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La professionalització dels intèrprets en l’àmbit jurídic està guanyant importància a Espanya a causa de les directives de la Unió Europea sobre els drets processals de persones sospitoses o acusades d’algun delicte. A això s’hi ha d’afegir la prolongada crisi humanitària, que ha sensibilitzat l’opinió pública sobre la qualitat de la interpretació proporcionada per diverses ONG i altres organismes que s’ocupen dels sol·licitants d’asil. Actualment, els proveïdors de serveis privats contracten els intèrprets en funció de les llengües que necessitin o que estiguin disponibles, sense exigir-los una formació específica. En aquest article, analitzem la qualitat percebuda dels serveis d’interpretació i el paper de l’intèrpret des de diverses perspectives, incloses les dels agents de les ONG (assessors jurídics, treballadors socials i psicòlegs) i els advocats que participen en aquesta mena de processos, seguint mètodes d’investigació descriptiva. A continuació, tractarem les diferents percepcions sobre la figura de l’intèrpret que tenen els diferents professionals que intervenen en el procediment de sol·licitud d’asil, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una imatge vàlida, basada en dades, de la interpretació en el context de la sol·licitud d’asil a Espanya. S’espera que aquesta informació serveixi per omplir el buit que existeix en el desenvolupament professional dels intèrprets com a part essencial dels processos d’asil i, el que és més important, com a garantia dels drets humans. També contribuirà a sensibilitzar els professionals que desenvolupen la seva feina amb l’ajuda d’intèrprets.

In the context of Judiciary or Forensic Linguistics, this paper shows the results of a study on rhotic consonants in prepausal position (in the spontaneous speech of central peninsular Spanish) in order to assess their forensic value for identifying speakers. The variables that have been analysed are the number of components and the acoustic features of the first and second components of the consonant, which correspond to the closure and opening phases, respectively. The results have shown some significant differences amongst speakers, which is why the rhotics are considered a useful segmental element in comparing speech samples on judiciary purposes

En aquest article intentarem determinar els motius que hi ha darrere de la baixa qualitat de la feina dels intèrprets judicials en el context dels processos penals als tribunals de Barcelona. A partir d’un corpus de judicis reals enregistrats, explorem quatre possibles factors que poden afectar l’actuació dels intèrprets: durada del judici, problemes de gestió de les converses, experiència dels intèrprets i tipus de delicte que es jutja. A més, també analitzem faltes de rendiment injustificades, que es consideren un indicador important de la ineficàcia. Les conclusions es comenten en el context de la competència lingüística de l’intèrpret, el seu paper en la interacció amb tots els participants i les normes establertes dels codis de conducta professionals. En aquest article se subratlla la necessitat de millorar la qualificació dels intèrprets, però també de conscienciar els membres del poder judicial espanyol sobre el paper dels intèrprets, amb l’objectiu de protegir els drets processals de les persones que no parlen ni entenen la llengua en què es du a terme el procediment.

The present paper focuses on the travel notes by Michel Vieuchange (1904-1930), a young Frenchman who decided to reach Smara, a holy Muslim city located in the middle of the desert, to describe it, and to draw a map. His notes are to be analysed through the prism of autobiogeography. The term used by Michel Collot means telling your life through the places that has affected you. In the case of Vieuchange’s notes the geographical descriptions intervene with the description of the personality of the traveler and form a whole. The paper shows that three cities, Tiznit, Tigilit and Smara, mark three stages of the travel and correspond to different aspects of Vieuchange’s personality.

This paper is made in continuation of the article of Fabrice Marsac, Witold Ucherek and Magdalena Dańko “De l’infinitive de perception dans la pratique traductologique” (Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 46/1, 2019); both papers fall within the framework of the bilateral Polonium program “On the translation of French perception structures into Polish” (n° PPN/BIL/2018/1/00181), implemented and financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA), the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) and the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESRI). In the present case, we intend to report on the content and progress of the part “multi-dimensional labelling” of this long-term French-Polish project. Therefore, we describe the formal encoding of structures, categories and functions of the items in the large multi-label corpus (French-Polish) we have been collecting since 2019.

In the Italian academic discourse research, Master’s degree theses used to be studied mainly from the perspective of linguistic competencies of their authors. However, strictly linguistic skills are not the only challenge for undergraduate, who must also convey intellectual content in appropriate discursive and rhetorical forms. The paper explores the patterns of a peculiar form of “collaborative writing”, i.e. the cooperation between the thesis supervisor and the student. Using the example of Master’s theses in linguistics, written in Italian as a foreign language, three basic didactic approaches are discussed in the paper. In the didactics of content the supervisors emphasize knowledge, i.e. linguistic concepts expected to be applied in a Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms, the supervisors focus on the linguistic code, that is, on grammatical and lexical correctness of the Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms of content the supervisors use regularities observed in academic discourse, such as genre and rhetorical structures, as valuable teaching resources likely to help students develop metacommunicative awareness.

