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The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of economic openness on wage dispersion. To this end, using a fixed effects panel model, we evaluate the impact of exports and foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as productivity and education, on wage dispersion in 14 economic subsectors in Mexico during the period 1999-2021. The main findings show that: i) increasing exports tend to diminish wage dispersion; ii) the flow of FDI seems to increase wage dispersion; iii) productivity and the heterogeneity of the productive network are determining factors in the dynamics of average wages. In this context, it is important to implement a variety of industrial and labour policies to effectively absorb the dynamic advantages associated with economic openness, such as the reduction of wage dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates, using a panel data model, that mainly firm-specific (microeconomic) versus macroeconomic variables affect the long-run profitability of a group of banks in Mexico in the pre- and COVID-19 periods. Interbank deposit, deposit rate, bank size, size of non-performing loan portfolio, delinquency, operating expenses, traditional deposit, salary, unemployment, and interest rate have statistical influence on bank profitability, but this relationship changes in the COVID-19 period. These results can be useful in the decisions of the different areas of banks, as well as for the design of public policies aimed at maintaining the stability of the banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the worker-employer conflicts in one of the representative companies of the mining industry in Mexico in the context of the great depression of the world economy of 1929, based on the study of the group's files documentary of the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration belonging to the General Archive of the Nation corresponding to the company ASARCO in the period 1927-1932. The study carried out contributes to broaden the understanding of the way in which the crisis affected the working conditions of mining workers, as well as the way in which the State, through the Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, acted in conflicts between the capital and labor in the context of the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The General Health Law in Mexico was reformed in 2019. Since that moment the re-centralization began. Part of these process were the following actions: the Health Welfare Institute creation; the Popular Insurance disappearance; the coordination agreements signature between the national and the subtnationals governments, and the medicines consolidated purchase. These actions produced consequences in organizational functioning. Through the staff perception, this paper seeks to investigate these consecuences in a pimary healthcare organization in Nezahualctoyotl, Estado de México. Findings shouw that: 1. Second and third level hospitals were regionalized; 2. Contracts to treat diseases like cancer were eliminated; 3. Less existance of medicines and medical supplies; 4.Staff hired with fixed-term contract were given a regular contract. The re-centralization is usefull to study the health system changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main axes of the criminal process for adolescents is the application of alternative forms of justice, which are regulated in the National Law of the Comprehensive Criminal Justice System for Adolescents in two forms of alternative solutions: Reparatory Agreement and Conditional Suspension of the Process. In this paper, some reflections are presented as a result of the work carried out between 2021 and 2022 in the areas in charge of applying the Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in criminal justice for adolescents in Mexico City, the State of Mexico and in Chiapas. Interviews were conducted with the facilitators (in the three entities) and with adolescents who participated in criminal mediation processes (State of Mexico). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Startup have become a very important factor in the global innovation process. Startup have ceased to be an aimless company with high uncertainty. The concept has taken a turn and today these types of firms are young companies founded to develop a unique product or service, bring it to market and make it irresistible and irreplaceable for customers and that are based on innovation, addressing the shortcomings of existing products or creating entirely new categories of goods and services, thereby disrupting ways of thinking and doing business rooted in entire sectors. That is why this paper presents an analysis of the global participation of startup and how in Mexico the Fintech sector has become the favorite of this type of companies. According to IDB (2020), startups are facing the new normal by implementing online activities, such as courses, webinars and support channels (66%). Much less frequent, however, are other actions of greater proximity to entrepreneurs, such as online accompaniment (18%), mentoring (5%) or the management of public support to alleviate the companies (3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the recent recognition in Mexico in the Federal Labor Law of the right to digital disconnection, as part of teleworking, explaining its scope, objectives and implications; likewise, the limitations of this right are commented, with the support of the doctrine and references of comparative law, in addition to the difficulties for its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the way in which, within the agro-export model that has been developed in the framework of neoliberal restructuring, the processes of valorization and accumulation of capital are sustained in conditions of extreme exploitation of the labor force that violate, with the consent of the State, the most elementary precepts of labor legislation; conditions whose persistence has been expressed in recent decades in various forms of resistance that, in the case of the San Quintín Valley in Baja California, have led to the formation of an independent union with which new perspectives are opened in the struggle for rights class interests of agricultural workers in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonprofit sector in Mexico has a limited size and scope, despite of the urgent need faced by millions of citizens that do not have access to the most basic needs. Although Mexicans are regarded to be supportive and generous, they tend to engage in philanthropic activities and volunteering only