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The article discusses the introduction of near-field imaging to electron microscopy to develop real-time movies of nanometre-sized structures by Ahmed Zewail and his colleagues at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. The dubbed photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM) technique has the ability to alter the way scientists examine the nanoworld. Zewail mentions how his team work hard to discover fields of electrons within the nanostructures.

The article discusses the study of the flood's dynamics with the use of new formulations based on how rivers change landscapes through incision as modelled by Daniel Garcia-Castellanos and his colleagues in Barcelona, Spain. It mentions the influence of the underlying tectonic process that keeps water in place. It highlights the land bridge between Europe and Africa and the Mediterranean Sea.

The article reports on the study which aims to understand and examine the scope of RNA functions. It mentions that researchers Ronald Breaker and Zasha Weinberg have identified a class of non-coding RNA known as riboswitches which help cells to respond to the changing environmental condition through binding metabolites. It affirms that they modify their work and work on the research using tools being applied to the extensive genome databases to have an in-depth information on RNA's function.

The article reports on the significance of protein RANKL against osteoporosis. Josef Penninger, founding scientific director of the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, states that protein RANKL became a target for treatments against osteoporosis because it is a key regulator of bone physiology. In addition, it reduces bone fractures in postmenopausal women and in men with prostate cancer and serves as a key regulator of body temperature.

The article focuses on a study conducted by Samar Khatiwala and colleagues at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University in Palisades, New York, regarding the ocean carbon problems. They further measure the amount of carbon from carbon dioxide and the amount that came from human activity. Through the used of advection-diffusion equations, they found out that Southern Ocean absorbs larger amount of emissions, with approximately 40% of the total emission.

The article details an interview with Richard Mathies, author of a research investigating the structural changes in green fluorescent protein (GFP). He provides information about their research. By using Raman spectroscopy, Mathies also discusses how they materialized the first step of the study in visual process.

The article focuses on the discovery of David Weitz at his physics laboratory in Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachussetts that soft colloidal particles can be used to form glass. The discovery was made through a study along with postdoc Johan Mattsson and Zhibing Hu of University of North Texas in which they used colloids of different softness mixed at different temperatures and concentrations. Results show that softer particles approached the glass state more gradually than stiffer ones.

The article discusses the study of Ulli Eichman and colleagues of Max Born Institute in Berlin, Germany on the acceleration of neutral atoms using a strong laser pulse. It notes that Eichman and colleagues have used helium atoms in their experiment because of its atomic featherweight that can easily be push around with strong forces, and reveals that it has survived the strong laser. It mentions that its survival was because of the ability of helium's electron to oscillate near its ionic core.

The article focuses on the findings of the study conducted by Catherine Peichel and colleagues on genes underlying behavioural evolution in a population of sticklebacks in Japan. They found in their DNA testing that male fish that showed aggressive bumping had inherited a piece of chromosome 9. After five-year plus of work, the team found genetic evidence that a stickleback population in the Japan Sea has a new sex chromosome that explains the aggressive mating behavior of its males.

The article focuses on a study conducted by researchers led by Steven Bramwell of the University College London and Sean Giblin of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in London, England regarding the physical evidence for currents of magnetic monopoles. Bramwell states that the pairwise magnetic interactions between spinning atoms in spin ices stays disordered down to absolute zero. Giblin adds that a muon can be incredibly sensitive to local magnetic fields.

The article reports on the result of the study of Jay Neitz and Maureen Neitz on the monkeys who suffered colour blindness. Accordingly, the couple along with their colleagues have conducted an experiment with the monkeys-Dalton and Sam that are colour-blind since birth. It cites the transmission of the long-wavelength (L) opsin gene inside the eye and after a month it shows progress. Also cited is that the experiment offers hopes in treating colour blindness in human.

The article reports on the findings of the study about the function of crystalline molecular flask conducted by a team of researchers Makoto Fujita and his colleagues at the University of Tokyo in Tokyo, Japan. The researchers discovered a solution to the difficulty in catching a glimpse of the three-dimensional structures of the molecules' chemical reactions. The researchers made the solution by trapping the reagents in crystalline molecular flasks.

