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This paper will analyze the strength and mass comparison of the float compartment composite structure using e-glass and carbon fiber. Meanwhile, epoxy and Divinycell H were selected as resin and core material. The composite structure used a combination of solid laminate and sandwich. Since fiber thickness was different between e-glass and carbon fiber, it had to be adjusted by selecting the number of ply stacks to an almost similar thickness. There were three types of ply orientation such as [0/90]s, [±45/0/90]s, and [0/90/±45]s. The float compartment was modeled with the quad element in Abaqus finite element analysis software. The total mass of the float compartment with e-glass fiber was 7.58% heavier than carbon fiber. Based on failure indices and margin of safety using Tsai-Hill, the best type of ply orientation for e-glass fiber was [0/90/±45]s with a failure index of 0.1358 and margin of safety of 2.71. The best type of ply orientation for carbon fiber was [±45/0/90]s with a failure index of 0.0255 and a margin of safety of 6.27. Those results conclude that carbon fiber is superior in terms of strength and mass to e-glass fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have suggest, design, and simulate an all optical 1*2 demultiplexer (Demux) depended on Insulator-Metal-Insulator (IMI) plasmonic multilayer structure. The proposed structure offers an operating wavelength at 1550 nm and the design area is (350 nm* 350 nm). In this work, Finite Element Method (FEM) is used by using COMSOL Multiphasic software (version 5.4). The working principle of the proposed device (plasmonic Demux) depends on destructive and constructive interference, which occurs on input signal, selector signal, and control signal. The borderline between Logic 0 and Logic 1 at the output is 0.5 that is called transmission threshold. The performance of the proposed structure is measured by three parameters; Transmission, Extension Ratio, and Modulation Depth (MD). This devise shows, in some cases, the transmission value reaches more than 80%, Extension Ratio (3.5 dB), and very high MD value (97.6%). The proposed structure has a major role in building the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and photonics integrated circuits (ICs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile contains several very important parts, one of which is the friction clutch. Its importance comes from being it is a mechanical coupling device that plays the role of connecting and transmitting the torque generated in the engine to the gear set in the gearbox. The friction material is an important parameter due to withstand the mechanical and thermal load generated in the clutch system. This paper focused on studying the thermal behavior of four different friction lining materials (LUK, Tiger, G95, and HCC) to identify the temperature distribution for each material separately and then compare these materials to arrive at the best material that you can choose in the dry clutch design. Modeling of the model was done by the method of finite element and with the help of the ANSYS program to perform numerical simulations and show results. It may be determined that the thermoelastic behavior of the clutch is influenced by the type of frictional lining material used. After comparing the data, it was discovered that the materials (HCC and G95) were vulnerable to clutch activation for long periods. In the current investigation, the lining materials stood out because they demonstrated a high thermal efficiency when compared to the other materials in the prior study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different loads were considered in design of structural buildings such as dead, live, wind and seismic loadings with loads combinations based on adapted standard code. The applying external loadings classified as static and dynamic, in which the dynamic loadings as a function of time. Different types of dynamic loadings such as impact, harmonic and cyclic loadings. This paper investigates the structural behavior of steel plate reinforced concrete composite shear walls. A nonlinear finite element model for the analysis of corrugated steel plate reinforced concrete composite shear walls under seismic loadings was developed. Deformations, stress concentration and strain will investigate throughout analysis. Analysis results after run the models will compare with the adapted experimental problem. Comparison between the finite element analysis and experimental results show good agreement with little difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the study of the using the potential drop method possibility to identify local stress concentration zones and assess the metal deformation degree in these zones. Paper presents the finite element modeling results of the current circuits propagation in objects with locally deformed regions that occur in places of increased mechanical stresses concentrations. To identify areas with varying degrees of deformation, a method for recording the specific electrical conductivity increment is proposed (Δρ/ρ0) according to the voltages values δU detected as application result of the potential drop non-destructive method using a sinusoidal current source. The current circuits excitation at frequencies f less than 10000 Hz allowed us to determine the most informative approximating function δU(f) parameters, allowing to synthesize a model of multiple linear regression correlating with the parameter Δρ/ρ0 values, and with the degree of product material deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, modeling and determination of the operability the original frame structure of quadcopter is carried out. The model consists of a frame, beams for installing propellers and four landing gear struts for fixing on the surface, the material is plastic. Numerical calculation of the stress-strain model of the original frame of quadcopter was carried out using the finite element method in the ANSYS software package for two spatial positions of the quadcopter - on the ground and in flight. The results allow us to draw conclusions on the emerging loads on the frame structure, the possibility of application in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical study of the stress-strain state of a composite structure (steel cylinder and ring made of a mixture of copper and corundum obtained using the method of cold gas-dynamic spraying) is carried out. A simplified formulation of problem is used, which assumes continuity of the material at boundary of cylinder and ring. Calculation was carried out in the ANSYS software package using the finite element method. Results reflecting the stress distribution at the cylinder-ring contact boundary are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird Strike Impact is a phenomenon that occurs when one or a flock of birds crashes into an airplane, causing damage