sporadically and through informal means. Therefore, the fundamental problem faced by the sector is the lack of institutionalization and a poor legal and fiscal environment. The current paper analyzes the origins of the sector in Mexico to identify some of the underlying factors that have influenced it and that have limited its correct development. Then, it evaluates the current status of the sector and enumerates some of the causes that are preventing current organizations from expanding and serving an increased clientele. Finally, it proposes a set of solutions, aimed to eliminate the superfluous legal and fiscal restrictions, as well as to motivate an enhanced cooperation between the government and civil society in order to provide people with the necessary relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the characteristics of the labor issues included in North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), recently signed between the United States, Canada and Mexico. The background of the subject, the novelties of the treaty, the new international procedures in labor matters and, in general, the commitments assumed, as well as the scope and implications that these could have are reviewed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper exposes the importance of the labor defense attorney's offices, their regulation, structure, evolution, as well as the role they play in the access and impartation of labor justice. The idea is developed that these prosecutors materialize the exercise of certain human rights. The implications of the latest labor reforms in Mexico in these public institutions are also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some scholars establish the presence of the dutch disease in Mexico produced by the increase in oil prices in the first decade of the 21st century. In this context, the aim of this paper is to measure the impact of the volatility of the exchange rate (mexican peso-usdollar) influenced by volatility of mexican crude oil price, using a garch model and statistical daily information from 2010 to 2016. The results indicate that the volatility of exchange rate is not impacted by volatility of oil price but on speculation factors on itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the current food problem, the strengthening of capabilities within agro-industries is a very important strategy; these organizations are vital to agri-food value aggregation processes and economic spillovers in productive territories. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated analytical framework, from localized agrifood system approach, for the identification of the technological capabilities and innovation level in agro-industrial organizations. The present proposal was developed based on the case study of eight agro-industrial amaranth companies located in Mexico City, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the efficiency of the Mexican agricultural sector in the context of apec, taking into account the "bad outouts" that occurred during the period 1980-2015. The establishment of mechanisms that improve the efficient use of resources to generate greater added value and at the same time reduce CO2eq emissions in the sector, are essential so that Mexico can aspire to higher levels of development. In order to measure efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, was used, and in order to assess the evolution of productivity the Malmquist-Luenberger index was calculated. The results show that during the entire length of the period studied the Mexican agricultural sector was more efficient than order APEC contries. However, its productivity worsened due to the need for technological improvements that allow a displacement of the production possibilities frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the application of patents (P) in Mexico as a mechanism of technological spill to the host country. Part of a contemporary and theoretical framework that relates both variables and identifies the convenience of multinational companies to manage or safeguard knowledge. Subsequently through the Granger causality, it is shown there is no bidirectional or unidirectional causality in our country between both variab [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In search for a satisfactory answer to the question: How much debt is appropriate for a particular company? Researchers had development a whole wealth of literature that addresses the problem using different approaches. Research on financial structure and its impact on the corporate value of the companies began with the contributions of Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller which laid the foundations of the new approach of modern finance and has allowed the development of new regulations aimed at theories search for an optimal financial structure. This paper proposes a mathematical algorithm based on the Bellman's Optimality Principle, which allows companies to determine the proportion of debt and optimal capital so that its weighted average cost of capital is minimized, which is equal to maximize its market value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluate the Mexican pension model supported by the law of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) of 1997, the study review the theoretical aspects of the pension model. The principal aspects of the retirement condition are analysis by a set of scenarios with a deterministic and stochastic approach, the variables uncertainty are modelated with a stochastic process, the analysis use the Monte Carlo simulation with the projection of thirty years. The evaluation shows the Mexican pension model satisfies the ideas of Modigliani in the life cycle theory and the precepts of the Overlapping Generations Model. One of the relevant result is that the pension model partially are self-sufficiency by the population, since an important part of the workers cannot save enough incomes to support their minimum pension and hold the liability to the State. Workers with a higher income who achieve savings that can guarantee a pension higher than a minimum wage should reduce the standard of living to adapt it to the level of income in the retirement phase that corresponds to approximately a fifth of the income that was had at the retirement time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orthodox approach regarding the transformation of the fiscal system inherited from the Colony, favored the emergence of loaners that took advantage from federal government's necessities in order to speculate and impose usury conditions, this same approach impeded the use of paper currency