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Blockchain is a decentralised peer to peer ledger of data. It provides features like Immutability, Transparency, and Trustworthiness. Due to all the benefits, blockchain can have a great impact in the field of education. In education, there is already a growing problem of fake certificates. Blockchain can prove to be a great solution to solve this issue. For this purpose, we took a deeper look at what is blockchain and what is being done in the education domain with regards to storing certificates and verification of them using blockchain technology. In particular, we explored how Smart Contracts can be used to provide storage for certificates. Finally, we looked at the challenges in adopting blockchain-based solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concept of the smart contract powered by Ethereum has raised the attention of investors in the crypto-currency market in the light of the distributed account book techniques in the Era of Blockchain 2.0. Based on the digitalization of the financial tools, smart contract adopts the smart validation and execution of the computation protocols extending the blockchain to the application level of use to reinforce the security and transparency of transaction deals. This paper aimed to investigate the principle, functions, ground mechanism of the smart contract, and protection approaches and evaluated the security issues existed in the investment process. Lastly, the paper summarized the Smart Contract design and development, loopholes, and protection approaches in the Smart Contract applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of paper waste during the general elections is a consumptive behavior and can damage the environment. In the 2018 Pilkada, there were 54 million unused ballots due to the lack of public participation in each Pilkada. In addition, various ballot manipulations make reduced data integrity. The Custom E-Voting Application is an electronic voting system application for general elections with the application of Blockchain technology to increase security using the Hyperledger Fabric and Hyperledger Composer platforms. The application of this technology can replace conventional paper-based voting systems and databases. This application uses a distributed database so that the database is more secure and maintained its integrity. The results of E-Voting can be seen by voters so that transparency for voters. This application can be implemented in several elections that require transparency of the results with the election time can be set as needed. The problem that is the focus of this research is the proof of the concept of blockchain technology with existing tools and system performance testing. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide an overview of the viability of blockchain technology to handle cases such as the general elections that are critical, massive, and simultaneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology is one of the most sensational and under rated technology in current technological and financial sector. The great wave in blockchain technology for the banking sector is still unexplored to its depth, as the need for new technology in all the areas of life is a necessity nowadays. The study was conducted to identify different services that the financial sector can provide to its customer by accepting a unified blockchain technology. The fundamental inkling of blockchain technology is, its public and the same is shared in a tamperproof ledger which allows the heterogenous community to share the sensitive data over a distributed ledger. This paper gives an idea about how this tamperproof technology can be used to increase the efficiency, transparency and to lower the risk and expenditure associated with the highly sophisticated data of an individual in relation to banking sector. The technology has great potential to overcome the disadvantages of the current central server system in banking industry, which is highly prone to hacking and cracking. The blockchain technology is current meant to be a hack proof system which is still in its initial stage of development. As the technology is still in pilot testing stage on banking sector, once the same is found feasible to with stand the current market need, this will bring an economic and technological boom to different sectors. The most exciting premises about blockchain technology is, it makes banks pointless. Though, this paper contends that the advantages of block chain technology will be used by the financial institutions in a first mover place rather becoming outdated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing is a type of storage that helps share computing resources among several users, which helps reduce the investment and maintenance cost of the storage. However, security is a significant issue in cloud computing. The various vulnerabilities in the technology, like its weak scalability and privacy leakage, are discussed in this paper. To enhance the security of the cloud server, a novel framework is proposed in this paper. The framework will use blockchain technology to encrypt the data into the registers and to safeguard it. Initially, the base technology of blockchain and its definition are explained along with the recent trends in this technology. OpenSSL library and Elliptical Curve Cryptography are proposed to enhance the security of blockchain technology. A Dynamic Link library (DLL) calculates the hash values. It is also used to generate the identifiers and to integrate the two techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, far off sensor networks had been widely applied in hospital therapy programs, like sanatorium and domestic affected person observing. Remote scientific sensor networks are greater defenceless in opposition to listening in, modification, pantomime and replaying attacks than the stressed out organizations. An extremely good deal of labor has been accomplished to get far off scientific sensor organizations. The modern-day preparations can make sure the affected person records for the duration of transmission, but can not prevent inside attack wherein the overseer of the affected person statistics set uncovers the sensitive affected person records. In this paper, we advocate a beneficial manner to address stop inside attack via way of means of using numerous records employees to shop affected person records. The precept dedication of this paper is correctly appropriating the affected person records in one-of-a-kind records employees and using the Paillier and ElGamal cryptosystems to carry out dimension exam at the affected person records with out buying and selling off the patients' safety. Remote scientific sensor networks actually enhance affected person's nature of-care with out frightening their solace. Notwithstanding, there exist Several capability safety risks to the affected person sensitive physiological records communicated over the general public diverts and positioned away withinside the back-quit frameworks. Average safety risks to clinical offerings programs with WSNs may be summed up as follows. Snooping is a safety risk to the affected person records protection. A snoop, having an superb recipient reception apparatus, would possibly have the choice to trap the affected person records from the scientific sensors and thusly realizes the affected person's disorder. He may also even submit the affected person's disorder on interpersonal organization, which could constitute a actual risk to affected person protection. Pantomime is a safety risk to the affected person records legitimacy. In a domestic attention application, an aggressor may also mimic a far off rely factor even as affected person records is sending to the remote area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare is a service that provides healthcare services to patients with blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is an emerging technology that enables for the communication between patients and medical experts to take place over the internet. It enables the healthcare unit to exploit trustworthy data rapidly and easily, either simultaneously or simultaneously with other tasks. In this paper, we have developed a strategy that makes use of the possibilities provided by blockchain technology to ensure the privacy and security of patient data. The proposed strategy uses a blockchain that is available to all nodes, and it can determine whether a certain node can be trusted. It is possible for a patient to be open to the notion of switching their primary care physician and commencing therapy with another user. This is done by collecting the data from a wide variety of IoT devices, and this information may then be transmitted over fog and edge computing gateways. This information may be used by the gateway, which is the component that establishes a connection to the cloud computing service. We have constructed a test bed to evaluate the process of smart contract sharing between two peer nodes. It has been proposed that each of these nodes should have their very own specialised test beds to make the most out of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voting has a big impact on democracy. The integrity and legitimacy of the entire system are in danger if the voting procedure is not transparent, reliable, and impenetrable. Traditional voting methods have not been well-liked in recent years by either citizens or elected officials. Vote tampering, bribery, and other voting issues surround elections. Voting often requires standing in a large queue of voters and takes a considerable amount of time. There must be a means to adapt contemporary technologies to improve the current system to solve these issues. There are several elements built into blockchain technology that can improve the current situation. The implementation of a blockchain voting system based on Ethereum is costly and computationally intensive. To use blockchain as a decentralized electronic voting system, this paper evaluates various blockchain use cases. This research also aims to investigate several ways to lower the running costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Blockchain is a decentralized database that stores data that all network participants can access. The central authority is no longer in charge of maintaining this public database by running a cryptographic protocol with designated nodes. Bitcoin is presently the latest object within the Blockchain, and the Bitcoin node can confirm the transaction content and package deal it into the block. Through the underlying consensus agreement, the blockchain ensures the consistency of the information. These consensus algorithms are unique because the set of rules protection assumptions differs from the actual requirements. This paper provides information and compares various blockchain consensus algorithms, classifies advancement based entirely on blockchain consensus, and highlights the benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of block chain in e-commerce optimizes every process of the e-commerce. It boosts the benefits to end customers, merchants, and suppliers. In this research paper, study is conducted to know how e-commerce process can be optimized by integrating with blockchain platform. Blockchain offers streamlined processes and seamless experience to its stakeholders. The use of hyper ledger keeps the record more authentic and secure. Blockchain upholds the value system like trust and loyalty. All participants have equal rights. Blockchain eliminates unnecessary processes and makes it much faster. Payment and refund will be faster, and counterfeit goods will be eliminated. The information stored in blockchain cannot be manipulated or deleted. The information provided by the merchant on the product description is highly authentic. Cryptocurrency removes the barriers of foreign exchange. The study also focuses on the challenges of implementing blockchain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid digitization of healthcare records has led to an increasing need for secure and efficient methods to store and retrieve Electronic Health Records (EHR). In this study, we address the critical aspect of ensuring data privacy during the retrieval of EHR from hospital databases. Encryption serves as a pivotal measure to safeguard sensitive health information. This paper explores the suitability of PRESENT-80, a lightweight encryption algorithm, for securing EHR within a blockchain environment. Through comparative analysis and simulation, we demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of PRESENT-80 in comparison to AES and DES, further advocating for its application in healthcare data security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things (IoT) includes a huge number of complex, diversified and heterogeneous devices that produce enormous data. To determine the complete history of data origin and to ensure that the data collected is trustworthy or not is quite challenging. Hence, it is desired that the data collected should be collated and analyzed in such a way so that actionable intelligence can be derived. This calls for device authorization & authentication and most importantly end-to-end provenance of data at all layers of IoT. Most of the traditional IoT solutions focus on centralized communication framework which is susceptible to single-point-of-failure. Amalgamation of blockchain technology into IoT supports decentralization, authentication, repudiation, immutability and end-to-end traceability. This paper starts with the explanation of IoT architecture, the need for data provenance and role of blockchain in IoT. Then, a deep understanding and analysis of blockchain-based existing schemes used for data provenance in IoT is covered. Finally, conceptual two-level hierarchical data provenance architecture for IoT using blockchain is presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smooth operation of construction material supply chain can promote the development of the construction industry since it is the fundamental composition of the national economy. This paper focuses on the material traceability of the whole chain of construction materials from raw materials, factory processing, dealer sales, logistics operation, construction site use to building maintenance, and the usage of information traceability characteristics in Blockchain to solve the credit problem in the process of building material chain. At the same time, understanding the use of the Smart Contract in the Blockchain to solve the contract credit problem between different parties in the material supply chain, and the Algorithm Stablecoin used in the process of circulation to protect the rights and interests of various parties. In general, this paper reviews previous cases that use the Blockchain Technology in the material supply chain to solve the problem which frequently occurred including the materials replaced during the process, the credit problem between different parties, and the contract execution risk between different parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI), Blockchain, and the Internet of Things are all new technologies impacting people's lives. These technologies can change how we communicate, run our businesses, and even how governments work for their people. Artificial intelligence has disrupted the way traditional marketing practices are conducted and changed how business processes are done. Organizations and governments increasingly turn to artificial intelligence (AI) to improve customer experience, operational efficiency, fraud detection, and cyber security. The revolutionary buzzword, artificial intelligence (AI), has transformed our personal and professional lives. Industry 4.0 considers AIadoption