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The research analyzes the literature by questioning the common denominator between “place and the new” through the concepts of experience and meaning to expand and deepen the existing knowledge on the meaning of place in the production of place. The paper discovers current approaches and notions in the place-new relationship and identifies leading keywords, authors, documents, sources, organizations, and references. It presents a systematic literature review based on bibliometric data in the context of place concept research. The analysis conducted on 27 May 202327 May 2023, with the concepts of place, new, experience, and meaning, covers the bibliometric data of 870 publications which included English articles and book chapters published since 1992 and chosen from specific research categories on the Web of Science. Documents published before 1992 without available content were excluded. Findings show an increasing tendency towards the concepts of sustainability, place-making, place attachment, urban regeneration, architectural design, and cultural heritage. While the number of investigations concentrating on landscape and COVID-19 has increased; concepts like everyday life, emotions, behavior, urban politics, phenomenology, design research, and displacement have been discovered as current research topics. This paper is potentially useful for future theoretical and practical work to create meaningful places and contributes to the further implementation of design and planning studies.

Travel experiences have the potential to induce significant changes in tourists. This perspective paper aims to delineate directions for understanding the where, when, with whom, and why of transformative experiences in tourism, proposing future research directions across various dimensions of this multifaceted topic. The Transformative Experience Diagram is presented as a guide to addressing questions about where, when, with whom, and why travel transformation occurs. These propositions are grounded in a literature review spanning various disciplines, along with authors' quantitative and qualitative studies on the process of travel transformation and discussions with experts from diverse fields. Additional data, gathered from semi-structured interviews with people who previously had transformative travel experiences, inform the discussion on key questions of travel transformation and support the propositions for future research. In addition to conceptualizing the process of tourist transformation and proposing a framework for future research, this perspective paper has the potential to influence tourism management practices by guiding the design of experiences that trigger tourists' transformation, positively impacting personal growth, and enhancing the wellbeing of travelers.

Two research projects undertaken ten years ago explored the experiences of mature students’ access, progression and drop-out in higher education, relying on Habermas and Honneth for sensitizing concepts. This paper explores the implications of undertaking this research today adopting a different set of sensitizing concepts and in the process transforming the identity of the researcher. To this end, this paper moves beyond Habermas and Honneth to the critical theory of Negt and Kluge as a source of new sensitizing concepts informing a reimagined researcher and research project. Their work on experience, its dialectic nature, imploitation, obstinacy – as an alternative to resilience – and a sociological imagination are explored in order to identify possible new sensitizing concepts for researching adults returning to higher education. Implications for transformative adult education will be identified.

Abstract Background Patient-Reported Outcomes or Experience Measures (PROMS / PREMS) are routinely used in clinical studies to assess participants’ views and experiences of trial interventions and related quality of life. Purely quantitative approaches lack the necessary detail and flexibility to understand the real-world impact of study interventions on participants, according to their own priorities. Conversely, purely qualitative assessments are time consuming and usually restricted to a small, possibly unrepresentative, sub-sample. This paper, which reports a pilot study within a randomised controlled trial of induction of labour, reports the feasibility, and acceptability of the Participant-Generated Experience and Satisfaction (PaGES) Index, a new mixed qualitative / quantitative PREM tool. Methods The single-sheet PaGES Index was completed by hypertensive pregnant women in two hospitals in Nagpur, India before and after taking part in the ‘Misoprostol or Oxytocin for Labour Induction’ (MOLI) randomised controlled trial. Participants recorded aspects of the impending birth they considered most important, and then ranked them. After the birth, participants completed the PaGES Index again, this time also scoring their satisfaction with each item. Forms were completed on paper in the local language or in English, supported by Research Assistants. Following translation (when needed), responses were uploaded to a REDCap database, coded in Excel and analysed thematically. A formal qualitative evaluation (qMOLI) was also conducted to obtain stakeholder perspectives of the PaGES Index and the wider trial. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants, and focus groups with researchers and clinicians. Data were managed using NVivo 12 software and analysed using the framework approach. Results Participants and researchers found the PaGES Index easy to complete and administer; mothers valued the opportunity to speak about their experience. Qualitative analysis of the initial 68 PaGES Index responses identified areas of commonality and difference among participants and also when comparing antenatal and postnatal responses. Theme citations and associated comments scores were fairly stable before and after the birth. The qMOLI phase, comprising 53 one-to-one interviews with participants and eight focus groups involving 83 researchers and clinicians, provided support that the PaGES Index was an acceptable and even helpful means of capturing participant perspectives. Conclusions Subjective participant experiences are an important aspect of clinical trials. The PaGES Index was found to be a feasible and acceptable measure that unites qualitative research’s explanatory power with the comparative power of quantitative designs. It also offers the opportunity to conduct a before-and-after evaluation, allowing researchers to examine the expectations and actual experiences of all clinical trial participants, not just a small sub-sample. This study also shows that, with appropriate research assistant input, the PaGES Index can be used in different languages by participants with varying literacy levels. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov (21/11/2018) (NCT03749902).

Organizations should equip human resources and sales managers with the vital information and knowledge needed to recruit and select salespersons with the required qualities to help them achieve improved sales performance. This paper aims to determine a salesperson’s educational qualification, selling experience, and persuasive ability and their effect on the salesperson’s performance at Innoson Motors Manufacturing Company Ltd. The study surveyed 131 company staff to collect the data; only 120 questionnaires were correctly filled and returned. First, the study checked the instrument’s reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.982). Data were then analyzed using a simple linear regression analysis. The findings revealed that salesperson educational qualification has a significant positive effect on salesperson performance (r = 0.944; t = 54.251; F = 2943.209; p < 0.05). Next, salesperson selling experience was found to have a significant positive effect on salesperson performance (r = 0.964; t = 68.905; F = 4747.922; p < 0.05). Finally, salesperson persuasive ability was found to have a significant positive effect on salesperson performance (r = 0.960; t = 64.812; F = 4200.634; p < 0.05). Hence, company managers can use the findings of this paper to understand that employing highly educated, experienced, and persuasive salespersons will lead to improved salesperson performance. AcknowledgmentWe wish to appreciate the good work done by some of the researchers who contributed immensely to the development of the study’s framework and methodology. Among them: Professor Gerald Nebo, Associate Professor Chinedum Obikeze, Dr. John Anetoh and Dr. Wali Kemkamma. We also commend the effort of Mrs. Okolo Jennifer for typing and editing the work. In a similar tone, we wish to thank our respondents for equipping us with the required information that made this study a success.

This paper aims to show how a teleological model of reality and knowledge can be of aid in order to understand the connection between objective knowledge and subjective experience. The separation between them seems indeed to have been established by an opposite deterministic ontological and epistemological model within modern philosophy, which does not allow to explain the subjective relevance of objective knowledge and the objective relevance of subjective experience. In order to overcome this aporetic dichotomy, the paper will underline the actuality of the Aristotelian teleological conception of knowledge and experience and its heritage especially in contemporary philosophy.