necessary for propelling commercial activity and the national market unification. On other side, the heterodox position was favored by those whom saw the necessity of obtaining resources oriented towards the relief of public expenditure by using other sources: applying for loans from other countries and increase the tax base of existing bases, as was the case of tariffs and the use of sealed paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an updated overview on the teaching of social responsibility in Mexico, and his record in Latin America, to identify other teaching corporate social responsibility, is really a priority for Institutions of higher education, likewise are the main considerations that have guided the higher education Institutions to carry out training processes in corporate social responsibility, in this paper highlights the main definitions adopted this term as well as some major findings that have identified certain "trends, initiatives and actions of institutions" in front of the scope of corporate social responsibility. The paper is organized into five different sections, the first section presents introductory type questions and the main reasons that encouraged the development of the project and have made it possible to establish the background to the corporate social responsibility, the second presents the main definitions that have provided authors and national and international concept, the third section lists the topics and indicators of corporate social responsibility, a fourth section presents the teaching of social responsibility in Latin America and describes the initiatives undertaken by universities around Latin America, in the fifth section presents the main higher education Institutions have undertaken corporate social responsibility initiatives in Mexico, finally have some final thoughts on the main contributions of institutions of higher education in the teaching of corporate social responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will reflect on the so-called cultural diversity of modern societies and their legal recognition (legalpluralism). Also, they discussed about the legal structure that has characterized the constitutional culture in' societies like Mexico, particularly regarding the reception or not of the legal culture of community roots practiced by indigenous peoples. Both ideas allow us to watch regulatory changes that the Mexican mono-ethnic nation-state has had in order to consolidate a society where democracy and identity are not exclusive. In this paper, we give priority to track the formation of international law on indigenous peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, certain governments and civil society organizations are taking part in processes of building up policies, programs, and projects. This situation opens a way for the appearance of quizzes about each of them responsibility for these activities. This article analyzes the concept of shared responsibility and tries to find out the proper definition for the interaction among actors, the way it is established, the values and attitudes that it promotes, as well as the rules, the management mechanisms and the resource distribution that rule that mentioned relationship. With regard to the establishment of this kind of relationship, this study presents the main aspects of some experiences that were carried out in Mexico City, as well as the challenges that the developed strategies and methodologies face. The application of new internal control approaches has been already taken by rules and norms from diverse fiscalization methods in several countries of the American continent (the most notorious case seems to be the Act Sarbanes Oxley, in the United States). The latest control models are being progressively included as a basis for the definition of fiscalization procedures in different countries. This paper explains the way that this framework may be actually used through two different action lines, which are separated but complementary. They can be used both in the Public Sector and private companies for: the development of organizational institutional diagnosis and the establishment of intervention plans, as well as fore the continuous monitoring of internal control structures as a method for contributing to management. On the other hand, the present study presents real cases of practical use of the COSO Model in Latin America. These cases support the work hypothesis created by the author, as well as the features that the writer has identified in projects that have implemented this tool in diverse organizations. Through these examples, and the case description, it can be understood the way the COSO Model, as the object of the current study, should take in order not to remain as just an abstract or academic concept. The COSO Model presents an integrated framework that influences organizations in a concrete and direct form. It covers a place that had not been occupied when considering control under the old concept. Finally, this paper tries to develop the integrated COSO Model framework from a practical point of view, and not only theoretical. Besides this, the article emphasizes the usefulness of the Model concepts as an especially managerial tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the authors found evidence that the level of Mexico's public debt is cointegrated with the wages of the manufacturing sector. In particular, there exists a negative relationship in both the short and long term. The results suggest that the country's public debt has contributed to the concentration of income in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of pensions in Mexico has gained importance over the past 16 years because all the systems in the country were not appropriate to deal with ongoing payments and future reserves. The scheme administered by the IMSS has been no exception as it was the first to be applied to modify a radical transformation of individual accounts by one, hoping this measure will reduce the pressures being generated on the finances of the institution. The aim of this paper is to show that no decrease pension expense in the long run, under some adverse elements not contemplated for this purpose. For this, using the methodology suggested by Johansen vector autoregression (VAR) model with error correction (MEC) is done. The results suggest that pension spending is carried out in this institution not decrease because their own autoregressive dynamics is quite strong and is not restricted considerably in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze some features of public service employment, especially those having