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Background and Aims The genus Buxus has high levels of endemism in the Caribbean flora with c. 50 taxa. In Cuba, 82% grow on ultramafic substrates and 59% are nickel (Ni)-accumulators or Ni-hyperaccumulators. Hence it is an ideal model group to study if this diversification could be related to the adaptation to ultramafic substrates and to the Ni-hyperaccumulation. Methods We generated a well-resolved molecular phylogeny, including nearly all of the Neotropical and Caribbean Buxus taxa. To obtain robust divergence times we tested for the effect of different calibration scenarios, and we reconstructed ancestral areas and ancestral character states. Phylogenetic trees were examined for trait-independent shifts in diversification rates and we used multi-state models to test for state-dependent speciation and extinction rates. Key Results We found a Caribbean Buxus clade with Mexican ancestors, encompassing three major subclades, which started to radiate during the middle Miocene (13.25 Mya). Other Caribbean islands and northern South America were reached from c. 3 Mya onwards. Conclusions An evolutionary scenario is evident in which Buxus plants able to grow on ultramafic substrates by exaptation became ultramafic substrate endemics and stepwise evolved from Ni tolerance over Ni-accumulation to Ni-hyperaccumulation, which has triggered species diversification of Buxus in Cuba. Storms could have contributed to Cuba acting as a species pump and to reach other Caribbean islands and northern South America.

Using the genus Casearia, we assessed the status of nested singletons: individual specimens corresponding to accepted species but in molecular trees appearing nested within clades of closely related species. Normally, such cases would be left undecided, while on the other hand, timely taxonomic decisions are required. We argue that morphological, chorological, and ecological data can be informative to illuminate patterns of speciation. Their use can provide a first step in testing taxon concepts at species level. We focused on five cases of nested singletons in trees of the genus Casearia. We employed PCA and cluster analysis to assess phenotypic differentiation. Using geocoordinates, we calculated niche space differentiation based on 19 bioclim variables, by means of PCA and niche equivalency and similarity tests and generated dot maps. We found that the singletons were morphologically distinctive in two of the five cases (Casearia selloana and C. manausensis), relatively distinctive in two other cases (C. zizyphoides and C. mariquitensis), and partially overlapping in the last case (C. grandiflora). For two cases (C. mariquitensis and C. selloana), ecological niche space was broadly overlapping, in two cases it was found broadly nested (C. grandiflora and C. zizyphoides), and in one case narrowly nested (C. manausensis), but in no case niche differentiation was observed. Niche overlap, similarity and equivalency showed corresponding patterns. Given these data, one would interpret C. selloana and C. manausensis as presumably well-distinguished taxa, their narrow distribution ranges suggesting recently emerging lineages. The other three cases are not clearcut. Morphological data would suggest particularly C. grandiflora conspecific with C. arborea, but differences in the distribution are intriguing. Our approach would reject the notion of potential synonymy based on nested phylogenetic placement for at least two of the five cases. The other case also shows no complete lack of differentiation which would support synonymy.

It is time to synthesize the knowledge that has been generated through more than 260 years of botanical exploration, taxonomic and, more recently, phylogenetic research throughout the world. The adoption of an updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) in 2011 provided the essential impetus for the development of the World Flora Online (WFO) project. The project represents an international, coordinated effort by the botanical community to achieve GSPC Target 1, an electronic Flora of all plants. It will be a first‐ever unique and authoritative global source of information on the world's plant diversity, compiled, curated, moderated and updated by an expert and specialist‐based community (Taxonomic Expert Networks – “TENs” – covering a taxonomic group such as family or order) and actively managed by those who have compiled and contributed the data it includes. Full credit and acknowledgement will be given to the original sources, allowing users to refer back to the primary data. A strength of the project is that it is led and endorsed by a global consortium of more than 40 leading botanical institutions worldwide. A first milestone for producing the World Flora Online is to be accomplished by the end of 2020, but the WFO Consortium is committed to continuing the WFO programme beyond 2020 when it will develop its full impact as the authoritative source of information on the world's plant biodiversity.

Premise of research. The Caribbean is an important area of species diversity within the large pantropical genus Phyllanthus. With the goal of illuminating the evolutionary origins of Caribbean Phyl...