This paper discusses two topics which are very popular nowadays among the academics dealing with foreign language teaching, namely: intercultural competence and pragmatic error. The author notes the fact that those two notions appear separately, because the starting points for discussing them are usually different fields of science. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that on one hand the two notions need to be treated uniformly, and on the other, that the pragmatic error should be included in error classifications which are references for both the authors of handbooks as well as people educating future teachers. For that purpose, the author defines intercultural competence, presents various approaches to error and its classification in teaching, and then explains what pragmatic error is and describes its linguistic characteristics.

Aquest article té per objecte presentar quina ha estat l’evolució de la normativa en matèria lingüística en el Parlament de les Illes Balears, i fer una breu descripció dels usos lingüístics institucionals, en un context de canvi en el paper i el tractament de la llengua catalana, pròpia de les Illes Balears, a causa de la recent aprovació, el mes de febrer de 2024, de l’anomenat Acord per al bilingüisme. En els usos lingüístics institucionals, hi podem diferenciar tres etapes, que es corresponen, pràcticament, amb les legislatures següents: l’etapa inicial, que comprèn la primera i la segona legislatures (des de la promulgació de l’Estatut d’autonomia de l’any 1983 fins a l’any 1991), l’etapa de consolidació de l’ús institucional de la llengua catalana (legislatures segona a desena, de l’any 1991 a l’any 2023) i l’etapa actual de l’onzena legislatura (a partir de febrer de 2024).

La intel·ligència artificial mou milions d’euros i ocupa una part important de les agendes polítiques i estratègiques dels governs. En aquest article reflexionem sobre aquest concepte difús i ho fem a través de tres entrevistes a tres persones que ocupen llocs rellevants en aquest àmbit, i que a més tenen en comú que són nascudes i formades a Catalunya. Amb elles hem parlat distesament dels orígens d’aquesta revolució tecnològica, del seu impacte sobre l’organització social i el mercat laboral, de les seves implicacions ètiques, de les tendències futures que es dibuixen i també sobre quin paper juguem els catalans en aquesta revolució. En la qüestió catalana hem volgut saber si les nostres universitats són capaces de generar el talent necessari, com impulsar estratègicament el teixit empresarial en aquesta àrea, quin paper ha de tenir l’administració i què hauria de passar perquè la intel·ligència artificial també parli en català. En aquestes converses, els nostres interlocutors ens han transmès la urgència i la necessitat de treballar en la definició d’estratègies concretes de país per tal de no quedar socialment i estructuralment enrere en el que sembla una revolució sense límits.

Writing is a complex activity. Consequently, the process of teaching and learning written composition, especially in second languages, is also complex. This research provides evidence, on the one hand, of the difficulties that learners face when writing, and, on the other, of the difficulties that teachers have when guiding their students. The challenge is thus to recognize the obstacles that arise during the writing process and to know how to bring out the strategies that are needed to overcome these obstacles. In this context, the paper presents some key ideas about teaching how to write from both a theoretical and a practical points of view, based on the experiences gained when training language teachers. The didactic device that is shown in this paper focuses on creating tasks in order to teach how to write and provides reflections for future teachers in the environment of the didactics of writing. In conclusion, the article argues that teachers and learners share the same goal when it comes to teaching and learning to write, and this assumption is an invitation to rethink the role of both agents in the face of this challenge.

The paper deals with Italian helping verbs (modal, aspectual, causative verbs) and light verbs which form complex predicates and with the rules that guide its use in Italian descriptive grammars published in Italy between 1953 and 2005. The author shows that those forms in both – traditional and contemporary Italian descriptive grammars are treated at the level of word classes whereas it could be more appropriate to discuss them as clause elements as they form complex predicates. In our opinion this way of describing such verbs is due to the tradition in Italy to focus on a form and not on function of an element. What is more, Italian grammarians tend to omit in Italian descriptive grammars noun predication and the role of semantic predicate (n pred.). The goal of the paper is to present the advantages of an integrated approach to helping verbs (modal, aspectual, causative verbs) and light verbs in modern Italian. The author emphasizes its importance for contemporary Italian FL syntax teaching

The aim of this paper is to address the issue of teaching politeness in textbooks dedicated to learners of Italian as a foreign language. It is assumed that in today’s ever-changing world, full of conflicts and challenges of various kinds, polite communication has become of increasing importance as it helps overcome differences between the participants of the act of communication and promote a peaceful coexistence. Politeness is a phenomenon particularly sensitive to the situational context: the forms considered appropriate vary according to the parameters such as place, channel, age or status of the interactants. Since the complexity of politeness and the variability of its exponents make it difficult to teach, the purpose of this research is to analyze if and how the current textbooks of Italian deal with this aspect of communicative competence. The paper examines which aspects of politeness are taught and with what methods. The analysis is based on the selected textbooks of Italian published in Italy and Poland, in order to compare their approaches.

