Search

The starting point for every viticultural and wine-producing country with respect to local grapevine varieties is their identification, inventory, preservation and development of genetic resources of those varieties. There are currently 224 grapevine va­rieties cultivated in Serbia for the purpose of commercial production of grapes and wine. Out of that number, 31 wine varieties are local. Vineyards under those varieties can be dif­ferentiated by their importance for production of grapes and wine, and by the level of their endangerment, that is, sustainability in conditions caused by climate changes. This paper presents the creation, that is, the modeling of the Method for Vineyard Sustainability Clas­wine grapevine varieties on grounds of their endangerment and sustainability, based on 20 examined and categorized individual vineyard sustainability parameters; to carry out comsification (MVSC). The purpose of MVSC classification is: to valorize vineyards with local prehensive classification into one of the four established vineyard sustainability classes (Class A - very endangered vineyards, Class B - endangered vineyards, Class C - sustainable vineyards and Class D - very sustainable vineyards); spatial identification and presentation of vineyards based on determined vineyard sustainability class through application of GIS technology; and finally, application of Network Analysis (NA), prioritization of examined parameters and, therefore, vineyards. A total of 10,402 vineyards under local grapevine wine varieties were used for modeling, and it was determined that 29 vineyards with the total surface of 1.2 hectares should be classified in Class A, while 2,883 vineyards with the total surface of 158.2 hectares should be classified in Class B. With respect to the strength of 20 individual vineyard sustainability parameters, it was determined that the parameter Structure of the vine rootstock (SVR) has the greatest impact, and priority in selection of vineyards in different sustainability classes should be given to vineyards without rootstocks. In accordance with the scientific justification of obtained results, the MVSC enables comprehensive clas­sification of the potential for sustainability of genetic resources of local grapevine varieties in Serbia, and it can be applied in other countries and wine-growing areas, as well as to other groups of grapevine varieties.

Compared to the previous period, the vineyard area in the Republic of Serbia has decreased significantly. Although the planting of new vineyards is subsidized over a long period of time, not enough vineyards are planted to ensure self-sufficiency in domestic grapes, wine (wine products) and spirit drinks originating from grapes. This is especially case for vineyards with local grapevine varieties, which can be of great importance for the rural development and promotion. In this paper, utilized time series analysis, spe­cifically Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modeling was used to predict the dynamics of newly planted vineyard areas with all grapevine varieties and local grapevine varieties based on data from the previous 20 years (period from 2003 to 2022). The aim is to forecast the trends of newly planted vineyard areas, both for all grapevine varieties and vineyards with local grapevine varieties, for the period from 2023 to 2027. A time series refers to a structured sequence of observations. The structuring is frequently done in terms of time intervals. Forecasting time series data, or determining future trends, is one of the most crucial goals of time series analysis. Based on such analysis, it is possible to forecast the expansion of vineyard areas for the upcoming period. ARIMA models helped to determine five-year trends in data on newly planted vineyard areas. The forecast made in this paper showed that vineyard area of all grapevine varieties would be planted at an an­nual range of about 230 and 300 hectares over the next five years. The forecast for future annual planting for the same period (2023-2027) of vineyards with local grapevine varieties is in the range of only about 10 to 60 hectares. The obtained ARIMA forecast results, espe­cially for the forecasts for planting vineyards with local grapevine varieties, show that it is necessary to pay special attention to this problem and to initiate numerous measures and activities in order to increase the area of vineyards with local grapevine varieties in the Republic of Serbia.

This article investigates the beginning of the adoption of a new generation of “resistant” grapevine varieties (RVs) in France, in a European context in which varietal innovation has become more and more dynamic over the last thirty years. Today, there is a growing interest in this plant material, because it constitutes a lever for adaptation to the combined impacts of climate change and fungal diseases in vineyards. Based on data from the French digital vineyard register (CVI: “casier viticole informatisé”), this paper provides RV maps of leading regions, as well as less involved ones, which show the implantation of these varieties.