significant due to its potential benefits. Since its inception, it has presented several possibilities and difficulties to various businesses. As a result, several AI-powered technologies have been created, and they have the potential to raise significantly living standards while also boosting the economy. This paper has conducted a conducive study of the marketing tools and techniques that adopt AI while looking through the loopholes to suggest howAI can be adopted quickly into the day-to-day lives of the human race. Based on this, it has recommended a course of action for India that entails the development of infrastructure, policies and rules, research and development, and humanresources. It is necessary for all parties involved to gather and address these problems. Infrastructure development, applications in the public sector, policy & regulation, technological development, and human resource development are all key responsibilities of the government. However, with the assistance of business, they may be accomplished effectively. For this study, the authors have employed secondary data. Future empirical studies might be conducted to compare the development of artificial intelligence technology in India to that of other emerging nations. The study is based on secondary data to demonstrate the development of artificial intelligence technology in India and overseas. However, empirical research may be conducted in the future. The writers' original points of view are presented in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present era is witnessing rapid development in the smartphone revolution, where mobile users can access many required services through mobile applications. These services include healthcare, finance, learning, insurance, and the Internet of Things. Android has become the most popular smartphone operating system, and this rapidly increasing adoption of Android has led to a significant increase in the number of malware compared to previous years, resulting in issues related to the insecurity of mobile applications and the violation of their users' privacy. A large role in this mobile phone revolution has been played by the emergence of blockchain technology (BCT), which represents an effective way to develop applications, improve their security, and protect the privacy of their users. The aim of this paper is to design a system architecture for the software and provide a prototype that uses BCT at its core for the purpose of storing and sharing malicious data while also integrating a malicious detection technique. We employed the design science research approach to guide our project. Through this approach, we successfully integrated a malware detection technique with BCT in an Android application, resulting in a decentralized feature that enables peers to add and share malware data. Furthermore, we have developed an easy-to-use interface that allows users to interact with the blockchain in the Android application. This interface displays the results of the malware signature detection algorithm and enables users to take appropriate action if malware is detected. We have employed a design science methodology to develop a software framework, and open-source code meeting the tool's requirements has been provided. Finally, the proposed methodology has been evaluated against the existing methodologies and compared with the other techniques to demonstrate the effectiveness of the blockchain-based detection tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain has numerous benefits essential to supply chain such as having independent validity and authorization proofs of every transaction for more transparency, immutability, trust and expedited processing. Not leveraging this technology in the UAE cold food logistics does not allow for SMART operation and elimination of current waste. The aim of this research paper is to investigate the challenges faced in the UAE's cold food logistics field, identify the factors that contribute to forming those challenges and outline how blockchain technology-based 'intelligent' systems resolve inefficiency costs caused by delays, cancellations, double spending and disputes. Logistics service clientele and Logistical operators (domestic and global), academic and research scholars, information technology vendors and specialists, governments, regulatory bodies, customs, ports, custom clearance service providers, health, safety and quality professionals will directly benefit from this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a cutting-edge technology that enables virtual and physical objects to connect and communicate, resulting in new digitized services that enhance our quality of life. Despite its many advantages, the current centralized architecture of IoT poses various challenges such as single point of failure, security concerns, privacy issues, lack of transparency, and data integrity problems. These obstacles hinder the future progress of IoT applications. Moving the IoT to one of the decentralized technologies is the right solution to these issues. Blockchain is considered as the most common and popular decentralized technology. It is a new technology that operates with a decentralized, distributed, public, and real-time ledger to store transactions between IoT nodes. The main focus of this paper is on utilizing Blockchain technology for the IoT, specifically showcasing how different features of Blockchain can be utilized as a service in various IoT applications. The increasing penetration of Blockchain and IoT in various companies and industries primarily enables secure storage of large amounts of sensitive data, which can grow at a tremendous pace for the global IoT Blockchain market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's healthcare industry, data integrity is a chronic issue. It guarantees that the data is correct and has not been altered with in any way. Incorrect data might pose serious health risks for patients and place a major burden on practitioners, leading to issues such as fraud, misbehavior, insufficient treatment, and data theft. This research paper focuses on the evolution of data integrity breaches, a problem that has emerged in the aftermath of counter-arguments to current cyber-attack patterns. Data integrity breaches are perhaps a greater serious threat to the healthcare business than data theft, as they might allow attackers to change anything in the record. In all data integrity management strategies, it i s indicated that Blockchain is the most commonly used way for regular usage and adaption around the globe. This article will critically explore the issues provided by data integrity in the healthcare sector and will provide a Blockchain based solution to overcome this problem. As a contribution in research, we have proposed a layered framework that critically addresses the issue of data integrity in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity requirement for currently installed 3G and 4G technologies has been driven by increasing internet data traffic. Intensified research into 5th generation wireless communication networks is currently underway on a number of fronts. The development of 5G will usher in a new era of ubiquitous, high-capacity radio. 5G is the telecom industry's future. It is a cutting-edge technology that will provide limitless opportunities for growth. It serves as a road map for our country's future growth and socioeconomic development, with the goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2025. By 2026, India's 5G subscriptions will total 350 million, accounting for 27% of all mobile subscriptions. 