It is not a disaster: molecular and morphologically based phylogenetic analysis of Rondeletieae and the Rondeletia complex (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae)

The circumscription of Rondeletieae has changed considerably over time. Historically, 85 genera have been included, characterized by small trees, imbricate corolla aestivation and capsules. Molecular studies led to a narrower circumscription and stressed out that Rondeletieae is mainly an Antillean clade. As historically circumscribed, Rondeletieae is both polyphyletic (involving several tribes, including Condamineae, Sipaneeae, etc.) and paraphyletic with respect to Guettardeae. Uncertainties persist on the tribal circumscription, and its generic limits and relationships. We report results of phylogenetic analyses under parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses including 179 taxa, using concatenated datasets of three chloroplast DNA regions (petD, trnL–F and trnK–matK), their DNA microstructural characters as well as morphology. Our objectives are to: test the monophyly of Rondeletieae and evaluate phylogenetic relationships, evaluate potential characters for tribal and generic delimitation and propose a circumscription for Rondeletieae according to phylogenetic hypothesis using morphological characters. The tribes Guettardeae and Rondeletieae are strongly supported as sister: quincuncial aestivation and spathulate corolla lobes are proposed as a unique combination of characters supporting this relationship. We did not find synapomorphies for each tribe, but there is a set of character combinations that allows distinguishing both tribes that includes the corolla and pollen ornamentation as well as fruit and seed morphology. After evaluating other genera not included in the phylogenies, our proposal is that Rondeletieae contains approximately 120 species in 20 neotropical genera: Acrosynanthus, Acunaeanthus, Blepharidium, Donnellyanthus, Mazaea, Phyllomelia, Rachicallis, Roigella, Rondeletia, Rovaeanthus, Suberanthus, Tainus, plus one tentatively included and recently described (Jamaicanthus).