Grape skin is an excellent bioactive compound source with numerous beneficial health effects. This study aimed to determine and compare the antidiabetic potential of the grape skin of indigenous Croatian white grapevine varieties. The grape skin extracts (GSEs) were assessed for total polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and inhibition potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, enzymes responsible for carbohydrate metabolism. GSE of variety “Svetokriška belina” has the highest total phenols (TP) content (1404.87 mg of gallic acid equivalent), the highest antioxidant capacity against DPPH (544.82 mg ascorbic acid equivalent), and the highest inhibitory activity against α-amylase (99.60%). α-glucosidase was best inhibited by the variety “Kozjak” (93.53%), followed by a significantly lower inhibition by the GSE of “Svetokriška belina” (89.64%). The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the relationship among the grape varieties by their inhibition potential, where the first PC explained 71.34% of the variation. Indigenous Croatian white grapevine varieties have great potential for developing new natural supplements to prevent and treat diabetes.

Despite the large number of existing varieties of Vitis vinifera L., only few occupy a large niche in today’s highly globalized wine market. The increasing consumer demand for diversified products, as well as the changing climatic conditions, make establishing a process of varietal diversification essential to achieve both challenges. It is for this reason that the study of minority varieties, which have a higher level of adaptation to each area of origin, is of particular interest. With the main objective of achieving an in-depth knowledge of minority varieties in Spain, the national research project ‘Valorization of Minority Grapevine Varieties for their Potential for Wine Diversification and Resilience to Climate Change’ (MINORVIN), has been proposed. Within this extensive project, the present study describes the aroma profiles of 60 single-variety wines, corresponding with 44 different varieties, with 12 of these varieties being studied at the same time in several Spanish regions. Volatile compounds were determined through three consecutive vintages using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Compounds were grouped into major compounds, including alcohols, C6 compounds, esters, acetates, acids, carbonyl compounds, and other type of compounds, and minor compounds, including lactones, terpenes, and C13-norisoprenoids, according to their concentration in the wines being analyzed. Among this last group of compounds, lactones were quantitatively the most abundant, followed by terpenes. This study reflects that minority variety wines show distinctive aromatic profiles, supporting the importance of valuing and promoting the autochthonous minority grapevine varieties for the Spanish winemaking industry.

The research of sanitary status and virus presence was conducted on three native Croatian grapevine varieties (Kujudžuša bijela, Zlatarica vrgorska and Trnjak crni) that are grown in Dalmatia region. The investigation was done on 492 vines from 31 vineyards. Vines were tested by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) on four main economic viruses: arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 and 3 (GLRaV–1, GLRaV-3) as a first step in clonal selection of these rare native grapevine varieties. Altogether, 40 vines were free of all tested viruses. The research confirms high rate of virus infection and eroded sanitary status of all investigated varieties. The above indicates necessity of implementation clonal and sanitary selection programme.

Research of uvological characteristics is one of the obligatory steps for determination of general production and technological value of grapevine varieties. Such research is particularly recommended for local varieties that did not previously show sat­isfying characteristics necessary for production of high-quality wine. Local grapevine varieties Smederevka (white wine variety) and Žametovka (red wine variety) have mostly served for production of low-quality wine in the past. With changes in the manner of pro­duction in the sense of focus on high-quality wine and production of wine with geograph­ical indications, vineyards planted with these varieties in Serbia have mostly been grubbed up. However, due to the characteristic and favourable terroir conditions, they have survived in the Trstenik wine-growing district (subregion within the Tri Morave wine-growing re­gion). With the aim of determining uvological characteristics of these two varieties in current climate conditions that are favourable for these high-yield varieties, this paper examines the mechanical composition of grape bunches (bunch weight, number of berries, stem weight), mechanical composition of berries (weight of 100 berries, weight of skin of 100 berries, weight of mesocarp of 100 berries and weight of seeds of 100 berries), as well as grape must characteristics (sugar content and total acids in grape must) of representative genotypes of local varieties Smederevka and Žametovka in production vineyards in the Trstenik wine-growing district. Research results have shown that uvological characteristics of these varieties are slightly better in comparison with previous research carried out in other wine-growing areas, that is, in comparison with general information from literature, which indicates the necessity for further research of these varieties in different agro-eco­logical conditions.