Experiential learning is one of the most productive ways of learning and acquiring knowledge. Through personal experience, students develop self-confidence, see more complex relationships in learning subjects, constantly have feedback on their own progress and are constantly in the circle of learning and gaining new knowledge. The paper emphasizes the role of experience in the changes that occur in an individual. Learning styles based on experience greatly influence the success of the learning process. The paper presents some of the theories that define how an individual learns when encountering new content thanks to previous experience, interests and affinities. A description of Kolb’s experiential learning theory, learning styles according to Honey and Mumford, the VARK learning model set by Fleming and Mills, as well as the criteria that experiential learning must meet in order to be efficient and purposeful.

Background and aims: The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in late 2019 with increased infection and mortality rates. Even with observing safety measures, medical staff have to deal with a high level of mental and physical pressure during an epidemic, and they might demonstrate diverse behaviors rooted in their experiences and emotions toward the situation. The paper examines different experiences and emotions of medical staff dealing with COVID-19 in Ilam, Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with the participation of 200 care providers in 2020. Data was gathered using two questionnaires: the scale of positive and negative emotions (SPANE) and the positive and negative affect scale (PANAS). Data analyses were done in STATA12 using linear regression models. Results: The mean score of positive emotion in ICU, general, maternity, and administrative wards in women were 32±6.23, 34.07±6.74, 35.35±9.24, and 35.61±6.91 respectively. The mean scores of Negative emotions in the Maternity ward and administrative departments were higher than in the ICU and CCU wards (P=0.05). The midwives’ mean negative emotions score was lower than the physician’s (P value

Background Previous studies have found that 25%-85% of stroke patients develop post-stroke fatigue (PSF) , and continuous feeling of fatigue seriously affects patients' daily life and rehabilitation process. Therefore, it is urgent to understand the psychological experience and needs of such patients. However, the results of previous single qualitative studies may not be representative. Objective To systematically review and integrate qualitative studies on the fatigue experience of patients with PSF, so as to provide a reference for the construction of management strategies for PSF patients. Methods PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Evidence-Based Health Care database, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM were searched by computer to screen qualitative studies on fatigue experience of patients with PSF from inception to July 5, 2023. JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for qualitative studies in Australia was used to evaluate the quality of included literature, and Meta-synthesis was performed to integrate results. Results A total of 10 papers were included, and 22 primary outcomes were distilled, grouped into 8 categories, and synthesized into 4 integrated outcomes, including significant lack of cognition of PSF; intricate negative physical and psychological experience; different self-regulation of PSF and multiple needs for PSF rehabilitation. Conclusion PSF patients have insufficient cognition of fatigue with significant negative physical and psychological experience. Therefore, PSF patients should be identified and screened at an early stage with strengthened fatigue education and personalized fatigue management strategies. Emphasis should also be placed on the role of community and family in the management of fatigue, so that they can work together with healthcare professionals to provide a favorable rehabilitation environment for PSF patients.

Haining Xiashi seismic station is located in the civil air defense cave in Xishan Park, Xiashi Street, Haining City, Zhejiang Province. During the construction of the station, the first problem is the poor quality of rock mass. When the tunnel is excavated to a depth of more than 2 m below the ground, the rock is still porous and broken; The second is the problem of high chamber humidity (>95% Rh). Finally, in the case that it is impossible to use rock pier to build the platform, the large area concrete instrument pier is poured and the cavern environment is transformed to reduce the humidity of the cavern, achieve thermal insulation and constant humidity, and improve the observation environment. So far, the station has been in operation for more than ten years. From the current situation, the observation data of the station is stable and continuous, and the solid tide is clear, which has achieved the expected effect of the station transformation. This paper summarizes the experience gained in the reconstruction process of Haining Xiashi Seismic Station, and provides reference for the construction of topographic deformation observation stations in some civil air defense and civil caves without rock piers.

This paper aims to review the literature related to the experience of students and teachers in Higher Education in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. A Systematic Literature Review was conducted using the scientific databases Scopus and Web of Science, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, structured in three stages of the experience: Pre-Core, Core and Post-Core. The results provided by the 105 studies selected for the review are heterogeneous and diverse in terms of the positive and negative factors and elements of the Higher Education Experience in the global health crisis. The method with the highest presence in the selected studies was quantitative with 51.4% and its main instrument was the questionnaire. Likewise, social interaction in the context of Higher Education is one of the most negatively impacted dimensions of the transition to distance education, with important implications for the mental health of students and teachers.

Food reserves are the “reservoir” and "regulator" for maintaining national food security. Considering multiple factors comprehensively such as the different degrees of self-sufficiency in grain production and population density, this paper selects three countries, namely the United States, Japan, and India, as cases to systematically sort out and compare the management experience and practices of governments in the reserve system, functional positioning, and collaborative mechanism of grain reserves, and summarized the characteristics of government grain reserve management in various countries, which can guide market expectations, stabilize domestic markets. Therefore, it is of great significance to enhance the ability and resilience of reserves to respond to major risks and challenges. To further clarify the logical relationship between various types of government grain reserves in China, and continuously improve the collaborative mechanism of government grain reserve management, this provides valuable optimization ideas for reference.

Social media platforms help businesses connect, communicate, and access information, boosting brand loyalty and awareness. This study aims to determine the relationship between social media marketing, brand engagement, and brand trust toward customer experience and brand loyalty. The focus is on the importance of the role of social media marketing for frozen food brands. The paper uses a descriptive research design and a quantitative approach where data were collected by distributing online questionnaires among frozen food consumers through Google Forms. The selected 250 respondents were located in big cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bandung. The data were processed using SmartPLS v.4.0.0 to examine the results of the outer and inner models. The results show that social media marketing has a significant effect on brand trust. In addition, brand engagement has a significant effect on customer experience. Then, social media marketing has an insignificant effect on brand engagement. Brand trust has an insignificant effect on customer experience. Next, the customer experience has an insignificant impact on brand loyalty. In addition, a frozen food company’s social media advertising might not be able to reach its intended audience, which leads to little engagement. To preserve consistency and transparency, a brand should maintain open communication, a customer-centric strategy, and customer engagement through messaging, dialogues, and user-generated content.

The aim of this paper is to depict how the concept of place is presented and interpreted in literary tourism. Drawing upon the poststructuralist and postmodern theories of culture and tourism the paper will explore the relation between the literary places and tourists. In other words, the paper examines how the literary places influence visitors' experiences of certain places and how the visitors assign meanings to the fictional places which exist in the real world and vice-versa (the real places which also exist in the world of fiction). In the context of literary tourism the boundaries between the fictional and non-fictional worlds are inevitably blurred in the tourist's experience. The tourist becomes the active creator of both, the potential tourist offer and the authentic experience which is personal and subjective. In order to create the appropriate tourist offer to the bibliophiles it is of the utmost importance to understand the way visitors experience such places. In order for the literary place to become popular it is necessary to include several factors including the creative act of the visitor.