to do with brokering activities and the implementation of active labor market policies by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. The subject of evaluation of active labor market policies is also addressed. From 1990 to 2000 these policies focused on training of unemployed workers and active, and it is from 2002 when fueled implement active policies with more emphasis on the occupation of the unemployed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamics of the social loss function (loss of purchasing power of society) for the Mexican case during the period 2000-2011. To do this, based on the augmented Phillips curve, the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment is empirically confirmed. Subsequently, in an econometric exercise the unemployment gap, the inflation persistency and the unemployment function are estimated. It is shown that there is empirical evidence that discretionary policies accompanied by a greater aversion to inflation by the public produce better results than fixed-rule policies, as this leads to lower levels of social loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Federal Labor Reform has generated lots of controversy, even since it was presented as an initiative on August 1st 2012 by the former Mexican President, Felipe Calderon, in which he assured necessity to present this labor reform. In this paper it is point out some inconsistencies of this Federal Labor Reform published in the Official Federal Diary on November 30Th of 2012, particularly in reference to the III-Bis chapter named "De la productividad, formación y capacitación de los trabajadores", and specificly expressed in the 153-A article, and its connection with 153-D, 153-E, and 153-1 articles. From the reformation, the article 153-A, which apparently the alteration in the drafting seems to be minimum, this follows a problematic that starts from the central research question: What is the point in reforming article 153-A in this way if apparently it is the same? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the organizational diagnosis (OD) of a Public Safety State Academy of north-central Mexico as part of an intervention organizational (IO) project in the frame of the transition that occurs with the alternation of two different parties in state government. The main objective is to assess the relevance of the io for promoting change in government organizations. The data collected during the diagnosis reported here constitute evidence of positive weight, especially in light of the emphasis that Jacobson, Butterill and Goering (2005) DO in their model of learning in the IO. We conclude that, even with the constraints of IO implementation, the IO and the OD are very useful to promote change in these organizations, especially, in times of party alternation in government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the long term relationships between incomes and remittances, the principle elements that conform private consumption in Mexico, and the Human Development Index. Given that migration explains the necessity that some Mexicans have of finding sufficient resources in Mexico's labor market, this analysis revises the economic situation in Mexico, inferring that from the crisis of its economic model it would be natural to think that international migration is one alternative that Mexicans have for resolving their problems. However, that implies that when migrants send remittances to Mexico, there may exist a dependency in terms of well-being and human development. In order to study this dependence a errors correction vector is developed, which can capture the long term basis for the interrelations between the variables. As a result, one finds a positive causality from remittances toward components of private consumption and the Human Development Index; a situation that is relevant for establishing the degree to which the well-being of Mexico's population depends upon the remittances flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the scope and meaning of the term "labor law", and its importance as part of a pattern of relations of production in a country; it is presented the deficiencies and problems that today it has in Mexico, likewise, the current trends are discussed-here, in addition to reviewing the amendments proposals that are currently present in the debate on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the proposed changes to the labor law in Mexico, flexible labor relations to promote capitalist accumulation based on increased exploitation of workers in precarious way of hiring - from the definition of some key concepts of political economy, and the way in which capital has shifted from the center to the periphery and how capital has been taking over all spheres of the national economy embodied in transnational companies vying control of the world economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes several indicators of Mexican commercial banks liquidity and leverage, for the period 2002-2009. The purpose is determinate the relationship with the profitability and the possible patterns in their activities. The results show that the largest banks, according to the size of its assets, are more profitable, but they have more long term leverage and concentrate a significant proportion of their assets in government securities. In contrast, smaller banks have on its assets significant proportions of credit supply, and also have a considerable amount of long term deposits in liabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon the supposed integration process (NAFTA) for the Mexican market strategic behavior, this paper aims to measure market power during the 1990-decade second half using the structure-behavior-performance paradigm, in the context of an economy with huge asymmetries as the Mexican one and considering the Mexican market from an aggregate perspective. A lineal model is proposed that reflects the relation between structure and performance in order to show the statistical signification of the coefficient relative to concentration indexes. A methodological analysis tool is offered, which might be applied to other Latin American economies, this adds a remarkable multiplier effect in times of a profound global economic crisis, in which Latin America is particularly vulnerable due to the dependence and development conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a brief description of development banks history in Mexico, particularly on those oriented towards support firms financially, as well as on some ideas behind their creation and transformations. The article points out that even if in Mexican