To explore the grapevine biodiversity of some minor viticultural districts located in the northwest coastal area of Tuscany, a total of 99 grapevine samples were collected from field borders or no longer cultivated areas and analysed at the molecular level using 12 microsatellite markers (SSR). The results revealed the presence of 58 unique genotypes among which 42 already known varieties (36 belonging to the Vitis vinifera species and 6 Vitis interspecific crosses) and 16 hitherto unreported genetic profiles. About 50 % of the accessions (52 out of 99) were vegetatively propagated and planted in a vineyard collection to protect them from extinction and to record their phenotypic characteristics. This research has highlighted the potential for using several grapevine cultivars that were probably once widespread and can henceforth be cultivated again to help revive the eco-wine tourism of the Tuscan heroic vineyards and add prestige to the local wine panorama.

Abstract: This study aimed to develop mathematical models for estimating leaf area in three grapevine cultivars (‘Chardonnay’, ‘Marselan’, and ‘Pinot Noir’) grown with plastic overhead cover in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Linear measurements of midvein length, left and right secondary veins, and the sum of secondary veins were taken from 200 leaves per variety during the 2020/21 and 2021/22 cycles. Linear regression models were developed using leaf area and midvein length, midvein length squared, sum of secondary veins, and sum of secondary veins squared as predictors. Model performance was evaluated based on Pearson correlation coefficient, root mean square error, bias, and efficiency. The developed models accurately estimate leaf area for the tested grapevine cultivars under plastic cover conditions, with the best-performing model using the sum of secondary veins squared as a predictor variable. These models can be useful for researchers and grapevine growers for estimating leaf area and improving plant growth management.

The influence of the location of flower buds in the inflorescence on the size variation of the male flower sphere organs - stamens, anthers and connective - was studied in 50 seedless grapevine varieties. They were found to be characterized by a large biometric diversity. In the case of vertically located flower buds on the inflorescence branches of the variants base, middle and tip, there is a high variability and statistically proven differences between different varieties. At the base of the inflorescence, they are distributed in eight generalized clusters, in the middle - in ten and towards the tip - in eight. The morphological differences found between the flower elements in the male sphere are mathematically plausible only in the individual variants, and they are not proven when comparing them as a whole. The sizes of stamens, anthers, and connective do not depend on the location of the flower buds in the inflorescence. Biometric data reflecting the parameters of these organs are representative for each variety, regardless of which part of the inflorescence the flower buds are located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: “Touriga Franca” (TF) and “Touriga Nacional” (TN) are grapevine varieties cultivated in the ‘Douro Superior’ subregion (Northern Portugal) that experience stressful environmental conditions during the summer. Objectives: Aiming to profile the expression of stressresponsive genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in TF and TN plants growing naturally, three candidate reference genes were first tested under controlled conditions. Methods: To simulate a summer’s day, TF and TN in vitro plants were exposed to 32 ◦C–3 h (heat acclimation) and 42 ◦C–1 h (severe heat stress, HS) followed by two recovery periods (32 ◦C–3 h and 24 ◦C–24 h). Leaf samples were collected at the end of each phase. Control plants were kept at 24 ◦C. Results: Among the candidate reference genes, the UBC and VAG pair showed the highest stability. The suitability of these genes for qPCR was validated by heat shock protein 17.9A (HSP17.9A) gene profiling. The HSP17.9A expression was up-regulated in both varieties and all experimental phases except in TF control plants. TN showed the highest HSP17.9A relative expression ratio after severe HS. Conclusions: TN responded faster than TF to the induced heat shocks. The UBC, VAG, and HSP17.9A genes revealed to be suitable for further qPCR assays in TF and TN grapevine varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is critical to use a population of the pathogen that contains different strains to determine the resistance of grapevine varieties to the downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola in a specific region. This study tested six local grape varieties (Çavuş, Kalecik Karası, Müşküle, Papaz Karası, Sultana and Yapıncak), eight Turkish registered varieties (Barış, Bozbey, Güzgülü, Özer Karası, Reçel Üzümü, Tekirdağ Çekirdeksizi, Trakya İlkeren and Yalova İncisi) and seven varieties of foreign origin (Cabernet Sauvignon, Cardinal, Chardonnay, Cinsault, Isabella, Semillon and Gamay) using detached leaf and leaf disc assays with pathogen populations collected from vineyards. There was a significant correlation for disease severity between the two assay methods. No sporulation was observed on the varieties Çavuş and Isabella in both assay methods. The variety Yapıncak had very low disease severity (2.00%) in the leaf disc assay, and the pathogen did not sporulate on this variety in the detached leaf assay. Cluster analysis was performed to determine the resistance level of the varieties against the pathogen, as different disease severities were observed in some varieties depending on the test method used, and the 21 varieties were classified into four clusters. Barış, Bozbey, Cardinal, Çavuş, Isabella, Semillon and Yapıncak in Cluster I exhibited the lowest disease severity mean (2.88%), while those in Cluster 3, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Güzgülü, Papaz Karası and Yalova Incisi, had the highest disease severity mean (56.75%). These varieties in Clusters 1 and 3 were considered highly resistant and highly susceptible, respectively. Leaf hair density, as reported in official variety descriptions, did not associate with reduced disease severity in the two assays. This study assessed the response of grapevine varieties to the P. viticola population in the region for the first time. The highly resistant and resistant varieties identified will provide new material for breeders and contribute to the improvement of organic viticulture in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf removal is a cultural practice mainly aimed at improving cluster zone microclimates and impacting primary and secondary metabolites, such as volatiles. This research aimed to assess the impact of defoliation on free and glycosylated aromas of a neutral (‘Nebbiolo’) and a semi-aromatic (‘Aleatico’) red variety. Defoliation was performed at fruit set (BBCH 71) and, for ‘Nebbiolo’, also at berries touch (BBCH 81) phenological stages. Skins and pulps were separately analyzed by Solid Phase Extraction–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Results showed that the response to defoliation was variety-dependent. For ‘Nebbiolo’, especially when performed at the berries’ touch stage, defoliation had a significant effect on the accumulation of free volatiles and glycosidic precursors. Differently, free and bound ‘Aleatico’ volatiles were less impacted by defoliation. Interestingly, in both grapevine varieties, defoliation significantly enhanced the accumulation of aroma precursors in grapes’ skins, which is of particular relevance for red wine production and their aging potential. Moreover, results could be helpful for the management of grape quality, as defoliation is currently considered as a strategy to address climate change issues.

