Search

This paper introduces the Patent Mining Tasks of the Seventh and Eighth NTCIR Workshops and the test collections produced in these tasks. The task's goal is the creation of technical trend maps from a set of research papers and patents in a particular research field. In this paper, we explain two subtasks: (1) research papers classification and (2) technical trend maps creation, which are conducted in the Patent Mining Task. We also show a system that classifies research papers into the International Patent Classification (IPC) system, which is a global standard hierarchical patent classification system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of electronic paper, which has the merits of both paper and electronic displays, is being eagerly pursued. Aim and category of electronic paper is first introduced in this report, and then trends of developments and applications are overviewed. The technological level of electronic paper has already been reaching at practical level as a reading device for monochrome displaying. American market has been rapidly growing for electronic book with electronic paper technology since the end of 2007. A field trial of e-paper proceeding at an international conference was conducted in Japan in 2008. Electronic papers is now expected to replace printed matters in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The science and technology activities in China are rapidly growing since 90s. This paper analyzes the production of scientific papers and the factor of increasing papers, and Japan-China relationship in co-authored papers. The growth rate of papers production became the sixth place in the world, the world share of papers increased by more than three times, and the papers production has concentrated on priority universities since the implementation of the top priority policy (211 project). And in internationally co-authored papers, Japan-China relationship rapidly deepens in the high share fields such as chemistries, materials, physics and engineering, while in mathematics in which China exceeds Japan, Japan-China relationship is not strong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003, the author made a statistical survey on publication of Japanese research papers in overseas journals as of 2000 using Thomson Reuters' citation index databases. As the results showed an overseas drain ratio of 80%, National Institute of Informatics started a program of the recovery. The author has recently made another larger scaled survey to get the time series statistics on the topic from 1994 to 2009. This paper analyzes the statistics from the view points of quality and quantity of Japanese research papers to identify their trends in an international perspective and points out some issues to be further examined. A new unbiased and comparable quality index was devised through a statistical process on the impact factor, which was applied to analyze the trends by country and research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Database White Paper" was first published in 1986 and "Electronic Information Services 2008" has marked its 23rd year. The paper traces the changes in database related activities in Japan for these years by examining the annual editions of the White Paper, and would serve readers to foresee the future direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japan Society for Cell Biology has made an epochal decision on publication of its journal Cell Structure and Function. The sole official publication of Cell Structure and Function will be the presentation of articles at the electronic journal Website on the internet, and paper-bound issues will not be published for individual members any more. This reformation of the publication system aims at increasing the activity and the visibility of the journal by accelerating publication of high-quality papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article covers overviews on targets, trend of development, and application fields for electronic paper. Experimental studies on readability are also introduced; this kind of study is expected to lead people to know how to achieve comfortable media with ideal readability. Electronic paper is expected as a promising readable medium that joints both merits of the paper and the display. This new medium is also expected to be used for the electronic newspaper and the electronic book; its developments are now eagerly carried on. Experimental studies on readability are also introduced; this kind of study is expected to lead people to know how to achieve comfortable media with ideal readability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the reasons for the revision of the "Standards for Information of Science and Technology (SIST) 07: Publication and Components of Scholarly Journals," and the "SIST 08: Preparation and Components of Scholarly Papers," in the year 2010 by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. The author analyzes several aspects of the revision, including dissemination of electronic journals and settlement of international guidelines.