The article reports on the development of the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) consortium to assess the controversial hypothesis on carbon isotopes in ice cores. It states that the consortium headed by Thomas Stocker of the Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research at the University of Bern, Switzerland will construct a historical record of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The study suggests that the hypothesis on carbon dioxide level can be rejected.

The article offers information on the factors that influence the formation of the atmospheric aerosols. The author states that the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with hydroxyl radicals (OH) and ozone (O3) contributes to the formation of aerosol particles. Moreover, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, an atmospheric chemist, with physicist Jürgen Wildt demonstrate the ability of isoprene to form aerosols.

The article discusses the development of a new synthesis that increases the performance of MFI, a zeolite. Researchers have done it through reducing the thickness of the zeolite crystal, thereby decreasing the lengths of the diffusion paths. They used a surfactant containing a quaternary ammonium group at one end to direct the synthesis of MFI. They found that when the zeolite was used to transform methanol into gasoline, the catalytic longevity has greatly increased.

The article discusses the unidentified factors that caused the nitrogen (N)[2]) loss in the oceans. According to oceanographers it was virtually caused by denitrification, while investigators in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark have revealed an additional biochemical called ammonia oxidation or anammox that produces N[2] in ocean waters. Meanwhile, Europeans showed that annamox in the absence of denitrification, accounted for most N[2] generation.

The article presents the findings of the study by Mikhail Noginov of Norfolk State University in Virginia and his colleagues which examines whether nanoparticles might serve as nanometer-scale resonators working at visible wavelengths. The researchers use visible light to excite free electrons in hybrid nanoparticles and found that the vibrating electrons form oscillations called surface plasmons can support stimulated emission.

The article focuses on Motoyuki Ashikari, and the efforts of his team during years of field work in rice paddies to explain how some varieties of rice manage to keep their leaves above water in flooded fields. It narrates the processes taken by Ashikari and his team for their study such as producing thousands of crosses of deepwater and non-deepwater rice to determine the genes responsible for such characteristic. It notes that Ashikari named the responsible genes SNORKEL1 and SNORKEL2.

The article focuses on the theory for packing the classic three-dimensional solids. It cites the effort of Salvatore Torquato, a theoretical physicist at Princeton University in New Jersey, who made an analogous hypothesis regarding the possibility of compactly packing two of the classic Platonic and Archimedean solids. He considered packing congruent tetrahedra in three-dimensional space with a density of 72%. Further details on the results and speculations of the research is offered.

The article focuses on the conclusion of geochemist Paul Knauth and geologist Martin Kennedy that spread of photosynthetic organisms and rise in atmospheric oxygen contribute to Cambrian explosion. It notes that Knauth and Kennedy joined efforts in examining rocks and studying published records of carbon-isotope to provide a clear view of carbon-isotope variations. Knauth reveals his confidence in their conclusion and asserts it as one among the most beautiful in isotope geochemistry.

The article presents an analysis of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cassini mission's collected data about the planet Saturn determining its rotation which Peter Read, a physicist at the University of Oxford, Great Britain, has set it to be 10 hours, 34 minutes and 13 seconds. Read and the Cassini team, using the three- dimensional atmospheric maps, end up with Saturn's rotation period which is 5 minutes more than the magnetic field teams has calculated.

The article reports on the move of geologist Taylor Perron and his colleagues Jim Kirchner and Bill Dietrich at University of California, Berkeley, to examine how erosional processes create uniform patterns of landscapes. They compare a computational model with precise measurements of various landscapes. Moreover, it reveals that having developed a computational model that accurately predicts the natural patterns in landscapes, geologists can learn how factors have shaped Earth's topography.

The article presents a study which identified a variation in a baboon gene that is associated with susceptibility to a malaria-like pathogen. Researchers examine the susceptibility of baboons to infection with blood parasite Hepatocystis kochi which is related to Plasmodium parasite. Researchers discovered that infection rates varied substantially between individuals and they found out that a change of one nucleotide in a gene called FY gene is known to confer protection against malaria.