Casearia (Salicaceae) is a pantropical genus of circa 200 species, around half of which dwell in the Neotropics. Despite the availability of phylogenetic studies that suggest that Casearia sensu Sleumer is not monophyletic, a strong phylogenetic framework was still lacking for this genus. We tested the monophyly of Casearia and examined the relationships of its species to other taxa of the tribe Samydeae, including Laetia, Samyda and Zuelania, which recently have been sunk into Casearia, as well as Euceraea, Lunania, Neoptychocarpus, Ryania and Tetrathylacium. We further put a focus on the Neotropical taxa since Casearia and allies are speciose both on the Caribbean islands and adjacent mainlands, thus providing an interesting group to address the origin of the Caribbean and Cuban flora. Our phylogenetic analyses based on four combined rapidly evolving plastid regions (petD, rpl16, rps4-trnT-L-F, trnK-matK-psbA) as well as nuclear ITS revealed Casearia as monophyletic with high support, including not only the former members of Laetia, Samyda and Zuelania but also Euceraea and Neoptychocarpus. Casearia is constituted by several major clades, mostly being entirely Neotropical, one of which exclusively comprises species endemic to the Caribbean islands. Another clade, which includes all Palaeotropical species, is nested among Neotropical lineages. Our divergence date estimates using the plastid dataset and fossil calibration points in Salicaceae indicate that the Casearia crown group started to diversify during the late Eocene, approximately 39 Ma. The stem of the Old World clade diverged from Neotropical ancestors around 27 Ma, in the Oligocene. We used BayesTraits to reconstruct the evolution of seven characters commonly used to define Casearia and allied genera. We found morphological characters, such as branched inflorescences (fasciculate, glomerulous, cymose) or uniseriate stamen series, that work well to circumscribe the genus, whereas dioecy, which was used to diagnose Neoptychocarpus, or higher stamen numbers (>12), found in Laetia and Zuelania, are homoplastic in Salicaceae, the latter character derived within Casearia from ancestors with 7–12 stamens. Pellucid dots appear to have evolved earlier than the divergence of the Casearia clade in Samydeae, and were lost in Ryania and Tetrathylacium, and thus are no synapomorphy for Casearia. In order to establish a monophyletic genus concept for Casearia, we propose to also merge Euceraea and Neoptychocarpus. Our reconstruction of ancestral areas using BioGeoBears indicate that South America is the ancestral area of Casearia. From there, multiple migrations occurred to Mesoamerica and the Caribbean islands. The Caribbean that comprises nearly all Caribbean endemics started to diversify around 9.5 Ma. Our trees depict C. corymbosa, which exhibits significant infraspecific phylogenetic structure for the sampled Mexican and Colombian individuals, as the sister to the Caribbean clade. The other clade, with Cuban endemics (C. ternstroemioides) but also Mesoamerican and South American taxa, is not sufficiently resolved internally, to allow biogeographic conclusions. The Old World clade of Casearia provides another example for a late Laurasian migration starting in the Neotropics.

Most plastid genome sequences are assembled from short-read whole-genome sequencing data, yet the impact that sequence coverage and the choice of assembly software can have on the accuracy of the resulting assemblies is poorly understood. In this study, we test the impact of both factors on plastid genome assembly in the threatened and rare endemic shrub Calligonum bakuense, which forms a distinct lineage in the genus Calligonum. We aim to characterize the differences across plastid genome assemblies generated by different assembly software tools and levels of sequence coverage and to determine if these differences are large enough to affect the phylogenetic position inferred for C. bakuense. Four assembly software tools (FastPlast, GetOrganelle, IOGA, and NOVOPlasty) and three levels of sequence coverage (original depth, 2,000x, and 500x) are compared in our analyses. The resulting assemblies are evaluated with regard to reproducibility, contig number, gene complement, inverted repeat length, and computation time; the impact of sequence differences on phylogenetic tree inference is also assessed. Our results show that software choice can have a considerable impact on the accuracy and reproducibility of plastid genome assembly and that GetOrganelle produced the most consistent assemblies for C. bakuense. Moreover, we found that a cap in sequence coverage can reduce both the sequence variability across assembly contigs and computation time. While no evidence was found that the sequence variability across assemblies was large enough to affect the phylogenetic position inferred for C. bakuense, differences among the assemblies may influence genotype recognition at the population level.

Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya, Kai Müller (2018): Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity. Taxon 67 (5): 944-976, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/675.7

Most plastid genome sequences are assembled from short-read whole-genome sequencing data, yet the impact that sequencing coverage and the choice of assembly software can have on the accuracy of the resulting assemblies is poorly understood. In this study, we test the impact of both factors on plastid genome assembly in the threatened and rare endemic shrub

Campanula is one of the species-rich genera of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), in a wider sense with ∼600 species, growing in a wide range of habitats in the northern hemisphere. The Caucasu...

Das BSI hat im Rahmen seines gesetzlichen Auftrags die Verpflichtung, die IT-Sicherheit zu starken und aufrecht zu erhalten. Dazu gehort die Versorgung von Bund, Landern und geheimschutzbetreuter Wirtschaft mit VS-zugelassenen IT-Sicherheitslosungen. Die zunehmende Digitalisierung, immer kurzer werdende Innovationszyklen und sich stets verandernde Bedrohungslagen stellen fur die Sicherheit von VS-Systemen dabei eine grose Herausforderung dar. Daher gilt es, fruhzeitig innovative Methoden zu entwickeln, um den Bedarf IT-sicherheitsrelevanter Technologien zu erkennen, entsprechende Anforderungen zu definieren, diese in umsetzbare Produktentwicklungen zu uberfuhren und dem VS-Markt zeitnah als zugelassene VS-Losung bereitzustellen.

The origin of Neotropical species diversity is strongly associated with the geological history of South America. Since the Miocene, a number of species radiations across different Neotropical lineages coincided with the rise of the Andes and the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The species-rich genus Philodendron Schott (Araceae) is widely distributed across Neotropical rainforests, originating in the Late Oligocene and diversifying more intensely from the Miocene onward. It is likely that its diversification process and distribution patterns are associated with recent geological changes in the Americas. To test this hypothesis, we sampled the species diversity of Philodendron across its entire geographic range and used a combination of three non-coding plastid regions (petD, rpl16, and trnK/matK) to obtain a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny. We then inferred geographic range evolution and explored the impact of the Andean orogeny on speciation, extinction, and dispersal. The genus Philodendron originated ~29 million years ago (mya) and experienced the earliest diversification events ~25 mya in the Pan-Amazonian rainforests. From the Middle Miocene onward, multiple geographic range expansion events occurred from Amazonia to southeast Brazil and to the area which would become the Chocó and the northern Andes. From the Pliocene onward, Philodendron reached Central America and the Caribbean islands, and Andean lineages recolonized and diversified in Amazonia. In Philodendron, higher diversification rates are found in the adjacent lowland rainforests of the northern Andes compared with other regions in the Neotropics, demonstrating a potential indirect impact of the Andean uplift on species radiations in lowland regions.

Presentamos un primer estudio de la diversidad y composicion de comunidades de liquenes en remanentes de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) en el departamento de Atlantico, Colombia. Se muestrearon liquenes en dos de las tres areas protegidas del departamento: Distrito de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza y Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar. El inventario registro 61 especies, incluyendo cuatro especies nuevas para la ciencia: Fissurina linoana Lucking, Moncada & G. Rodr. sp. nov., Graphis lurizana Lucking, Moncada & Celis sp. nov., Graphis mokanarum Lucking, Moncada & M.C. Martinez sp. nov. y Phaeographis galeanoae Lucking, Moncada & B. Salgado-N. sp. nov. Arthonia erupta y Coenogonium saepincola son nuevos registros para America del Sur, mientras que trece especies son reportadas por primera vez para Colombia. Unas 37 especies adicionales son nuevos reportes para Atlantico, incrementando el total de especies conocidas para el departamento de 27 a 84. Con 42 especies en Luriza y 31 en El Palomar, la riqueza de especies fue comparable con la de otros sitios de bs-T en el Neotropico. El traslape en la composicion de especies entre los dos sitios es bajo, con solamente doce (20 %) compartidas, indicando un alto nivel de heterogeneidad. Las afinidades biogeograficas son mayores con los bs-T de Centroamerica, lo que coincide con las de plantas lenosas. Estos resultados enfatizan la importancia de los remanentes de bs-T en Colombia para la conservacion de una biodiversidad poco conocida.