The present paper is aimed to analyze how certain concepts of political identity are translated into poet-ics of identity in contemporary Spanish narrative. The analysis covers four novels published since 1998, written by Spanish authors and which achieved high rates of sales and positive critical recognition. The study was not limited to specific immigrant groups in order to reflect a variety of experiences and political positions represented in the texts. The paper is a study of the image and functions of immigrant characters in selected Spanish novels of the last three decades: Háblame, musa, de aquel varón (1998) by Dulce Chacón, Ventajas de viajar en tren (2000) by Antonio Orejudo, Cosmofobia (2007) by Lucía Etxebarria and En la orilla (2013) by Rafael Chirbes. Sociologists and psychologists indicate three main classes of negative attitudes towards immigrants (citizen insecurity, threat to cultural identity and competitiveness in obtaining resources). Within this context the article aims to determine to what extent the literary representations of immigrant characters constitute reproductions or transgressions of culturally prefabricated images of the Other and explores the different narrative and ideological functions these characters play. The paper also studies the presence of discourses that support social exclusion of immigrants and the means of subverting them.

The conjunction como si select usually in the subordinated adverbial clauses (modal, conditional and comparative) the tenses of the subjunctive mood cantara / cantase and hubiera / hubiese cantado. However in some papers is mentioned the possibility of the construction of como si with the tenses of indicative mood. This paper contains the analysis of the modal selection after como si and, particularly, the possible substitution of subjunctive by the indicative tenses. The analyses is realized on the ground of the corpus of Real Academia Española (CORPES XXI, CREA, CREA. Versión anotada).

The paper aims to present the potential, for foreign language students, of the exolingual interactions online in public and open forums. For the analysis of students’ commentaries, I apply the observation categories that were first elaborated for the analysis of posts published in press sites. I focus on narrative commentaries in which web users organize phenomena and events discussed in public discourse and try to give them their individual interpretation. I consider this kind of interaction on press sites as contrib-uting to the civic debates: I argue that they can be also integrated in observation categories used to describe and analyze exchanges between students discussing social issues in reference to foreign lan-guage media information. In the paper I present two kinds of commentaries: those written by native speakers in public forums and those written by FL students in response to public commentaries.

This paper focuses on interpreter-mediated interviews with victims, suspects and witnesses under the age of 18 who are vulnerable because of their age, native language and country of presence, with particular emphasis on how to provide the necessary information, support, and protection for this group. The paper reports on the results of the European project Cooperation in Interpreter-Mediated Questioning of Minors (CMIQ). As the name suggests, cooperation or teamwork amongst the stakeholders is of paramount importance in interpreter-mediated questioning of minors (ImQM). This contribution will focus on the semi-structured interviews conducted by the Belgian researchers with twelve Flemish children, boys and girls aged 5 to 17, of which 11 were hearing and 1 was deaf. Based on the outcomes of the twelve semi-structured interviews with minors, results point at specific perceptions of the interpreter reported by children: the interpreter seems to be the person they turn to when speaking and the person they trust most. Since ethical codes prescribe, amongst other things, neutrality and often even ‘invisibility’ of the interpreter, reflection on this topic is necessary. Based on the paramount importance of rapport-building with the child, this paper argues that the role of interpreters should be discussed certainly during a briefing, but also in interprofessional joint training. In this way, all stakeholders improve their knowledge of their respective professional roles in situations of ImQM, which further helps to tackle some contradictory expectations in regard to the role of the interpreter.

This monographic section of the Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law presents the findings of six critical perspectives on translation and interpreting policies and practices in modern societies that pose challenges for public institutions. Taking a critical and empirical stance, the papers provide data and reflections on how language access is critical to fulfilling fundamental rights and ensuring the ability of institutions to implement their mandates effectively. The introductory article reviews the role of public services in present-day multilingual societies and of translation and interpreting in relation to the policies governing language access. It goes on to review conflicting implicit theories of translation and interpreting by providing a brief discussion of the roles prescribed and described for translators and interpreters. Finally, it proceeds to present the papers, which are constructed around two axes: (a) an examination of practices capable of providing evidence for policy redesign and reform; and (b) a fundamental review of the role of public service interpreting and translation (PSIT) itself, conducted by means of comparative studies which examine the needs and perceptions of PSIT in various domains, and the challenges of training in the face of emerging realities.