A study to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of grapes from red international (Cabernet Sauvignon), local (Gamza) and hybrid (Rubin) grapevine varieties grown in the region of Central Northern Bulgaria was conducted. The phenolic content of the grapes, the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of their must were determined. Rubin shown the best content of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC), Flavonoid Phenolic Compounds (FPC), Non-Flavonoid Phenolic Compounds (NPC) and anthocyanins in the structural elements of the cluster. This hybrid variety also shown the highest content of TPC in the must (0.74±0.00 g/l), followed by Gamza, and the lowest TPC was found in the Cabernet Sauvignon – control variety (0.25±0.00 g/l). The highest amount of anthocyanins was found in Rubin grape must (19.91±0.48 mg/l). The dynamics of increasing of the anthocyanin content in the must of the studied varieties followed the order international variety (Cabernet Sauvignon) < local variety (Gamza) < hybrid variety (Rubin). In the red varieties, the grape must of the Rubin hybrid shown significant and the highest antioxidant activity of the three studied varieties. It was four times higher than that found in the Cabernet Sauvignon control. A correlation between TPC, anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity in Rubin was found. This proved the close connection between the phenolic composition and the antioxidant capacity of the variety. The study proved that the grape must of the two studied hybrid and local varieties shown high biological potential and activities.

The classification of species as iso- or anisohydric has been widely used to assess their behavior under drought conditions. This behavior depends on the water use strategy adopted in terms of their position along a continuum, where isohydry and anisohydry represent the two extremes. This study was conducted in an experimental vineyard during the summer months of 2021 and 2022. Pre-dawn (Ψpd) and stem (Ψst) water potentials, stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPDL) measurements were performed on 24 grapevine varieties according to successive soil hydration–drying cycles. The following three metrics were used to assess their behavior during drought: slope σ-Ψpd, hydroscape, and conductance surface (CS). The CS is a new metric that we developed and used in this study for the first time. The results revealed that the categorization of some varieties varied depending on the metric used. Considering the set of parameters of all metrics, the varieties were classified into three groups. Two of the groups included varieties whose behavior seemed to conform to the iso- and anisohydric patterns, respectively, while a third group consisted of varieties that exhibited a mixed iso-anisohydric behavior. This last group was the most interesting due to its high ability to optimize the water use. Our findings suggest that the iso/anisohydry concept alone is, in most cases, insufficient for explaining grapevine water use behavior. Furthermore, this is the first study reporting knowledge on the water use behavior of 17 varieties, for which there are no previous studies related to this subject matter.