The article discusses how student Neil Ganem from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts conducted his study aimed at dividing cancer cells successfully. Ganem used a microscope equipped with an incubator and watched thousands of cancer cells grow and divide. He then examined cells with multiple poles and follow the fate their daughter cells, which he said to get motion-sickness in the process. Ganem also investigated whether extra centrosomes contribute to cells' instability.

The article reports on the breakthrough in stem cell research in Japan in 2006 and the efforts of various scientists worldwide in testing the cells in 2009. According to the Japanese research, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were produced when mouse skin cells return to an embryonic cell through manipulation. It cites that scientist Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte and his colleagues in California, has successfully generated iPS cells from skin cells of a patient with Fanconi anaemia.

The article investigates the implication of ancient rock traces on the Earth's early evolution. Geochemist Dewashish Upadhyay at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India found that the rocks he examined have different geochemical properties that can be associated to the early formation of the Earth. The rocks contain chemicals that represents several events including the formation of Earth's crust and mantle.

The article reports on the research project related to climate change in Greenland conducted by researchers Ian Harding and James Eldrett. In their study, they were able to gather evidences which are useful in constructing the climatic conditions during the Eocene-Oligocene transition in Greenland. They admit the research allows them to capitalize on the pollen fossil record to track changes in vegetation and even climate changes.

The article reports on the resignation of Bambang Parmanto, the editor-in-chief of "The Open Information Science Journal" in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It notes that the Parmanto claimed the its publisher Bentham Science Publishing received a fake article without his knowledge. Mahmood Alam, director of publications at Bentham Science Publishing emphasizes the conviction of submitting fake manuscripts because of its being unethical.

The article profiles Phil Baran, a researcher and author for the journal "Nature Chemical Biology." It states the Baran is also an organic chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. According to the article, since he was called up to work on the review of the terpenes, he agreed to do the task and developed his knowledge in terpene field. Further information on the researches of Baran related to chemical synthesis is presented.

The article focuses on the protein evolution study conducted by researchers Nobuhiko Tokuriki and Dan Tawfik at the Weismann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. It mentions about the work of Brian Shoichet and his colleagues which gave idea on Tawfik about chaperone proteins and states that Tokuriki joined into the laboratory just as the idea is taking shape. It offers information on their work in testing the ability GroEL/GroES chaperone protein in directed evolution.

The article discusses the environmental and genetic roots of songbird melodies. Male birds teach their offspring to sing similarly to the way in which humans teach their children to speak. Topics include research by scientist Olga Fehér who studied what happens when a young zebra finch is not tutored by its parent and details regarding the experimental methods she used in determining if an individual's genes and environment have an impact on its ability to produce a species-specific song.

The article discusses postage stamps that have been issued by Britain’s Royal Mail throughout the years and examines the latest set, which commemorates the founding of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, England. This set belongs to the Action for Species series, which depicts threatened species in Great Britain. Other sets of stamps have featured evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin and England’s Queen Elizabeth II.

The article profiles astronomer and post-doctoral student Joris De Ridder and his research of sound waves emitted from red giant stars. De Ridder and his research team use asteroseismology to measure variations in star brightness that reveal information about a star's makeup and age. The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Agency has asked De Ridder to lead a red giant observation project using the Kepler telescope.

The article discusses research of autism and social development being led by clinical psychologist Ami Klin. It describes experimentation using lights and sound to mimic human movements and assess the responses of children to social interaction. Autistic children were found to be more attentive when sound was synchronized with light motion. Planned supplemental research is noted.

The article discusses research conducted by Hendrikje Nienborg and Bruce Cumming of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland on ways in which the brain favors certain interpretations of sensory input over others. Signals from sensory organs activate sensory neurons, yet data analysis proved that these neurons do not have a direct effect on decision-making.

The article discusses scientific investigations of the concept that biological evolution can affect ecology. Research on the freshwater threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by biologist Luke Harmon is highlighted. He concludes that the feeding habits of two subspecies it evolved into influence the size of dissolved organic carbon matter found in each one's ecosystem.

The article discusses the discovery of a fossil within Canada's Devon Island that provides a link in the evolution of pinniped ancestry. It was discovered by undergraduate researcher Elizabeth Ross while traveling with a palaeontology filed crew. The crew was headed by Canadian Museum of Nature palaeobiologist Natalia Rybczynski, who provides quotes.