Realist fiction, which had a pivotal place in 19th. Century literature, has lost its central position in the contemporary literary scene as modernism, postmodernism and poststructuralism have raised some serious challenges against it, advocating experimentalism in fiction, instead. Still, in our age, when globalization and capitalism breed different forms of marginalizations and injustices in societies, it is the realist fiction that better than any other form can depict the struggles and pains of these marginalized lives. Thus, realist fiction deserves to be considered a major genre of our time rather than a second-rater. This paper attempts to investigate into the present state of realist fiction in the literary scene, and it argues that, with the significant theoretical backing from the postpositivist realist critics, it can move toward reclaiming its position in literature today. Postpositivist realists base their defense of realist fiction on the notion that the representation of reality, identity and experience in realist fiction, in spite of being theory-mediated and affected by ideologies and discourses, is possible, as these objects of representation are real and important for being real. The paper maintains that the postpositivist support can favorably affect the present place of realist fiction. Still, the rightful realist fiction of our time, in tune with the developments in the theories of knowledge and fiction, unlike the 19th. century realist fiction, has patches of experimentalism, while keeping its realistic ethos, which further indicates that the contemporary fiction is the fiction of an era affected by postpositivist realist concepts.

One innovative strategy that can improve higher education is undergraduate students’ engagement in research. Mentoring is one of the few opportunities that afford extended face-to-face and one-on-one instruction. However, mentoring undergraduate students in doing research is not the same at different types of colleges and universities. This paper gives insights from my perspective on how undergraduate students are being mentored in doing research in different university/college settings, namely a premier university (University of the Philippines Los Baños), a public research university (University at Buffalo), a public senior college (York College) and a private university (Pace University). The main goal of this paper is to compare the undergraduate research structure at the four institutions. I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each setting, emphasizing how I engaged my students to do research with emphasis at Pace University. This paper also includes the similarities and differences in how students achieved the following learning outcomes: knowledge, skills, attitudinal outcomes, and learned abilities.

One innovative strategy that can improve higher education is undergraduate students’ engagement in research. Mentoring is one of the few opportunities that afford extended face-to-face and one-on-one instruction. However, mentoring undergraduate students in doing research is not the same at different types of colleges and universities. This paper gives insights from my perspective on how undergraduate students are being mentored in doing research in different university/college settings, namely a premier university (University of the Philippines Los Baños), a public research university (University at Buffalo), a public senior college (York College) and a private university (Pace University). The main goal of this paper is to compare the undergraduate research structure at the four institutions. I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each setting, emphasizing how I engaged my students to do research with emphasis at Pace University. This paper also includes the similarities and differences in how students achieved the following learning outcomes: knowledge, skills, attitudinal outcomes, and learned abilities.

Aim We aimed to survey the findings of phenomenological studies built up in the field of diabetes care in Sweden. Design This is a meta-synthesis of phenomenological studies on experiences related to diabetes in Sweden focusing on learning to live with diabetes. Method We proceeded by reference to the seven phases of Noblit & Hare. Results We examined papers from seven phenomenological studies on learning to live with diabetes in Sweden. From the papers, which describe the experience of living with diabetes, three overarching themes were selected—perception and awareness of the body; integration and responsibility; and presence of others who provide support. From those describing the expert’s experience, an overarching theme emerged—encouraging reflection in persons with diabetes. We interpreted each of these themes in phenomenological terms and compared them with theories in Japan. Persons with diabetes take responsibility for coping with a range of things brought on by the illness and learn to live with diabetes. Experts support these persons so they can see their world objectively and critically scrutinize it. By building a model of diabetes care in Japan that references Scandinavian human science, it will be possible to find new approaches that support learning at the existential level.

BIM (Building Information Modeling) is conceived and understood differently depending on the profession and industry. As a technology, process or methodology, it is becoming an everyday part of the work of many engineers who deal with space. Hundreds of thousands of current and future representatives of the broadly defined construction industry (AECOO - Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Owner Operator), which accounts for about 1/10 of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of almost every country (including Poland), are educated in the formal education process in full-time, part-time, postgraduate or doctoral programs. BIM-related knowledge is imparted in various fields of study. Many publications mention the topic of BIM in education. However, they focus their attention on what to teach. This is undoubtedly very important, yet it is often forgotten how important it is to convey this knowledge. I conducted an in-depth literature review of the content of teaching BIM theory and practice and the ways in which they are taught. My aim was to synthesize the latest trends in BIM didactics, present the latest methods and techniques for experiential learning and propose a conceptual framework for BIM education. The good practices presented in the paper can be used by a wide spectrum of teachers: university teachers, trainers or BIM managers. The previous form of monologue lectures must be abandoned in favor of interactive lectures that formulate problems. Labs or projects, on the other hand, should become a place for problem-solving and transcending the limitations posed by the maturity of BIM to date. The presenter should create a friendly learning space which, combined with skillful facilitation, will lead to creative concept generation, discovery or breaking through existing dogmas.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a global health threat and has had a profoundly negative impact on the work and lives of healthcare workers. However, few people know how their experiences have evolved over time. Aims To describe healthcare workers’ experiences during clinical responses to COVID-19 and how they changed over time. Design A longitudinal qualitative study. Methods We undertook a series of four semi-structured qualitative interviews of 14 healthcare workers called as 1st responders to the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were recruited through purposive snowball sampling. Interviews were undertaken between May 2020 and May 2022 and trajectory approach was used to reveal individual experiences over time. This paper follows the COREQ (Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research) guidance. Results Data analysis yielded the following four themes: (1) Changes in emotions; (2) Changes in organization and management of care; (3) Changes in knowledge and capabilities; and (4) Changes in outlook on life and career. Conclusion Healthcare workers have become stronger in the pandemic and have demonstrated a high degree of professional loyalty and responsibility. However, there is a need to focus on the issue of jealousy and create a harmonious and safe work environment to reduce harm to healthcare workers. Additionally, human resource management strategies must support well-being of healthcare workers and maximize the efficiency of human resource utilization to enable them to respond to current and future needs and emergencies.

Abstract Introduction Experiences and determinants connected with type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated erectile dysfunction (T2DMED) in health appointments are not well understood and infrequently reported. This systematic review was undertaken to synthesise evidence of the experiences, facilitators, and barriers around screening ED in men with T2DM during health service consultations. Methods The review report was based on the guidelines provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute for conducting mixed-method systematic reviews. Eight electronic databases were searched, including Web of Science, Embase via Ovid, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) via EBSCO, ProQuest, PubMed, PsychInfo via Ovid, MEDLINE via Ovid, Portal Garuda. Additionally, the review manually looked through the reference lists of the studies we included. Erectile dysfunction, type 2 diabetes mellitus, screening and barriers were initially used as keywords in the search strategy. All identified primary studies written in English and Bahasa Indonesia, and published between 2001 and 2022 were meticulously screened following an agreed set of inclusion criteria. Findings Out of 3468 papers screened, only six were chosen for the review. These included three cross-sectional studies, two qualitative studies, and one mixed-method study. The study quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. Based on the checklist criteria, the studies ranged between 5/10 to 9/10 in terms of quality. After synthesizing the findings, four main categories were identified including the willingness to discuss T2DMED, the barriers experienced and perceived, the limited understanding of T2DMED, and the support expected by men with T2DM. Discussion Many men kept quiet about their struggles with T2DMED, hoping to bring it up as a topic of discussion during healthcare consultations. Barriers such as embarrassment, a sense of helplessness and reluctance to seek help, financial constraints, and dismissive healthcare professionals hindered them from addressing this issue. Both the participating men and healthcare professionals lacked a comprehensive understanding of T2DMED. Recommendations It is important to provide education tailored to men's specific needs and improve awareness about T2DM-associated ED. Creating a more T2DMED-friendly environment could be a potential solution to increase early screening and management. Future research should investigate potential barriers that prevent HCPs from identifying and addressing T2MED since their absence in the identified studies highlights this need. Systematic review registration CRD42021292454.