The genetic erosion of the European grapevine diversity in the last century has promoted the conservation of varieties in germplasm banks to prevent their disappearance. The study of these varieties is necessary as it would allow the diversification of the wine market, as well as provide a source of genes to face new pathogens or climate constraints. In this work, the grapevine varieties preserved in the “Estación de Viticultura e Enoloxía de Galicia” (EVEGA) Germplasm Bank (Ourense, Spain) were widely characterized, combining ampelography, ampelometry, agronomy, and phytopathology. Moreover, genetic characterization was carried out through the analysis of 48 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A Bayesian analysis based on the SNP data was carried out to define the genetic structure of the EVEGA Germplasm Bank, which allowed the differentiation of two main reconstructed panmictic populations (RPPs), confirming previous results obtained based on microsatellite markers (SSRs). A great diversity between varieties was found for almost every parameter evaluated for ampelography, ampelometry, phytopatology, phenology, and berry quality. A principal component analysis (PCA) performed with these phenotypical data allowed discrimination among some groups of varieties included in different genetic populations. This study allowed us to evaluate the grapevine diversity maintained in the EVEGA Germplasm Bank and characterize varieties of potential value for breeding programs of interest for the Galician viticulture.

In Mediterranean regions, severe summers are becoming more common, leading to restrictions to vine productivity and yield quality, requiring sustainable practices to support this sector. We assessed the behaviour of three red grapevine varieties from the Douro Region to examine their tolerance to summer climate stress from the perspective that the less common varieties may have potential for increased use in a climate change scenario. Leaf and fruit biochemical profile, antioxidant activity and fruit colorimetric parameters were assessed at different phenological stages in Aragonez (AR), Tinto Cão (TC) and Touriga Nacional (TN) grape varieties. All three varieties exhibit significant variability in phenological timing, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Photosynthetic pigment strategies differed among varieties. Chlorophyll content in AR was high to cope with high radiation, while TN displaying a balanced approach, and TC had lower pigment levels, with higher levels of phenolics, antioxidants, and soluble sugars, particularly during stress. The variations in berry biochemical profile highlight the distinct characteristics of the varieties. TC and TN show potential for coping with climate change, having elevated total acidity, while AR has larger and heavier berries with distinct coloration. These findings reinforce the need to study the behaviour of different varieties in each Terroir, to understand their diverse strategies to deal with summer climate stress. This will help in selecting the most suitable variety for these conditions under vineyard management in the Douro Region., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The importance of white wines in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula has led to study on the aromatic profiles of 20 white grapevine varieties along three consecutive vintages. Volatile compounds were evaluated through solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology (SPME-GC-MS). The main aims of this study were as follow: test if their aromatic profile could be used as a potential chemotaxonomic tool to differentiate among grapevine varieties, evaluate if there is any relationship among the aromatic characteristics and the genetic origin of the varieties studied and try to bring out aromatically interesting varieties that could trigger diversified wine production in the study area. Free and bound volatile profiles were tentatively identified in each variety, grouping all identified compounds into thirteen volatile families to allow for a better discussion of the results obtained. Significant differences were found for terpenes among varieties in the free fraction and for acids, aldehydes, terpenes and norisoprenoids in the glicosidically bound fraction. Good differentiation among varieties was achieved by free and glicosidically bound profiles in the principal component analysis (PCA), as well as some clustering of varieties belonging to the same genetic reconstructed populations (RPP). Varietal aromatic profiling could be expected to be a good chemotaxonomic tool.