to the aircraft structure, especially during the take-off and landing phases. One of the aircraft components that experience the most cases of bird impact and catastrophic consequences is the wing. This paper deals with a numerical simulation using the explicit-dynamic Finite Element Method (FEM) on bird impact testing on wing leading edge of the 80 passenger aircraft referring to CASR (Civil Aviation Safety Regulation) Part 25. The bird modeled as an impactor used is simplified into a cylinder with a uni material hemisphere with a mass of 1.82 kg (4 lbs). The leading edge specimen as the target used is a wing section attached to the rigging. The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) formulation approach is used in modeling birds as fluids with soft body characteristics. The speed of the bird relative to the aircraft is 145 m/s. The thickness and the material of the skin component was varied to reduced the reaction force of the frontal leading edge. The 2 mm of skin thickness with combined Al 7075-T6 and Al 2024-T3 has the lowest reaction force, namely 50 kN. This research conclude that the structure thickness variable gave a significant difference in maximum deflection and the reaction force compared to the material used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, finite Element analysis on cotton, coir, and glass/epoxy tubes under bending load has been carried out. Tubes of circular and square cross section, each of three and six layers and 250 mm total length were modeled using ANSYS finite element analysis. The circular tube was of 50 mm inner diameter, and the inner cross section of the square tube was (44.3 × 44.3) mm2. Load-displacement relations, crush force efficiency, energy absorption and failure mechanism of the tested tubes were investigated. Effect of number of layers and cross section of the tube on the performance of the tubes were discussed. Finite element analysis results were validated by comparing it with the literature. It has been found that the increase of number of layers from 3 to 6 and material type have significant influence on the ultimate bending load and absorbed energy. Failure mechanism of the tubes was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CFRP lattice shell structures are preferred in spacecraft applications such as rocket interstages, payload adapters in launch vehicle, fuselage components. There is a necessity to improve the structural efficiency of these structures to withstand various loads, especially axial compression. This paper presents the Finite element modeling of CFRP composite cylindrical shells viz., unstiffened and anisogrid under static loading condition. Finite element analysis of unstiffened and anisogrid composite shell structures was conducted using ANSYS® workbench for axial static loading condition. The material model and material properties of the entire finite element analysis is based upon the literature test data results. Based on the Finite Element Analysis results it has been inferred that the anisogrid shell possess maximum load carrying capacity than unstiffened shell structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a method that allows obtaining solutions of stability problems for beams of variable stiffness that are acceptable for engineering practice. The method is based on the use of an analytical solution, refined using the finite element method. Analytical solution can be obtained using various approximate methods. In this investigation, the Ritz method is used to obtain an analytical solution. The application of the method is demonstrated on the problem of stability of a beam with a step change in cross section with three segments. Analytical expressions and graphs for determining the critical force for some types of beams of variable stiffness are given. Boundary conditions were considered: a) simply supported ends b) one end fixed and a free second end. Beams made of isotropic material and of laminated composites are discussed. The problem of critical force of a typical aircraft truss is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to numerical analysis of plaster detachment and numerical experiments for determination of the appropriate material parameters. Interaction between the plaster and masonry is described with the help of interface finite elements which are equipped with traction-displacement relationship. Laboratory tests were introduced in order to determine the shear capacity of the masonry-plaster connection. Unfortunately, variability of measured behaviour was very large and additional tests are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrinkage porosities are generally generated during the casting process of steels and can lead to the deterioration of mechanical properties of the material. In order to reduce the size and the impact of these cavities, multi-stage forming process using alternated forming direction like rolling and cogging are used. Understanding the closure mechanisms involved during hot forming is thus crucial to evaluate the degree of soundness reached in the material. For this purpose, the FEM-modelling of void closure is useful to obtain the shape variation evaluation of porosity and thermomechanical fields values all along the deformation path. This paper presents a method of cavities representation in the FEM-modelling of void closure using the commercial FEM code Forge NxT 2.1®. The study is based on a multi-stage free hot forging process performed at a laboratory scale using shaped anvil and alternated forming direction. Process parameters involved in FEM-modelling are first identified by comparing numerical simulations and experimentations. A numerical method of void volume evaluation on the FEM-model is then proposed and modelling settings are fixed to obtain a convergence on the volume of the voids obtained after deformation. It results in the definition of a FEM-modelling of void closure that can be compared to experimental void closure of porosity initially contained in samples used for forging on a laboratory-scale test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiring efficient, economic and accurate methods for identifying the material properties of heterogeneous materials have been one of the major objectives in the mechanical engineering community, thus, inverse methods may be considered as contributing to a very promising way of achieving the objective. This paper is concerned with an inverse method for identifying the material properties of a kenaf reinforced composite test model. An initial finite element model of the composite test model is developed and normal modes analysis is carried out to calculate the modal parameters of the initial finite element model. The inverse method which is developed from MSC Nastran SOL200 is used to update iteratively the material properties of the initial finite element model based on the comparison between the calculated modal parameters and