Search

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the grain production pattern and influencing factors in the major production areas, provided a certain basis for stabilizing the overall situation of national food security and formulating differentiated grain policies. [Method] By means of concentration degree, gini coefficient, logarithmic mean divisia index and cultivated land pressure index, quantitatively analyzed the factors influencing the increase of grain production in major grain producing areas from 2000 to 2020, such as the change of grain production center, variety structure, contribution to increase production, resource bearing capacity and production cost. [ Result] ( i) From the change of grain production center, more than 95 % of the grain increment came from the major grain producing areas, and the major producing areas in the north contributed more to the increase, especially Shandong, Henan and Heilongjiang, which occupied the top three areas of grain output and sown area for a long time. (ii) In terms of the production centers of different food crops, the production centers of wheat, com and beans were stable in the major grain producing areas in the north for a long time, while the production centers of rice and potato were mainly concentrated in the major grain producing areas in the south, but the production centers of rice gradually showed a trend of northward deviation. (iii) From the perspective of contributing factors, the grain increase in the major grain producing areas mainly depended on the increase of yield per unit area, and the contribution rate of yield per unit area to grain increase reached 61. 16%. The grain increase in the major grain producing areas in the north was due to the combined effect of cultivated land area, multiple cropping index, grain crop proportion and yield per unit area. Due to the decrease of cultivated land area in the major grain producing areas in the south had a negative effect on grain increase, the grain yield increase was more dependent on unit yield increase and multiple cropping index. (iv) From the perspective of resource carrying capacity of grain production, the dilemma of uneven distribution of water and soil resources has not been improved for a long time. The constraints of water resources in the major grain producing areas in the north were increasingly strengthened, while the pressure of cultivated land resources in the major grain producing areas in the south was continuously high. ( v) From the change and structure of grain production cost, the average grain production cost in the major grain producing areas was rising continuously. The land cost in the major grain producing areas in the north was higher, and the labor cost in the major grain producing areas in the south was higher. The grain production cost in the major grain producing areas in the north was higher than the whole country and the major grain producing areas in the south for a long time, and the rising rate was slightly faster than that in the major grain producing areas in the south. [Conclusion] Establishing the food security responsibility mechanism shared by the producing and marketing areas, constructing the differentiated compensation mechanism; Strictly observing the grain sown area, adjusting the structure of regional grain varieties; Consolidating scientific and technological support for grain increase, promoting coordinated development of water and soil resources and grain production; Taking multiple measures to improve grain production efficiency, and enhancing the enthusiasm of various subjects to grow grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】This paper explored the temporal and spatial expansion characteristics and industrial operation mode of farmers’ cooperatives in different topographical areas of Chongqing, mastered the development law of farmers’ cooperatives in Chongqing and analyzed the differences in the selection of different industrial modes, in order to provide data support for promoting the classified cultivation of cooperatives and the formulation of differentiated support policies.【Method】This paper used 2528 farmers’ cooperatives in Chongqing as a sample, comprehensively used terrain distribution index, standard deviation ellipse and other methods to analyze the temporal and spatial patterns and expansion characteristics of cooperatives of different industrial types in four types of terrain. And combined with the questionnaire survey, combed and refined the cooperative operation mode. 【Result】（i） The development of farmers’ cooperatives in Chongqing showed four growth stages in general, with slow growth from 2002 to 2006, rapid growth from 2007 to 2010, the growth rate slowed down from 2011 to 2014, and the growth rate from 2015 to 2018 has dropped significantly. From the perspective of topographical area, the growth rate of Area Ⅳ is the fastest, followed by Area Ⅱ and Area Ⅰ, and Area Ⅲ had the slowest growth rate.（ii） The growth advantages of cooperatives in different industries vary significantly. The growth advantage zone of livestock and poultry industry was Area Ⅳ. The growth advantage zone of the fruit and vegetable, grain and oil, and comprehensive industries were Area Ⅰ and Area Ⅱ. The growth advantage zone of the flower, tree, tea, and peppercorn industries are Area Ⅱ, the tobacco and Chinese medicinal materials industries are Area Ⅲ and Area Ⅳ.