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A "paper dictionary" and a "digital dictionary" appear similar at first glance, but are actually quite different. Once this perspective is adopted, a completely different world comes into view. Since 2006, the Japanese dictionary "Dai-ji-sen" has been regularly revised by means of a database system. Its data is updated three times a year. Why was this database system created? What considerations guided its development? What kinds of data can the system create? Furthermore, how can this data be imposed over a commercial base? And, what goals should be pursued next? In recent years, the editing of dictionaries has gained attention. Although the essential qualities of editing words have not changed, editing digital dictionaries requires a way of thinking completely different from editing books. This paper introduces differences between digital dictionaries and paper dictionaries, the current state of digital dictionaries, and their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in the number of researchers and papers, due a surge in output in Asia and other regions, has increased competition amongst researchers for global visibility. Researchers are also hindered by limited funding. This increase in competition and drop in funding has led research analysis through bibliometrics to become increasingly popular. Use of bibliometrics analysis is a key strategy to increase the value and global visibility of an institution's research efforts. The paper provides an overview of Japan's position in the global scholarly research landscape by reviewing five case studies from Japanese research institutions, Nagoya University, University of Tokyo, Keio University, Yamaguchi University and Okayama University that are utilizing bibliometrics data to analyze their research efforts. It also explores the role of biblio-data within in the global research community and the challenges it presents. The studies were presented at a symposium held by Thomson Reuters in association with the University of Tokyo in June, 2013. Custom assessments of research impact move beyond previous measurements to address a university's unique needs and requirements. Some of these are author disambiguation services and Research Consulting Services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce two examples of music information processing research related to "Hatsune Miku" and N-th Order Derivative Creation: a singing synthesis technology "VocaListener" and a music browsing assistance service "Songrium". VocaListener is a technology that uses singing synthesis software like "Hatsune Miku" to synthesize natural singing voices by imitating the pitch and dynamics of recorded examples of human singing voices. Songrium is a music browsing assistance service that visualizes various kinds of relations, such as relations among both original songs and their derivative works generated from the N-th Order Derivative Creation. This paper then examines future possibilities of automatic creation and automatic appreciation and also discusses essential factors of emotional, touching experiences elicited by music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses an issue of language that is typical in the dissemination of published scientific research in Japan by presenting underlying data. We matched domestic and international literature databases to analyze the number of STM papers from Japan's universities in the light of languages used. The results show that Japanese academic researchers tend to use English in their original papers and Japanese in their interpretive literature, short notes and conference papers and further that English papers show little growth in the number during the past decade. It became clear that the total number of English papers from academics currently fails to reflect the values universities place on publishing research output in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A scientific journal named Synthesiology (kouseigaku) which includes original papers based on the type 2 basic research was newly published in 2008. In the research paper to be published in Synthesiology, authors are requested to show the clear objective of the research, the scenario which leads to the realization of the objective, and the selection and integration of the elemental technologies according to the scenario. In this paper, we have introduced the philosophy of the journal, the circumstances and purpose of the publication, and the results of the analysis of synthetic methodology revealed in the 70 papers which were published in the journal. A kind of methodology called "technological synthesis" has been found to be important, and a continuous follow-up process called "synthesis for social introduction" is also found to be necessary to introduce the research results to society. Precise analysis and the development of the synthesis, use and role of the research scenario are recognized to be necessary in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains how America Invents Act (AlA) affects patent search practice. In particular, AlA switches from a "first-to-invent" system to a "first inventor-to-fi le" system for a patent application whose effective filing date is on or after March 16, 2013, therefore, it changes the scope of prior art. The paper also explains procedures and systems modified and/or introduced by AlA, which could affect ways to utilize prior art found through patent search, such as preissuance submissions by third party, post-grant review, and supplemental examin ation. Preissuance submissions by third party are inexpensive and could prevent an issuance of a patent to be invalidated later. Post-grant review is a newly created system that does not limit grounds of invalidity. It could be said that AlA increases the importance of patent search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of scientific performance is a major factor that determines the behavior of both individual researchers and the academic institutes to which they belong. Because the number of researchers heavily outweighs the number of available research posts, and the competitive funding accounts for an everincreasing proportion of research budget, some objective indicators of research performance have gained recognition for increasing transparency and openness. It is common practice to use metrics and indices to evaluate a researcher's performance or the quality of their grant applications. Such measures include the number of publications, the number of times these papers are cited and, more recently, the h-index, which measures the number of highly-cited papers the researcher has written. However, academic institutions and funding agencies in Japan have been rather slow to adopt such metrics. In this article, I will outline some of the currently available metrics, and discuss why we need to use such objective indicators of research performance more often in Japan. I will also discuss how to promote the use of metrics and what we should keep in mind when using them, as well as their potential impact on the research community in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