those observed experimentally from experimental modal analysis (EMA). The objective is to acquire the most appropriate set of material properties that provide well match between the finite element model and the test model. It was found that the identified material properties are well matched with that of previous published papers in terms of the reduction in total errors, which are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near threshold fatigue crack response is extremely sensitive to load history. It is associated with the influence of near-tip stress on instantaneous resistance of crack tip surface layers to failure under atmospheric conditions. The paper deals with computational aspects of stress and strain distributions at the crack tip. A new approach is proposed to obtain near-tip stress under variable amplitude loading. The method considers a combination of standard rules for determining local strains (linear rule, Neuber rule, ESED method, etc.) and well-known in finite element analysis (FEA) return mapping algorithm in context of nonlinear mixed hardening material model. Iterative procedure based on Newton– Raphson method is proposed to calculate plastic variables and near-tip stress at each load step. The calculated results obtained by new model are validated with the traditional approach in case of Al2024-T3 alloy for constant amplitude loading after tensile/compressive overloads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, an important increase in the small satellites market has been noticed by the space community. Following this boost on the small satellites business, the need for dedicated launch services arises and designing an efficient and competitive small launcher is a challenge. Together with an innovative design for a small launcher comes the need for the optimization of the trajectory. A trajectory optimization approach has a lot to bring in terms of launcher performances such as achievable payload mass or a higher altitude of the target orbit. This paper is focused on an in-house 3 degree-of-freedom (3DOF) tool for trajectory computation and optimization using a genetic algorithm approach. The cost function is built in such a way to maximize the payload mass of the launcher while achieving the target orbit. The tool is also used for performing sensitivity analyses considering structural mass uncertainties, that can play an important role in the design phase of the vehicle, in order to check their impact on the launcher’s performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Main Spillway and Diversion Tunnel construction at the Manikin Dam, Nusa Tenggara Timur, is constructed in a claystone Bobonaro Formation. Alongside the construction process, this paper aims to evaluate the engineering geological condition and tunnel excavation method that is expected to provide technical consideration in the process of selecting the fieldwork method. Field investigations were carried out in evaluation of rock mass quality for tunnel boring log. The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) method determines rock mass quality. Subsurface samples were laboratory tested for soil/rock parameters in numerical modeling using the finite element method with numerical evaluation by Phase2 (Rocscience) software. The results of tunnel modeling are in the form of displacement with additional effect earthquake analysis and without earthquake analysis (static load). As a result of subsurface geological mapping, the dominant lithology which passes through the tunnel is scaly clay with the category of rock mass quality as Poor Rock and Fair Rock. Based on the Bieaniawski (1989), the excavation method can be multi drift, benching, or full face. The multi drift excavation method is estimated to earn a lower displacement value than other methods. It produces an estimated roof strength factor value of >1.25, which indicates the tunnel construction is in stable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission towers are vital channels for distributing high-voltage electrical power from power plants to substations. This infrastructure is the backbone of a productive modern society. However, a number of these towers may fail due to earthquakes. This failure may disrupt the electrical network, yield a substantial amount of replacement cost, and, more importantly, interrupt recovery efforts and business operations. This paper presents attempts to analyze the seismic risk of the transmission tower by developing its fragility curve. Fragility is defined as the probability of damage exceeding a certain level, given an extensive range of seismic intensity. A finite element computational model was analyzed under a nonlinear static procedure (pushover) to obtain a nonlinear response, specifically a capacity curve. Then the fragility analysis was performed by determining certain damage states in the capacity curve. The inter-segment drift ratio (ISDR) was employed for the damage states. The result is expressed as a fragility curve that provides fundamental and rational insights into the mechanical and probabilistic performance of transmission towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 10th, 2021, 3296 houses suffered light damage, 1964 houses suffered moderate damage, and 1552 houses suffered severe damage due to the earthquake that occurred in Malang, Indonesia. The iMPact on public facilities included 203 damaged schools, 16 damaged health facilities, 171 damaged places of worship, and 40 other damaged public facilities. Most of the damaged buildings were non-engineering buildings with various types of damage. In Pacitan Regency, there are many low-rise to medium-rise non-engineering buildings. In addition, Pacitan Regency has a coastline that is part of the Indonesian Ocean and is located very close to the subduction zone between the Indo-Australia plate and the Eurasian plate. The main potential sources of earthquake and tsunami events in this region are thrust systems. Seismic fragility curves play a pivotal role in the assessment of the comprehensive vulnerability of civil infrastructure to prospective seismic events, as well as in the anticipation of the consequential socioeconomic repercussions. This paper presents an analysis of the fragility of non-engineering buildings and estimates of their collapse using the finite element method. Seismic fragility analysis produces fragility curves that show the probability of structure damage under various damage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world of technology, where technology helps to explore almost everything, including outer space, planets, etc. However, due to the unknown extreme conditions at unexplored places, there is an interest and need to develop a technology which helps explore more about space. Here, we attempted to develop the Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled rover model to be used for such space exploration scenarios. In