Search

Modern digital technologies are advancing rapidly, driving transformative changes. For Information Systems (IS) educators, maintaining curricula that prepare graduates for the digital economy is imperative. This study developed a knowledge pool of 121 common keywords in digital transformation through literature review and investigated their application in the titles and descriptions of 4,093 IS courses across 315 undergraduate programs in the United States. The findings illustrate how IS educators conceptualize the digital transformation within the IS discipline and incorporate it into curricula. Additionally, the results offer insights for educators aiming to develop course content on digital transformation and update IS undergraduate curricula to align with the demands of modern enterprises in the era of digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are widely used to model complex dynamics that arise in biology, chemistry, engineering, finance, physics, etc. Calibration of a complicated ODE system using noisy data is generally challenging. In this paper, we propose a two-stage nonparametric approach to address this problem. We first extract the de-noised data and their higher order derivatives using boundary kernel method, and then feed them into a sparsely connected deep neural network with rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function. Our method is able to recover the ODE system without being subject to the curse of dimensionality and the complexity of the ODE structure. We have shown that our method is consistent if the ODE possesses a general modular structure with each modular component involving only a few input variables, and the network architecture is properly chosen. Theoretical properties are corroborated by an extensive simulation study that also demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method in finite samples. Finally, we use our method to simultaneously characterize the growth rate of COVID-19 cases from the 50 states of the United States. • ODEs are used for modeling complex dynamics in various fields. • Calibrating complex ODE models with noisy data is difficult. • A two-stage nonparametric approach is proposed based on deep learning. • The approach is proven to be consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions surrounding the labour wedge and the tax wedge in the United States are complicated by the fact that, historically, there is a lack of coherent relationship between the series of hours worked (based on standard measurements) and that of the tax wedge. This has been cited as grounds for discounting the tax wedge as a viable explanation for the behaviour of the labour wedge. In this paper, I explore an alternative measurement of labour hours in the United States in a bid to clear up some of the morass surrounding the tax wedge and hours worked. In the process, I show that, the labour wedge is rather more aligned with available labour hours over the business cycle than it does actual hours worked. Moreover, cyclical properties of the available hours series, however puzzling, are explained by the presence of a government transfer scheme which I introduce in the household side of the market. Also, the presence of the transfer scheme alters the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between consumption and leisure, and by doing so, reverses the cyclical properties of the tax wedge. This puts the tax wedge in alignment with the labour wedge over the business cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In literature, many studies try to analyze healthcare usage and generated decision support systems. In this paper, the aim is to generate a decision support system for insurance companies in the United States according to the federal dataset. The data set contains variables from the United States Healthcare Administration formal data group and they are; group of age, group of healthcare insurance, group of nationality, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) usage, and Advance Premium Tax Credit (APTC) usage. The best model for each state in the United States is determined with the dataset from 2014 November to 2015 February. In this study, various statistical models are attempted to generate independent and optimal models for each state. In the model selection process, three different metrics are used. Accuracy rate, f1score and precision score are used in the model selection process and models are compared to each other according to these three metrics for each state uniquely. Consequently, the proposed model is used with a decision support scheme to support customer service workers in healthcare insurance companies. The decision support system under consideration can facilitate a substantial decrease in the duration of interactions between customer service representatives and clients. Additionally, this system can generate more logically sound and efficient customer offers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-border narrative analyzes the intercultural perspectives of two doctoral students, one Chinese and the other Italian, who are international doctoral students conducting research in the United States. The first author is doing a doctorate in education in international adult and higher education, while the second author is undertaking a doctorate in adult and community education. Utilizing reflection rooted in Kolb’s (1984) model of experiential learning and adopting a collaborative autoethnography framework, the cross-border narrative seeks to draw comparisons between their respective intercultural learning and living experiences. It underscores the interconnectedness of these experiences despite their diverse cultural backgrounds. The reflection contributes to a better understanding of their varied intercultural experiences, leading to the conclusion that self-awareness is the initial step toward improving intercultural competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an exploratory study of differences in international students’ adjustment and social-emotional outcomes based on key demographic variables. Drawing on a sample of 558 international students attending 14 colleges and universities in the United States, we examined students' belonging, social support, academic stress and confidence, COVID-19-related stress, and social integration by students' gender, graduate level, and region of origin as well as by combinations of gender, graduate level, and region of origin. Key findings include that graduate and undergraduate female students as well as graduate male students reported better social-emotional experiences compared with undergraduate male students and that students' region of origin accounted for a range of differences in student outcomes. Findings are discussed both in relation to the current literature and with respect to opportunities for methodological development in the field of international student engagement and global student mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the significance of the world views and life experiences of preservice Latino teachers in the United States as they uncover their untapped potential to address the social, cultural, and political needs of a racially and ethnically diverse student population. Using a qualitative approach that includes in-depth individual interviews, we explore the relationships, goals, and insights of five Latino men studying teacher education. Specifically, we investigate their experiences, costs, and barriers as they constructed their biographies and developed pedagogical knowledge as burgeoning teachers. The participants share their relationships, commitments, and responsibilities in and out of school. They also spoke of multiple barriers that prevented them from entering the profession, including credentialing, low expectations for learning, and financial and familial obligations, among other concerns. Results are discussed with recommendations for reimagining teacher education programs in the United States to better support young men of color entering the teaching profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses distinctions between differing senses of "private," "public" and "political" in the United States to argue for the value of framing food issues as a collective problem that calls for broadscale demands for justice. We argue that food choices do not simply belong to the realm of private preferences and market transactions. Rather, they are a set of decisions that have systemic causes and public consequences. They are shaped and constrained by public policies that underwrite the transportation of food over long distances as well as particular crops and foodstuffs, and by the vendors and advertisers who try to convince us to eat more of the foods they produce. Because the consequences of eating an abundance of empty calories are not easily remedied at the personal level, citizens need to demand public, systemic solutions, including better food information, youth food education, and a healthier food supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By January 2024, the COVID-19 pandemic claimed more than 1.1 million deaths in the United States (U.S.). People in prison are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 as they have no ability to socially distance, secure masks, disinfect their environment or have as much access to tests or vaccinations as is available in the community. In addition, many of these individuals reside in crowded conditions with little ventilation, which makes the spread of the virus more likely. In this paper, we used data from two projects, including the UCLA Law COVID Behind Bars Data Project and the COVID Prison Project, and supplemented these with publicly available data to examine the number of deaths and infection rates caused by COVID-19 among people in prison and prison staff in the U.S., as reported by the population of those facilities. We found that the incidence of infections and death rates in prisons were affected by crowding, prison security type (maximum, medium, minimum, or mixed) and level of prison (state or federal). People in prison who were less likely to have as much human contact (e.g., maximum-security prisons) were also less likely to be afflicted with COVID-19. People in prison were twice as likely to be infected by COVID-19 but had a similar death rate compared to the general public. Prison overcrowding increased the infection rate. The most effective state health policy was to quarantine people who had close contact with confirmed, positive cases. Further, state prisons demonstrated a higher death rate compared to federal prisons. Greater efforts to ameliorate COVID-19 and similar pathogens should be directed at state prisons with lower-level security and prisons with closer contact with the community. Quarantining close-contacts and restricting movements were the most effective state-level responses to reduce infections in prisons during April 2020 to April 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses an article by M. R. Larochelle and colleagues about disparities in overdose deaths. Topics include reason that the opioid overdose crisis most heavily affected non-Hispanic White people, major events that could not have been predicted at the time the article by Larochelle and colleagues was written, and lessons learned about the need for timely data on drug use patterns and overdoses to guide interventions.