5G will be a key driver of growth in every industry, including agriculture, manufacturing, healthcare, education, robotics, blockchain, and AI-powered drones. The global market for robotics alone is expected to reach $75.4 billion by 2026. As critical technologies such as AI, automation, and data capture continue to evolve at an exponential rate, the pace of change will be relentless. The current technical prospects are discussed in this paper. This paper examines the 5G communication network requirements and use cases, technological study areas, and projected problems for India, as well as the current technical prospects for 5G evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any democratic country, Voting is the root of democracy. It is the process that allows every single citizen to contribute to the democracy of the country. India is one of the countries with flawed democracy having a fair and free voting system in the elections. Worldwide countries, including India, are facing issues of security and transparency in the voting system. There are many opportunities due to technological advancements to make the voting system more powerful and trustworthy. Blockchain Technology is the latest advancement that offers a secure and temper-free system. This is the almost perfectly suitable option to provide privacy to voters and trust in any voting system in the current era. The main objective of this study is to find out the work done in blockchain technology in the field of electronic voting. In this paper, we have reviewed papers which are describing different systems for voting using blockchain. In the next step, we are able to find out the limitations identified from the review of the blockchain-based electronic voting system. In the final step, we can conclude about the role of blockchain technology in Electronic Voting. The review will be useful to understand the role of blockchain in improving the voting system worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the survey is to identify the challenges and issues that occur in IoT using IOTA. This paper uses the Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) method. The DLT is designed to reduce the security risks in IoT. In DLT, the blockchain (BC) platform has made the attention in IoT. However, computational cost with minimum scalability is not suitable for IoT. However, the IOTA technology in DLT has provided high scalability. The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in today's environment; it has some elements such as exchanging data and interconnecting each other with nodes. Previously there are several methods are used to identify the challenges and issues that occur in IoT using IOTA but does not provide sufficient accuracy. To overcome these issues in this paper, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) method is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Banking and Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI) sector in today's time is highly dependent on technology for various transactional activities. With increase in smart devices that enable customers to make payments or authorize transactions more conveniently, IoT seems to be a major enabler for these domains. IoT, paired with other latest technologies like blockchain, ML etc. has made the process of using smart devices more practical and secure over time for financial transactions. The objective of this paper is to understand the impact of IoT applications on Banking and Financial services by studying the applications cases, benefits, and future scope of IoT technology in the BFSI sector. The research paper is aimed towards helping academicians and practitioners to understand the current applications and benefits of IoT in the BFSI domain. The paper will include a study based on use cases of IoT in BFSI sector, providing insights about the impact it is making as a technology to the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the name suggests blockchains are a group of interconnected blocks that contain information. It is a distributed ledger which is open to everyone. It is a chain of data blocks that are sorted sequentially and kept in a decentralized manner across all of the blockchain's participating nodes. Once data is entered inside a blockchain, it becomes very difficult to change it. Every block has three important parameters namely hash data, block hash code and also the block hash code of the preceding block. Therefore, blockchain can be regarded as highly secured and safe. This secure technology can disrupt how business happens and how data is stored across several industries especially the finance sector. However, the impact of Blockchain goes way beyond Banking and finance industry. In the field of marketing, marketers constantly need access to a lot of consumer data to better position their products and create efficient products which match the requirements of the consumers. With data privacy becoming a global issue, several consumers are becoming vigilant while providing their information on the internet. Also, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the advertisers to detect fraud in advertising which is mainly related to inconsistent PPC (Pay Per Click), CPC (Cost Per Click), Impressions and clicks. Ad vendors using illicit methods to gain access to users' personal data for their own gain, in exchange for rewards, and similar scenarios are a serious threat, therefore blockchain was introduced into the digital advertising world to offer users ownership over their data Benefits from Blockchain Marketing Technology, n.d.-a). Several questions have been raised on the methods used by advertising platforms to detect invalid clicks. This research paper adopts a narrative literature review approach where in the use cases of Blockchain in marketing and advertising sector will be analyzed and put forward. This paper will be beneficial to academicians, marketer, advertisers, and all activities related to Marketing and advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the name suggests blockchains are a group of interconnected blocks that contain information. It is a distributed ledger which is open to everyone. It is a chain of data blocks that are sorted sequentially and kept in a decentralized manner across all of the blockchain's participating nodes. Once data is entered inside a blockchain, it becomes very difficult to change it. Every block has three important parameters namely hash data, block hash code and also the block hash code of the preceding block. Therefore, blockchain can be regarded as highly secured and safe. This secure technology can disrupt how business happens and how data is stored across several industries especially the finance sector. However, the impact of Blockchain goes way beyond Banking and finance industry. In the field of marketing, marketers constantly need access to a lot of consumer data to better position their products and create efficient products which match the requirements of the consumers. With data privacy becoming a global issue, several consumers are becoming vigilant while providing their information on the internet. Also, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the advertisers to detect fraud in advertising which is mainly related to inconsistent PPC (Pay Per Click), CPC (Cost Per Click), Impressions and clicks. Ad vendors using illicit methods to gain access to users' personal data for their own gain, in exchange for rewards, and similar scenarios are a serious threat, therefore blockchain was introduced into the digital advertising world to offer users ownership over their data Benefits from Blockchain Marketing Technology, n.d.