this paper, firstly, finite element method (FEM) based design and analysis of the rover model are discussed. The operational and constructive features are explained, such as the real-time camera feed feature, measuring the temperature and humidity values, and detecting the object while measuring the obstacle distance. The AI-enabled rover model uses a real-time object detection algorithm which helps to analyze the object in a real-time manner. The rover model is designed in such a way that it can easily climb on different surfaces having obstacles. The rover model is then fabricated, where wheels are made from a buoyant substance such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A special suspension frame based on a modified rocker-bogie system is created to adapt the walker to uneven ground. This means that even in hostile surroundings, the rover can explore independently. The proposed model has a comparable cost as compared with published literature work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind turbines are considered one of the tallest buildings vulnerable to lightning strikes as they lack a protection system for large-scale carbon-fibre epoxy composite structures. Blades are more affected by lightning due to their large scale, which is the highest point in wind turbine structure. Knowledge of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, lightning protection system (LPS), electrical field relation and receptor configuration are explained. A design from an actual wind turbine blade is used to study the effect of lightning. The receptor plays an essential role in determining the efficiency of (LPS). To investigate the impact of receptors with different shapes and sizes, two different types of lightning protection receptors are used to perform their effect on lightning. Three different radius of lightning copper receptor disks, 0.1m, 0.2m and 0.4m, have been tested. A triangle with a head to the downside simulates the lightning terminal. This paper is aimed to study and analyze the most suitable lightning protection for wind turbine blades to suggest the best parameters for receptor type and size. The electromagnetic Finite Element Method simulation recommends the minimum and maximum electric field that builds up around receptors, which has been used to determine the correct size and forms of receptors. Results from the lighting strike Simulation 0.1m receptor gives the highest value of electrical field interception 56.3MV/m compared with larger size receptor 0.4m with 18.7MV/m. This research revealed the effectiveness of different types of lightning receptors and the effect of the receptor's radius, which will offer better protection to the wind turbine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic behaviour prediction scheme of contact surface of bolt joints has found to be extremely difficult to model due the complex behaviour of the structural joints. In this paper, the bolted structure was used with aim to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the bolted structure using practical modelling scheme via finite element modelling and updating method. A simplified FE model of the bolted structure was developed using CBEAM element to represent geometrical shape of the bolt and Thin Layer Element (TLE) was used to represent the contact surface of the bolted structure. Subsequently, the normal mode analysis using NASTRAN103 was used to predict the dynamic behaviour of the FE model. Potential updating parameters of the FE model was analysed by implemented sensitivity analysis formulated in Nastran SOL200. The model updating method is then used to update the initial FE model of the bolted structure based on the experimental modal analysis (EMA) result. The comparison of the results is used in verifying the accuracy of the updated FE model of the bolted joint structure. The result suggested that the CBEAM and TLE can be used efficiently to represent the bolted joints and the contact surface of the bolted joint of the assembled structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the Ritz method to find approximate solutions to boundary-value problems for ordinary differential equations. We present the approximate finite element solution by a linear combination of the basis functions. Here we get co-efficients of the optimal interpolation formula in W 2 (1 , 0) space as basis functions. The difference obtained in numerical results and exact solutions illustrates graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper algorithms for constructing a finite element mesh of compound domains and minimizing the ribbon width of the system of resolving equations by the finite element method (FEM) are considered. A technology for constructing a finite element mesh by connecting elementary subdomains, a semi-automatic method for partitioning a two-dimensional multiply connected domain with a curvilinear boundary, and ordering the node numbers of a finite element mesh is described. In this case, the algorithms allow, by ordering the numbering of nodes, to determine such a sequence in which the ribbon width of non-zero coefficients of the system of resolving equations by the FEM will be locally minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a simple and compact ultra-wide band (UWB) microstrip planar antennawhich is fed by a co-planar waveguide (CPW) is developed and analyzed. The proposed design is setup on a FR-4 substrate with a dimensionof 31 x 34 x 1.6 mm3 with a di-electric constant (εr) of 4.4. The patch is a combination of two elliptical shaped structures with two slots etched on it. The proposed antenna operates at frequencies ranging from3 – 12.53 GHz with resonance frequencies at 3.95 GHz and 9.2 GHzhavingreturn loss of -22.21 dB and -32.97 dB respectively. The variation of the slot area and the length of ground is analyzed. The proposed antenna can be best suited for the applications where ultra-wideband is preferred which include WLAN, WiMAX, ISM, satellite frequency bands that include S-band, C-band, X-band and also ITU band. The design and simulation are carried out using the Ansys HFSS Tool version 2021.2, which is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents modelling of small-scale axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generators that could be utilized for extracting the hydropower from wastewater treatment plants. Cored and coreless axial flux synchronous generators are analytically designed based on sizing equations. For validation, finite element-based models of different topologies are established and a comparison is held between the analytical design and finite element model results. To overcome the drawbacks of cored and coreless models, a new hybrid half cored half core less model is suggested by decreasing the stacking factor ratio, which saves more than 50% of steel in yokes but at the cost of lowering the output phase voltages. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis tool based in the finite element software is used to enhance the electrical performance and fulfill the required generator specifications. Lastly, a comparison is held between the different models; highlighting the promising outcomes of the proposed hybrid half cored half coreless generator relating to the enhanced performance at reduced active material requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) systems is becoming more relevant due to their superior performance in many structural applications. However, fire or elevated temperature exposure is a major concern for FRP systems due to the deterioration of the epoxy adhesive. This paper investigates the fire performance of unstrengthened and Carbon FRP (CFRP) strengthened Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns with and without fireproofing insulation. Four columns were modeled using the finite element software package ABAQUS to carry out the heat transfer analysis. All four columns were exposed to fire according to the ASTM E119 standard fire curve with an exposure period of three hours. The temperature-time curves were plotted 50 mm deep into the concrete, and 100 mm deep into the concrete, and at the longitudinal reinforcement. The results showed no noticeable improvement in the fire performance of RC columns with the addition of CFRP layers, where the temperature readings were almost the same. However, the use of the fireproofing insulation significantly affected the fire performance where the temperature at different times was significantly lower for the insulated columns compared to the uninsulated columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the convergence of a mixed finite element formulation in 3D for a nonlinear eddy current problem encountered in the modelling of Type II superconductors. The eddy current problem models the magnetic field in a material with a power law magnetic resistivity which makes it an analogue of the p-Laplacian. Yet in contrast to the p-Laplacian, the resulting time-transient degenerate parabolic problem includes a divergence constraint and requires non-conforming elements. Numerical discretizations of this problem, sometimes referred to as the p-curl, have been studied by many, but the well-posedness of mixed formulations has only been established in 2D by Prigozhin and Barrett. This research extends earlier work of Farhloul on the p-Laplacian and discusses well-posedness both for the continuous and the discrete formulation using first-order Nédélec elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a slat chain conveyor for the transport of rock materials in very severe abrasive conditions. An actual case from practice is discussed and analysed. To clarify the fatigue damage of the chain link material, the finite element method (FEM) is applied. For the experimentally recorded cycle of chain loading, numerical analysis has been performed and data for the damage of the link material are presented. Fatigue analysis is performed by ANSYS nCode DesignLife under different loading cases. FEM results show, that the fatigue crack of the link starts from region with high values of the stresses, established by experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf springs are utilized in vehicle suspension systems, these springs assist to support the complete weight and it offers comfort to passengers and language by minimizing the vertical vibration because of road. Leaf spring was invented by "Obadiah Elliott" leaf spring consists of two ends they are known as eye ends. With the help of these eye ends the leaf spring is attached to the body of vehicle. In this paper we have taken parameters from Mahindra commander 650 Di jeep and we have done comparison of a multi-leaf spring with EN45 steel material and Structural steel material. The 3-D design of multi leaf spring is performed in CREO Parametric after that we imported the design into ANSYS Work bench. We have performed the Structural analysis and Fatigue and Harmonic Response in ANSYS work bench. When we apply the P1 load(9000N) on EN45 Steel the results are the maximum deformation was 4664.2 and maximum Stress was 1.0741 and maximum Strain was 0.49166 and FatigueLife was 1e^6 and Safety Factor was 15 Max and Harmonic Response was 6.0252e^-2. When we applied P1 load(9000N) on Structural Steel the results are as follows the maximum deformation was 7304 and maximum Stress was 1.0815 and maximum Strain was 0.77387 and Fatigue Life was 1e^6 and Safety Factor was 15 Max and Harmonic Response was 6.1457e^-2. When we apply the P2 load on EN45 Steel the results are the maximum deformation was 3627.7 and maximum Stress was 1.0111 and maximum Strain was 0.3824 and Fatigue Life was 1e^6 and Safety Factor was 15 Max and Harmonic Response was 4.6853e^-3. When we applied P2 load on Structural Steel the results are as follows the maximum deformation was 5680.9 and maximum Stress was 1.0181 and maximum Strain was 0.06019 and FatigueLife was 1e^6 and Safety Factor was 15 Max and Harmonic Response was 4.78e^-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A finite element analysis on crash box of an automotive bumper system is presented in the paper to investigate the energy absorption of the component with and without foam-filled steel sheet metal tubes of different thicknesses for crashing or low-velocity impact analysis. The energy absorption capacity of the crash box for crashing is evaluated for different design changes of the foams-tube structure and compared the results without foam. By changing the different foam materials, various designs are proposed and simulated for maximum energy absorption. Altair Hyperworks is used for preprocessing and post-processing and Radios solver is used to run the analysis. A reasonable agreement is obtained in the results of the analytical and numerical methods. The results indicate that the energy absorption of a foam-filled crash box structure is superior to the crash box without foam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric insulators are among the most crucial components in a power transmission system. The electric field (EF) distribution and voltage on the insulators' surface affect the insulators' performance and service life. Several experimental and numerical methods for calculating and studying the EF. This paper utilized corona rings at both ends to minimize the value of the EF and improve potential distribution along the surface of the 765-kilo Volt polymer insulator-based two-dimensional finite element method (FEM). At first, the mathematical relationship linking the EF to the parameters of the corona rings (corona ring radius, ring tube thickness, and vertical location of the ring) was established to calculate the EF strength and influence of the corona ring parameters. Then, optimization techniques within the COMSOL Multiphysics are utilized to optimize the position and diameters of the corona rings and lower the