It seems that in Cartesian thought the possibility of sense experience cannot easily be put forward because of the theoretical foundations of his philosophy. He, in his masterpiece, i.e., Meditations on First Philosophy, from the very beginning tries to erase any sign of sensory world - the main subject-matter of sense experience and its pre-condition – through (ordinary or hyperbolical) doubts. His attack on senses is so giant that until Sixth Meditation they cannot be restored unless through theology by recourse to the non-deceiving God. The restoration upon which there are great differences among scholars. In our paper, we try to show that regarding to the end of Cartesian philosophy as the mastery over nature, to the extent that he explicitly calls his philosophy, “practical” as opposed to the “theoretical” philosophy of Scholastics, we cannot help but accept not only possibility of sense experience but also its necessity. This mastery over nature can only be attained, for human beings, within the realm of sense experience which is the final link among man as the thinking thing and nature as the extended one, through which the Cartesian science is to be established. Now, if sense experiences have remained unexplained in Cartesian thought, Descartes’ claim that “our philosophy makes us the lords and masters of the nature” remains unexplained, too.

Despite Wittgenstein's philosophical activities in Britain and his strong inclination towards analytic philosophy, there are also non-analytic elements in his thought which are rooted in classical German thought, especially in Kant's critical philosophy. We can, therefore, detect Kantian elements in Wittgenstein's thought. Concerning the main aim of this research, i.e., to show the Kantian veins of Wittgenstein’s thought, the following elements can be enumerated: critique of Metaphysics, delimitation of expression of thought, transcendentality of logic and ethics, problem of Metaphysics and science, refutation of private language. Given the evolution of Wittgenstein's though, this paper aims to show that, first, these similarities and parallels can be drawn not only from the Tractatus but also from the Philosophical Investigations. Second, there are fundamental differences between Wittgenstein's commentators, for instance, P.M.S Hacker argues against the transcendental reading of both the Tractatus and the Philosophical Investigations, and claims that the two philosophers do not share the same concept of the term transcendental. Finally, the question arises as to whether these Kantian veins can be considered as a proof of the unity of Wittgenstein's thought.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of education and art in Deweyan thought, making a case for the overturning of the hierarchy between the theoretical and aesthetic dimension in educational theory. I shall pursue my attempt by drawing extensively from both Deweyan oeuvre and scholarly literature devoted to the issue. Based on those precedents, I wish to argue that Dewey conceived of both education and art as the very basis on which to deepen, intensify and enlarge experience. Moreover: the terrain where humans’ search for meaning and unity finds its fulfillment while bringing newness to the fore may be found exactly in education and art. Such an understanding comes to overturn the long-standing hierarchy between theoretical thinking, on the one hand, and aesthetic and ethics, on the other.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between qualia and language. Author will begin with the explanation of the nature of qualia using the negative method (second and third chapter), which will reveal that qualia are neither ontological properties in a traditional sense, viewed as instances of subjective experience, nor that they possess any epistemological value as such. In the fourth chapter, qualia will be confronted with language on the grounds of experience which we understand as holistic. Experience as such is not differential, which means it does not contain subject-object relationship in an ontological sense. Afterwards, phenomenologically analyzed, experience will be shown in two modes: pre-personal and personal. Pre-personal experience as unreflective cannot produce a subject-object relationship and as such is a birthplace of qualia as a stimuli-response structure. On the other hand, the possibility of personal experience depends only on consciousness. Consciousness is an active function of experience which produces the subject-object relationship by objectifying the relations between itself and the other. Such objectification is only possible within the boundaries of language which is constituted as a relationship of meanings; which is to say that without meaning there is no object at all. The final conclusion of the paper refers to the bridge connection between qualia and language (pre-personal and personal) which is established by consciousness.

Brand experience has turned into an important factor in achieving brand loyalty. This tendency is especially perceptible in the airline industry. Airline companies operate in very competitive market conditions and are oriented towards constant improvement in providing services. Brand experience affects consumer loyalty, directly and indirectly through brand satisfaction and brand trust. The paper aims to investigate the relationships between passengers' experience with the Air Serbia brand and their brand loyalty. The research included the views of 100 respondents who used Air Serbia services in the previous two years. Hypotheses testing in the research was conducted using correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results confirmed the significant relationships between the variables in the research model. The obtained results indicate a strong influence of passenger experience, trust and passenger satisfaction on loyalty to the Air Serbia company.

This paper studies the connection between CEO experience and Vietnamese listed firms’ capital adjustment behavior. In the context of Vietnam, we find that experienced CEOs slow down the speed of obtaining the desired ratio of debt, after analyzing a sample of 694 public companies from 2010 to 2019. This pattern can be seen for both under- and over-the-target enterprises when leverage is measured by book and market value. Our findings are in line with other research that shows a negative correlation between CEOs' years of experience and debt levels. We expect that for experienced CEOs, the adjustment benefits are not large enough to substitute for adjustment costs, so they choose not to offset the deviation to the target leverage quicker.

Abstract Introduction Sleep problems in children with epilepsy (CWE) are common. However, little is known about parental experiences and feelings about managing sleep in their CWE. To provide the most appropriate services' provision, it is essential that the lived experience of parents of this patient group and the issues and problems that they face in managing their child's sleep is understood. Method In 2018, nine mothers of CWE (aged 5–15 years) were interviewed about their perceptions and experiences around their child's sleep, sleep problems and their management, the impact of sleep difficulties on the child and their family and available support. Results Four themes were identified that represented the nature of the child's sleep problems, including settling and night‐waking issues, parasomnias and child anxiety around sleep. Seven themes represented mothers' experiences of managing their child's sleep and any associated problems, including the longstanding challenging nature of child sleep issues, management strategies adopted, challenges related to managing sleep over time, the link between sleep and seizures, the negative impact of poor sleep on daytime functioning, role of antiseizure medication and maternal concerns about child sleep. One theme represented the perceived lack of information, help and support available. Conclusions Findings suggest there are unmet needs in supporting parents to deal with sleep, sleep problems and their management in CWE. Patient or Public Contribution This individual study was conducted under the umbrella of the CASTLE research programme (see https://castlestudy.org.uk/). Parents who have lived experience of parenting a child with epilepsy were co‐applicants for the programme and were involved in the original conception, aims, design and funding application for the research programme (including the project reported in this paper) and advised on project design. Mothers of CWE who have lived experience of managing sleep and sleep problems in their child were participants who shared their experiences through the interviews, which formed the data of the current study.