PREMISEThe genusGynoxysand relatives form a species-rich lineage of Andean shrubs and trees with low genetic distances within the sunflower subtribe Tussilaginineae. Previous molecular phylogenetic investigations of the Tussilaginineae have included few, if any, representatives of this Gynoxoid group or reconstructed ambiguous patterns of relationships for it.METHODSWe sequenced complete plastid genomes of 21 species of the Gynoxoid group and related Tussilaginineae and conducted detailed comparisons of the phylogenetic relationships supported by the gene, intron, and intergenic spacer partitions of these genomes. We also evaluated the impact of manual, motif-based adjustments of automatic DNA sequence alignments on phylogenetic tree inference.RESULTSOur results indicate that the inclusion of all plastid genome partitions is needed to infer fully resolved phylogenetic trees of the Gynoxoid group. Whole plastome-based tree inference suggests that the generaGynoxysandNordenstamiaare polyphyletic and form the core clade of the Gynoxoid group. This clade is sister to a clade ofAequatoriumandParagynoxysand also includes some but not all representatives ofParacalia.CONCLUSIONSThe concatenation and combined analysis of all plastid genome partitions and the construction of manually curated, motif-based DNA sequence alignments are found to be instrumental in the recovery of strongly supported relationships of the Gynoxoid group. We demonstrate that the correct assessment of homology in genome-level plastid sequence datasets is crucial for subsequent phylogeny reconstruction and that the manual post-processing of multiple sequence alignments improves the reliability of such reconstructions amid low genetic distances between taxa.

The circumscription of Rondeletieae has changed considerably over time. Historically, 85 genera have been included, characterized by small trees, imbricate corolla aestivation and capsules. Molecular studies led to a narrower circumscription and stressed out that Rondeletieae is mainly an Antillean clade. As historically circumscribed, Rondeletieae is both polyphyletic (involving several tribes, including Condamineae, Sipaneeae, etc.) and paraphyletic with respect to Guettardeae. Uncertainties persist on the tribal circumscription, and its generic limits and relationships. We report results of phylogenetic analyses under parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses including 179 taxa, using concatenated datasets of three chloroplast DNA regions (petD, trnL–F and trnK–matK), their DNA microstructural characters as well as morphology. Our objectives are to: test the monophyly of Rondeletieae and evaluate phylogenetic relationships, evaluate potential characters for tribal and generic delimitation and propose a circumscription for Rondeletieae according to phylogenetic hypothesis using morphological characters. The tribes Guettardeae and Rondeletieae are strongly supported as sister: quincuncial aestivation and spathulate corolla lobes are proposed as a unique combination of characters supporting this relationship. We did not find synapomorphies for each tribe, but there is a set of character combinations that allows distinguishing both tribes that includes the corolla and pollen ornamentation as well as fruit and seed morphology. After evaluating other genera not included in the phylogenies, our proposal is that Rondeletieae contains approximately 120 species in 20 neotropical genera: Acrosynanthus, Acunaeanthus, Blepharidium, Donnellyanthus, Mazaea, Phyllomelia, Rachicallis, Roigella, Rondeletia, Rovaeanthus, Suberanthus, Tainus, plus one tentatively included and recently described (Jamaicanthus).