EF at the insulator's surface. According to the results, the optimization procedures utilizing the Nelder-Mead technique reduced the high value of the EF by 70% compared to the EF value with the original corona rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will focus on the analysis and calculation of the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) for a 10 MWt HTGR reactor that had been studied in previous research before. It got some data like the thickness of the reactor pressure vessel on the upper– bottom and the stress of the material structure, but there is no data on how to get it. This research will use other methods like Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and ASME code for safety standards. The maximum stress on the geometry exceeded the allowable stress, but the average was still below the allowable stress. These phenomena are due to the surface of the reactor pressure vessel given a load simulation like pressure and temperature on the support lug will be restrained so that the stress will be more significant. Therefore, it needs to modify to get below the allowable stress. The modification of the RPV support lug should refer to some type of reactor. After it, the stress shows the support lug is closer to the safety standard of ASME code section III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an equivalent dynamic modeling method of honeycomb sandwich structure is presented. An equivalent model is proposed depending on three equivalent dynamic methodologies for honeycomb panel modeling, a method depending on server panel theory, a method depending on Hoff's theory (1948), and Gibson's method. The dynamic analysis is performed based on finite element models, which are compared with the three developed methods and the empirical test presented in the previous model analysis. The optimal method for dynamic were echometric modeling of honeycomb-shaped buffer plates was verified. Hence, the differences in the results are promising because the proposed models are compatible with the theoretical analysis and the experimental structure used in the previous research. The dynamic results showed that the geometric variables and material properties have significant effects on the dynamic behavior of the honeycomb panel, which proved the validity of the equivalent method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite material combines two or more materials into one combined material to get the desired characteristics of each material. Functionally Graded Material (FGM) is a type of composite material that combines two materials in the form of gradation of materials that is being developed as an alternative to the conventional composite material. To support this material, numerical simulation by the Finite Element Method (FEM) is very interesting. In this paper, the Discrete Shear Beam Element (DSB) element is used to evaluate the effect of the shear correction factor in FGM beam structures. In much of the literature, the shear correction factor is assumed to be constant. This assumption is correct for isotropic structures, but in FGM structures, this factor is not constant. A simply supported beam with various boundary conditions and thickness length ratio is evaluated to understand the effect of this factor. The results show that by using the true shear correction factor, the results will be close to the reference solution. Moreover, for the FGM beam with the significant ratio of modulus elasticity, the use of the true shear correction factor is a must to get a solution as close as possible to the reference solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivator is a tractor operated cultivating tool that plough the land by using shovels. In a cultivator shovels are the main critical parts that are used to make the land. Shovels interact with land in such a way that, they are subjected to impact and high friction that causes wear. Hence, it is important to design and optimize the shovel so that its durability is improved. The depth of theshovel depends on the geometry of the blade. This paper presents the use of CREO in designing and optimizing of shovel on the basis of finite element method. The working in present work was done based on geometric parameters such as angle with horizontal axis, tip length, width and radius of the shovel. The results reveals that shovel depth can be increased by increase in the tip length, angle with horizontal axis, radius of shovel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of the effect of different cutting speeds in the face milling of AISI 1045 steel using coated tool. Simulations would aid in solving problems associated with experiments, leading to reduced costs and risks. DEFORM 3D is a commercially used simulation software capable of implementing machining simulations using the theory of finite element modelling. A conventional DEFORM 3D milling model has been prepared for the analysis of cutting forces and chip formation and the simulation has been carried out for two conditions. The temperature and force parameters were analyzed after carrying out the experiment and simulation under the influence of different machining and environmental conditions. The results of the simulation revealed that the predicted values of FEA possess good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical optimization technique in tribo-contacts is becoming crucial area of investigation during the last few years. This article illustrates the use of genetic algorithm optimization technique in textured hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system. In this paper, the texture surface parameters are optimized by multi-objective genetic algorithm to developed modified Reynolds equation. The modified Reynolds equation has been solved by finite element model for obtaining the bearing performance parameters. The static and dynamic performance parameters of hole-entry hybrid journal bearing have been simulated for non-textured, textured without GA and textured with GA surfaces. Based on the simulated results, the study indicates that the textured hole-entry journal bearing with genetic algorithm technique significantly enhanced the bearing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerical study presents the effect of heat generation and chemical reaction on the problem of magnetohydrodynamics mixed convective flow of power-law nanofluid using Buongiorno's model. Adiabatic non-conducting solid square block is located at the center of the cavity and both vertical walls are moving with uniform velocity. The governing dimensional equations in vector form are transformed into non-dimensional form. Then, the dimensionless equations are solved numerically by finite element method (FEM) using automated solution technique which is FEniCS. The effects of different parameters such as Richardson number, power-law index, magnetic field, heat generation/absorption, chemical