion policy for the European Union (EU) for 2014–2020. During the recent years, more than 120 RIS3 have been developed, being a large-scale EU experience aimed to develop innovation-driven economic transformations at national and regional levels. The objective of this article is to explore the models that best explain innovative employment and the emergence of new markets in Europe's regions. For that purpose, the latest dataset of the Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2019 was used, and regressions performed to identify the main factors behind the impact of regional innovation. The results unveil the 'double edge role' that some variables have on regional innovation, indicating the difficulties of managing different trade-offs and of a standalone innovation policy strategy. Policy measures are discussed to best manage these critical compromises and increase the impact of RIS3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author discusses the development of high-technology industrial exports (HTIE) in advancing Europe. He argues the significance of innovations in technology to cope up with Great Recession. He presents an index of HTIE performance to categorize the development patterns of HTIE across emerging Europe. He adds that a comparative study of the development patterns reveals progress in increasing across-product sophistication and across-product diversification.

Using industry level data for eight European countries, we present empirical evidence of poor wage performance in the two decades straddling the millennium. There was a real wage decline in many sectors and we examine its inequality-enhancing effect. A theoretical framework is proposed and assessed in order to understand this evolution of wages, identifying their main determinants. We investigate the role played by different types of innovation, increasing international openness, demand, norms limiting competition and employment change. The results are consistent with our thesis that technology and globalization shape the bargaining power of workers; increasing wages are found in industries characterized by product innovation, while process innovation and greater international openness are associated to a reduction of real wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing use of the term new commerce within Europe. Consideration is given to the relationship between the concept of new commerce and that of the new economy in the USA. Parallels are drawn between the respective innovation-growth cycles. An attempt is made to identify several possible characteristics of new commerce and a case is made for the emergence of new structures and relationships that could justify the use of the term. Suggestions are made for research into analysing new commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing literature discusses the effectiveness of business innovation modes on innovation performance. In particular, the innovation mode based on the application of science and technology drivers -STI- (e.g. R&D; collaboration with universities) is analysed and compared to the mode based on learning-by-doing, by-using and by-interacting -DUI- (e.g. teamwork, collaboration with suppliers). These modes express the archetypical strategies firms use to innovate. The literature has long identified specificities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, in this study we segment this group of enterprises and inquire the peculiar innovation modes adopted by these firms as we expect SMEs to be less homogeneous than typically expected. Here, we distinguish between internal STI and DUI drivers, and external STI and DUI drivers as we expect firms of different sizes to compete through different combinations of drivers. Complementarily, we investigate the impact of these drivers on innovation output across these types of firms. The results show the effective adoption of internal STI drivers across micro/small firms, and the well-rounded approach taken by medium-sized firms. Large firms show a more limited effectiveness of external STI and DUI drivers, which seems to be linked to a selective approach to innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an analysis of the competitiveness of the European surface finishing industry, challenges are discussed and future directions for remaining competitive are recommended. The European surface finishing sector should prioritise advanced production technology for new high-tech and high added value products, and take advantage of disruptive changes in society and technology shifts where completely new areas of application of surface technology can arise. To be successful, surface finishers should meet expectations on price, quality, short lead time, innovation ability, complying with legislation, and brand equity. This should be accomplished by increased automation, closer cooperation within the value chain, and improved competence supply. Such a development is extra challenging for the many small-size sub-contractors in the sector. Basically, improved education and improved organisation between applied research, product development, production development and manufacturing are needed. Therefore, the need is strong for pan-European actions to coordinate and expand education on all levels. Higher competence leads to better reliability, quality, and cost-efficiency. Furthermore, the innovation capability will benefit from improved communication between the different actors in the value chain. Finally, coordinated actions are needed to market surface technology/finishing as an interesting and rewarding field in which to make a career. Europe has a strong tradition in surface finishing and the sector is characterised by a significant diversity. The right competence supply and organisation can make 'cooperative diversity' a European stronghold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research & Development on new medicines plays an important role in life and well-being, making pharmaceutical companies important players in global health. Accessibility and financing new medicines, however, poses challenges for governments and patients around the world. Due to pricing and aggressive patent policy issues, pharma companies started to adopt access to medicines as a strategy to not only improve their public image but also to increase their economic performance. More than a useful institutional advertisement to attract new business, initiatives to improve access to medicines must be socially responsible and sustainable. Using content analysis methodology from CSR reports, the present study evaluated how 44 global companies are positioning themselves regarding access, whether these initiatives are aligned to existing access programmes and whether the actions disclosed on behalf of access are sustainable. We have identified 13 major access to medicines approaches that were classified into intrinsic, potentially sustainable and robust actions. We concluded that companies overvalue the term access to medicine. This can generate initiatives focused on advertisements rather than long-term actions and highlights the need for clear global criteria for companies and programmes that want to effectively publicise access to medicines as a social responsibility strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is clearly a place-based activity, while in many advanced economies it is increasingly becoming a knowledge-based activity, with a high potential for the development of practice- and place-based innovation strategies. This study analyses whether and how regional systems of innovation influence the competiveness of tourism destinations in Europe. Impacts of both traditional production factors (physical and human capital), productivity, specialization and other contextual variables – related to the territorial capital of each region – on regional tourism performance of 237 European regions (NUTS 2) are analysed over a period of 8 years, using advanced techniques for spatial econometric analysis. The results reveal lower levels of productivity in those regions where tourism services are more labour intensive, while regions where education, innovation and productivity demonstrate higher levels are those where gross value added in tourism is less important for the regional economy. Policy implications are discussed, taking into consideration the principles for smart specialisation strategies in European regions and the possibility for cross-border regional cooperation. This work also confirms the research potential of spatial econometric analysis – and in particular spatial autocorrelation techniques – for tourism studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on creating space for social innovation in Europe for reductive interpretations of economic and social development and mentions the impact on human capabilities; and innovations in fertilizer and pesticide use can yield water quality problems due to high pollution.

Finding proper policy instruments to promote productivity growth features prominently in the Europe 2020 strategy and is central in many national as well as European policy debates. In view of the increased mobility of high-skilled workers in Europe, ongoing globalization and increased interregional and international co-operation, location patterns of innovative activity may be subject to drastic changes. A proper understanding of location patterns of innovative outputs can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of national and European placed-based innovation policies. Building on the literature on the knowledge production function, the aim of this article is to explain the observed differences in the production of innovative outputs across European regions. Our main research question is whether geographical proximity and social capital are important vehicles of knowledge transmission in Europe. Several other variables are used to control for structural differences across European regions. We find support for the hypothesis that both social capital and geographical proximity are important factors in explaining the observed differences in the production of innovative output across European regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]