Plants, fungi and algae are important components of global biodiversity and are fundamental to all ecosystems. They are the basis for human well-being, providing food, materials and medicines. Specimens of all three groups of organisms are accommodated in herbaria, where they are commonly referred to as botanical specimens. The large number of specimens in herbaria provides an ample, permanent and continuously improving knowledge base on these organisms and an indispensable source for the analysis of the distribution of species in space and time critical for current and future research relating to global biodiversity. In order to make full use of this resource, a research infrastructure has to be built that grants comprehensive and free access to the information in herbaria and botanical collections in general. This can be achieved through digitization of the botanical objects and associated data. The botanical research community can count on a long-standing tradition of collaboration among institutions and individuals. It agreed on data standards and standard services even before the advent of computerization and information networking, an example being the Index Herbariorum as a global registry of herbaria helping towards the unique identification of specimens cited in the literature. In the spirit of this collaborative history, 51 representatives from 30 institutions advocate to start the digitization of botanical collections with the overall wall-to-wall digitization of the flat objects stored in German herbaria. Germany has 70 herbaria holding almost 23 million specimens according to a national survey carried out in 2019. 87% of these specimens are not yet digitized. Experiences from other countries like France, the Netherlands, Finland, the US and Australia show that herbaria can be comprehensively and cost-efficiently digitized in a relatively short time due to established workflows and protocols for the high-throughput digitization of flat objects. Most of the herbaria are part of a university (34), fewer belong to municipal museums (10) or state museums (8), six herbaria belong to institutions also supported by federal funds such as Leibniz institutes, and four belong to non-governmental organizations. A common data infrastructure must therefore integrate different kinds of institutions. Making full use of the data gained by digitization requires the set-up of a digital infrastructure for storage, archiving, content indexing and networking as well as standardized access for the scientific use of digital objects. A standards-based portfolio of technical components has already been developed and successfully tested by the Biodiversity Informatics Community over the last two decades, comprising among others access protocols, collection databases, portals, tools for semantic enrichment and annotation, international networking, storage and archiving in accordance with international standards. This was achieved through the funding by national and international programs and initiatives, which also paved the road for the German contribution to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Herbaria constitute a large part of the German botanical collections that also comprise living collections in botanical gardens and seed banks, DNA- and tissue samples, specimens preserved in fluids or on microscope slides and more. Once the herbaria are digitized, these resources can be integrated, adding to the value of the overall research infrastructure. The community has agreed on tasks that are shared between the herbaria, as the German GBIF model already successfully demonstrates. We have compiled nine scientific use cases of immediate societal relevance for an integrated infrastructure of botanical collections. They address accelerated biodiversity discovery and research, biomonitoring and conservation planning, biodiversity modelling, the generation of trait information, automated image recognition by artificial intelligence, automated pathogen detection, contextualization by interlinking objects, enabling provenance research, as well as education, outreach and citizen science. We propose to start this initiative now in order to valorize German botanical collections as a vital part of a worldwide biodiversity data pool.

Background and Aims: Many African genera of the Amaranthaceae exhibit unique inflorescences that include sterile flowers modified to hooks or spines. Considering that the abundance of large terrestrial herbivores increased on the African continent with the expansion of grassland and savannah ecosystems, modified sterile flowers could have been an innovation that boosted the diversification of an African achyranthoid clade of Amaranthaceae, with large animals serving dispersal. Methods: We generated an extensively sampled phylogeny comprising 26 of the 31 achyranthoid genera as well as representatives of all other lineages of Amaranthaceae. Phylogenetic tree inference employed four genomic regions, using parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. We estimated divergence times, evaluated trait-dependant changes and species diversification rates using state-dependent speciation and extinction models, and reconstructed ancestral character states for modified sterile flowers. Key Results: The achyranthoids were found to be a major clade of the Amaranthaceae, comprising mostly African members. Phylogenetic relationships within this clade were well resolved and supported two main subclades. Several genera were found to be polyphyletic. Our results indicate that the achyranthoids started to diversify ~28 million years ago, and that modified sterile flowers evolved multiple times. An asymmetry in transition rates towards the gain of sterile flowers was observed, whereas no trait-dependent increase in species diversification rates was detected. Bayesian rate heterogeneity analyses indicated that the achyranthoids diversified without significant rate shifts. Conclusions: The accumulation of modified sterile flowers within achyranthoids appears to result from the higher transition rates in favour of modified sterile flowers. Multiple gains suggest an adaptive value for this trait. However, epizoochory does not appear to fuel species diversification, possibly due to extensive gene flow through regularly migrating mammals, which limits the possibility of speciation by isolation.