The author discusses an article by Vandenbroucke and Pearce, published in the issue, on technical issues surrounding the measurement of excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Topics include evidence of deteriorating health among Americans, explanations for the complacency on the deteriorating health outcomes, and concerns of powerful corporations and their shareholders.

Objectives. To assess heterogeneity in pandemic-period excess fatal overdoses in the United States, by location (state, county) and substance type. Methods. We used seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models to estimate counterfactual death counts in the scenario that no pandemic had occurred. Such estimates were subtracted from actual death counts to assess the magnitude of pandemic-period excess mortality between March 2020 and August 2021. Results. Nationwide, we estimated 25 668 (95% prediction interval [PI] = 2811, 48 524) excess overdose deaths. Specifically, 17 of 47 states and 197 of 592 counties analyzed had statistically significant excess overdose-related mortality. West Virginia, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, and New Mexico had the highest rates (20–37 per 100 000). Nationally, there were 5.7 (95% PI = 1.0, 10.4), 3.1 (95% PI = 2.1, 4.2), and 1.4 (95% PI = 0.5, 2.4) excess deaths per 100 000 involving synthetic opioids, psychostimulants, and alcohol, respectively. Conclusions. The steep increase in overdose-related mortality affected primarily the southern and western United States. We identified synthetic opioids and psychostimulants as the main contributors. Public Health Implications. Characterizing overdose-related excess mortality across locations and substance types is critical for optimal allocation of public health resources. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(6):599–609. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307618) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to contribute to anthropological understandings of intersubjectivity by foregrounding the role of the environment. I begin by reviewing three key approaches that have emerged out of broader debates in the humanities and social sciences. The first mobilizes intersubjectivity as a way of explaining how a coherent social order is (re-)produced, given that the rational choice, for individuals, is to act in their own self-interest. Intersubjectivity in this view is the shared understanding that is achieved when actors adhere to normative constraints on interaction in order to fulfill an unconscious desire to be loved and accepted by others. The second approach to intersubjectivity challenges this idea, arguing that the motivations and expectations that individuals bring to interaction vary across ethnographic contexts, and for some, shared understanding is a false promise that masks the harmful intentions others are likely to have. Intersubjectivity, in this view, is organized by a desire to minimize exposure to others. The third approach treats intersubjectivity not as a possible outcome of interaction but as an existential condition that makes meaningful interaction possible. In this article, I put these debates in dialogue with "protactile theory," which has grown out of a social movement in DeafBlind communities in the United States. Reading protactile theory through the lens of biosemiotics, ecological psychology, and existential phenomenology, I argue that the medium or "the thing we're in when we're together" is the basis of intelligibility for all intersubjective behaviors and capacities; it can define a way of being, is ethnographically graspable, and is central to how humans interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of dollar store entry on independent grocery retailers in the United States between 2000 and 2019. We utilized an establishment‐level dataset comprising all grocery retailers and dollar stores in the country. Our findings indicate that dollar store entry is associated with a 5.7% decrease in sales, a 3.7% reduction in employment, and a 2.3% rise in the likelihood of independent grocery retailers quitting the business. These adverse entry effects are three times larger in rural than urban areas. Event studies indicate that the negative impact on sales and employment disappears gradually in urban areas but persists in rural communities. We document differences in treatment effects of dollar store entry across regions, retail formats, and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across recent years, there has been a growing prevalence of extreme weather events throughout the United States, posing significant challenges to the reliable and resilient operation of power systems. Specifically, summer droughts threaten to severely reduce available generation capacity to meet regional electricity demand, potentially leading to power outages. This underscores the importance of accurate resource adequacy (RA) assessment to ensure the reliable operation of the nation's energy infrastructure. Accurately evaluating the usable capacity of regional generation fleets is a challenging undertaking due to the intricate interactions between power systems and hydro-climatic systems. This paper proposes a systematic and analytical framework to evaluate the impacts of extreme summer drought events on the available capacity of various generating technologies, incorporating both meteorological and hydrologic factors. The framework provides detailed plant-level capacity derating models for hydroelectric, thermoelectric, and renewable power plants, facilitating evaluations with high temporal and spatial resolution. The application of the proposed impact assessment framework to the 2025 generation fleet of the real-world power system within the PJM and SERC regions of the United States yields insightful results. By analyzing the daily usable capacity of 6,055 at-risk generators across the study region, it shows that the summer capacity deration is most significant for hydroelectric and once-through thermal power plants, followed by recirculating thermal power plants and combustion turbines. In the event of the recurrence of the 2007 southeastern summer drought event in the near future, the generation fleet could experience a substantial reduction in available capacity, estimated at approximately 8.5 GW, compared to typical summer conditions. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the usable capacity of the generation fleet would suffer an even more significant decrease under conditions of increasingly severe summer droughts. The proposed approach and the findings of this study provide valuable methodologies and insights, empowering stakeholders to bolster the resilience of power systems against the potentially devastating effects of future extreme drought events. [Display omitted] • A systematic summer droughts generating capacity assessment framework is developed. • Capacity derating models for various generation technologies are presented. • The impacts of summer droughts on generating fleet in PJM and SERC are studied. • Impact of extreme summer drought on usable capacity of generators is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and reliable online assessments has become increasingly important in the digital era. We developed a 10-min online word reading assessment of global English based on the existing paper-and-pencil version of our English silent word reading test. The test includes two parts, namely, random word recognition and contextual word reading. A total of 889 participants (437 children and 392 adults; 62.7% female) took part in the study. They were from various regions including mainland China, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Poland, the United States, and the Philippines. Reliability and validity analyses on various demographics samples (by age and country/region of origin) demonstrated that the WordSword Test is highly reliable and valid (e.g., the correlation of this test with other English reading measures were above.80). Education level