（iii） Except for the grain and oil industry cooperatives in the southeast-northwest direction from 2002 to 2006, the rest of the industrial cooperatives had a southwest-northeast distribution at various stages.（iv） There were six main modes of cooperative industrial operation, the livestock, poultry, fruit and vegetable, flower and tree and grain and oil industries use the ‘company + farmers’ cooperative + base + farmer’ model. The ‘company + farmers’ cooperative + farmer’ model was used by fruits and vegetables, flower and tree, grain and oil industries. The industries that use the ‘farmers’ cooperative + base + farmer’ model include fruit and vegetable, flower and tree industries, and the industries that use the ‘Internet+ farmers’ cooperative + farmer’model include livestock, poultry and other industries. The industries of the ‘farmers’ cooperative + farmer household’ model include fruit and vegetable, grain and oil industries, and livestock industry using the model of ‘company + farmers’ cooperative + base + family farm’. 【Conclusion】The number of farmers’ cooperatives in Chongqing is growing, and the advantageous area of different industries has a difference, and it has evolved in the northeast direction, and the operation mode of each industry is diverse. According to the spatio-temporal expansion characteristics of the cooperative and the local conditions, we should accurately find the mode of industrial operation and promote the steady development of cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The extraction and change monitoring of cultivated land information is one of the hotspots of remote sensing application research. Northern Guangdong is the main grain base of Guangdong Province, and is the key area of cultivated land change monitoring by business management departments.[Method] In the present paper, using GF-2 and Sentinel-2 remote sensing images, combined with the phenological period of late rice in the study area, the vegetation index, humidity index, brightness index, color index and texture features were extracted for multi-scale segmentation, and the multi-scale image of paddy field extraction was constructed. The index difference image and time series multi feature difference image were classified to extract the paddy field area and evaluate the results.[Result]（i) The highest extraction accuracy of paddy field in time series multi feature difference image was 0.98,and the minimum difference between paddy field area and late rice sowing area was 240.05 hm2,and the best paddy field extraction effect was based on time series multi feature difference image;（ii）The difference of index feature needed to use the key phenological characteristics of crops and combine with multi-scale segmentation of image to improve the accuracy of paddy field extraction;（iii）The machine forest method has faster operation speed and higher classification accuracy in data classification with high dimensional features. [Conclusion] The research of the paper is to explore the method of high-resolution remote sensing in rapid and accurate updating of cultivated land information, which can provide support for the application of cultivated land management business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the suitable straw returning methods for grain production in the Zitong River Basin. [Method] The impacts of straw non-returning (BR), straw mulching (FR), straw burying (MR) and straw heap back to field (DR) on soil fertility and grain production were investigated. [Result] Total nitrogen, available phosphorous and organic matter contents treated with FR, MR and DR increased by 18. 6 -38. 2 mg/kg, 5. 6 - 6 . 5 mg/kg, 0. 6 -2. 3 g/kg compared to BR treatment, respectively. The yield of rice, wheat, reap and corn increased by (1. 1 - 1. 3) x 10³, (0. 7 - 0. 8) x 10³, (0. 3 - 0. 5) x 10³, (0. 7 - 1. 0) x 10³ kg/hm², respectively. Returning straw to the field has significant effects on soil nutrients and grain yield. The contents of total nitrogen, available phosphorous and organic matter in DR treatment were significantly higher than FR and MR treatment, and the yield was slightly higher than FR and MR treatment. Rice, rape and corn all achieved the greatest economic benefits under DR treatment, with an average increase of 15. 6%, 27. 2%, 32. 1% compared with FR and MR, respectively. That of wheat on FR and FR was the same, 26. 7% higher than MR treatment. [Conclusion] Comprehensive analysis of the effect of soil fertility in the cultivated, grain yield and economic benefits, heap back to field is more conducive to the fertilization and grain production of the rice, rape and corn fields in the Zitong River Basin, and the straw mulching and heap back to field are both beneficial to the small grain production in the wheat field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The agro-pastoral ecotone at Inner Mongolia and Liaoning border is an important part of the farming-pastoral ecotone in northern China, and it is also the ecological barrier of the commodity grain base and heavy industry production base in Liaoning. 【Method】Maize was the main crop in this area and play an important role in grain production. In this paper, the maize in the agro-pastoral ecotone at Inner Mongolia and Liaoning border was used as the research object, and the differences of C and N contents in various organs of maize under the two methods of irrigating and mulching were analyzed. 