Iresine schaffneri S.Watson in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 437. 1886 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Chihuahua: Hacienda San Miguel, near Batopilas, Aug– Nov 1885, E. Palmer 12 (GH barcode 00898463! [image!]; isolectotypes: BM barcode BM000755852!, MEXU bar- code MEXU 00012733! [image!], NY barcodes 0 0 324537 [image!] & 01259988! [image!], PH barcode 0 0 0 16083 [image!], US barcodes 00102848! & 00731004! [image!], VT barcode UVMVT024390 [image!]). Note. – The other original material cited in the protologe is E. Palmer 111 (GH, US). It was collected in the same locality but specimens are not annotated as “n.sp.” as in the previously cited gathering. This also applies to further original material, collected near San Luis Potosi (Schaffner 876 [GH] and Parry & Palmer 791 [GH]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 970, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine flavescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 766. 1806 ≡ Alternanthera flavescens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 350. 1849 – Holotype: CUBA. Cayo Flamingo, 1 Mar 1801, A.J.A. Bonpland s.n. (P barcode P00136003 [image!]; isotype: P barcode P00136004 [image!]). = Iresine obtusifolia Kunth in Humboldt & al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 198. 1817 – Type: CUBA. Cayo Bonito (type not located). = Iresine keyensis Millsp. in Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 148. 1906 – Holotype: BAHAMAS. Whale Cay, 29 Jan 1905, W.I. Britton & Millspaugh 2179 (NY barcode 00073683! [image!]; isotype: F No. 173292!). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 967, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine pedicellata Eliasson in Harling & Andersson, Fl. Ecuador 28: 116. 1987 – Holotype: ECUADOR. Prov. Guayas: 3 km N of Julio Moreno, 200–300 m, 11 May 1985, G.W. Harling & L. Andersson 25011 (GB barcode GB- 0 0 47019 [image!]; isotype: QCA barcode 4743 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 969, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine hookeri Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 344. 1849 – Holotype: MEXICO. Beechey s.n. (K barcode K000195153 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 968, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine ajuscana Suess. & Beyerle in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39: 10. 1935 ≡ Iresine ajuscana f. longiflora Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39: 10. 1935 – Holotype for I. ajuscana and Lectotype for I. ajuscana f. longiflora (designated here): MEXICO. Staat Mexico: Thal von Ajusco, 1870, L. Hahn 35 (B barcode B 10 0177104! [image!]; isotype/isolectotype: fragment M barcode M-0098602 [image!]). = Iresine ajuscana f. minutiflora Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39: 11. 1935 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Sallo de aqua, Dec 1905, C.A. Purpus 1807 (B barcode B 10 0715445! [image!]). = Iresine grandis var. glabrata Suess. in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 4: 108. 1952 – Holotype: MEXICO. Oaxaca: Ayutla, Cañon Rio Tlahuitoltepec, 19–27 Feb 1937, W.H. Camp 2720 (NY barcodes 01259979! [image!]; isotype: NY barcode 01259978! [image!]). = Iresine rubella Suess. in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 4: 109. 1952 – Holotype: MEXICO. Mexico-Valle, Monte de la Parada, 1856–1858, s.coll. s.n. (BM!). Note. – The original description of the species has no f. ajuscana but Suessenguth created f. longiflora for the type specimen of the species. With the lectotypification we want to make sure that f. longiflora refers to the same specimen as the autonym. Forma longiflora then falls into the synonymy of the autonym and the specimen Hahn 35 at B is taken as the holotype for the species name. Regarding to f. minutiflora four specimens are mentioned as original material. Only the two plants collected by Purpus (nos. 1803 and 1807) were annotated by Suessenguth in 1934 with “ Iresine ajuscana f. minutiflora Suess. & Bey.” and are staminate plants. Because of the strong link, one of them is designated as lectotype. The two specimens from Amecameca, Sacro Monte 2300 m, 3-3-1932, H. Fröderström & E. Hultén 1207 und 1208, both collected on the same day and representing staminate and pistillate plants, lack any sign of the name of the form and were identified one year later, in 1935, by Suessenguth already citing the publication in the Repertorium The specimen described by Suessenguth (1952) as I. rubella has relatively well developed pistillodes but these lack functional filiform stigmas and contrary to the view of this author is interpreted as a staminate individual. Taxonomic status: Not a monophylum as currently defined, requires further study (C)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on pages 963-964, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314, {"references":["Suessenguth, K. 1952. Species novae vel criticae (Amaranthaceae)."]}