was positively correlated with test performance, while the correlations between age and test performance were not consistent. Ninety-seven children participants also took the paper-and-pencil version of the WordSword Test. The correlation between performances on the online and paper-and-pencil versions of the test was.879, one year apart. With more children and adults taking the WordSword Test, we ultimately hope to establish norms by area, grade level, and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture influences responses to psychological measurements in ways unrelated to target constructs, thus biasing test scores and potentially contributing to under- and over-diagnosis of mental health problems in populations for which measures have not yet been normed. We conducted a systematic review of publications addressing response style among Latinx population groups in North and South America. In a final corpus of 24 studies, Latinx/Latin American populations were generally found to exhibit higher levels of extreme response style (n = 17), acquiescent response style (n = 10), and socially desirable responding (n = 5). The few publications (n = 3) that investigated midpoint responding reported no differences. Seven publications (29%) attempted to adjust scores to mitigate response style bias, using both scale design and statistical techniques. Findings suggest that researchers and clinicians should directly assess culturally patterned response style as a construct, rather than inferring style indirectly using other measures. For clinicians, knowledge of response style represents another facet of case conceptualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the epidemiology of nonfatal head injuries among children aged 1 to 4 years associated with consumer products and identifies the specific consumer products associated with these injuries. Data for children aged 1 to 4 years who presented to emergency departments (EDs) from 2015 to 2019 for a nonfatal head injury were extracted from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. An estimated 1 032 429 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 675 822-1 389 063) children presented to US EDs for head injuries, averaging 566 injuries daily. The average rate of head injury did not change over the 5-year study period (slope = −0.003; P =.852); it was highest among children aged 1 year (2.06 per 100 children aged 1 year), which was nearly 3 times that of children aged 4 years (rate ratio = 2.75; 95% CI: 2.73-2.77). Most injuries occurred at home (80.4%) and occurred from interacting with home furnishings (45.1%). This study underscores the need for increased head injury mitigation efforts among young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in children have increased in prevalence. Dietary intake may modify risk. Data collected during a randomized trial testing the effect of a behavioral intervention on adiposity, blood pressure (BP), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were analyzed using multivariable regression to determine independent associations of sodium, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), and artificially sweetened beverage (ASB) intake with outcomes. High sodium intake (≥3.5 g) was associated with hypertensive BP (odds ratio 12.8; P =.027) in minimally adjusted models. High SSB intake (≥4 oz) was independently associated with body mass index z -score (β =.34; P =.035) and waist circumference z -score (β =.49; P =.022) in fully adjusted models. Any ASB intake was associated with LVMI in fully adjusted model (% change 38.22; P =.004). There was no effect modification between sodium and SSB on outcomes. Dietary factors explored in this study independently impacted CVD risk. Further effect measure modification should be explored in larger cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gendered and generational understandings of circular migration are scant in studies of Chinese family migration. Filling this gap, this paper draws on in-depth interviews with twenty-six returnee families to examine the work–family transitions of previously employed, overseas-educated mothers who have re-migrated from Hong Kong to Canada, Australia, the United States, or the United Kingdom. These overseas-educated returnee mothers possess transnational backgrounds that differentiate them from most first-generation immigrant mothers. This paper shows that, despite this distinction, reverse migration leads to compromised careers and domestication for these women, although they accept, and in some cases embrace, such compromises. This study elucidates how both husbands and wives in these families justify women's post-migration changes in their work and caregiving roles. It argues that beyond economic rationalization, interrelated gender, cultural, transnational, and family lifestyle dimensions distinctively impact how second-generation returnee mothers negotiate work–family transitions. This paper offers new insights involving generational and gendered dimensions into the study of Chinese family migration. It also widens the discussion of the impact of family migration on skilled immigrant women in transnational circuits beyond its focus on the lives of first-generation skilled immigrant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hate speech, harassment, and an increasing prevalence of right-wing extremism in online game spaces are of growing concern in the United States. Understanding trends in how and to what extent extremist groups utilize online gaming spaces is vital in taking action to protect players. To synthesize the current state of extant research and suggest future directions, we conduct a systematic review of the literature on right-wing extremism in videogames. We detail our search protocol, selection criteria, and analysis of the collected work, and then summarize the findings. Important themes include how and why extremists' targeting of online game communities began, the role of Gamergate in this process, and the industry and market context in which such activities emerged. We describe the current nature of the problem, with extremist language and ideology providing a kind of on-ramp for radicalizing disenfranchised gamers. We conclude with a summary of responses from industry and legislators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood (EC) education has usually involved in-person teaching and learning. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has imposed remote teaching on EC practitioners and complicated practicum students' fieldwork experiences. This study explored EC practicum students' fieldwork experiences in the U.S. during the pandemic and their preparedness for online teaching and technology employment and integration. Participants included 28 students enrolled in Directed Field Experience in Spring 2021. A mixed-methods approach incorporating multiple sources of data, including reflection papers, interviews, and questionnaires, was used. The findings showed that the EC practicum students changed their perceptions of and attitudes toward a remote field experience course and online teaching with young children over the semester. Additionally, EC practicum students' challenges and professional and academic growth were evident in their reporting. These findings have implications for the development of effective strategies for alleviating EC practicum students' challenges, facilitating their professional growth, and providing resources to integrate digital technology in their teaching in developmentally appropriate ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The normalization of deviance in the form of prison rape finds common themes in media, rape myths, and common discourse. However, these portrayals fail to include real world policies and the perspectives of incarcerated populations. As such, the normalization of deviance is assessed in the context of the implementation of the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA). A thematic analysis was conducted using qualitative