This paper aims at examining the causes of the emergence of French subordinate Noun-Noun com-pounds. It is well known that the Noun-Noun pattern in French remains marginal compared to other lexicogenic processes, especially N-PREP-N or N-A, and it is supposed that its appearance as well as its progressive development took place during the last two centuries (19th-20th). The aim of this paper is to examine more in detail when and why French Noun-Noun structures emerge. As for the first question, empirical data from the Frantext corpus allow to hypothesize that both the type and the token frequency of French Noun-Noun compounds remain stable since the thirties of the nineteenth century until the end of the Second World War and that after this period, especially during the sixties, it begins to grow exponentially. Contrary to Arnaud’s estimate (2003, p. 141), no significant change in frequency or productivity was observed around the middle of the 19th century. As for the second question, the author claims that the emergence of subordinate N-N compounds was triggered by an increase in the productivity of the attributive N-N compounds, for which there is no competitive pattern in French. The theoretical rationale of this hypothesis is anchored in paradigmatic approaches to word formation, with specific reference to the formalization made according to the Construction Morphology framework (Booij, 2010).

Acronyms are lexical units that have been thoroughly explored in terms of their morphology or pronun-ciation. However, their semantic value has not been entirely determined yet. The present paper aims at investigating the manner in which a semantic value of an acronym, and particularly a difference between proper and common acronyms, influences techniques applied to translating them. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, on the basis of the cognitive theory of proper names, the authors have distinguished Polish and French acronyms being ergonyms as well as acronyms belong-ing to proper names and these designating item classification. The paper concerns the analysis of both Polish and French translations of ergonyms in foreign language press and French common acronyms in the Polish press. The performed analysis allows observing a tendency towards transferring acronyms-ergonyms that play the role of a rigid designator rather than full names in the target text. By contrast, the techniques of translating common acronyms differ, depending on whether they designate phenomena typical of the source culture or universal ones.

This paper points out the faults in the view that troubadour poetry developed expressing a new culture in medieval courts (fin’amor, ‘amour courtois’), as well as in the view that it developed expressing broadly religious issues (this of course does not mean that religious education and culture in many a troubadour is called into doubt). The new feature in comparison with ‘traditional’ sung poetry was the fact that performing songs and listening to them had become a social habit in aristocratic courts, so that singing could─in some instances─take on a public as well as a political meaning. Thus, the preservation and trasmission of poetic texts, and the interest in their authors as particular individuals, became important as never before, but this dates only from the time of Guilhem IX. The paper surveys some features in the poetry of early troubadours (Guilhem, Jaufre Rudel, Cercamon, Marcabru) and argues that before Bernart de Ventadorn there are only isolated statements of the so-called fin’amor poetics, which can be considered as fully developed only in Bernart’s works.

Aquest estudi ofereix una anàlisi detallada del llenguatge emprat en la cobertura de la pandèmia per The Guardian i El País, examinant la representació de les postures governamentals i la seva influència en la resposta dels ciutadans. S’investiga el paper d’aquests mitjans com a canals de comunicació governamental i el seu efecte en la percepció pública durant la crisi sanitària. A través d’una anàlisi rigorosa, confirmem la nostra hipòtesi que els governs del Regne Unit i Espanya van exercir una influència ambivalent sobre la població mitjançant l’ús estratègic d’un discurs manipulador. Aquest estudi es basa en la creació d’un corpus bilingüe i en l’ús d’anàlisi textual avançada per desentranyar les tàctiques de control i persuasió aplicades. Les troballes revelen una tendència cap a l’ús d’un lèxic carregat negativament i d’estratègies emocionals, així com l’ús de metàfores i argot tècnic per establir una asimetria informativa entre les autoritats i la ciutadania.

En aquest article analitzem la política lingüística en dos països que compten amb diverses llengües oficials, Suïssa i Sud-àfrica, i en els quals el paper de la llengua anglesa ha evolucionat respecte a les llengües "nacionals" locals des de la dècada de 1990. Ens centrem en la política lingüística com a manifestació de les lluites socials i, fent especial èmfasi en l’anglès, estudiem els documents polítics actuals en aquests dos contextos tan diferents. L’ús de la “neutralitat” com a lent analítica ens permet demostrar que la política lingüística va més enllà dels plans d’estudi i de la inclusió o exclusió de les llengües i, al seu lloc, neutralitza les idees socials que estan en consonància amb la concepció d’un futur “d’èxit” en una conjuntura sociohistòrica determinada. Per acabar, reflexionem sobre la neutralitat com a component de les ideologies lingüístiques, en virtut de les quals s’autoritzen llengües específiques per a objectius polítics contingents i canviants, cosa que té conseqüències com ara la inclusió en la política educativa o l’exclusió de la política educativa de determinades llengües i la distribució desigual del coneixement, els recursos i l’autoritat.