-a). Several questions have been raised on the methods used by advertising platforms to detect invalid clicks. This research paper adopts a narrative literature review approach where in the use cases of Blockchain in marketing and advertising sector will be analyzed and put forward. This paper will be beneficial to academicians, marketer, advertisers, and all activities related to Marketing and advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Banking and Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI) sector in today's time is highly dependent on technology for various transactional activities. With increase in smart devices that enable customers to make payments or authorize transactions more conveniently, IoT seems to be a major enabler for these domains. IoT, paired with other latest technologies like blockchain, ML etc. has made the process of using smart devices more practical and secure over time for financial transactions. The objective of this paper is to understand the impact of IoT applications on Banking and Financial services by studying the applications cases, benefits, and future scope of IoT technology in the BFSI sector. The research paper is aimed towards helping academicians and practitioners to understand the current applications and benefits of IoT in the BFSI domain. The paper will include a study based on use cases of IoT in BFSI sector, providing insights about the impact it is making as a technology to the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Block chain is one of the burning research topics which is fully decentralized digital procedure for data exchange in a secure and protective way. There are other names of the same technology in published literature like Distributed Ledger Technology etc. One of its very popular applications is bitcoin. In this paper mainly the comprehensive overview of healthcare in Block chain Technology has been discussed in details which secure the important medical data in the field of health care. It also accelerates the up gradation of medical record management, information claim procedure and bio medical research. In this paper, at first we have drawn attention on fundamental concepts of Block Chain and elaborated some relevant works which used Blockchain as the main technology for ensuring security. We have mainly focused on the papers published in past three to four years so that we can understand the research progress in this field. At the last, we have filtered those papers to find out the work progress in the field of health care only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) has expanded internet connectivity to include not only computers and humans, but also the majority of our everyday things. Although the benefits of IoT are limitless, there are several challenges for implementing IoT in the real world for example centralization, scalability and security concerns that occur owing to the large numbers of networked objects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide a decentralized, secure and scalable environment to transform the path of IoT into it. One of the well-known example of the decentralized solutions is blockchain. Blockchain is a sophisticated technology that decentralizes management and computing processes, it can address a many of IoT challenges, including security. This paper proposes a consensus algorithm by distributing the Proof of Work (PoW) process among miners. Each node only discovers a PoW for their little fraction of the searching area, resulting in no two miners putting in the same amount of effort to solve a single block. Furthermore, the paper employs a decentralized Random Beacon (RB) to randomly select nodes to take part in the Block Notarization (BN) process. The algorithm tested by using different scenarios, with different the level of difficulty and number of miners. Results evaluations demonstrate the algorithm improved the scalability of PoW by up to 77.442%, 91.716% when the number of miners are 10, 20 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents methods for software licenses & patents issuance & validation using the peer-to-peer block chain technology and leveraging the properties of non-fungible token in order to state proof of ownership of the software licenses and patents. Further, the paper illustrates the implementation of different hashing algorithms to secure the confidential and non-public facing data associated with software licenses and patents and a mechanism to do validation of the ownership and authenticity of software licenses and patents on public block chain. By tokenization of these license and patent documents the intellectual property creators will have the capability to only reveal the data to the owners of their choice or whom they can trust to reveal the original data of these documents and can provide only ownership to the other holders of the non-fungible token. The paper will also illustrate brief comparisons between the gas requirements of different on-chain hashing algorithms and then using them while minting the non-fungible tokens for the licenses and patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the inception of bitcoin in 2009, cryptocurrency has expanded into the mainstream, sweeping the market and therefore bitcoin has evolved as the utmost efficient cryptocurrency. A digital currency secured by cryptography is called cryptocurrency. In the world, Bitcoin is the first digital coin to be built on the block chain technology. It is expected to replace the current paper currency as an alternative global currency in the near future. Bitcoins, in contrast to centralized digital currencies, are decentralized digital currencies that may be readily transmitted among each other without any middleman such as banks and monetary institutions. An exhaustive and extensive description of how this type of cryptocurrency is an intriguing area of privacy research communities is provided in this paper along with comprehensive review of various studies related to this research area. The paper also highlights about the merits of cryptocurrencies, such as their security, low transaction costs, and high investment returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a literature review on four state-of-the-art blockchain models in the healthcare domain. HealthCare System allows the patients to have the extensive access of the records, which helps the patient to store the records with the associated medical history. Patient Management System is powerful, easy and flexible way to store the records of the patients that can be further used by the hospitals to understand the patient's situation better. Moreover, it requires a very huge support from both the ends to improve the accuracy of the system. For such a crucial work, like to maintain the patient history coming from various data sources, different frameworks are used that allows the accuracy and the quality of the data to be maintained. It is difficult to rely on a single shared database to check the patient medical history, this issue requires an authentic and stable approach to store the data, where depending on a single database would be a complex task. Patient Management System is a system that completes the requirements of the patients who travel over various hospitals to get the better treatment. This paper compares various frameworks that resolves the issues of maintaining medical history and also the models that allows to store the data in a distributed way, as maintaining the patient records is a very crucial matter. Various technologies are also used to implement the models in a distributed and scalable way. To store the data in a distributed manner, block chain technology can be used because of its high scalability and secure nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain is an emerging technology that can provide innovative solutions for various complex real life problems. The Blockchain is essentially a ledger that effectively records as well as verifies every transaction which can easily be engineered to keep a record of practically everything with value. Blockchain is distributed that made it trust worthy as copies of the transactions are maintained at multiple nodes. All the copies cannot be modified by one intruder. This prompts to a dependable environment for money related transactions. It is among the efficient and highly transparent system that can have great value in the finance, supply chain