survey responses from 407 males incarcerated in three medium-level security state prisons in the Southern United States. Surprisingly, respondents rejected stereotypical notions of sexuality (institutional deviancy) and snitching (cultural deviancy) surrounding prison rape. Rather, respondents favored standardized safety procedures and institutional responses designed to reduced risk, while also endorsing views that traditional snitching codes were not applicable to prison rape. This study provides implications for researchers and practitioners, particularly in the context of the implementation of PREA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To elicit experiences of patients, family caregivers, and healthcare professionals in intermediate care units (IMCUs) in an academic medical centre in Baltimore, MD related to the challenges and intricacies of multimorbidity management to inform development of a multimorbidity symptom management toolkit. Design: Experience‐based co‐design. Methods: Between July and October 2021, patients aged 55 years and older with multimorbidity admitted to IMCUs at an academic medical centre in Baltimore, Maryland, USA were recruited and interviewed in person. Interdisciplinary healthcare professionals working in the IMCU were interviewed virtually. Participants were asked questions about their role in recognizing and treating symptoms, factors affecting the quality of life, symptom burden and trajectory over time, and strategies that have and have not worked for managing symptoms. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used for analysis. Results: Twenty‐three interviews were conducted: 9 patients, 2 family caregivers, and 12 healthcare professionals. Patients' mean age was 67.5 (±6.5) years, over half (n = 5) were Black or Hispanic, and the average number of comorbidities was 3.67. Five major themes that affect symptom management emerged: (1) the patient–provider relationship; (2) open and honest communication; (3) accessibility of resources during hospitalization and at discharge; (4) caregiver support, training, and education; and (5) care coordination and follow‐up care. Conclusion: Patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals often have similar goals but different priorities for multimorbidity management. It is imperative to identify shared priorities and target holistic interventions that consider patient and caregiver experiences to improve outcomes. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care and Impact: This paper addresses the paucity of research related to the shared experience of disease trajectory and symptom management for people living with multimorbidity. We found that patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals often have similar goals but different care and communication priorities. Understanding differing priorities will help better design interventions to support symptom management so people with multimorbidity can have the best possible quality of life. Reporting Method: We have adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) guidelines in our reporting. Patient or Public Contribution: This study has been designed and implemented with patient and public involvement throughout the process, including community advisory board engagement in the project proposal phase and interview guide development, and member checking in the data collection and analysis phases. The method we chose, experience‐based co‐design, emphasizes the importance of engaging members of a community to act as experts in their own life challenges. In the coming phases of the study, the public will be involved in developing and testing a new intervention, informed by these qualitative interviews and co‐design events, to support symptom management for people with multimorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite steel bridges in the United Sates are typically constructed using 22 mm-diameter (7/8 in.-diameter) shear studs. The number of shear studs on a girder can be significantly reduced by using larger-diameter studs. This study employed 11 push-out tests to investigate the static performance of 29 mm-diameter (1-1/8 in.-diameter) shear studs. An extensive welding investigation was conducted to develop the optimum welding parameters for 29 mm-diameter studs. Results from experiments showed the static strength of 29 mm-diameter studs satisfied stud strength equations in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and Eurocode 4. The ductility of the 29 mm studs was comparable or better than that of 22 mm-diameter shear studs. Concrete cracking under service level loading was similar between specimens with 22 and 29 mm studs. Observations indicate that the minimum allowable stud penetration into the concrete deck may need to increase in order for the 29 mm-diameter studs to have good static performance. Using partial-depth precast concrete panels in the bridge deck reduced the static strength of both 22 and 29 mm-diameter shear studs in push-out specimens. Efficient steel bridge girder design makes use of a composite action between the concrete deck and the steel girders. Composite action is achieved by welding shear studs to the top flange of the steel girder during fabrication or erection. The number of shear studs needed is directly related to the individual stud strength, which is controlled by the stud diameter. The shear stud diameter most commonly used in steel bridge construction throughout most of the United States is 22 mm. This paper presents laboratory experiments evaluating the static strength of 29 mm-diameter shear studs. The test results showed that 29 mm-diameter shear studs have a static strength that satisfies US bridge design standards. Compared with 22 mm-diameter shear studs, the use of 29 mm-diameter shear studs is estimated to reduce the number of studs needed on a steel bridge girder by 40%. This reduction in the number of shear studs can enhance construction safety, reduce the cost of fabrication, and facilitate the use of partial-depth precast concrete deck panels, which in turn can increase the speed of construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Study: Technology‐supported learning environments, act as significant observational and enabling indicators for evaluating and encouraging the digital revolution of education, are of vital importance in current educational research. Keeping track of the dynamics of technology‐supported learning environment research allows for the enrichment of theoretical studies and a prompt innovation of talent‐training environments. Objectives: The present study carried out a bibliometric analysis of the core collection of WoS database over the last two decades. Method: This study is a bibliometric research. We applied CiteSpace and VOSviewer for co‐occurrence and evolution analysis. In addition, we extracted the fundamental ideas and thoughts through reading and analysis. Results: First, the study found that technology‐supported learning environment research is in a growth phase, with core journals such as Interactive Learning Environments or Computers & Education. The findings show that a core research team comprised of such scholars as Hwang Gwo‐Jen, Lester James C. and Wong Lung‐Hsiang. Key nations of publishing and research strength are from China, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Second, the hot topics in research on technology‐supported learning environments were virtual learning environments, technology‐enabled learning environments and interactive learning environments. Nine study specifics were derived from these three topics such as moulding function, generating scenario, stimulating sensation, effect verification, design idea, research reflection, inquiry and research, virtual community, and mixed environment. Lastly, the frontier evolution offers a pattern of development from enhancing performance to changing mode to incorporating experience. Conclusion: Looking ahead, our research recommendations for the field of technology‐supported learning environments include a multifaceted approach. We should aim to enhance research designs and methodologies, develop contemporary guiding theories and strive for a balanced representation across various educational domains, expanding our scope to encompass all academic disciplines. In terms of practical application, it is imperative to focus on the design and implementation of technology‐supported learning environments from three critical perspectives: "change‐demand," "student‐learning" and "online‐offline." These approaches will collectively ensure that technology‐supported learning environments are both innovative and responsive to the diverse needs of the educational landscape. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Technology‐supported learning environments are currently a focal and hot research topic in the field of education.Although numerous studies have been conducted on the learning environment of technical support, there has yet to be a systematic and comprehensive review of the related research. What this paper adds: This study provides a comprehensive review of research on the technology‐supported learning environments over the past two decades.This study primarily presents an overview of research on the technology‐supported learning environments over the past two decades, focusing on main literature, research strength, hot topics and frontier evolution. Implications for practice and/or policy: Researchers need to further advance research on technology‐supported learning environments by enriching research designs and methods, constructing up‐to‐date guiding theories and achieving a balance across different educational domains while extending the reach to all disciplines.Educational practitioners need to pay attention to the design and implementation of technology‐supported learning environments from the three viewpoints of "change‐demand," "student‐learning" and "online‐offline." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominant explanations of bankruptcy's political development in the United States emphasize how the relatively concentrated interests of creditors and bankruptcy professionals combined with pro-debtor ideology to support the development of a uniquely liberal and comprehensive bankruptcy system. The dominant explanations elucidate much about bankruptcy's political development, but they do little to explain bankruptcy's racialized history and relationship with present-day racial inequality. In this paper, I use a Critical Race Theory (CRT) approach to expand our understanding of bankruptcy's political development. The analysis underscores the role bankruptcy played in converting dispossessed native land and the bodies and labor of enslaved people into financial assets for White families and how bankruptcy contributes to the racial wealth gap by facilitating predatory inclusion today. The paper concludes by considering contemporary proposals for bankruptcy reform in light of the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that past inflation experiences strongly predict homeownership within and across countries. First, we collect novel survey data, which reveal inflation protection to be a key motivation for homeownership, especially after high inflation experiences. Second, using household data from 22 European countries, we find that higher exposure to historical inflation predicts higher homeownership rates. We estimate similar associations among immigrants to the United States who experienced different past inflation in their home countries but face the same U.S. housing market. Consistent with the experience effects model, the relationship is strongest in countries with predominantly fixed‐rate mortgages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use a portfolio‐based framework to understand what drives the decline of the U.S. net foreign asset (NFA) position and the reversal in returns earned on the U.S. NFA (exorbitant privilege). We show that global savings gluts and monetary policies widened the U.S. NFA position, while investor demand shifts partially offset this widening. Moreover, U.S. privilege declined after 2010, in line with increasing foreign demand for U.S. equity. We also highlight a quantity dimension of the U.S. privilege: The U.S. can issue substantially more debt than other countries for a given yield increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

US probable maximum precipitation (PMP) estimation guidance fundamentally relies on the assumption that any change in precipitable water is consistent with the change in precipitation. While this assumption is theoretically sound in extreme storms that are convective in nature with lifting so vigorous as to convert all available atmospheric water vapor into precipitation, this type of storm rarely occurs in the Pacific Northwest of the United States; the assumption may be invalid. This study investigates the relationship between changes in precipitable water and changes in precipitation using high-resolution model-based precipitation maximization for a large number of atmospheric river (AR) events impacting the Columbia River Basin (CRB) in the Pacific Northwest. Analysis indicates that the relationship between changes in precipitable water and changes in precipitation cannot be simply approximated as either 1∶1 (i.e., consistent) or a linear relationship (R=0.13 ; p=0.17). Our analysis on the precipitation maximization results showed that the horizontal wind speed at 10m plays an important role in determining the relationship between these changes. The relationship between integrated water vapor transport (IVT) change and precipitation change was found to be stronger (R=0.47) and statistically significant (p<0.01) for storms impacting the CRB, which was approximated as precipitation change = 2.0 × IVT change −0.6. Our finding underscores the importance of considering not only atmospheric water vapor amounts but also the accompanying flows transporting atmospheric water vapor, in maximizing precipitation depths over a target region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressive symptoms and delinquent behaviors that emerge during adolescence pose both short- and long-term negative outcomes. Though there is growing evidence that exposure to teen dating violence is also associated with a greater likelihood of depressive symptoms and delinquent behaviors such as engaging in peer violence and substance use, less is known about the effects of specific forms of electronic dating violence (i.e., electronic harassment, electronic coercion, and electronic monitoring) across adolescence on depressive symptoms and delinquent behaviors. Data were drawn from a 4-year prospective longitudinal study of two cohorts of youth followed from age 12 to 15 (n = 526, 52% female) and age 15 to 18 (n = 592, 53% female). Two mixed-effects models (stratified by cohort) were employed to evaluate depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior outcomes by exposure to electronic harassment, electronic coercion, and electronic monitoring, while accounting for verbal dating violence, physical dating violence, sexual dating violence, exposure to threat-based adverse childhood experiences, exposure to deprivation-based adverse childhood experiences, and gender across all four waves of data collection. Higher exposure to electronic sexual coercion was predictive of increased depression (β =.015, p =.018). Increased exposure to electronic sexual coercion (β =.007, p =.004) and electronic monitoring (β =.008, p =.045) were both predictive of more delinquency across adolescence. By delineating the effects of in-person verbal, physical, and sexual dating violence with unique electronic domains, we found unique additional risk from domains of electronic dating violence, which was particularly pronounced for youth who reported electronic sexual coercion. Electronic sexual coercion heightens the risk of depressive symptoms and delinquent behaviors in males and females beyond the risk presented by in-person forms of dating violence