Aquest epíleg proposa un fil conductor dels discursos sobre llengua i neutralitat en els diversos contextos presentats en el recull d’articles. La idea bàsica és que les forces en joc en tots els casos transcendeixen l’àmbit de l’estat nació i responen directament o indirecta a la posició de l’anglès com a llengua hegemònica global. En la mesura en què la globalització afecta tots els àmbits de la vida social, les antigues grans forces colonials opten per polítiques de legitimació de les pròpies llengües i cultures en base a l’acció diplomàtica. Igualment, la implantació de fórmules d’ensenyament multilingüe a nivell intraestatal també es veu tensionada per la pressió de molts sectors perquè s’inverteixi en l’anglès. Proposo que l’ús dels termes neutre i neutralitat marquen, en aquest context, un canvi de paradigma respecte dels nacionalismes lingüístics moderns, ja que apareix la necessitat d’adoptar estratègies d’equidistància i valors universalitzants en contextos caracteritzats per la multilateralitat i fora de la sobirania nacional. També s’observa com les clivelles racials encara marquen significativament les estratègies de diplomàcia cultural, alhora que el discurs de la suposada neutralitat de l’anglès emmascara el seu paper substanciador de les pràctiques i ideologies neoliberals.

Aquest article estudia els efectes que les lleis de Carles III tingueren en la fisonomia institucional mallorquina, en la seva cultura i llengua catalanes. Alhora, examina el pes dels funcionaris, ambaixadors de la voluntat reial, en el reeiximent del projecte borbònic; el paper que aquests empleats públics, especialment el fiscal, exerciren en l’execució de les lleis borbòniques, i l’afectació sobre la llengua catalana, el seu ús i la seva consideració, a la Mallorca d’aquest període; així com la resposta, entre la desídia, la incúria i la resistència, que des de les institucions municipals i locals es donà a l’afany centralitzador. La pretensió última és aportar a la historiografia lingüística material de base inèdit que contribueixi a la revisió del paper de les nostres institucions locals al llarg d’aquest període tan intens per a la biografia catalana.

The objective of the paper is to propose a multi-perspective and multi-method research framework for legal translation by modelling key dimensions and factors applicable to legal translation. As a result of the ongoing expansion of Legal Translation Studies, the field is experiencing a methodological development, which extends our perspective on legal translation. The paper proposes four postulates for the multi-perspective framework for researching legal translation — namely, transdisciplinarity, multidimensionality, bidirectionality, and multimethodology. The multi-perspective research framework for legal translation embraces a continuum of four key dimensions of translation — the product itself, the context of production and reception, process and participants, modelled according to their dominant factors, components and related methods of research. The second part of the paper investigates, by way of illustration, how corpus methods interact with the above proposed multi-perspective framework. In the conclusions it is argued that research into legal translation may be expected to become increasingly larger in scale and more teamwork-based in order to bring in multiple perspectives on the object of study.

In this paper, a multi-perspectivist approach to translation-relevant comparative law is presented. The approach is conceptually oriented and joins three lenses with relevance for the study of meaning construction and development in the field of law: National cultural influences, influences from systemic-functional epistemic aspects, and influence from interpersonal knowledge communication. Focus in the article is upon the argumentative grounding of the three perspectives and upon possible methods with special relevance for the different lenses. In order to present the backdrop against which the approach is developed, the paper starts out with an overview of recent developments and suggestions in the field of comparative law, especially for the purposes of legal translation.

There are different formal structures which requests can be made with depending on the register used and the degree of courtesy. During the teaching process, these structures are introduced according to their recursiveness and difficulty, and not necessarily due to their courtesy. This can cause mismatches between the perception of requests in L2 and in L1. In this paper we intend to analyze if this is really the case, or if there are no differences in the perception of these structures in L1 and L2.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the Invited Inferencing Theory of Se-mantic Change in order to establish the semantic evolution of idioms with literal correlates, in particular somatisms or kinegrams. The methodology is applied to analyze the testimonies (until 1700) of Spanish somatism cerrar los ojos in a diachronic corpus of Spanish language (CORDE), so as to find out what inferences generated contextual meanings that conditioned its lexicalization as idiom, semanticizing sym-bolic meanings related to death, sleep, knowledge, irrationality, submission or trust.