The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils and their subsequent uptake by plants, posing risks to agricultural products and con­sumers is of particular concern for investigation. Vineyard soils are especially vulnerable to pollution from various sources, including agrochemicals, fertilizers and surrounding polluting activities. This research is based on the BCR sequential extraction method to assess PTE speciation in vineyard soil samples. Additionally, it investigates the bioaccumulation of PTEs in grapevines (Cabernet sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc) and evaluates potential health risks for consumers of grapevine products based on each investigated PTE. The find­ings reveal that certain PTEs, Cd, Mn, Ba, Co, Pb and Cu exhibit significant mobility and bioavailability in vineyard soils, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring for food safety. The bioaccumulation potential, based on calculated biological accumulation concentration (BAC), exists for some elements, especially for Cu and Zn from easily avail­able soil phase. The human health risk assessment indicates that the consumption of grape­vine products poses minimal risk (HQ < 1) to consumers. Anyhow, among the investigated PTEs, Ba and Cu have the highest HQs. This research contributes to a better understanding of PTE dynamics in vineyard environments, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and control measures to ensure agricultural product safety and protect consumers’ health.

Wine production is being threatened by climate change, particularly in the Mediterranean region. Thus, more knowledge on vineyards’ well-functioning and adjustments to drought conditions is essential. We aimed to understand how grapevine varieties from different European origins, under the same climatic context, respond to water stress and whether the climatic origin plays a role in their water-use efficiency (WUE). With that in mind, we assessed the carbon isotopic signatures (δ13C) in berry juice and phloem of 172 white and red grapevine varieties grown in Herdade do Esporão (Alentejo, Portugal) from five different climatic origins in two different rainfed water treatments: with full and no irrigation. Our findings indicate that there is a 13C enrichment in both berry juice and phloem under water stress, regardless of the climatic origin of the grapevine varieties. This suggests that the plants exhibited greater stomatal regulation and tighter control over water loss during drought conditions. Also, we found a positive correlation between berry juice and phloem δ13C signatures that is maintained under limited water conditions (i.e., non-irrigated rainfed condition: NI-rf). Six clusters, based on δ13C patterns in NI-rf, were obtained and the varieties that showed the higher WUE listed. The patterns of δ13C drought-adjustments (differences among water-treatments) were dependent on specific varieties capacity to acclimate, and the varieties that were grouped as the ones with high WUE in NI-rf also showed greater δ13C drought-adjustments. These results highlight a range of WUE adjustments, revealed through phloem isotopic analysis, being phloem δ13C signature a complementary and promising proxy to assess grapevine varieties’ drought acclimation capacity. Our study reinforces vineyard plasticity and great adaptative ability, transversal to several grapevine varieties with different climatic origins. The results provided might be a complementary support to identify the varieties that are potentially more physiologically equipped under drought, and to further explore their vitality and grape quality under sustainable water-management scenarios.

The aim of this research work was to find historical varieties that existed in this area before phylloxera and to identify them on the basis of historical written sources and genetic analyses. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 300 grape varieties were cultivated in Styria. Between 2020 and 2022, old vineyards were monitored at 115 locations in Styria (between the Mura and Sava rivers) in Slovenia. The directly collected samples (340 grapevine accessions) were determined by molecular analysis with 24 SSR markers. A total of 66 different genotypes were detected. After comparison with the available databases, 29 historical varieties and 37 unknown historical genotypes were identified. Several parameters were calculated to evaluate the usefulness of the selected loci in this work, and a dendrogram representing the genetic similarities between the origins was created using the neighbor-joining method to investigate possible ancestry relationships in the sample set. The most common historical varieties were ‘Belina’ (‘Heunisch weiss’), ‘Vrbovec’ (‘Tantovina Eihenblaetrige’), ‘Ranfol’ (‘Ranfol beli’), and ‘Pelesovna’ (‘Vulpea’). Varieties from the current variety list were also frequently found, such as ‘Frankinja’ (‘Blaufraenkisch’) and ‘Žametovka’ (‘Kavčina črna’). In a few locations, one of the most important red varieties from the beginning of the 20th century was also found in this area (alongside ‘Frankinja’ and ‘Žametovka’), i.e., ‘Vranek’ (‘Zimmettraube balu’). At that time, this variety was planted in multi-variety vineyards and was preserved, but its importance in single-variety vineyards quickly declined due to female flower. In addition, genetic analyses have shown that 37 unknown historical genotypes have been found in this area. These genotypes need to be described ampelographically and technologically evaluated in the future. Most of the vegetative offsprings of these genotypes have already been transferred to the Meranova gene bank, where they can be accurately described ampelographically under the same pedoclimatic conditions.