management, real estate, healthcare, insurance, and other industries that are data-intensive. Blockchain can enhance the efficiency while collecting and storing the medical records. Evidence-based better care, quicker and more accurate diagnoses that result in better treatments at lower costs of care, avoiding needless investigations, powerful and predictive analytics to support individualized care, and improved health policy decisions based on better understanding are just a few advantages of collecting medical records. The research on the paper starts with the exploration of Blockchain technology for different industries in India. The research will further investigate the implications of Blockchain system in the health care sector and will propose the model for its effective implementation. The objective of the study was to understand the applications and benefits of Blockchain in healthcare sector especially in Indian context. The researchers and government bodies trusted the Blockchain that can act as solution to different healthcare challenges in context to Indian Healthcare system. The study will further focus on the key challenges in the implementation of Blockchain. This work also includes review of Blockchain implementation in the healthcare industry and the review of different white papers, reports and publications available in renowned electronic databases. Companies are already experimenting with Blockchain technology to improve the global supply chain's integrity, traceability, and transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IoT Playing Remarkable roll in today's world, Nowadays, most smart devices have many sensors such as temperature sensor, humidity sensor, heartbeat sensor etc., these smart devices to detect information about their surroundings through sensors, and act accordingly. Internet connection of such devices are called the Internet of Things. As IoT is implemented successfully in different fields around the world, number of IoT networks newly created increase. It opens up new research area. IoT involves integration of multiple technologies. Integration of these multiple technologies increase the IoT system complexity. For authentication purpose Central server structure was used. Integrating multiple technologies with not reliable interconnection network may leads to sharing false data with wrong authentication. Central server is used for Data processing, it will require increase in processing infrastructure requirement for large scale IoT. Centralized architecture also affected by the problem Single point of failure. In smart city application privacy of the participant and security of the user data are more important. So, in order to solve these issues, we need a solution which is decentralized, verifiable, and privacy preserving technology. Here the roll of blockchain will come. Blockchain technology use distributed node to node communication technique. Blockchain helps to exchange information between untrusted parties without the need of thrusted third party. So, by communicating the IoT data through Blockchain solves such problems. But heterogeneity of the IoT network and resource constrained environment of it make difficulty to integrating Blockchain with IoT. So, we need to develop a blockchain model which will work effectively in resource constrained environment. This paper proposed a Dew computing based IoT Blockchain integration method which use election-based consensus algorithm for improving performance in resource constrained IoT network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptocurrency is a cryptographic commodity designed to function as an exchanging medium, with cryptography used to encrypt transfers, monitor unit creation, and validate asset transfer. Each cryptocurrency is defined as either a digital currency or an alternative currency. In order not to run without central authorities or banks, Blockchain employs peer-to-peer technology; it jointly manages transfers and issues bitcoins via the web. Bitcoin is an open source; it has a public architecture; nobody holds or manages Bitcoin. Bitcoin unlocks exciting uses with many of its specific features that no prior payment mechanism could protect. In this paper, two cryptocurrencies are chosen and compared. The Tether and Ethereum given the recent technical advances in Tether and Ethereum blockchains, we have been examining scientific literature and relevant technology to see what technological developments can be created. Then we highlight the most interesting area based on the combination of these two technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology has been employed in several fields over the past few years. In addition, varied application prospects are still being explored. Blockchain depends on the conception of localized applications (DApps) and may implement them. This makes applications a lot of transparent, decentralized and flexible. The complexness and integration challenges of blockchain need experience that differs from ancient approaches to application development. inside this context, This paper presents our expertise in building a DApp with one amongst the foremost fashionable blockchain based platforms known as Ethereum. By definition, a blockchain may be a unceasingly growing chain of blocks, every of that contains a cryptological hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and its sent data. because of the existence of the cryptographic hash, the information hold on during a blockchain are inherently proof against modification: if one block of information is modified, all blocks later on ought to be regenerated with new hash values. This feature of changelessness is key to blockchain applications. Maintenance of peertopeer (P2P) ledgers for cryptocurrencies has become the primary killer application of blockchain. Thousands of crypto tokens or coins are launched on the open market once Bitcoin's market cap has fully grown significantly. However, because of the dearth of regulation and audit, several scammers, so"aircoins", have conjointly dishonored blockchain technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has surely made us realize that we can fall short of important equipment and drugs which do not reach people on time leading to deaths and tension. The reason for this is not only the lack of funds or raw materials but something even more disheartening. Even during these tough times, people have taken advantage of the situation where they keep and store important equipment like PPE kits, masks, sanitizers, etc. and start black marketing the same. This grave situation has occurred because of the lack of control, transparency, and traceability of the existing supply chain. Blockchain seems to be a good solution to this serious problem. Blockchain technology is used to store the data in a decentralized and immutable format keeping it private and safe from unintended users and tracking and tracing the products. This paper talks about the various use cases for healthcare workers and the various limitations of the existing blockchain framework for the forward supply chain. A framework is proposed that overcomes the limitations of the entire blockchain framework available and used for supply chain with its incentive mechanism which will help every participant in the chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blockchain is a distributed, time-stamped, tamper-proof, immutable maintenance of digital information by allowing it to transmit over a cluster of computers not owned by any single entity or trusted third party. After some time, it was realized that one of the innovations of Bitcoin is based on blockchain technology, which could be utilized for other purposes as well. An online E-voting system proposed in this paper uses blockchain technology for online elections in the world's largest democratic country India without relying on a trusted third party where every Indian voter can cast his vote anywhere outside of his/her allotted constituency or from his/her convenient location through smart devices. In this E-voting system, we will use the feature of blockchain technology-based cryptocurrency where each voter will be allocated a wallet with a maximum of one coin inside the wallet for an individual voter to cast a vote and cast vote will be saved in a blockchain network where each vote will be saved on blockchain nodes with distributed ledger technology where voter registration, candidate registration, result generation and votes counting will be done via election administrators with identity verification will be done by UIDAI (The Unique Identification Authority of India) Aadhar ID of each voter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology is used in various industries has gained significant traction due to its ability to enhance fairness, transparency, and security. The gambling industry is no exception, as blockchain gambling has become increasingly popular for its ability to provide players with a transparent and secure gambling experience. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to pre-storing the hash code of all cards using SHA-512 encryption, thereby enabling the prediction of future cards. Our approach faces the challenge of limited storage capacity, requiring up to 406,640 PB to store all the hash codes. However, we have performed simulations on reduced data to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach and to provide a proof of concept for collecting hash codes in a database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has developed as a highly infectious illness with vast numbers of outbreaks and casualties worldwide. The successful response to this pandemic is vital to the timely and reliable studies, as they help detect and mitigate pathogens (isolate and cure). This paper discusses this problem and contributes to it by implementing a blockchain-based approach involving self-sovereign identity (SSI) and shared storage like IPFS. Oursolution provides COVID-19 test-taker with wireless medical passports (DMP) and immune certificates. Smart contracts based on a Ethereum blockchain retains the unique digital identity for tested users who help the relevant medical authorities respond directly in a fast and trustworthy way. This solution will help significantly in contactless identification to reduce coronaspread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain is a peer to peer based network where only sender and a receiver are involved in a transaction and it removes the involvement of trusted third party so as to make itfast and cheap. The blockchain technology is expanding and pro-grassing day by day and incorporates a truly shinning future in the coming years. The transparency, trust and temper proof characteristics have led to numerous applications of it like bitc oin, ethereal etc. It may be a successful technology in making the business and organizational activities more secure, proficient and impressive. Although there are tremendous features of this technology but still the security is a big concern over it. In this paper we are going to discuss some major vulnerabilities and their possible solutions provided by the authors on blockchain technology and we will also propose a framework for software loopholeissue to save the network from any kind of pitfalls where it simply keep distanced the untrusted network with the nodes of the blockchain [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), mobile user stored their data in the remote cloud machine or storage without their personal control. Everyone, including big corporate entities, wants to take advantage of cloud computing without compromising their data security. Therefore, data security and privacy are the major challenges for the data owner and cloud service provider. The controlling of stored data is not in hands of the data owner but before storing data over cloud server storage, it should be properly encrypted so that any unauthorized user does not hack the data. Encryption is a process in which data are scrambled into unreadable contents, i.e. ciphertext with the help of strong encryption keys. And with the help of the same encrypting keys, data can be descrambler easily by the authorized user. The Encryption strength depends on a number of factors such as how keys are generated and which Key Management systems (KMS) are utilized, encryption algorithm implementation, use of hashing algorithm on stored data, and key size also mainly matter. Because of privacy concerns and various laws, the encrypting & decrypting keys can never be stored alongside data in the cloud storage. In this our proposed thesis paper we try to solve problems of data storage on cloud servers by fragmentation of all data into chunks and individual chunks get encrypted separately and using blockchain technology and its advanced security feature secure our uncontrolled data over cloud servers without 100 percent control of cloud service provider as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the fast development of facts and conversation technology, A tremendous increase in the number of online users has reactivated digital word concepts and spawned a new business phenomena known as cryptocurrencies to facilitate financial activities such as shopping, selling, and buying. ccryptocurrency is a web-based medium of trade which uses cryptographical features to conduct financial transactions. ccryptocurrencies leverage blockchain technology to benefit decentralization, transparency, and immutability. The use of virtual foreign money has come to be huge in lots of exclusive systems in latest years. This paper investigates users' confidence in interacting with cryptocurrency at a time when the use of such virtual currency is not entirely regulated. it identifies investors perspective, Government perspective, corporate perspective on cryptocurrency. it investigate State of cryptocurrency in India and global. And to identify which source is best for investing stock exchange or cryptocurrency. Aimed to study the challenges and uses of cryptocurrency in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data security on the basis of block chains is one among the most intensively researched fields in the recent age. Using blockchain platform, the security associated with the HIoT data may be improved. Nevertheless, various security measures for distinct services necessitate the use of keys in order to complete the procedure. To circumvent this restriction, this research paper presents a HIoT block chain platform that uses Ethereum block chain technology to assure data security. The suggested approach combines low-power HIoT devices with block chain to ensure that medical personnel have safe access to data. The data acquired from IoT devices is sent to an Ethereum node, while the user data is sent to the cloud. So that after the data access request has been received from the client, the user information can be validated using cloud data, and healthcare data may be accessed from the Ethereum node. Extra cryptography approaches are avoided, and data security is improved, thanks to the easy and quick process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of blockchain technology entering into human existence, which is a reinforcement of the cryptocurrency space, is both a concern and an opportunity. The main motivation underlying such an invention is conditional transparency and the unmatched ability to protect people against data destruction. The collecting drive of NFTs is profitable and also has sparked curiosity, with everyone vying for the first piece of the package, increasing the future Value of an NFT, as it is a very new topic about NFT using block-chain technology. It is something quite about a flurry of blockchain technological stories that leave us wondering. In this research paper, we