13 years have passed since J-STAGE was launched. At present no one could deny that its user interface and functions were already out of date comparing to foreign established e-journals. So JST has developed a new system called "J-STAGE3" in order to offer better usability and give powerful dissemination of academic papers from Japan. As the result of it, they will be able to enjoy the following things: 1) integration of two databases, Journal@rchive and J-STAGE, 2) new design/interface, 3) introduction of international standard XML format, 4) advanced subscription management, 5) saving cost of publishers, and 6) improving J-STAGE online submission and review system. At the end of March 2011, we conducted a market research on current status of dig itization on Japanese society journals. The report told us that digitization ratio of those was 62% in total but it was 34% in humanities/social sciences. Or it was 92% in English journals and 55% in Japanese ones. It means that we need further promotion of digitization. In this paper, we discuss functions and direction of J-STAGE3 as well as our role in promotion of digitization of Japanese society journals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic journals have been widely used in academia and became booming business with the IT evolution such as Internet and PDF. However, general e-book market had been not successful even in above evolutions. This paper examines the constituents of e-book services along with the feature of major e-book stores and document formats by analyzing reasons why Amazon Kindle succeeded to establish the e-book market and introducing e-book services concretely which came out after Kindle released. As a result, this paper reports the fact that current e-book market is led by device evolution. Finally, it examines e-book boom is changing the current situation of individuals, publishers and creators and the direction, where electronic journals will be changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PATLISYS-J is the evaluation system based on analyzing and visualizing the relation between science papers and patents, that we developed to examine how JST-funded projects contribute to scientific innovation. In this paper, we introduce a way of visualization of the results of analysis, utilization of the dictionary data accumulated by JST until now and the actual cases of visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials (STAM), which is an international academic journal in materials science, celebrates its 10th anniversary in 2009. The journal was founded in 1999 by the members of materials science related academic societies, in response to the momentum toward the creation of an international, high-profile, professional journal in Japan, a country leading the research in materials science. Most Japanese academic journals are published by academic societies as part of their activities; members support the review and editing of the papers as their community activities, and these academic societies gain profit or improve their social profile through the journal publication. STAM stands in a unique position in that the entire process of publication and management is carried out, in practice, by the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), although STAM is a product of the cooperation between NIMS and several academic societies. NIMS not only carries out research studies but also foster information dissemination research their achievements as the only institute specializing in materials science in Japan. The publication of an academic journal is thus considered as a core infrastructure development of NIMS. The goals of STAM are to publish review papers on marked achievements and progress in research and to share them in a community of materials scientists using the NIMS network and collaborative institutions at home and abroad, under the enthusiastic leadership of the NIMS President. To this end, NIMS, despite its institutional nature, must maintain the editorial operation and stable publication of STAM. Through a stepwise improvement of its operation and editorial system, STAM evolved from a subscription-based journal to an institute-supported open-access journal in January 2008, This indicates a change in emphasis from quantity, i.e., the number of papers, to quality, as the journal aims to include only papers essential to materials researchers. STAM adopts the model of a journal led by a community of researchers, in which scientists can freely report and review their achievements (free to submit), read papers (free to read), and obtain the copyright themselves (author-friendly copyright). The perspective from the time of creation to the maturation of STAM is overviewed by comparing STAM with New Journal of Physics (published by Institute of Physics Publishing), the academic journal launched in England before STAM with the same principle and one 01: the successful open-access journal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science Map is a map of science that shows mutual relation among research areas in which active research is being conducted. The map is generated by the clustering of highly cited papers via the co-citation analysis and the mapping of the research areas on the two-dimensional space. One remarkable feature of the analysis is that it does not require keywords in identification of research areas. Interaction among researchers, which is observed as a form of citations, is a unique element which is responsible for the formation of research areas. This methodological feature makes a holistic understanding on scientific activities and their dynamics beyond borders lying among traditional disciplines possible. This paper shows methodologies of the Science Map; the descriptive interpretation of the evolution of science based on Science Map 2004 and 2006; and application of the Science Map 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the recent state of open access publishing focusing on scholarly societies in Japan. The Chemical Society of Japan introduced an open access option which results in a clear difference in the number of downloads between OA papers and non-OA papers. It also shows a certain difference in cited times, but it is found that it is related to reviewing time rather than OA. Few other Japanese societies do open access publishing. Many of them provide e-journals free of charge but do not have clear policies toward institutional repositories. It is a result of the unique situation in Japanese scholarly publishing in that they do not operate at high profit margins. This situation