Iresine hartmanii Uline in Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 422, pl. 24. 1899 – Holotype: MEXICO. Sonora: Granados, alt. 3000 ft., 15 Nov 1890, C.V. Hartman 232 (US barcode 00102825!; isotypes: F No. 49593!, GH barcode 00037103! [image!], NY barcode 0 1259980 [image!]). = Iresine hartmanii var. gentryi Suess. in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 4: 108. 1952 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Sonora: Caramechim, Rio Mayo, 13 Dec 1934, Gentry 1190 (M barcode M-0098598 [image!]); isolectotypes: S Nos. S 07-12714 [image!] & S 07-12715 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 967, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine hebanthoides Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 42: 58. 1937 – Holotype: MEXICO. Puebla: Huauchinango, Necaxa, Tepexinolo, 9 Feb 1932, Fröderström & E. Hultén 706 (S No. S 05-5666! [image!]; isotype: M barcode M-0098604! [image!]). Taxonomic status: Probably not a monophylum as currently defined, requires further study (C)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 967, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine nitens Standl . in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 95. 1916 – Holotype: MEXICO. Puebla: Tehuacan, Sep 1911, C.A. Purpus 5667 (US barcode 00102837!; isotypes: BM barcode BM000755862!, F No. 299238!, GH barcode 00898461! [image!], M barcode M-0241856 [image!], NY barcode 0 1259984 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 969, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine arenaria Standl. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 93. 1916 – Holotype: MEXICO. Sinaloa: Topolobampo, 23 Mar 1910, J.N. Rose 13292, P.-C. Standley & P.-G. Russell (US barcode 00102816!; isotype: NY barcode 0 0 324524 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 965, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine discolor Greenm. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 33: 477. 1898 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Oaxaca: Tomellin Canyon, altitude 1230 m, 4 Jul 1897, C.G. Pringle 6713 (MEXU barcode MEXU 00012727! [image!]; isolectotypes: AC barcode 0 0 319336 [image!], BM barcode BM000755858!, BR!, CM barcode 0 550 [image!], E barcode E00296906 [image!], F No. 50291!, GOET barcode GOET000087! [image!], JE barcode JE00026023 [image!], K barcode K000195150! [image!], KFTA barcode KFTA0000700 [image!], LECB barcode LECB0000031 [image!], LL barcode 0 0 375777 [image!], M barcode M-0098616! [image!], MEXU barcode MEXU 00012728! [image!], MIN barcode 1001498 [image!], MSC barcode MSC0092205 [image!], NDG barcode NDG15591 [image!], NY barcode 0 324525 [image!], PH barcode 0 0 0 16089 [image!], S No. S 07-12324! [image!], UC barcode UC 116378 [image!], VT barcode UVMVT024387 [image!]). Note. – There are several syntypes mentioned (G.C. Pringle & C. Conzatti under no. Conzatti 231, G.C. Pringle 6713 and G.C. Pringle 5787). Greenman (1898) commented on differing foliar characters in the latter number, so we selected the most widely distributed gathering as the lectotype from the first two numbers. Most of the specimens have a branch from a pistillate and a staminate individual mounted together on the same sheet, so we assume that they are from the same gathering. Taxonomic status: Probably a natural entity (monophylum) as currently defined (A)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 967, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314, {"references":["Greenman, J. M. 1898. Diagnoses of new and critical Mexican Phanerogams. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 33: 47 1 - 4 89."]}

Iresine P.Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica: 358. 1756, nom. cons. – Type: Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. = Rosea Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 58. 1826, nom. illeg., non Rosea Fabr., Enum.: 147. 1759. = Woehleria Griseb. in Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 9: 11. 1861. = Dicaurus Hook.f. in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 42. 1880. = Irenella Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 318. 1934., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 963, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine rzedowskii Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch in Syst. Bot. 38: 435. 2013 – Holotype: MEXICO. Michoacán: Mun. Quiroga, 2 km al NE de Capula rumbo a Quiroga, carretera 15 Morelia-Quiroga, 2204 m, 19°39′19.4″N, 101°21′22″W, 13 Feb 2005, T. Borsch, S. Zumaya & H. Flores 3788a (MEXU!; isotypes: B barcode B 10 0715453! [image!], ENCB!, IEB!, MEXU!, US!). = Iresine hartmanii var. gentryi f. palmeri Suess. in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 4: 108–109. 1952 – Lectotype (designated by Zumaya & al. in Syst. Bot. 38: 435. 2013): MEXICO. Durango: Tejamen, 21–27 Aug 1906, E. Palmer 64 (M barcode M-0098603 [image!]; isolectotypes: K!, NY barcode 0 0 324528 [image!], S No. S 07-12716 [image!], US!). Note. – A paratype of Iresine rzedowskii is T. Borsch, S. Zumaya & H. Flores 3788b (B barcode B 10 0 715453 [image!], ENCB!, IEB!, MEXU!, US!) to represent a pistillate individual from the same population. Taxonomic status: Probably a natural entity (monophylum) as currently defined (A)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on pages 969-970, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314