This paper investigates Alfred North Whitehead and Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s attempts to develop a historical, dynamic ontology (a “process ontology”, according to the former, and an “ontology of the flesh” for the latter). The claim of the paper is that their originality lies in the methods adopted to reach such ontologies, which show strong similarities. Both authors based their research on nature, conceived of as “the leaf of Being”, and on perceptual experience, understood not as a chaos of bare, punctual, sense data, but as the complex, original source of meaning that constitutes the primary field of philosophical investigation—the only source from which one can gain new understanding of both nature and logos (things, happenings, values, subjectivity, laws, etc.). After some introductory remarks on the connections between Whitehead and Merleau-Ponty, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part clarifies why and how, according to the philosophers, ontology should start from a new scrutiny of nature. The second part specifies what this new conception of nature, based on perceptual experience, is. The third part focuses on how their ontologies must be construed as historic, insofar as behaviors, actions, and practices lie at the core of their concept of being.

That our relationship with art, both in the museum and in society, is currently undergoing radical transformation; that Art History in particular is destined to be revolutionized by the digital; and that the brand-new Digital Art History is poised to tell us and show us something other than what we have been able to see and know up until now: this can now seem seductively evident. This is then the starting point for the paper, which at the same time aims to return to some preliminary questions : What, on the one hand, is it to see and explain a painting better, and how do we go about it [§1]? How, on the other hand, can research linked to the digitization of images—coming well after the one on languages and texts processing—help us to enhance and sharpen our gaze [§2]? These are the issues addressed here in a frontal and critical manner. The article finds its initial impetus in a certain conception of what experiencing & explaining the picture means, in its fundamental knotting. It is argued that the enterprise of knowledge cannot be cut off from it: hence, by contrast, the gnoseological limits inherent in automatic processing, based on the scanning of large corpora. At the same time, certain key principles of analysis in Art History, Aesthetic theory and Visual Semiotics are reviewed and discussed: motifs (in a critical conception of traditional iconography), diagrams (in close relation to the notion of figurality), and the interweaving of the visual and the verbal (an essential and delicate issue in our relationship to the work of art, which Digital Humanities must by no means sidestep) [§3]. In the light of this assessment, the article proposes a series of original digital devices capable of better tying together, and enhancing, the experience and explanation of the painting [§4]. Drawing on some case studies of Gustave Courbet’s paintings, the aim is to combine the phenomenological demands of a singular encounter with each painting with those of an invention of semiotic value that is fundamentally linked to an active edition & montage of the artworks themselves. In short, we want to show the positive paths to a renewal in which machines could be an essential adjuvant, provided we do not stick to the research directions and to the intervention modalities we have seen celebrated and programmed to date.

This paper discusses late Schelling’s concept of experience and its significance regarding the relationship between thought and reality as presented in his Berlin lectures. The question is raised as to what extent his proposed transformation of the modern concept of experience is important for questioning the future of the contemporary philosophical discourse in the context of the “inaccessibility of experience,” as proposed by Benjamin and Agamben. The text argues that, instead of grounding the possibility of experience in the immanent or transcendental forms of subjectivity, the Schellingian alternative allows rethinking experience from the perspective of a radical future. By emphasizing the ontological dimension of experience, its inherent relationship with the question of freedom, and the problem of facticity of thinking itself, it becomes possible to place experience beyond the subject-object relation, immediacy, or sensory and objective cognition. This, it is also argued, allows us to reconsider the role of experience for metaphysics in the light of both post-Kantian and post-idealist forms of self-consciousness.

BackgroundResearch tools to evaluate institutions or interventions in the field of mental health have rarely been constructed by researchers with personal experience of using the mental health system (“experiential expertise”). This paper presents a preliminary tool that has been developed within a participatory-collaborative process evaluation as part of a controlled, multi-center, prospective cohort study (PsychCare) to evaluate psychiatric flexible and integrative treatment, FIT for short, models in Germany.MethodThe collaborative research team consisting of researchers with and without experiential expertise developed 12 experiential program components of FIT models by an iterative research process based on the Grounded Theory Methodology. These components were transformed into a preliminary research tool that was evaluated by a participatory expert panel, and during a pilot and validation study, the latter using a random sample of 327 users from 14 mental health departments. Internal consistency of the tool was tested using Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was evaluated using a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and a Jonckheere Terpstra test in relation to different implementation levels of the FIT model. Concurrent validity was tested against a German version of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (ZUF-8) using correlation analysis and a linear regression model.ResultsThe evaluation of the expert panel reduced 29 initial items to 16 that were further reduced to 11 items during the pilot study, resulting into a research tool (Needs and Experiences in Psychiatric Treatment—NEPT) that demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.89). PCA yielded a 1-component structure, which accounted for 49% of the total variance supporting the unidimensional structure of the tool. The total NEPT score increased alongside the increasing implementation of the FIT model (p < 0.05). There was evidence (p < 0.001) for convergent validity assessed against the ZUF-8 as criterion measure.ConclusionsThe NEPT tool seems to be promising for further development to assess the experiences with and fulfillment of needs of psychiatric care models from the perspective of users. This paper demonstrates that it is possible to use a participatory-collaborative approach within the methodologically rigorous confines of a prospective, controlled research design.

This paper examined teaching and learning experiences of both teachers and students from academic camps. The concept of academic camps in the Tanzanian education context is new but well accepted by stakeholders at the grassroots level while the top managerial leadership of the country was against it. The study used mixed approach alongside with convergent design. It was conducted in Simiyu Region in Bariadi District. The population involved teachers, Head of Schools and students. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was done through descriptive statistics for quantitative and content analysis for qualitative data. The findings show that teachers and students underwent both positive and negative experiences from academic camps. Among positive experiences are; improvement of academic performance and students life skills development by socialization. Among the notable negative experiences are shortage of infrastructures to sustain all students and at the same time outbreak of diseases to students due to lack of sanitation. The study concludes that; the issues of academic camps should be legally accepted hence create conditions for its operation.