history there have been a great number of development banks created with the objective of aiding firms financial necessities, such purpose has hot necessarily been accomplished since the actions of those institutions may have deviated towards attaining a broad and not necessarily clear goals list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remittances sent by Mexican migrants in the USA are relevant for recipient household at least in two senses. First, they contribute to rise income, and therefore to diminish poverty level. Second, they also contribute to regional and local economic development via the multipliers generated by the increases of the demand and of the investment in productive activities. Nonetheless, there are several estimations of household remittances magnitude. This paper analyzes the methodologies of Banco de Mexico (Mexican central bank) and those of recognized researchers. There is no consensus regarding the amount of money transferred by Mexican migrants in the USA. Consequently, the positive effects upon the recipient economy may not be conclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial economic analysis at the municipal level allows identifying the specific problematic at the micro-region level. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the municipal economic growth of the State of Mexico and its tendencies regarding urbanization, labor specialization and soil uses, based on territorial and economic variables from the sectors in which it is employed, generating a reference framework that enables proposals' elaboration for the various problematics in each region and municipio. It is clear that the State of Mexico has gone through transformations during 1990-2007 towards urban economic growth polarizing its regions, with a broad economic diversification and with mixed orientation among the three economic sectors, which implies a great competence for job positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to elaborate on a virtually unknown aspect: asscess to state juristdiction to determine or solve conflicts related to elective provedures, especially during the nineteenth century and some in the twentieth century. The relevant aspect of this research is to show for the first time that befor the existence of the Electoral Tribunal of Judicial Power and its predecessors (the Electoral Diputes Tribunal and the Federal Electoral Tribunal) Mexican judges hear matters related to the election issue. This review is also to show that even during periods in which the criterion of non-justiciability of political questions was imposed Despite that, Mexican courts knew about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the analysis with an organizational perspective of bullfighting in Mexico, called Tauromaquia. It shows the importance of the process of institutionalization of Tauromaquia since the beginning of this activities on the Iberian peninsula until the present in mexican territory. Analyzed the characteristics of organizational actors that currently form this sector, where they generate dynamics of interaction characterized by a tension between economic rationality focused on maximizing profits and symbolic rationality, based on various explanatory references only accessible through the symbols, evident in the Tauromaquia. It proposes an interpretive diagram that explains the dynamics of interaction between these actors and the coexistence of these two rationalities, which have contributed to the permanence of Tauromaquia in Mexico. Finally we reflect on the appropriateness of incorporating the symbolic dimension in organizational analysis in other sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a model for pricing European options on the index of the Mexican Stock Exchange assuming that the volatility of the underlying is driven by a GARCH-M (1,1). process. The proposed model combines the characteristics of structural and statistical models; that is, volatility is assumed to follow a GARCH-M (1,1) process calibrated on hisstorical data, but the equilibrium price of the option is based on nonarbitrage arguments. In this context, the model is capable of reflecting properly the changes of the conditional volatility of the underlying asset. The results of the numerical implementation of the model suggest that this is able to explain some systematic biases associated with the model published by Black and Scholes (1973). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the development of the Mexican labor movement and the emergence of trade union rights, which represent the proletarian resistance, nineteenth-century liberal state. This is in the context of winding experience, against the excesses seen in the individual as economic symbol, which privileges the interests of financial powers on human values and dignity of workers. We examine the evolution of our labor as doctrinally recognized achievement of democracy and freedom. At the same time it points the transition from the Protector to the Deserter State. It is also studied the development of Mexican trade unions facing the transformation of Mexican labor law, whose principles are ignored and are understood overtaken by Neoliberalism. System that violates the full meaning of social justice as claim and turn to the flexibility of labor relations, inherent to the free change and the monetarist globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider the hypothesis that the dogmatic method of teaching law in law schools, in general, contributes to the production of conservative thinking of the jurists that the Mexican economic and political system needs to legally validate the powerful people's public and private acts. The above mentioned does not mean that the legal dogmatism is the only factor that produces these effects and that is all that produces, but it highlights some elements to allow us to determine the influence of legal doctrine on the conservative thinking of the jurists and the latter upon the recognition of economic and political systems, as well as to determine the legal views of critical thinking in helping to overcome the academic crisis in law schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lease of property for housing has always been problematic in Mexico City. Tenants and landlords, two opposing groups that need each other; have been in the past twenty five years, subjects of particular attention of the Mexico City and Federal Legislature. This paper analyze the Real Estate Leasing Controversies and we seek to demonstrate that they violate Articles 13, 14 and 16 of the Federal Constitution, because they would be privative, they would