and should be accounted for in prevention and intervention programs. Future research should explore the effect of perceived normativity on the prevalence of electronic harassment and subsequent influence on outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the media's coverage of trans homicides has increased in the U.S. Studies show that the news media's framing has been largely negative but has improved in recent times. Yet, research has mostly analyzed the news media's framing of victims who were trans women, thus limiting our understanding of this issue across different trans groups. The present study employs a mixed method approach to comparatively analyze articles (N = 124) published in online news media outlets of 15 trans men and 15 trans women murdered between 2016 and 2022. The findings indicate news media outlets used more positive and neutral frames than negative for both groups. However, when compared to trans women, trans men were delegitimized at higher rates. These findings highlight the ways that the police, news media, family, friends, and community members simultaneously contribute to the humanization and delegitimization of trans victims of homicide, demonstrating the importance of ensuring all information released about the victims correctly reflects who they were, or the cycle of delegitimization will continue. By studying how the news media frames trans homicide victims, we can look at how the media shapes cultural beliefs and ideologies about trans people, the role of language in reinforcing stereotypes, and the implications of these framings for trans people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial discrimination is an unfortunately common experience for Black Americans with detrimental physical and mental health consequences. Prior research has established an association between discrimination and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS); yet, trauma-related cognitions have not been studied. The majority of the existing empirical work in this area has not examined specific forms of discrimination experiences, despite potential key differences in these adversities. Relatedly, some forms of discrimination constitute "traumatic" events as defined by Criterion A for PTSD in the DSM-5 while others do not, and these distinctions have also been overlooked. Thus, the present study aimed to (a) examine discrimination, including specific types, in relation to PTSS and posttraumatic cognitions and (b) investigate whether Criterion A and non-Criterion A discrimination experiences were tied to PTSS and trauma-related thoughts. Participants were 172 undergraduate students who identified as Black or African American (M age = 25.11, SD = 8.25, range = 18–56; 84.9% female). Results indicated that while cumulative trauma was unrelated to PTSS, discrimination experiences were linked with higher PTSS and negative posttraumatic cognitions. Specifically, avoidance discrimination experiences were associated with both outcomes. Criterion A discrimination events were not tied to PTSS. These findings support previous research showing a link between racial discrimination and trauma-related outcomes. In addition, the results suggest that avoidance discrimination, while not classified as "traumatic," may have an important contribution to PTSS and posttraumatic cognitions among Black individuals. The study underscores the need to address racial discrimination experiences, including microaggressions, within a traumatic stress context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, same-sex intimate partner violence (IPV) was ignored, and victims often experienced high rates of harassment and intimidation from police, leading to low reporting of same-sex IPV incidents, victims' unwillingness to cooperate with the police, and common arrests in such incidents. Although the Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) legalized and legitimized same-sex marriages and relationships in the U.S., mandating the inclusion of same-sex partners in protective order laws and yielding collateral benefits for victims of same-sex IPV, it is unclear if the decision has had a positive effect on same-sex IPV clearance rates. This study uses National Incident-Based Reporting System data to compare IPV clearance (arrest, dual arrest, victim noncooperation, and prosecution declined) pre (2013/2014) and post (2016/2017) Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Regression results show no substantial changes in same-sex IPV clearance after Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Compared to opposite-sex IPV, same-sex IPV was less likely to be cleared by arrest but much more likely to be cleared by dual arrest, victim noncooperation, and prosecution declined. Same-sex IPV involving Black couples and married partners were also less likely to be cleared by arrest but more likely to be cleared by dual arrest than Black/White same-sex IPV and incidents involving unmarried partners, respectively. Moreover, same-sex IPV victims experience unfavorable criminal justice outcomes in states with mandatory arrest policies but fare better in states that supported same-sex relationships prior to Obergefell. The implications of these findings for practice and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito-borne diseases are a public health concern. Pharmacists are often a patient's first stop for health information and may be asked questions regarding transmission, symptoms, and treatment of mosquito borne viruses (MBVs). The objective of this paper is to review transmission, geographic location, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of MBVs. We discuss the following viruses with cases in the US in recent years: Dengue, West Nile, Chikungunya, LaCrosse Encephalitis, Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, and Zika. Prevention, including vaccines, and the impact of climate change are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current plans to decarbonize the electric supply system imply that the generation from wind and solar sources will grow substantially. This growth will increase the uncertainty of system operations due to the inherent variability of these renewable sources, and as a result, more reserve capacity will be required to provide the ramping (flexibility) needed for reliable operations. This paper assumes that all of the increased uncertainty comes from wind farms on the grid, and it shows how distributed storage managed locally by aggregators can provide the ramping needed without introducing a separate market for flexibility. This can be accomplished when the aggregators minimize the expected daily cost of the energy purchased from the grid for their customers by submitting optimal bids into the wholesale market with high and low price thresholds for discharging and charging the storage. This model is illustrated using a stochastic multi-period security constrained optimal power flow together with realistic data for a reduction of the network in the Northeast Power Coordinating Council region of the United States. The results show that the bidding strategy for distributed storage provides ramping to the grid just as effectively as storage managed by a system operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that the suicide attempt rate among American Muslims is at least twice the rate of the national US average and follows a different trend of suicide behavior compared to other groups. Religious leaders, such as Imams, are commonly sought out for support, but many lack training in mental health crisis management. The Stanford Muslim Mental Health and Islamic Psychology Lab created the Muslim Community Suicide Response Manual and its accompanying training modules to address this issue. This paper describes the creation, evolution, and future directions of the Suicide Response Training from an Islamic perspective to reduce suicide risk in Muslim communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research centered on the socioemotional benefits of religion