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Portal hypertension defined as pressure within the portal venous system is an important event in the evolution of cirrhosis. With the development of clinically significant portal hypertension, there is increased risk of developing gastroesophageal varices and hepatic decompensation. Endoscopic evaluation of esophageal and gastric varices and hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement are gold standard methods for evaluating portal hypertension. Additionally, measurement of HVPG is important in prognostication and assessing efficacy of pharmacotherapy. New state-of-the-art noninvasive techniques are available for diagnosis and assessment of portal hypertension severity. While some of these are validated for larger clinical application, others are still experimental. In this review, we have discussed invasive and noninvasive portal hypertension measurement techniques.

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the incidence, clinical presentation, and pathophysiology of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in cirrhosis. Additionally, we have reviewed the literature regarding the current status of medical and interventional radiology management of PVT and have proposed a novel algorithm for the management given different clinical scenarios. Lastly two representative cases displaying endovascular treatment options are provided. BACKGROUND: Portal vein thrombus in the setting of cirrhosis is an increasingly recognized clinical issue with debate on its pathophysiology, natural course, and optimal treatment. Approximately one-third of patients are asymptomatic, and detection of the thrombus is an incidental finding on imaging performed for other reasons. In 30% to 50% of patients, PVT resolves spontaneously. However, there is increased post-transplant mortality in patients with completely occlusive PVT, therefore effective early revascularization strategies are needed for patients with complete PVT who are expected to undergo liver transplant. Additionally, no consensus has been reached regarding PVT treatment in terms of timing and type of interventions as well as type and duration of anticoagulation. METHODS: Computerized literature search as well as discussion with experts in the field. CONCLUSIONS: Management of PVT is complex, as many variables affect which treatments can be used. Anticoagulation appears to be the optimal first-line treatment in patients with acute PVT but without bleeding varices or mesenteric ischemia. Minimally invasive treatments include various methods of mechanical thrombectomy, chemical thrombolysis, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement with or without variceal embolization. Definitive recommendations are difficult due to lack of high quality data and continued research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of different anticoagulants as well as the timing and use of various minimally invasive therapies in specific circumstances.

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare but severe entity that can cause clinically significant sequela such as worsening portal hypertension or mesenteric ischemia. Those cases refractory to medical management may be referred for endovascular intervention. Several technical considerations have been described in the literature, but a cohesive comparison of these multiple techniques is lacking.The purpose of this article is to review the diagnosis and endovascular management of PVT, including areas in which further research is warranted.Cases of PVT can be readily diagnosed using ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment often begins with systemic anticoagulation and endovascular interventions may be used in selected cases. Determining the optimal approach to accessing the portal venous system depends on the underlying disease and chronicity of the thrombus and the degree of occlusion. Once access to the portal venous system is established, catheter-directed therapy may be performed to achieve recanalization.Despite the heterogeneity in patient presentation, cases of PVT can be readily diagnosed across several imaging modalities. Strategizing interventional approaches involves evaluation of the underlying disease and the chronicity of the thrombus.· This review will enable interventionalists to establish a framework for treating portal vein thrombosis by identifying patient risk factors and thrombus characteristics that determine patient management.. · The unique risks and benefits for transhepatic, transsplenic, and transmesenteric approaches for establishing portal venous access will be discussed.. · Advantages and complications of thrombolysis, thrombectomy, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for treating portal vein thrombosis will be reviewed in detail based on our extensive institutional experience..· Ju C, Li X, Gadani S et al. Portal Vein Thrombosis: Diagnosis and Endovascular Management. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; 194: 169 - 180.Die Pfortaderthrombose (PVT) ist eine seltene, aber schwere Erkrankung, die klinisch signifikante Folgeerscheinungen wie eine Verschlechterung der portalen Hypertonie oder eine mesenteriale Ischämie verursachen kann. Fälle, die auf eine medizinische Behandlung nicht ansprechen, können zur endovaskulären Intervention überwiesen werden. In der Literatur sind verschiedene technische Gesichtspunkte beschrieben worden, aber ein umfassender Vergleich dieser verschiedensten Methoden fehlt.In diesem Artikel werden die Diagnose und die endovaskuläre Behandlung der PVT besprochen, einschließlich der Bereiche, in denen weitere Forschung erforderlich ist.PVT-Fälle lassen sich mit Ultraschall, Computertomografie oder Magnetresonanztomografie leicht diagnostizieren. Die Behandlung beginnt häufig mit einer systemischen Antikoagulation, und in ausgewählten Fällen können endovaskuläre Interventionen eingesetzt werden. Die Bestimmung des optimalen Zugangs zum Pfortadersystem hängt von der Grunderkrankung und der Chronizität des Thrombus sowie vom Grad der Okklusion ab. Sobald der Zugang zum Pfortadersystem hergestellt ist, kann eine Katheter-gesteuerte Therapie durchgeführt werden, um eine Rekanalisierung zu erreichen.Trotz der Heterogenität der Patienten bei Vorstellung können Fälle von PVT mit verschiedenen bildgebenden Verfahren leicht diagnostiziert werden. Bei der Planung von Interventionen müssen die Grunderkrankung und die Chronizität des Thrombus berücksichtigt werden.· Diese Übersicht ermöglicht es den interventionell tätigen Ärzten, Rahmenbedingungen für die Behandlung von Pfortaderthrombosen zu schaffen, indem Risikofaktoren für Patienten und Thrombusmerkmale identifiziert werden, die das Patientenmanagement bestimmen.. · Die besonderen Risiken und Vorteile transhepatischer, transsplenischer und transmesenterialer Ansätze zur Etablierung eines portalvenösen Zugangs werden diskutiert.. · Vorteile und Komplikationen der Thrombolyse, der Thrombektomie und der Anlage eines transjugulären intrahepatischen portosystemischen Shunts zur Behandlung von Pfortaderthrombosen werden basierend auf der umfangreichen Erfahrung in unserem Institut im Detail besprochen..