The paper analyzes the stylistic variation of implosive /s/ in Guayaquil Spanish. The aim is to verify the sociolinguistic status of /s/-weakening according to Labov’s three-level hierarchy: linguistic indicators, markers, and stereotypes. It is argued that the aspired allophone [h], by representing a clear pattern of stylistic variation, can be qualified as a marker, and since it receives metalinguistic commentary from the speakers, it is also a stereotype in the Guayaquil speech community. The analysis contains a quantitative study of /s/ variation on a corpus of radio speech (CHARG) and a qualitative confrontation of the results with responses gathered in a language attitudes survey.

U.S. involvement in both theatres of WWII, i.e., in Europe and in the Pacific, has been widely reflected in literature, film, music, and art. This paper investigates the way American intervention in the Pacific is showcased in Terrence Malick’s film The Thin Red Line (1998) and the miniseries The Pacific (2010), directed by, among others, Jeremy Podeswa, and produced by, among others, Tom Hanks. I seek to analyze the aesthetics and ethics of U.S. war in the Pacific that these two media project. Do the chosen examples justify American intervention? How was the war in the Pacific different from that one in Europe? Were U.S. soldiers ready to fight in the Pacific? How did the war influence its participants? These are some of the questions the paper will meditate upon in large detail.

Through the analysis of the incunable and postincunable editions of Plautus’ comedies, this paper establishes that Francisco López de Villalobos uses a 1497 Italian edition (even a 1495 one) as source text for his translation of Amphitruo. This paper also sustains that Villalobos translated Amphitruo into Spanish –at least an initial version of it– in Salamanca before August 1498. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis of Villalobos’ glosses, by his translation of verses (attributed to Italian humanist Ermolao Barbaro) that Villalobos inserted in the abovementioned edition Amphitruo, and by several characteristic features of the life and work of the Zamoran doctor. Therefore, the first translation into Spanish of a comedy by Plautus coincides in time and space with the production of the first printed version of La Celestina.

In the northwest of Cáceres there is a Romance variety with controverted affiliation. The recent book of Costas (2013) gathers several works that defend a Galician origin, explained by medieval processes of repopulation. One section contains a selection of words that have acquired a meaning in that variety; this list could be used as an evidence of the special character of this language with respect to its neighbours and to point out its distance from Portuguese. Nevertheless, this paper proposes a contrastive analysis between those words and Castilian and Portuguese dialectal materials that reveals that the situation is far from Costas’ description. In fact, almost half of the meanings that were presented as specificities of the fala are well documented in dialectal Portuguese. This paper aims to claim the need to consider dialectal materials produced close to the Valley of the Ellas, since they are essential to reach rigorous conclusions about the origin of the fala.

The basic intenet of this paper is that the song by Arnaut Daniel under discussion is an ironic and polemic, or perhaps a sarcastic and polemic hymn to the masochism of fin’amor of the hard and fast kind, the kind that involves impossible love leading to endless suffering caused by constant, insatiable desire for satisfaction. Bearing this in mind, the paper argues that up to the end of the sixth cobla, the lyric voice is both masochistic lover, a dedicated follower of fin’amor, and disillusioned censurer of this form of love, which borders on pathological deviance and mania: thus, at the same time it is both the patient and the illness’s conscience.

This paper proposes a contextualization of the didactic comic book Aguinha!! De Cabo Verde às Canári-as... e vice-versa. The comic book in question emerged as part of the institutional project financed by European funds, but at the plot level it hides any explicit affinities with Europe. For this reason, we chose to analyze the contents of the book in the transinsular order and to draw both on the concept of environ-mental education and on border thinking. It is also proposed to frame this comic book as a complementary, non-autonomous didactic material

This paper presents an analysis of mythopoeic elements in three novels by Mia Couto. Starting from Mircea Eliade’s definition of myth, we look for elements of the Living Cosmos with its axis mundi, centre and periphery, chaos and harmony and quest in the novels. Such structure of the analysis allows us to consider the cultural colonization and decolonization of contemporary Mozambique. We conclude that the analysis of the mythopoetic schema in Mia Couto’s novels demonstrates a crisis of cultural harmony in the contemporary Mozambican state and nation. On the other hand, however, the mythopoetic reveals a horizon of cultural and traditional models of persistence that save not only from chaos but above all from the dehumanization of society.

Interactions between citizens and the public administration are increasingly taking place by electronic means, often referred to as e-government. In Spain, these interactions mostly have to be monolingual, in Spanish, in the case of the central administration, but may be bilingual or even multilingual in autonomous communities that have their own official language. In this paper, we intend to show how state-of-the-art oral and written linguistic technologies for Spain’s coofficial languages could allow speakers of these languages to use them in many of their administrative relations with any Spanish public agency, thereby facilitating the conversion of Spain’s mostly monolingual administration into a multilingual one, enhancing digital language equality and guaranteeing the linguistic rights of speakers of minoritised languages. We will present an overview of the most promising language technologies in terms of their relevance from the point of view of multilingual communication between citizens and the administration. We will also review the existing technologies for Spain’s co-official languages, and present some ideas on how these could be integrated towards the multilingual transformation of Spanish public administrations without neglecting some of the attendant ethical and legal issues. The present work is intended to serve as an introductory and accessible overview for legislators, administrators, or any other person interested in the potential of language technologies to assist in developing a multilingual public administration.