and religious congregations for young people has highlighted largely positive outcomes for both young people and religious congregations. However, fewer studies have explored whether transgender young people receive those same socioemotional benefits from being religiously affiliated. Using secondary quantitative data from the 2015 US Transgender Survey, this study examined the religious experiences of transgender young people (aged 18–24). The data indicate that individual demographics (e.g., race, gender identity, sexual orientation, religious affiliation) affected the religious experiences of transgender young people, including leaving their congregations due to the fear of being rejected. More research is needed on the socioemotional benefits of religious affiliation for transgender young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While vaccines have reduced the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccine hesitancy threatens the re-emergence of childhood infectious diseases. Purpose: This randomized controlled study evaluated an online vaccine education program to advance vaccine acceptance among middle-school students. Methodology: Study participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group who viewed the VEP videos or to a comparison group who viewed a science-based video unrelated to vaccines. Results: Knowledge scores improved in both groups and more favorable shifts in vaccine-related beliefs and attitudes occurred in the intervention than in the comparison group. Conclusions: This program can be feasibly delivered via an online platform to middle school students, resulting in shifts in vaccine-related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. Implications: Delivering evidence-based content to instruct about vaccine effectiveness and safety is an area in which school nurses have demonstrated an important role as a resource for patient education to promote vaccine advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As American colleges and universities become more diverse, expanding our vision and working around what it means to be a legacy, especially at Predominately White Institutions, will be essential. This paper examines Black families' experiences at Churchill, a small liberal arts PWI in the Northeast. With the aid of Yosso's community cultural wealth and Bourdieu's notions of cultural and social capital, it examines how parents' experiences at Churchill and exposing their child to Churchill shaped and informed their child's decision to attend their parent's alma mater and the passing of social and cultural capital between the generations. Findings suggest that while navigational and familial capital passes between generations, Black cultural capital does not pass smoothly and impacts their child's experience at Churchill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how the culture of origin of sell-side financial analysts in the United States influences their forecasting. We find that analysts from individualistic cultures are more likely to issue bold earnings forecasts and stock recommendations than analysts from collectivist cultures. Individualistic (collectivist) analysts' tendency to overweight (underweight) their private information at least partly explains the results. The effect of culture decreases with the analysts' professional skills and their exposure to the U.S. culture but increases with task difficulty. For market consequences, short-window market reactions are stronger to bold reports by collectivist analysts than to those by individualistic analysts, consistent with the analysts' differential weighting of their private information. On average, however, a higher level of analyst individualism is associated with lower stock price synchronicity of the firm covered, indicating that more firm-specific information is impounded in the stock price. Our study extends research on the effect of national culture in the capital market by demonstrating how individualism, a central element of culture, affects analysts' information processing and the value of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the influence of gender and formal organizational status on the formation of discussion ties. Network data, gathered through surveying employees from a municipal organization in the United States, garnered a 92% response rate (n = 143). Results of exponential random graph modeling indicate women supervisors are more likely to send discussion ties, while women in general are more likely to receive discussion ties. These exploratory results suggest women may be perceived as more approachable for work discussions, but not as supervisors. Finally, the results identified a consistent homophily effect of gender in the discussion network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the rise of "Guard Labor"—defined as occupations devoted to labor extraction—at the commuting zone level in the United States. Between 1950 and 2017 the share of the labor force employed in guard labor increased from 19.5 percent to 29.4 percent. We explore the local labor market correlates of guard labor and validate several predictions of the labor discipline model, while extending the model to the context of contemporary racial capitalism. The share of the labor force employed in guard labor is positively correlated with the household income Gini coefficient, negatively correlated with the fraction of the labor force in a union, and positively correlated with contemporary measures of local racial animosity. Consistent with the labor discipline model, an increase in the share of the labor force employed in supervisory occupations has a significant negative effect on nonsupervisory wages. JEL Classification: O17, P16, Z13, B51, B52 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to articles published within the issue is presented on topics including the approach of school/educational psychologists to the conduct of research, how research can work with individuals and communities to engage in qualitative research, and the Indigenous philosophy of Botho/Ubuntu as an alternate paradigm to varieties of epistemic injustice.

A wide range of sub-national immigration and immigrant-related policies have been adopted in the United States in the last two decades. Using data from the Urban Institute and IPUMS, the authors analyze the impact of state-level policy climates related to enforcement, integration, and public benefits on inter-state mobility for immigrants. The findings of the present analysis show that immigrants are responsive to changes in the state-level immigration policy climate. They are less likely to move out of states that are on balance more supportive of the foreign-born population and more likely to relocate from restrictive states. In addition, the policy impacts do not vary significantly by immigrants' education, language fluency, or employment status, calling into question whether the policies miss their intended targets. These findings have implications for local governments and agencies in policy design and implementation as they continue to develop policies targeting the foreign-born population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the challenges surrounding groundwater protection in the U.S., with a particular emphasis on rural areas where private wells are a primary source of drinking water. It addresses the lack of federal regulations specifically targeting groundwater quality and highlights the prevalence of nitrate contamination, especially in agricultural regions.

The article provides an overview of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS), often referred to as "forever chemicals," due to their persistence in the environment and human bodies. It highlights the significant health risks associated with PFAS exposure, including cancer, liver damage, and developmental defects. It is reported that the widespread use of PFAS in various industries has led to contamination of drinking water sources across the U.S. affecting millions of Americans.