Summary: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has been used extensively in coronary applications. Its use in venous applications has increased as endovascular therapy has increasingly become the mainstay therapy for central venous diseases. IVUS has been used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in managing venous stenotic disease, venous occlusive disease, and IVC filter placement and removal. IVUS has been proven to be effective in providing detailed measurement of the venous anatomy, which aid in determining the appropriate size and the approach for venous stent placement. In IVC filter placement, IVUS can provide detailed measurement and guide IVC filter placement in emergent and critical care settings. It also has certain utility in filter removal. At any rate, to date there are only a few studies examining its impact on patient outcomes. Prospective randomized controlled trials are warranted in the future.

Gastrointestinal malignancy encompasses a wide range of disease processes. Its incidence and mortality rate rank among the highest of all cancers. Venous thromboembolic disease is a common complication of gastrointestinal malignancy. Anticoagulation remains the first-line therapy. However, for patients who cannot tolerate or have failed anticoagulation, inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement may be an option. Furthermore, to improve symptom resolution and reduce the severity of postthrombotic syndrome, catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) may be an option. Recent randomized trials including the ATTRACT (Acute Venous Thrombosis: Thrombus Removal with Adjunctive Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis) trial have shed new light on the efficacy and safety of CDT and related methods. Overall, the decision to proceed with IVC filter placement or CDT must be individualized.

IntroductionTransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement is a well-established but technically challenging procedure for the management of sequelae of end-stage liver disease. Performed essentially blindly, traditional fluoroscopically guided TIPS placement requires multiple needle passes and prolonged radiation exposure to achieve successful portal venous access, thus increasing procedure time and the risk of periprocedural complications. Several advanced image-guided portal access techniques, including intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)-guided access, cone-beam CT (CBCT)-guided access and wire-targeting access techniques, can serve as alternatives to traditional CO2 portography-based TIPS creation.MethodsA literature search was performed on the electronic databases including MEDLINE and Embase, from 2000 to the present to identify all relevant studies. The reference list also included studies identified manually, and studies referenced for other purposes.FindingsThe main benefit of these advanced access techniques is that they allow the operator to avoid essentially blind portal punctures, and the ability to visualise the target, thus reducing the number of required needle passes. Research has shown that ICE-guided access can decrease the radiation exposure, procedure time and complication rate in patients undergoing TIPS placement. This technique is particularly useful in patients with challenging portal venous anatomy. However, ICE-guided access requires additional equipment and possibly a second operator. Other studies have shown that CBCT-guided access, when compared with traditional fluoroscopy-guided access, provides superior visualisation of the anatomy with similar amount of radiation exposure and procedure time. The wire-targeting technique, on the other hand, appears to offer reductions in procedure time and radiation exposure by enabling real-time guidance. However, this technique necessitates percutaneous injury to the liver parenchyma in order to place the target wire.ConclusionAdvanced portal access techniques have certain advantages over the traditional fluoroscopically guided TIPS access. To date, few studies have compared these advanced guided access options, and further research is required.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a challenging complication after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. Despite recent advances, much is still uncertain regarding risk factors, preventative measures, and the management of HE after TIPS placement. Appropriate patient selection and pre-procedural risk stratification remain areas of focus. In this manuscript, we discuss the current state of research related to HE after TIPS placement, including information regarding risk stratification, complication prevention, and treatment options.