Catalonia has developed a model of schooling in which Catalan is the medium of instruction and both Catalan and Spanish are compulsory subjects. In 2020, the Superior Court of Justice of Catalonia ruled that at least 25% of teaching must be delivered in Spanish in all schools in Catalonia, raising the issue of whether this obligation conforms to the undertakings chosen by that Spain under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. To clarify, we first need to answer the following question: what does “education in a regional or minority language” mean? This paper provides an answer to this question based on the interpretation of the Committee of Experts of the Charter, and addresses two side issues: whether education in a regional or minority language can be compulsory for all pupils, and under what scenarios would it be legitimate to enforce the use of the State’s official language in schools where a regional or minority language (RML) is the medium of instruction. A conclusion is reached that may offer guidance for future discussion on the role of the State’s official language(s) in RML-medium schools.

This paper discusses the stages of the translation process and their ideological features. Teaching transla-tion, which includes an explanation and a simulation of the whole process, is supposed to acquire a new ideological dimension since it takes place in the classroom. The translation process is defined as a series of negotiations and decisions made by several “ideological subjects” involved in carrying out a particular translation service. The simulation of this processis suggested as a didactic method of teaching translation and indicated as a useful introduction into the market of professional translation. The study emphasizes a more active performance of students in learning translation. It also includes some didactic recommendations and explanations of the ideological burden always present in the practice of transla-tion. The paper is mainly based on the Manipulation School approach in Translation Studies.

This paper aims to investigate the Classical proverbs listed as equivalents to the Catalan proverb L’amic, prova’l primer ans que l’hages menesterby Sebastià Farnés in his volume entitled Paremiologia catalana comparada. In this paper, I will establish these Classical proverbs’ sources, consider their authenticity and correspondence withthis Catalan proverb, and increase the number of Classical sources, since this Catalan proverb bears witness to its Classical tradition and is related to philosophical and literary passages that can be considered as previous manifestations of this tradition. These Greek and Latin passages are compiled and compared so as to determine the different ways in which the idea included in this Catalan proverb was expressed over time. The conclusion is that the consideration about friendship presented by this proverb is embedded into a long textual/ideological tradition whichultimately refers to the sage Solon, the poet Theognis and the philosopher Theofrast, although there may be connections with the Judeo-Christian tradition as well.

The main theme of this paper is the examination of the judgments of Italian and Spanish Constitutional Courts on minority language legislation to show how they had paramount importance to develop legislation in this sector. The paper is two-hold: the first part of the paper deals with Italian Legislation and Italian Constitutional Court judgments regarding the protection of minority languages. Then the paper narrows down its focus onto Italian Constitutional Court judgment n. 159 of 2009. The second part of the paper looks to Spanish Constitutional Court judgments regarding the Autonomous Communities legislation on minority languages. The paper then concludes that Constitution and Constitutional Court judgments have a significant influence in the development of legislation regarding the protection of minority languages.

The aim of this paper is to present a first dialectometric approach to the geolinguistic distribution of the Romance varieties using a new corpus based on the Atlas Linguistique Roman (ALiR) which is currently being developed at the Centro Ramón Piñeiro para a Investigación en Humanidades. However, the dialectometrization of ALiRwill allow us not only to analyze the linguistic distance among the varieties of Romania Antiqua, but also to shed light from a quantitative perspective on several issues that have historically raised controversy. Specifically, this paper deals with the Romance subgrouping of the Catalan language, an issue that has been recently reopened by Radatz (2012).

The studies on Polish francophone literature put an emphasis on a selected group of authors (Potocki, Mickiewicz, Krasiński) and on some literary genres (diary and travelogue). The aim of this paper is to study the work of a lesser-known feminine writer, Anna Nakwaska, member of cosmopolitan literary milieu and author of several short stories and novels, written in French. Applying selected concepts of spatial literary studies, the first part of the article proposes to perceive the publishing strategies of Nakwaska as a tool for introducing Polish feminine literature in a broader European context. In the second place, the study of some Nakwaska’s short stories show her interest for a literary presentation of several geographical problems, including demography (put in the context of antisemitism) and regional ecology. The use of Polish toponymy brings a foreignization of the francophone fiction.