Spiritual experience is one of the growing potentials and attractions in many tourist destinations, and involves a wide range of religious and secular tourists. This paper aims to analyze the motives and factors affecting the spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran. The required data were collected using 383 questionnaires from foreign female tourists in the hotels where they stayed, or at airports on their way to their country. Then the data were analyzed by applying correlation test and multi-linear regression analysis. The results of study show that, being in harmony with the nature is the most important motive for foreign female tourists traveling to Iran. Among the characteristics of tourist destinations, natural geography, history and culture lie as the most important factors affecting the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists visiting Iran.IntroductionReligion and spirituality have been the most important motives of tourists for traveling in the old time. There is a common agreement on the proximity of these two concepts but spirituality and religion don’t necessarily cover each other. The spirituality concept has become much wider and includes issues including health, social relationships, happiness, vivacity, self-esteem, calmness, sublimity and God. Men and women are different in spiritual aspects. According to some psychologists, women are more religious than men, and have more tendency to spirituality and religious activities (Rich, 2012 Hajizadeh-Meimndi, Ebrahimi-Sadrabadi, 1389). Also, psychologists believe that, tendency to religious affairs is more in women due to the harmony and consistency of spiritual and religious views with women’s souls. Regarding the differences in men’s and women’s traveling and the differences in their incentives, Bond (1997) states that the traveling of alone women beyond their country borders has recently increased significantly. Women tend to take journeys to get experiences and communicational skills as well as to attain awareness and confidence. The statistics show a significant increase in the number of women’s traveling. Therefore, the activists of tourism industry pay special attention to the women’s sector in the market and the economy of travel and tourism. Women are considered as one of the new markets in tourism industry, and understanding their spiritual experiences became a main priority. Female tourists look for different destinations to get the experiences and because of the diversity of expectation form spiritual experience, the need for various destinations to satisfy the different groups of spiritual tourists is felt more than ever. Iran can be a special destination for female tourists, due to its geographical, cultural and historic situation. Climatic diversity and natural landscapes shaped by climates, heights, plains, seas and coastal areas, deserts in addition to historic, cultural and religious attractions and the existence of different ethnic groups with their own special customs and ceremonies, provide very diverse and unique conditions for women’s spiritual experiences in Iran.However, existing knowledge on spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran and its determining factors are very limited.Research MethodologyThis study is a descriptive-exploratory research and the statistical society is the foreign female tourists in Iran and the measuring instrument is questionnaire, of which 383 copies have been distributed among and completed by foreign female tourists, using convenience sampling. The data have been analyzed by SPSS software. Descriptive statistics indices such as frequency and percentage have been applied to search and analyze the information related to general characteristics of the respondents. Correlation tests and multi-linear regression analysis have also been used in the inferential statistics part.Research FindingsThe findings of this study show that three aspects of demographics, travel motives and the destination characteristics, predict 85 percent of the variance of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran.The characteristics of Iran as a tourist destination with beta of 0.355 had the highest effects on the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists. In this study the Crouch and Ritchie model of destination competitiveness was used to determine the tourist destination characteristics. Therefore, the effects of 8 variables including history and culture of the natural geography, infrastructure, costs, security, hospitality, events and situation on the tourists’ spiritual experiences were examined using the multi-linear regression analysis. The results show that the destination characteristics predict 94 percent of the variance of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran. Among the destination characteristics, a) factors of history and culture, b) natural geography, c) infrastructure, d) costs, e) security, f) hospitality, g) events and h) situation, in order, had the highest effects on the quality of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran.ConclusionBased on Crouch model, the destination characteristics are among important factors in tourists’ choice for different purposes. According to the results of this research, foreign female tourists have considered the features of their destination as the most effective factor in their spiritual experiences. Fox’s research (1996) on the women participating in spiritual experiences in pristine places indicated that the nature is seen as a powerful, healing and spiritual element. Furthermore, women on journeys have energy more similar to the nature and can get more spiritual awareness. As discussed above, spiritual tourism for women could play very important role as a novel strategy for tourism marketing in programming macro-tourism in Iran and branding women’s spiritual tourism can be conducted for this valuable guideline.Particularly in advertising via internet and TV programs, Iran should introduce itself as a new destination for female spiritual tourists. Providing necessary facilities and infrastructures and designing trip packages for female spiritual tourists are from necessary steps toward female spiritual tourism. In this research we offered a general framework to examine female spiritual experiences and examined the impact of three main factors including: the destination characteristics, travel motives and the tourists’ demographic features. The destination characteristics in the female tourists’ view, had very significant role in their spiritual experiences. Furthermore, harmony with nature was found as the most important motive to have the spiritual experience in Iran.In the future studies one may examine the effects of different environments including the nature or religious places or even historical buildings to discover the effects of places on spiritual experiences. Also, the effects of each of these aspects and indices on spiritual experiences for two groups of men and women may be assessed and compared separately.

Virtual reality (VR) is gaining attention as a technology that offers new experiences to consumers. The purpose of this study was to identify current trends in marketing research on VR targeting consumers. Forty-nine empirical papers published since 2019 were extracted and categorized into themes of “communication,” “spatial setting,” “experience,” and “device acceptance.” For the studies on “communication,” “spatial setting,” and “experience,” we clarified the effects of VR and VR devices. For “device acceptance,” we clarified the factors that led to the acceptance of VR devices by consumers. Finally, as a critical issue common to each theme, it was pointed out that the characteristics of the VR devices and contents targeted by each study were unclear. As a specific solution, it was pointed out that each study needed to measure and report the components of VR. Other issues noted included organizing theories that explain the effects of VR and pre-designing sample sizes.

Inclusivity and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a community where ethnic diversity and conflict are very low compared to other countries still need to be researched more. This study aims to analyze university students’ awareness of inclusivity and CSR in marketing teaching using a pretest-posttest control group design. Both experimental (n = 138) and control (n = 140) groups are homogeneous regarding nationality, ethnicity, and age. The experimental group was subject to specific training on inclusive products, marketing communication, and CSR, which allowed testing of their perceptions and the training’s effectiveness. The first trial showed that the change in the experimental group was 8%, against 2.5% in the control group. The second trial demonstrated that the change in the experimental group was 30.4%, noting inclusive reasons, and, in the control group, only 6.4%. The third trial found a positive evolution in the experimental group, with more than 8.3% of students choosing the CSR company, and a negative evolution in the control group of –5.6%. These differences were not statistically significant within both groups but significant when comparing the two groups. The results of this study highlight that this homogeneous population does not think about those issues when analyzing businesses, products, or marketing communication. However, when people are submitted to specific training, they become aware and change their perceptions accordingly to what was expected. Thus, one concludes that education for inclusivity and CSR should be part of students’ training, independently of the homogeneity of the social and human environment. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to thank their students at Universidade Portucalense for accepting that their school tests were used to design and publish this paper.

This paper discusses totalitarianism against the background of Hegel’s concept of ethical life (Sittlichkeit). It employs Hegel’s concept of experience from the Phenomenology of Spirit so that the reader could “experience” totalitarianism (in Hegel’s sense), and thereby apprehend a universal (sittlich) ethical life within the state as a true antidote against totalitarianism. “Hegel’s” state, understood here as an emergent middle that balances between its relation to itself (domestic policy) and to the other states (foreign policy) is contrasted with the totalitarian state that suspended its self-relation in the name of its relation to the outside, either in the form of a “total war” (Hitler) or the “total peace” (Stalin). Contrasting the totalitarian state with that of Hegel’s aims to reveal, in turn, the substantial defect of liberal thought. Despite the fact that “total war” and the “total peace” had taken place, liberal thought still stubbornly preoccupies itself with domestic issues, traditionally with the question of how to secure the “Maginot” line between the state and its citizens, at the expense of overcoming its own impoverished knowledge of the state as an instrument, since this utilitarian knowledge of the state combined with the fact that the state is also the sovereign individuality appearing on the scene of foreign relations turned out to be totalitarian. Totalitarianism and liberalism are thereby not understood simply as enemies but rather as a tragical couple. To reveal this mutually enforced interdependence, the paper illustrates it on different and more commonplace examples in order to clarify how liberal thought can overcome animosity against its totalitarian enemy, namely via “experiencing” totalitarianism as nothing but the hitherto unknown dark side of its own instrumental understanding of the state.