reaction and size of square block on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are performed and discussed in this paper. It is found that rising both Richardson number and power-law index lead to increase the velocity and temperature profiles (right side of cavity). Besides, rising both magnetic parameter and size of square block lead to decrease the velocity and temperature profiles (right side of cavity). Adding the heat generation/absorption parameter has increased the temperature profile. In addition, increasing chemical reaction parameter has reduced the concentration profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste liquid from plant are considered as Scheduled Wastes SW310 and SW311 under the First Schedule of Environmental Quality Regulations 2005. Complying the act provided by the government, these wastes should be disposed accordingly by a competent waste contractor. During the disposal process, motor pumps are often blown due to clogging. This problem causing a huge loss of time and profit for the involved parties. Thus, this paper proposed an intermediate filter storage tank before transferred into the vacuum truck to be transported. The selection of materials and design was conducted based on weight decision method. The factor used in weighing the options are the tank weight, strength, fabrication complexity, manufacturing and service cost, and also ease of operations. With help of Finite Element Analysis, the critical areas and factor safety of the designed tank can be determined. Through cumulative marks collected on the weight decision matrix. it was found that mild steel tank is the best material to be used in fabricating the filter storage tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there are many strengthening method for reinforced concrete structure to provide additional strength to the structure in terms of compressive and tensile strength. Among those methods, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is one of the materials that is widely used for strengthening because of its high strength and lightness in weight. To date, the application of CFRP on columns is more focused on full CFRP confinement. Studies in partial confinement is still developing as the strength is expected to be lower than the full confinement. However, the application of partial confinement can be considered as favorable as it would result in lesser usage of CFRP material which is cost saving as well as providing ease to the wrapping process. In this study, three column models; consisting of a control (unconfined), fully confined and partially confined column models were simulated using the ABAQUS software. The objectives of this research is to validate the CFRP strengthened column model to the experimental results as well as to evaluate the compressive behavior of the full and partial CFRP confined column in comparison to the control (unconfined) model. The simulated column models were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, from the results, it shows that both confinement methods effectively enhance the strength of the column under load application. Positive findings from this paper presents that partial confinement can be developed as an alternative approach for the CFRP strengthening technique for reinforced concrete columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equations of the combined model of phase and structural deformation of shape memory alloys (SMA) express the increments of deformations in terms of the increments of stresses, martensite volume part parameter and temperature, stresses themselves, deformations, and the temperature. However, to solve the stability problems of long-or thin-walled elements from SMA, as well as to formulate the tangent stiffness matrix of the finite element method for SMA, it is necessary to have an explicit expression of stress increments in terms of stresses, deformations, strain increments, temperature increments, and temperature. The paper presents an analytical method for obtaining such inverting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the efficiency of treatment of production wells in order to increase the flow rate, designs of cavitation generators have been developed. Analytical and numerical methods have revealed the main regularities of submerged jet outflows from Venturi-type nozzles for downhole conditions. Numerical simulation of the flow of multiphase flows by the finite element method was carried out on the Star-CCM + platform (Siemens PLM Software). The paper describes the applied hydrodynamic calculation models, boundary conditions, and the choice of solver parameters. A model was obtained that makes it possible to predict the drop in the resistance at which cavitation occurs and the place of its occurrence. In the future, when conducting comprehensive studies, this information will be used to optimize the shape of cavitation generators, depending on the purpose of the technological process. By practical testing in natural conditions, the obtained results were verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineers are particularly interested in brick due to the fact that they contain a maximum amount of space with a minimum amount of surface area, they have shown to be very inexpensive in terms of constructional materials consumption The first braced dome was the ribbed dome. As the name implies, it is made up of a sequence of similar meridional solid girders or trusses, which are linked at the crown by an elastic band or a compression band. In this paper a comparison between the strains and deformations of a brick dome and that of a ribbed dome. With the help of STAAD Pro V8i, finite element models of these domes were built and analyzed. For the bricks, shell elements were used, while steel sections were used for the ribs and rings. There was a pressure on the entire surface of the dome from the loads. Brick failure criteria were determined by analyzing stresses and deflections of the dome. Various distributions of ribs and rings were tested in order to determine the optimal angle of rib distribution and ring spacing. The stresses and deformations of a brick dome and a ribbed dome were compared in this paper. STAAD Pro V8i software was used to create and analyze finite element models of these domes. Shell elements were used to simulate bricks, while steel sections were used to simulate ribs and rings. Loads were applied as a pressure on the entire dome's surface. The stresses and deflections of the dome were investigated in order to determine the failure criteria in bricks. In order to identify the optimal angle of the steel rib distribution and the space between rings, ribbed domes with various steel rib and ring distributions were tested. In order to compare the brick dome with ribbed dome, new analysis of the same dimensions of brick dome were done. Standards steel section was used for ribs and rings, 240 mm thickness of brick fill