BACKGROUND: With the continuous improvement and progress of the magnetically controlled growing rod technology in the field of the treatment of spinal deformities, numerous studies have been put into this field, but the main research status, hot spots, and development trends are not clear enough. OBJECTIVE: Based on bibliometrics, this paper discusses the quality and quantity of articles in the field of using magnetically controlled growing rods to treat spinal deformities from different countries, aiming to clarify the global development trend of magnetically controlled growing rods and evaluate the research productivity, research trends, and research hotspots in the world. METHODS: The articles published from 1998 to 2023 were retrieved mainly based on the Web of Science database. CiteSpace 5.8 and VOSviewer 1.6.19 software were used to analyze the data and generate a visual knowledge map. The following parameters were evaluated for all studies: the total number of published papers, centrality, h index, the contribution of countries, authors, and journals, and the trend and hot spots were explored through the analysis of co-citation, highly cited literature, and literature keyword explosion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Finally, 138 articles were included. From 2009 to 2020, the number of published articles in this field gradually increased. The United States has the largest number of articles (53, 37.32%), and the United States has the highest h index and centrality of articles. (2) The results of keyword analysis showed that: the top ten keywords, such as early-onset scoliosis, surgery, complications, and so on, objectively and truly reflected the current situation and hot spots of magnetically controlled growing rod in the field of spinal deformity treatment. In recent years, the research focus in this field is the treatment failure caused by risk factors such as the pull-out of the magnetically controlled growing rod, implantation failure, and rod fracture, the accurate use of the corresponding medical classification, the monitoring and treatment of complications such as quality of life and cerebral palsy. (3) The co-citation results showed that: combined with the innovative and effective research of the magnetically controlled growing rod technology, the classification application of spinal deformity and the monitoring and treatment of related complications may be the research trend in this field. (4) Many highly cited articles further emphasized the therapeutic effect of magnetically controlled growing rod technology, providing an effective new idea and technical support for the field of spinal deformity correction. (5) The results of literature keyword explosion analysis demonstrate that the risk factors, medical classification, quality of life, and cerebral palsy of the application of magnetically controlled growing rods may become the research frontier in this field. (6) It can be seen that the application of magnetically controlled growing rod technology in the classification of spinal deformities and the in-depth study of related complications are the development trend in this field, but to further understand the effectiveness and safety of magnetically controlled growing rod technology in the treatment of spinal deformities, we still need long-term follow-up evidence. The overall research level of this field has steadily improved in recent years, but there are also problems such as the small number of high-quality articles and the unbalanced development of research in various regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization surrounding bias correction (BC) in creating climate projections arises from its lack of physicality. Here, we perform and analyze 18 dynamical downscaling simulations (with and without BC) to better understand the physical impacts of BC, applied before downscaling, on regional climate output across the western United States. Without BC, downscaled precipitation is systematically and unrealistically wet biased compared to a hierarchy of observationally based datasets over the 1980–2014 period due to cascading mean‐state Global Climate Model (GCM) biases: (a) overly strong lower‐tropospheric lapse rates (5 K/km), (b) overly cold (2 K) tropospheric temperatures, and (c) anomalous mid‐tropospheric cyclonic vorticity advection. With BC, downscaled precipitation (snow) biases are virtually eliminated (halved). Identified GCM biases are common to the broader Coupled Model Intercomparison Project ensemble. Physical effects of BC on the quality of the regionalized projections, pending an evaluation of BC's distortion of the downscaled climate response, may motivate its broader application by dynamical downscalers. Plain Language Summary: Global Climate Models (GCMs) are known to have biases that, when dynamically downscaled, damage the credibility of the e. A longstanding way around this problem is bias correction (BC) after downscaling, but this practice rarely involves physics and can mislead climate data users into overvaluing the quality of the downscaled data. Further, post‐downscaling BC techniques can over correct the higher‐order statistics, calling into question the faithful preservation of the original simulated signals. For the first time, we apply a minimally invasive BC procedure to a group of 9 GCMs in order to define physical relationships between mean GCM biases and their dynamically downscaled hydroclimate variables across the western United States. We find that native GCMs tend to exhibit surprisingly common mean biases that, when downscaled, effectuate an overly wet, cold, and snowy climate across the region. Key Points: Bias correction of Global Climate Models (GCMs) reduces biases in downscaled mean precipitation, snow, and temperature across the western United StatesCascading cold, thermodynamically unstable, and cyclonic vorticity biases from GCMs to regional climate models drive wet biases in dynamical downscalingCMIP6‐wide GCM biases are similar suggesting that biases in dynamically downscaled precipitation and temperature can be anticipated [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) affects over 360,000 adults in the United States each year with a 50–80% mortality prior to reaching medical care. Despite aggressive supportive care and targeted temperature management (TTM), half of adults do not live to hospital discharge and nearly one-third of survivors have significant neurologic injury. The current treatment approach following cardiac arrest resuscitation consists primarily of supportive care and possible TTM. While these current treatments are commonly used, mortality remains high, and survivors often develop lasting neurologic and cardiac sequela well after resuscitation. Hence, there is a critical need for further therapeutic development of adjunctive therapies. While select therapeutics have been experimentally investigated, one promising agent that has shown benefit is CO. While CO has traditionally been thought of as a cellular poison, there is both experimental and clinical evidence that demonstrate benefit and safety in ischemia with lower doses related to improved cardiac/neurologic outcomes. While CO is well known for its poisonous effects, CO is a generated physiologically in cells through the breakdown of heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes and has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. While CO has been studied in myocardial infarction itself, the role of CO in cardiac arrest and post-arrest care as a therapeutic is less defined. Currently, the standard of care for post-arrest patients consists primarily of supportive care and TTM. Despite current standard of care, the neurological prognosis following cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) remains poor with patients often left with severe disability due to brain injury primarily affecting the cortex and hippocampus. Thus, investigations of novel therapies to mitigate post-arrest injury are clearly warranted. The primary objective of this proposed study is to combine our expertise in swine models of CO and cardiac arrest for future investigations on the cellular protective effects of low dose CO. We will combine our innovative multi-modal diagnostic platform to assess cerebral metabolism and changes in mitochondrial function in swine that undergo cardiac arrest with therapeutic application of CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]