Purpose – This paper aims to describe the students’ experience in adopting design thinking (DT) and extreme programming (XP) throughout a course of technology innovation workshop in a master of business administration (MBA) degree program. Design/methodology/approach – This study analyzes data (performed process and achieved results) from the students’ reports and the instructor’s observations about three courses held in 2016, 2017 and 2018. In each course, there were students conducting activities to understand, develop, and validate the market, customer, user and prototype. Findings – This paper identifies that the processes of DT and XP promote active and collaborative learning relationships. The adopted activities along with a mix of different backgrounds from the students can promote good insights to understand the user problem and build a technological solution with incremental innovation. Research limitations/implications – This paper describes only a unique view from the instructor’s knowledge; therefore, others might present different scenarios and results. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the characterization of DT and XP activities when teaching technological innovation in a MBA.

The purpose of this study was to find the Iranian less and more experienced EFL teachers' beliefs in marking students' errors in writing, their preferred types of written corrective feedback, the most useful kind of teachers' written error correction feedback, and the differences between what they believe and what they actually do in giving feedback. The study was done by the cooperation of 120 available university teachers (53 less experienced and 67 more experienced) teaching writing to EFL learners at different universities in Iran. A written feedback questionnaire was employed in this descriptive survey in which both quantitative (closed-ended questions and paper investigation) and qualitative (open-ended questions) ways of data collection were used. Descriptive statistics including frequency and percentage were estimated in the quantitative data analysis. The results revealed that in error marking and in finding the most useful kind of error correction, less and more experienced teachers had different preferences; and for pointing out the errors, they also had different ideas. The reviewing of the open-ended questions for the qualitative data showed no belief discrepancies in teachers’ responses to the closed-ended items and open-ended questions of the questionnaire. However, the investigation of teachers’ error correction on learners’ actual papers indicated that both groups’ beliefs were different from their actual paper correction. The implications of the study are for teachers, policymakers, and decision-makers in educational settings.

The following paper intends to establish a dialogue between the works of the Marxist historian E.P. Thompson and the philosopher and black activist Angela Davis. It is a preliminary effort that, although it has some hardships in creating channels of communication between such different works, it can discusses some categories such as experience, social relations, exploitation, oppression and alienation, from debates based upon texts and works written by authors close to Davis and Thompson. In this way, we hope that this paper can contribute to a much broader debate around what the Social History of Labor may gain when we have a more sensitive way of looking to the different social relations of dominance and resistance in capitalism.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, university closures were commonplace worldwide from March 2020, meaning that lecturers and students had to adapt to emergency remote teaching with little or no notice. In this paper, we report upon the results of an online survey undertaken with university mathematics lecturers during May–June 2020. There were 257 respondents from 29 countries who gave their reactions to emergency remote teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we focus upon lecturers’ perceptions of how their students coped with this style of teaching, considering any particular difficulties they reported to their lecturers, their attendance at online teaching sessions, and their engagement in a general way. Lecturers reported students struggling with both hardware and software issues, particularly in relation to fast, reliable broadband. Childcare issues also emerged as a challenge for students during this timeframe, as well as students’ personal circumstances in terms of living situations and financial stability. Overall, lecturers reported lower levels of engagement with online learning compared to in-person lectures, which occurred prior to the pandemic. However, four-fifths of respondents were still in regular contact with their students during this time. Many of the studies exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the teaching and learning of mathematics in higher education are small-scale, sometimes single-module studies. Restrictions differed greatly between countries, and indeed between regions, meaning that the results of any regional study cannot be generalised to a more international experience. In addition, the experience of students studying mathematics as their degree programme differed from those who undertook only one mathematics module as part of a science, engineering, or business degree. This paper provides a more global insight into the student experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. By focusing on lecturers, rather than asking students directly, the experiences of those students who may not have engaged with such a study have been included; oftentimes, these students were those who struggled the most with this new format of learning.

In this paper, I discuss Dante’s conception of theology and rational thinking through a reading of the cantos of the Heaven of the Sun. I address the hermeneutical challenge of understanding the meaning of the peace which Dante identifies as the main feature of divine science, and I do so by employing liturgical hermeneutics, a methodological approach characteristic of the celebration of Mass. This hermeneutical approach looks simultaneously at the constative content of a text and its performative dimension and emphasises the importance of not concealing but taking into account the unavoidable personal dimension of any hermeneutical or intellectual activity. In this way, I challenge the conclusion that the reconciliation of the Wise Spirits is merely and only a textual reality and therefore a beautiful, poetic lie, and I instead show how Dante’s poetic depiction has serious implications for our use and understanding of rational thought. His representation does not rest on the application of the principle of non-contradiction as the ultimate foundation of reality and rational thinking: in Dante’s Paradiso, this abstract principle is replaced by a living reality, and the inner life of the Trinity is shown as being the true foundation for any possible knowledge and reality.

The article examines the problems of knowledge capitalization in the innovation economy paradigm. The modern globalized world is characterized by the commercialization of educational and scientific activities, the formation of educational ecosystems, as well as the capitalization of knowledge as a resource. The paper describes the theoretical basis of knowledge capitalization and defines the stages of the formation of academic capitalism. It is defined that the capitalization of knowledge is an increase, the maximization of the value of own and engaged intellectual assets, as a result of the increase in the influence of higher education institutions and scientific institutions on the scientific-technical and socio-economic development of society, and commercialization is the process of turning knowledge into a commodity. A system of statistical indicators of capitalization of knowledge within the economy has been established (expenditures on education; the number of patents; share of costs for scientific research and development; costs for innovative activities; share of innovative enterprises in the total number of enterprises; share of income from the sale of innovative products to the total volume of products sold ). The methodology for calculating the model of the change in GDP per capita has been developed, taking into account the indicators of knowledge capitalization, and the algorithm of necessary actions regarding its application has been described. The hypothesis about the impact of capitalization of knowledge on the economic development of the state, namely the change in macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, has been confirmed. The author’s formula for determining the coefficient of the economic effect from the capitalization of knowledge is proposed, which reflects the ratio of investments in knowledge-creating (innovative activity) to the income received from the implementation of an innovative product. Investments in knowledge-creating activities are the number of expenses for scientific research and development, so the innovative product is a patent, as a formalized unit of knowledge. The calculation of the coefficient of the economic effect of knowledge capitalization for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland was carried out, which clearly showed the expediency of implementing the knowledge capitalization experience of Poland and the need for a balanced internal policy to stimulate educational, scientific and innovative activities with the attraction of appropriate investments in Ukraine.

This is an attempt at putting down how I experienced ‘research’, while conducting an ethnographic field work at a fishing village as part of a project to understand experiences of ‘uncertainty’. I will first describe for the reader what seeded/triggered this write up—the unease I experienced during my initial days at the village. This shall be followed by detailing my disposition with respect to the particular project in question here and how I arrived at the village. In the second half of the paper, through reflection, recollection and excerpts from my field notes, I will try to illustrate how notions of consent, rapport, data etc shaped and constrained my experience during (and of) the field study and what effect it had on my being. I do not intend to argue for or against certain practices or arrive at some conclusion, but wish to seek resonances and conversations with those who may have had similar experiences.