the area between ribs and rings. The behavior of this dome under the same load was study. The analysis showed, that dome with steel ribs of angle in plan theta (15 degree) was successful to resist the loads and the tensile stresses of brick were less than 0.20 N/mm2 (maximum tensile strength of used brick), when the angle in plane theta increase to 22.5 and 30 degrees, the hoop tensile stresses in brick exceeds the tensile strength limit. So that the meridional cracks may be appear at the springing zone of dome. While crushing failure did not occur, where the compressive stresses in all models were lower as compared with brick allowable compressive strength (0.80 N/mm2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the finite element modeling of the spatial heat transfer to identify the temperature and the heat flux distributions both in the linear and point thermal bridges in various up-to-date wall systems. The paper considers the spatial heat transfer in the corner zone of the brickwork fragment. The ANSYS finite element program is used for the numerical simulation of the temperature fields and thermal fluxes for the brickwork connection with a hollow-core slab and a balcony slab. The influence of hollow cores in the floor slab is considered in relation to the temperature behavior along the inner surface of the brickwork fragment. To eliminate the negative effect from thermal bridging, it is suggested to increase the temperature on this inner surface. The brickwork thermal properties are investigated herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the technology of construction of underground parts of buildings and "top-down" structures has become more and more popular. The effectiveness of this technology has been noted by many authors. Underground fencing and spacer elements of the structure perceive significant loads not only during the exploitation period, but also during the construction of all levels of the underground part. When designing, it is necessary to take into account the change in the stress-strain state of the fastening of the walls of a deep pit. This paper presents the results of researching of changes in the stress-strain state of anchoring the walls of a deep foundation pit by the "wall in the soil" method in the numerical modeling of floor excavation using the "top-down" technology. A volumetric finite element model of the underground part has been developed, which provides for sequential excavation to a depth of one floor with an estimate of the SSS parameters at each stage of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brake system is most essential and critical component in automobiles. The braking system mainly comprises a brake plate, brake shoes and brake drum. Principle of working braking system is combination of shoe and brake actuating mechanism. This brake mechanism converts kinetic energy into heat energy, to retard the vehicle movement by means of friction. Brakes should have enough strength with minimum weight and also consider optimum value of heat rate. In this paper first part is dynamic analysis of brake drum with finite element method, and then next is transient analysis of finned brake drum and effectiveness of the heat transfer rate for the different materials used for brake drum. The materials considered for brake drum is EN AC-41700 Cast Aluminum; finally comparing the heat flux of the original brake drum, five-finned brake drum and seven-finned brake drum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assumptions and simplifications in finite element (FE) modelling for structural vibration analysis contribute to discrepancies in numerical results. This paper presents FE model updating on components of a simplified model of an aircraft pylon. The components are tested under free-free boundary conditions. Impact testing is performed with roving accelerometers technique. Modal parameters are predicted numerically using NASTRAN SOL 103 normal modes analysis. NASTRAN SOL 200 optimisation for modal based updating method is subsequently used and successfully minimised the total error of the initial FE model from 19.17 per cent to 3.19 per cent. These satisfactory results could be confidently enhanced the quality of the FE model to be used for the further engineering analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laser spot weld is widely used to join automotive structural components due to the advantages of being inexpensive and more efficient. However, developing a reliable FE model of a laser spot weld for investigating a structure's modal parameters is very challenging. A repeated assessment of the welded joint model can significantly affect the efficiency of the finite element method, especially for a large complex structure that usually consists of huge numbers of degrees of freedom. This paper presents a wave-based substructuring method to speed up a modal parameters analysis of a laser spot welded structure. A reduced model is developed based on the wave-based substructuring scheme and compared with the full finite element model in computational time and accuracy. It was found that the proposed scheme was able to reduce the computational time of a modal parameters analysis significantly. The proposed scheme may provide advantages for research requiring high computational analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focusing on the joint modelling techniques of Finite Element (FE) to model a light dissimilar structure with bolted joints made up of bolts and nuts. The usage of a model update strategy is employed to improve the FE model's dynamic behaviour. In the FE model, a joint strategy is constructed using three different types of element connectors: CBAR, CBEAM, and CFAST. The modal parameters of a bolted joint structure made of dissimilar materials AZ31B and AA6061 were determined using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) in this research (natural frequencies, damping ratio, and mode shapes). The number of elements, number of nodes, and total percentage errors of respectively initial FE model, when compared to EMA results, were evaluated. In comparison to the others, the CBAR element was chosen to represent a fastener joint for the updating process due to its accurate prediction of mode shapes and inclusion of updating parameters. Sensitivity analysis is performed before the updating process to choose the most sensitive parameter for updating purposes. In the FE model updating procedure, MSC Nastran's optimization technique is applied. Therefore, the discrepancies between FEA and EMA have been decreased. When compared to the measured equivalent, the percentage of error for the modified CBAR model drops from 4.37 percent to 2.71 percent. As a result, it is discovered that updating the FE model is a systemic and efficient technique in conducting the appropriate FE model in recreating the genuine structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]