In our paper we show how Black writers (those of Africa and those of the Black diaspora in Europe and America) have contributed to the intellectual work centered on the idea of Africanity. We explain to what extent literature, as one of the domains of culture, reflects different visions of Africa, as formulated in the discourse of the World Congresses of Black Writers and Artists (Paris, 1956 and Rome, 1959). With refer-ence to the official texts presented or elaborated during these events, we expose in which way literature is involved in the decolonial remapping of the geocultural place of Africa and in the remodeling of the postco-lonial literary geography while pointing out the precursory or heralding character of certain postulates whose echoes will be heard during the festivals of negro and pan-African art of the 1960s and whose relevance is also confirmed nowadays.

The paper is an attempt at showing how the mentions and quotations of contemporary geographic dis-courses inserted in the Balzacian texts and paratexts are there to outline the features of a new novelistic æsthetic. We will start from the following observation: the Balzacian novel and its encyclopedic ambi-tion are contemporaneous with the first attempts of some geographers to found a unified science from a diversified set of knowledges and practices. Therefore, modern geography may appear as an adversary of Balzac’s own ambition of totalization and we will show that geographic discourse, rather than being a model for him as other scientific discourses are, is distorted in his novels, deprived of its epistemological value and reduced to a science without knowledge.

The first part of this paper illustrates the project for a critical edition of Guiraut Riquier’s libre, which intends to follow the chronological order of the poems as indicated by the poet in the rubrics present in the two manuscripts (C and R) which transmit the texts. It will also consider the position that should be occupied in the edition by the group of tensos copied in R alone, but in a different part of the manuscript and without rubrics naming the author. The second part of the paper moves on to the texts themselves and will discuss the meaning of the connection set up by Riquier-Alfonso between inventores and trobador ("Declaratio", vv.136-137), suggesting that the research should examine the classical tradition of rhetorical inventio, and give particular emphasis to Brunetto Latini’s translation of the term as trouvemens (Tresor (III, 11), trovamento in the Italian translation.

The paper proposes a new critical edition, followed by a comment, of "Lo joi comens’en un bel mes", the text by Arnaut de Tintinhac with the widest manuscript tradition. The vers, which can be dated to the middle of the 12th century, consists in a broad reflection on fin’amor, presented as a discipline leading to individual refinement requiring of the lover the right behaviour and the ability to understand correctly. The paper presents a close reading of "Lo joi comensa", in which the methods of literary investigation as well as critical edition are brought into play. The poem’s manuscript tradition is quite corrupt: the vers is complete in only four manuscripts (CERc), which nonetheless offer two different stanza orders and a large amount of indifferent variants. The new edition is based on the western tradition represented by CER, but systematically confronts this with the text transmitted by the c-DaIK group.

Conforme a Teoria da Língua em Ato (CRESTI, 2000a), que fundamenta este artigo, a sintaxe no estudo da fala espontânea necessita ser estudada considerando a dimensão da articulação informacional, e, portanto, de forma diferente de como é tradicionalmente feita a análise sintática da escrita. Com o objetivo geral de aprofundar o estudo da sintaxe da fala e com base em corpora especificamente construídos para uma adequada análise desta diamesia, é aqui apresentado o primeiro mapeamento das orações completivas no corpus de fala de português brasileiro C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), a fim de comparar esta primeira análise quantitativa com os dados disponíveis extraídos do corpus C-ORAL-ROM (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005) para fala de italiano. A análise qualitativa das orações completivas nas duas línguas, conduzida sobre dois subcorpora do C-ORAL-BRASIL e do C-ORAL-ROM anotados informacionalmente, é apresentada em seguida. According to Language into Act Theory (CRESTI, 2000a), on which this paper is founded, the syntax of spontaneous speech can’t be analyzed without taking into account the informational patterning dimension. Its analysis, therefore, must be different from the traditional one applied to written language. With the general aim of examining in depth spontaneous speech syntax and on the basis of adequate spontaneous speech corpora, this paper shows the first mapping of completive clauses in spoken Brazilian Portuguese corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), in order to make a quantitative analysis comparable with available data from spoken Italian C-ORAL-ROM corpus (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005). The qualitative analysis of completive clauses in both spoken languages is then presented, conducted on two sub-corpora of C-ORAL-BRASIL and Italian C-ORAL-ROM presenting informational patterning annotation.

This paper presents the role a specialised corpus can play in the ontoterminological modelling (Roche 2007b) of the balance of payments (IMF, 2009). It presents the domain of the balance of payments and the characteristics of a corpus of texts produced in English, in French and in German by thirteen central banks and statistics offices, which will be used for terminological work. The analysis leads to a typology of the texts grouped in the corpus. Far from only providing examples for knowledge collected from experts, this corpus will be analysed from the very stage of elaborating the concept system.