With the advent of multidetector computed tomography (CT), CT angiography (CTA) has gained widespread popularity for noninvasive imaging of the arterial vasculature. Peripheral extremity CTA can nowadays be performed rapidly with high spatial resolution and a decreased amount of both intravenous contrast and radiation exposure. In patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), this technique can be used to delineate the bilateral lower extremity arterial tree and to determine the amount of atherosclerotic disease while differentiating between acute and chronic changes. This article provides an overview of several imaging techniques for PAD, specifically discusses the use of peripheral extremity CTA in patients with PAD, clinical indications, established technical considerations and novel technical developments, and the effect of postprocessing imaging techniques and structured reporting.

Advances in neuroimaging over the past 5–10 years have offered opportunities to address challenging and previously unanswered clinical questions in ophthalmologic neuroimaging. Among these advances are diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI), perfusion MRI (PWI), functional MRI (fMRI) as well as single-photon emission tomography, PET scanning and high-frequency contrast harmonic ultrasound imaging. The MRI techniques are based on imaging the static or dynamic changes of the hydrogen proton in a controlled magnetic field. Diffusion-weighted imaging, for instance, offers temporal characterization of acute infarction and differentiation of neoplasm from bacterial abscess, or differentiation between certain types of neoplasms that may present with visual symptoms. The addition of PWI allows rapid assessment of tissue at risk (penumbra) beyond the core (umbra) in the setting of acute stroke. PWI, computed tomography perfusion and high-frequency contrast harmonic imaging are used to study the...

SUMMARY Intraspinal cystic lumbar nerve sheath tumours constitute an uncommon subset of tumours with distinct clinico-biological behaviour. The MRI findings in five such cases are presented. Four of these were cystic schwannomas and one was a cystic neurofibroma. The pathology, MRI findings and the differential diagnosis of these rare tumours are analysed.

Purpose To report experience with endovascular treatment of traumatic injuries of the main renal artery. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of traumatic injuries to the main renal artery was performed in three major trauma institutions. Eight patients (age range, 17–46 y; mean age, 27 y) presented with main renal artery occlusion (n = 7) or dissection (n = 1) after major blunt abdominal trauma. Associated injuries were present in the majority of patients. The mean time from injury to intervention was 5 hours (range, 2–8 h). Results Recanalization of the occluded renal artery with stent placement was successfully achieved in six patients. In two of the eight patients, interventions resulted in extravasation of contrast medium, and embolization of the main renal artery was performed. At follow-up 2–24 months after injury, four patients had kidney atrophy (two treated with embolization and two with stents), two had proven stent patency with functional kidneys, one was normotensive with unknown stent patency, and one was lost to follow-up. One of the patients with an occluded stent developed severe renal hypertension and required nephrectomy. Conclusions The majority of occlusions and dissections of the main renal artery after major blunt abdominal trauma can be successfully treated with recanalization and stent placement. However, long-term kidney salvage is not always achieved, and there is a potential of development of renovascular hypertension, which may require late nephrectomy.

Armeen Mahvash,1 Ravi Murthy,1 Bruno C Odisio,1 Kanwal Pratap Raghav,2 Lauren Girard,2 Sheree Cheung,1 Van Nguyen,3 Joe Ensor,4 Sameer Gadani,5 Khaled M Elsayes,6 Reham Abdel-Wahab,1,7 Manal Hassan,1 Ahmed S Shalaby,1 James C Yao,1 Michael J Wallace,1 Ahmed O Kaseb2 1Department of Interventional Radiology, 2Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, 3Department of Pharmacy, 4Department of Statistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 5Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University Hospital, St Louis, MO, 6Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 7Department of Clinical Oncology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt Purpose: The safety and efficacy of the combined use of sorafenib and yttrium-90 resin microspheres (Y90 RMS) to treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well established. We determined the incidence of adverse events with this combination therapy in patients with advanced HCC at our institution and analyzed the treatment and survival outcomes. Materials and methods: We reviewed the records of 19 patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer class B or C HCC who underwent treatment with Y90 RMS (for 21 sessions) while receiving full or reduced doses of sorafenib between January 2008 and May 2010. Therapy response was evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. We evaluated median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) as well as hepatic and extrahepatic disease PFS and incidence of adverse events. Results: The median patient age was 67 years, and portal or hepatic venous invasion was present in eight patients (42%). Ten patients received reduced doses of sorafenib. The median Y90 radiation activity delivered was 41.2 mCi. The partial response of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors was observed in four patients (19%). The median hepatic disease PFS was 7.82 months, extrahepatic disease PFS was 8.94 months, OS was 19.52 months, and PFS was 6.63 months. Ninety days after treatment with Y90 RMS, five patients (26%) had grade II adverse events and four patients (21%) had grade III adverse events. Conclusion: OS and PFS outcomes were superior to those observed in prior studies evaluating sorafenib alone in patients with a similar disease status, warranting further study of this treatment combination. Keywords: yttrium-90, sorafenib, hepatocellular carcinoma