The article discusses research conducted by Chinese Academy of Sciences' Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics physicist Wenjie Shen on metal-oxide catalysts. It was discovered that when the shape of one of these catalysts is altered, it becomes practical for use at a lower temperature. This is pertinent, as metal oxides aid in cleaning up toxic pollutants that are created due to vehicle exhaust gas emissions and other anthropogenic activities.

The article states that University of Rome Tor Vergata physicist Piergiorgio Picozza may have discovered the existence of invisible dark matter, which is undetectable mass within galaxies. He has studied the formation of antimatter in space, in which protons and electrons have opposite properties such as charge and positrons can be produced by secondary processes. Picozza assembled a team of colleagues from numerous countries to accrue data for this study.

The article discusses research conducted by chemist Dennis Dougherty of the California Institute of Technology on the relationship between brain cell receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the intake of nicotine. By finding an attraction between acetylcholine and an aromatic amino acid, Dougherty elucidates why nicotine does not bind as effectively in muscles.

The article discusses research by Tim Naish and Ross Powell investigating climate change through the study of sediment cores extracted from the sea bed of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS). The goal of climate scientists is to ascertain what the WAIS looked like during the Pliocene epoch. Topics include the difficulty in obtaining sediment cores, a description of the cores' contents, and what the cores reveal about projected climate changes.

The article discusses the use of isotopes in quartz to reveal the age of China's Peking Man. The Peking Man fossils which belong to Homo erectus were found during archaeological excavations in the 1920s and 30s. The cave in which they were found collapsed leaving the question of their age unanswered. Topics include the collaboration of Darryl Granger and Guanjun Shen and colleagues to produce a suitable method in which the age of the fossils could reliably be determined using isotopic analysis.

The article discusses research conducted by marine chemist Benjamin Van Mooy and colleagues at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on the ways in which marine microorganisms affect global nutrient cycles. Van Mooy has focused on phosphorus cycling and phospholipids. The study shows that sulfur and nitrogen-containing lipids are more abundant than phospholipids in some Sargasso Sea species.

The article discusses how a light-sensing algal protein rapidly map brain circuits. Topics include an in-depth analysis of research by Leopoldo Petreanu and colleagues from the Janelia Farm Research Campus at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Ashburn, Virginia, who have found a way to locate synapses and map neuronal circuits. Also discussed are details regarding the function of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), which is a light-sensitive ion channel protein found in algae.

The article discusses research by Simon Lewis and colleagues investigating the role of forests in carbon sequestration. Topics include an overview of the research methodology used by the team to monitor African forests over a ten-year period, where carbon dioxide goes when not sequestered by the world's oceans, and how the study impacted the importance of collecting and archiving standardized data. Also discussed is the challenge of identifying each species of tree and their growth rates.

The article discusses research by Jan Schroers and colleagues at Yale University exploring a class of amorphous metals called bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Topics include the difficulties in finding a low-cost yet durable means of molding tiny components such as those used in computer chips, how Schroers and colleagues were able to mold BMGs at nanoscale dimensions, and its potential application in the semiconductor industry.

The article discusses how palaeontologists have been searching for clues regarding the evolution of tropical vertebrates after the death of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago. Topics include an overview of research by a team of palaeontologists, including Jonathan Bloch and Jason Head, studying the reptile fossil records of the Cerrejón Coal Mine in Columbia and the significance of the discovery of a giant snake fossil to the ancient tropical climate.

The article discusses research on an opportunistic bacteria that may be able to prevent the spread of algal blooms that is likely to occur with global warming. These populations of proteobacteria, known as chemolithotrophs, live on organic matter. They were discovered by a team of researchers that included Marcel Kuypers of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology. Algal blooms facilitate environmental degradation by creating hypoxic conditions and producing hydrogen sulfide.

The article states that a research team led by Eric Steig of the University of Washington has discovered that the warming trend once thought confined to the western edge of the Antarctic Peninsula has spread beyond the peninsula and over most of West Antarctica. This warming trend has allowed for the encroachment of flora and has resulted in the outflow of Adélie penguins.