have been applied, between February 1985 and September 2009 - by special courts and would be used to submit a social class, as well as contrary to due process. They should be abrogated, and as that happens, be counteracted with the legal resources suggested here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is presented a systematic exposition of the concept of ideology that Luis Villoro constructs through his philosophic trajectory, as a base to explain the critique of the ideologies and the critique of the form-ideology as practical social task of the philosophical thought, in particular, considering its relations with the sociocultural and political context of the country. This way, I expose 1) the epistemological concept of ideology worked by Villoro in the decades of the 70's and 80's; 2) the ethic-political concept of ideology, developed by the Mexican philosopher in the decade of the 90's; and 3) in retrospective, the historical-cultural concept of ideology, impliedly present in the studies that Villoro dedicated, in the beginnings of his intellectual career (the 50's), to the historical analysis of the reality in Mexico. Hereby, the essay develops around, and concludes with the thesis that the whole sense of the conception and critique of the ideology that the Mexican philosopher proposes cannot be understood as a purely conceptual and theoretical issue, but that it has to be related with his posture as a thinker deeply committed with the social and political problematic of our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent efforts to reform the Federal Labor Law and the General Constitution of the Republic, presented by the parties PAN, PRD and PT, aim, in the first of the ordainments, integral reforms with gender perspective, incorporating the principles of ILO about "decent work", while others are in the sense, among others, of considering work as a human right. This paper presents a not traditional proposal to include positive actions and clauses of gender transversality for the benefit of Mexican male and female workers, through collective negotiation in products derived from it, thus recognizing the creative power of the right that the social interlocutors have in the negotiation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the division, tackles the evolution and scope of the regulation on the figure of the corporations, and the demarcation of the conditions that give rise to that concept according in the Mexican positive law. It also presents a balance sheet that, on Article 228 bis in the General Corporations Law and regulatory framework, circumscribes that figure. In addition to this, we present the instruments from which legal text begins for it implementation in the national environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the primary record of profit sharing in Mexico through a brief historical tour, mainly through the pronouncements of Ignacio Ramirez, "El Nigromante" ("The Necromancer"), and its genesis in the constituent of 1916-1917. It also examines the nature and further regulation in the Federal Labor Law, concluding with the ways a large part of companies has used to avoid its payment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows a summary of the genesis of contemporary drug prohibition, and a synthesis of the state of affairs in Mexico, facing a war against drugs that involves the State with the army. Finally, the political commitment of its legalization is reaffirmed from the distinction between rules that govern individual human rights groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the optimal mix of internal and external public debt that the Mexican government should currently have. The estimation follows Miller's methodology, where the relative sizes of the total public debt and the monetary base, the variances of the real exchange rate, the internal and external inflation, and the co-variance between public expenditure and internal inflation, are the main determinants of the optimal structure. According to the empirical evidence, the optimal proportion of internal debt is 60.9%, in contrast with that currently observed which represents 77.6%. This suggests that the government is overestimating the external risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the long term relationship between the Mexican and USA economies from 1950 to 2008. It initially analyzes the period 1988-2008, that's to say, the relation during this period is that the Mexican GDP grew in the long term by 0.94% for each percentage point increase in the USA's GDP, and decreased by 0.17% for each percentage point depreciation in the real exchange rate. Once this relation is established, the work then questions if the Mexican economic structure persisted during 1950-2008. This result is interesting because it provides a starting point for a new research agenda that revises which conditions permitted the fast growth of Mexico's economy during 1950-1982, which others led to its subsecuent stagnation. This is not only of interest to historians, and also useful for reconsidering Mexico's present growth strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the stability of employees in Mexico from the legal point of view, but also from a critical and interdisciplinary perspective, as possible, without losing the primary objective described above. Its background in the development of capitalism is, in this sense, analyzed. Likewise, the evolution in the duration of labor relations, the current regulations for this stage in this country and the position of several authors in this matter are analyzed, considering different draft bills, as well as the reality of this field in relation to labor relations between the State and its employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to establish an approach to the legal universe that regulated life in old Mayan's towns (southeast Mexico and Yucatan Peninsula) These towns initiated their development as a culture, around 2000 b. C approximately and today their descendants (chontales, choles, chortis, yucatecos, tzeltales and tzotziles), inhabiting this area. Regarding to their general principles, the fundamental concepts of their legal regime was developed base in specific norms, according to historical sources such as books, archaeological ruins, anthropological information and oral tradition. From our perspective those norms were constructed as branches, for example: penitentiary, family, contractual, labor procedural, etcetera. Thus, fundamental concepts and specific norms, will provide us with an idea of their legal universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]