gives Japanese societies a good chance for implementation of OA. Scholarly publishing in Japan, along with researchers, should take advantage of this depending on each situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For e-publishing of scholarly journals, it is necessary to prepare metadata represented by XML, which allows for many electronic functions like searching and linking. In Japan many publishers still prepare metadata after printing production and hence are unable to take advantage of many beneficial aspects such as early web release. The Chemical Society of Japan has explored e-publishing with SGML, TeX, and other markup languages with respect to international compatibility. In this paper, new XML based e-publishing and related frameworks initiated from 2009 are introduced. These frameworks have been improved based on consideration of international trends of e-publishing and the strengths and weaknesses of previous systems. In this new framework, NLM-DTD based XML can be easily produced from MS-Word by using the tool eXtyles and galley proofs are semi-automatically produced with XML. Papers can then be released online directly after author proofreading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to the Internet, scientific and technological communications are rapidly accelerating in the 21st century. Among many papers in scientific journals, researchers must find out proper ones by using search engines of journal databases as well as other techniques that enables pinpoint search. We developed such a pinpoint search system based on the social bookmark technology, entitled "Defect dat@base" (http://www.kc.tsukuba. ac.jp/div-media/defect/). This database covers the specialized research area of `Defects in Semiconductors and Semiconductor Devices", and is collecting and precisely classifying important papers in this area in cooperation with specialist members. To extend and maintain the collection by not only human specialists but also computers, we studied statistical and morphological algorithms. As a result, we could learn how to choose important papers as accurate as human specialists do. Using over 16,000 papers of physics and engineering and over 77,000 e-mail texts, we carried out a large-scale comparative studies about differences between human and computer, and reached the following conclusion: Scientific papers are not as easily selectable as we can do for other types of texts, and for the better selection, we should focus on technical terms of the relevant area as well as abstracts and title words of the relevant papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an RFID tag based information system (middleware),which is defined by ECA (Event, Condition, Action) rules. RFID tags are used to indentify physical objects and it is very important technology to realize the ubiquitous computing society. However, it is not so easy to develop and customize systems where RFID tags are used. Using our framework, system designers can easily define the systems actions with ECA rules through a web browser. This paper describes the implementation, the interface and usage scenario of this system. Moreover, the preliminary experiment shows the effectiveness of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To introduce electronic system in the submission and reviewing processes for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry selected the system that J-STAGE developed, J-STAGE offered the online system that was mostly equivalent to the current "on-paper" processes for submission/reviewing, by which Japanese can be used for writing report, the period from submission to online preview can be shortened . Operation began in June, 2005, and it has been working successfully without any troubles. The online system reduced times and efforts of i) mailing, ii) watching the editing! reviewing!revising processes, iii) checking the load of the editorial board members, iv) requesting the editors/reviewers to handle submitted manuscripts, v) notifying the results to a contributer, and vi) delivering final data to the print companies etc. Moreover, labors of secretariat that were transiently increased after the initial application of the online system were dramatically decreased by improving the manuals for both contributors and reviewers. The on-paper submission was decreased to zero in two years of the introduction. Moreover, total number of submission has increased by 14%, and the review period has been shortened 15 days from 77 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The previous paper showed configuration of hardware and software to improve reliability, to speed processing up and to ensure extendibility about ‘JDream II’ that JST has released on April 2006. In addition, the previous paper showed the flow of search ,too. This paper shows the achievement method of variants search, a variety of search method, thesaurus browser to search comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JST has released a new science and technology document retrieval system named JDream II for JST database on April 2006. For wide users, JST pursued high usability and support several new function. In addition, to improve reliability, to speed processing up and to ensure extendibility, JST devised JDream II on configuration of hardware and software and devised method of data preserving, too. This paper describes about the configuration of system of JDream II and the flow of search. And next paper will describe about data configuration suitable for searching method and reacting for Japanese variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article throws light on the evolution and development of chemical information systems (CIS). It also gives the several ways in which it has influenced the information processing and utilization. It also describes the role it has played in the research and development of science and technology. This information system was encountered by two large voluntary changes, one in 1960s and the other in 1980s. The former was a gradual change from the system that depended on paper to a system that largely worked on computers. The latter was a more rapid change to a system that uses the Internet. The computerization was a change that was forced by a pressure that the paper system failed to address the large increase in the amount of information, producing new systems like CAS Registry that had not been possible with paper processing. The second revolution uses the Internet, enabling, for instance, a link between the primary and secondary information, leading to radical changes. Such development is still continuing. This article also describes some background behind these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Information Processing & Management / Joho Kanri is the property of Japan Science & Technology Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)