In postmodern society the importance of traditional religious organisations and practices have declined. As a result, spirituality tends to be sought outside of institutionalised religion. Tourism is seen as one avenue for such spiritual fulfilment. Tourism research commonly frames tourism as a sacred journey and has pointed out that like modern-day pilgrims, tourists seek spirituality through travel. Of course, not all tourist travel is motivated by a search for spirituality, and yet many tourists still describe their travel experiences as spiritual. Therefore, in addition to understanding motivations of travel, the tourist experience is also an important element of making tourism a sacred journey. Is spiritual motivation a necessary prerequisite for a tourist to have a spiritual experience? What other site-specific elements might enable spiritual experiences of tourists, even if they are not motivated by a search for spirituality? Such questions have not been sufficiently explored. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between visitor motivation and spiritual experience at an influential religious sacred site in rural Japan; the Shingon Esoteric Buddhism headquarters in the town of Koyasan in Wakayama Prefecture. Since becoming registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, Koyasan has rapidly become an internationally renowned spiritual tourism destination. This paper presents the result of a questionnaire survey of both religious tourists and tourists to Koyasan. The findings indicate spiritual motivation is not a prerequisite for spiritual experience and shows how tourists’ spiritual experiences are affected by the atmosphere of place, people and activities that comprise the temple stay setting in Koyasan.

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) disproportionally affects persons and families who are economically and socially disadvantaged. Therefore, a patient cost survey was conducted in Tanzania to evaluate the costs incurred by patients and their households before and after the diagnosis of TB. It was the first survey in Tanzania to ascertain baseline information and experience for subsequent surveys. This paper aims to share the experience encountered during the survey to ensure a standardized approach and elimination of potential barriers for the implementation of future surveys. A total of 777 TB patients from 30 clusters selected based on probability proportional to the size were interviewed during the study period. As the sample size was calculated based on notification data from the previous year, some health facilities experienced an inadequate number of TB patients during the study to meet the allocated cluster size for the survey. Most facilities had poor recording and recordkeeping in TB registers where deaths were not registered, and some patients had not been assigned district identification numbers. Fixed days for TB drug refills in health facilities affected the routine implementation of the survey as the interviews were conducted when patients visited the facility to pick up the drugs. Tablets used to collect data failed to capture the geographic location in some areas. The households of TB patients lost to follow-up and those who had died during TB treatment were not included in the survey. When planning and preparing for patient costs surveys, it is important to consider unforeseen factors which may affect planned activities and findings. During the survey in Tanzania, the identified challenges included survey logistics, communications, patient enrollment, and data management issues. To improve the quality of the findings of future surveys, it may be reasonable to revise survey procedures to include households of TB patients who were lost to follow-up and those who died during TB treatment; the households of such patients may have incurred higher direct and indirect costs than households whose patient was cured as a result of receiving TB treatment.

Professor Subbu Reddiar had American travel experience in his 88th life and registered his experiences through the book “My Journey to America” (En America Payanam). In line with the joyous experience of Travel, Professor Reddiar gave us the experience of his trip to the US like the taste of milk mixed with honey in the Tamil Language. Through this article, as a researcher, I also share the experience I gained while reading this book. In an age, when the cost was considered as a journey, now, travel is an expense and going to America relies on a dream for most people but Professor Reddiar recalled his experiences and satisfy others' dreams through his book, “My Journey to America”. The uniqueness of this book is that it presents this travel experience with a lot of Tamil-language evidence to tell people in Tamil, especially Tamils. When one reads the information about each of the places featured in the professor's book, we all get the domain experience of going there ourselves. This is another feature of this travelogue. This article is designed to illustrate the professor's Tamil-speaking experience in a far land. In this work, one can see how the words are used in the poems written there to mean places and his experience. The structure of the book as a Tamil translator for English can be expressed here as 1,2,3, and the English words at the bottom of each page can be read throughout the book as some information can also be read in this paper for better understanding. Perungavi's poems have been quoted related to Niagara Falls in comparison. It is also worth exploring how Professor's experiential devotional literature compares many of the chanting and worship practices of each of the temple visions to his visit to the United States. As mentioned above our professor also tells Shaiva and Vaishnava cults and the architectural systems of America revealing the specialities of homelands. The culture, customs and other social conditions of the people of that country are also described. Hence, the main purpose of this article is to expose the dignity of Tamil culture through the temples, parks and museums he found in the four states of the country in his travel experience.

The paper describes the results of a phenomenological study of client experiences in the process of psychotherapy. We assumed that the experience changes during the course of psychotherapy, and the dynamics of the experience could be observed both within one session and between sessions. The sample consisted of 6 people aged 29 to 53, 5 women and 1 man. One woman attended 4 meetings with a psychotherapist, the man and other women — 3 meetings each. Conversations were recorded on a dictaphone and then transcribed. Two independent experts read and coded each transcript, and then codes were discussed. At the first stage of analysis, we noted unique semantic units. At the second stage, they were coded. We describe the dynamics of the experiences of each client separately from the beginning to the end of work with a psychotherapist. The results allow us to conclude that there are transformations of experiences in all clients; both in their experiences regarding the work process and also regarding the problem situations that were the reason for treatment. The results of further categorization, generalization, and interpretation will be described in the next paper.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to consider the role that technology may play in the future of experiential tourism. This viewpoint paper begins to question future developments in technological mediation and how these may challenge the author’ view of experiences and their construction in a period of immense and rapid technological development. Design/methodology/approach - This is a short viewpoint paper driven by theoretical perspectives in the existing academic literature and the author’s personal stance on the future of experiential tourism. Findings - This paper suggests that while there is considerable research into the role and application of technology within tourism, there is a lack of future-orientated debate. The views expressed within the paper argue that three potential directions exist for the future of technological mediation in experiential tourism: mass acceptance and customisation; experiential convergence or “rewinding the clock”, each with significant implications for the management of technological mediation in experiential tourism. Originality/value - The paper provides an initial insight into future directions of the tourism industry in a period of immense technological development. Based on existing theoretical perspectives, these viewpoints indicate three potential routes for the industry and act as a catalyst for further dialogue within tourism scholarship.

This paper inquires about the process of emergence of a working-class community in the port of Buenos Aires, resulting from actions by workers and inhabitants of the working-class neighborhood at the beginning of the 20th century. Originality: At the crossroads of diverse historiographies (social, cultural and political history), this paper proposes a joint regard at the labor dimension, worker disputes, carnival celebrations and electoral participation, and to use this multiplicity of events and experiences to think about the emergence of a radicalized worker community, with a particular identity gestated in the mobilization during a specific time at the beginning of the 20th century. Methodology: The months from late 1903 to early 1904 were an important juncture in the port district, and based on a diverse set of documents (commercial, neighborhood, trade and left-wing newspapers, news magazines, police reports, photographs, among others), this paper reconstructs the worker experience in three settings converging in the summer months: protest, carnival and legislative polls. At the same time, it ponders the territorial dimension of community configuration and the key places that formed the backdrop to a story of protest, celebration, and elections. Conclusions: This analysis shows us that worker sociabilities around the port consolidated a community based on family, corporate, partisan, neighborhood and worker solidarities, in times of labor, political and festive mobilization, and of radicalized confrontation with the State and with corporations.