【Result】Under the two planting methods, the C content of the stem was the highest and the C content of the root was the lowest; The N content of leaves and ears was higher, the N content of roots was lower; the C/N of roots and stems was higher, and the C/N of leaves was lower. Compared the two planting methods: The C content of leaf in the irrigated land was significantly higher than that in the mulched land; the N content of the stem was significantly lower than that in the mulched land; The C/N of stem and leaf was significantly higher than that in the mulched land; The soil organic matter was significantly lower than that in the mulched land. 【Conclusion】Comparing with irrigated land, the mulching method can more effectively maintain soil nutrients, reduce water waste and also improve maize quality and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of grain size and weight on the total anthocyanin content(TAC) of ‘ Yungu No. 1 ’ . [ Method] Anthocyanins from black rice were extracted by extraction method, and the absorbance value of solution was determined by pH differential method. Date analysis was carried out by statistical method. [ Result] There were significantly positive correlations between TAC of black rice and grain size and weight (P<0.001). Grain thickness had the highest correlations with TAC, followed by grain weight, width and finally the length. The difference of TAC was not obvious when grain thickness exceeded 1.80 mm, and there was an intermediate transition state which the thickness between 1.70 to 1.80 mm. A new comprehensive variable was extracted by the Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis, which explained 96.3 % of the x-variability and 78.8 % of the y-variance, respectively, and the prediction rate for TAC was 77. 1 %. [ Conclusion] Grain size and weight not only affect the appearance quality and physical properties of rice, but are also closely related to some nutrient contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]This paper aimed to explore the effects of fertilization on the growth and development of spring maize and the absorption and utilization of its nutrient elements. [Method] A field experiment was designed to study the effects of different fertilization patterns on the growth characteristic and nitrogen use efficiency of corn for continuous three years. [Result] With the growing period, the contents of chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein in the leaves of corn by fertilization and CK showed a similar increasing trend, ordered as FP > OTP > CK in the same period. The plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, 100 grain weight, panicle grain number and panicle grain weight of corn at mature stage all showed FP > OTP > CK. Further, superoxide dismutase (SOD) , catalase, peroxidase activity of corn showed a similar increasing trend, while the leaf malondialdehyde content decreased with the fertilizer, and the difference between fertilizer and CK gradually expended with the growing period, suggesting that fertilization promoted the synthesis of spring maize growth and leaf physiological characteristics, especially in the mature period of performance. The accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in soil under energy application was mainly concentrated in the 0 - 10 cm soil layer, and the nitrate nitrogen content in the 0 - 10 cm soil layer accounted for 15.32 % -35. 64 % in soil (0 -30 cm soil layer) , supporting the surface-aggregation. Total nitrogen uptake under fertilization treatment showed FP > OTP>CK, with significant differences (PcO.05). Compared with CK, the total nitrogen uptake of spring corn under FP and OTP treatment increased by 58. 9 and 82. 9 kg/hm2 , respectively, and the nitrogen utilization rate was higher under FP treatment. [Conclusion] Altogether, it was considered that the fertilization mode significantly increased the grain weight and grain number per ear of spring corn at the ma-ture stage, indicating that fertilization promoted the increase of grain number per ear of spring corn to some extent and thus increased the yield of spring corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, taken ‘Gangyou725' as a control, the field experiments were conducted to study the effects of different combination of plant density, N rate and N application pattern on grain yield and rice quality of high-quality hybrid rice ‘Yixiang4245'. The results showed that the grain yield and rice quality of hybrid mid-season rice was not significantly affected by N application patterns. The chalky grain rate, chalkiness and amylase of ‘Yixiang4245' were significantly lower than that of ‘Gangyou725', while the differences between 'Yixiang4245' and ‘Gangyou725' in grain yield, brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage and head rice percentage were relatively small, and the gel consistency of ‘Yixiang4245' was significantly higher than that of ‘Gangyou725'. Significant differences of grain yields of ‘Yixiang4245' were observed among different combinations of plant densities and N application rates，of which the highest yield of ‘Yixiang4245' was observed in combination of mid-density and mid-N rate, with average of 7. 96 t・hm-2, 5.2% higher than that of combination of high-density and low-N rate and 6.9% than that of combination of low-density and high-N rate. The rice quality of ‘Yixiang4245' was not significantly affected by combinations of plant density and N rate. In a word, it was concluded that increasing grain yield and rice quality of ‘Yixiang4245' could be achieved under the combination of mid-density and mid-N rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]