explained the new emerging Non-Fungible Token (NFT), its uses, and implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certificates, diplomas, ever since their inception have been used as a measure of an individual's abilities and qualifications. Fake degrees or document frauds can have disastrous consequences, from short-term reputational damage to loss of trust in the educational industry. This paper presents a developed prototype that uses a hybrid proof-of-authority blockchain network to securely record curriculum vitae data and combat fake degrees or document frauds using QR Block CV. It is also developed following the agile SDLC to be a native Xamarin. Forms mobile application on the Ethereum platform that functions as an interface for users to interact with the blockchain network, sharing CVs via QR code, allowing for better accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gaming industry has been experiencing exponential growth throughout the recent years and is still continuing on this trajectory. Recent trends in the industry include streaming, virtual reality, and augmented reality. Besides traditional gaming companies that have been leading the industry for many years such as Activision Blizzard, Tencent, and Microsoft, blockchain-based game developers have surfaced the market throughout 2020/2021 and are beginning to show signs of disruption in the industry. Several areas that NFT games differentiate themselves from traditional games include the ability to earn monetary rewards by playing the game, true ownership of in-game assets, and an overall decentralized gaming model. This opens up many opportunities in the industry for both developers and gamers alike. However, traditional games still hold the majority of the market share today. Traditional games offer better quality gameplay and graphics, can be played across multiple consoles, while enjoying a high degree of centralization. Moving forward, the strategic decision that game developers need to consider is whether to embrace the NFT gaming model, maintain status quo, or to have some form of optimized hybrid model. This paper discusses the state of the industry as presently constructed and also how it has evolved throughout the decades. In addition, this paper critically examines the traditional gaming model and the NFT gaming model to understand the pros and cons of each model. Finally, the paper proposes a conceptual game theory framework to determine what gaming model should developers opt for in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain is regarded as an approach that can increase the level of trust in the networking environment since its recorded transaction details using cryptographic techniques that make it immutable. Apart from its cryptographic ability, consensus mechanism has made Blockchain to be the main alternative in achieving trust in the network, especially in future Internet architecture such as Named Data Networking (NDN). In NDN, everyone can publish any content and distribute it, including the contaminated content. The contaminated content will be stored in cache memory and contaminate the cache memory. Since NDN does not predefine any trust schema, any nodes can certify the data authority. In this context, this paper attempt to propose a new data authentication scheme using the Blockchain's Proof-of-Trust consensus mechanism. The Proof-of-Trust mechanism is based on a trust anchor that aggregate votes from consortium of nodes before authenticating, distributing and storing content in the cache memory. The use of Proof-of-Trust mechanism in NDN will be deliberated in this paper. This new authentication scheme is expected to solve the issues of contaminated cache memory as well as to provide a new alternative of data authentication in the future Internet environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the growth of blockchain technology accelerates, attention towards mass adoption among institutions and supply chains are following suit. Smart contracts represent a blockchain application that has the potential to enhance and transform many facets of a supply chain by eliminating intermediaries, more effective transactions, reducing costs, anti-tampering, transparency, etc. However, the application of smart contracts will be severely limited if it cannot access real - world, off-chain data. The blockchain technology is intentionally designed to prevent this to ensure security of the network. Therefore, blockchain oracles are utilized to connect the blockchain to off-chain data sources. Data sources such as IoT sensors or web APIs are often centralized entities that are relatively easy to attack in comparison to a blockchain network. Using such oracles in turn opens the blockchain to a single point of failure. This phenomenon is known as the oracle problem, erasing the benefits of adopting blockchain technology in the first place. Therefore, this problem needs to be addressed before mass adoption within supply chains can take place. This paper discusses this problem in detail and highlights several available blockchain projects that can address this issue. This paper also proposes several methods that supply chains can consider in addressing the oracle problem, including the use of interoperability solutions, decentralized oracle systems, or implementing a hybrid solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phrase "Fintech" (Financial Technology) refers to software and other cutting-edge technology utilized by companies that offer automated and enhanced financial services. It is a term used to describe a new technology designed to enhance and automate the provision of financial services. With 6,636 FinTech businesses, India has the highest rate of FinTech adoption internationally and is one of the fastest-growing Fintech industries. India has made significant progress in the area of digital payments, recording over 5.7 BN transactions each month in September of this year, amounting to about $2 TN (Total Digital Payments). India will surpass the combined total of the US, UK, and China in terms of real-time online transaction volume in 2020 with 25.5 Bn real-time payments transactions. This survey paper elaborates on different aspects of the Fintech sector in India, and various issues faced by many prominent fintech companies like unbanked population, regulation, technology integration, user experience, etc. It also describes technologies that underpin fintech business models, including blockchain technology, machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), Cloud computing, the Internet of Things, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The W3C typically describes web services as: "a piece of software that is designed to support machine-to-machine interoperability over a network. With the rapid expansion of functionally similar web services over the internet exposes a great challenge for users to identify the web service origin and integrity process. A traditional centralized web service registry drastically shifts the dynamic power of web services, by establishing a platform for service provider‟s to advertise their self-contained, self-reliable and self-governing data. Though, these centralized infrastructures do not offer easy way to explore available services for users in thenetwork, and also nor have the ability to verify their origin and history. The contribution of the paper is to address these challenges by leveraging the decentralized, immutable, tamper-proof Blockchain technology by establishing Blockchain service registry and execution via smart contract for secured semantic web service discovery. This allows users to explore the services in a network and also able to identify its service origin and integrity. Our first evaluation shows the promising results with this system paradigm in the field of web service provisioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]