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Анотація. У статті досліджено вплив персоналу на успішне функціонування підприємства у довгостроковій перспективі. Компаніям необхідно враховувати погляди, цінності, очікування, сприйняття та типову поведінку працівників різних культур. Успіх компаній на світовому ринку все більше визначається тим, чи вдалося їм створити ефективну систему управління персоналом, щоб усунути тертя у відносинах між працівниками різних національностей і з різними культурними традиціями. При оцінці точного внеску як окремого працівника, так і колективу в цілому кінцевий результат господарської діяльності міжнародної компанії є складним процесом, оскільки окрім прямих витрат праці, продукт також вкладається в постійні та поточні. активи. На сьогоднішній день HR-фахівцю необхідно задовольнити потреби роботодавців у контексті нових фахівців, зокрема, менеджер з навчання, спеціаліст з персоналу, менеджер з персоналу, директор з персоналу, менеджер команди, тренер з продажу, хедхантер, менеджер з корпоративної культури та ін. Визначено глобальні зміни та їх наслідки у сфері HR-менеджменту: інформатизація, поширення цифрових технологій, старіння знань та технологій, національні демографічні зрушення, нестача кваліфікованих кадрів, індивідуалізація, невизначеність на глобальних, регіональних та національних ринках, акцент на таких науках, як психологія та соціологія. Культурні, економічні, соціальні та політичні відмінності міжнародної компанії мають значний вплив на формування стилів управління та адаптацію та функціонування персоналу в країні перебування. Висвітлено проблеми стратегій управління персоналом міжнародних компаній в українській бізнес-практиці: стиль та практика керівництва компанією, соціо-культурні фактори, відмінності заробітних плат та трудових умов, проблеми переміщення робочої сили, фактор відносин, фактор контролю та суперечливості. Досліджено переваги стратегій управління персоналом міжнародних компаній в українській бізнес-практиці: тренінги для персоналу, диджиталізація на підприємствах, дотримання норм діючого законодавства, забезпечення об’єктивного оцінювання компетенцій персоналу, розвиток корпоративної культури серед персоналу підприємства. Ключові слова: стратегія, персонал, підприємство, підвищення, розвиток, стимулювання, керівництво. Формули:0; рис.:2; табл.:1; бібл.:13

Анотація. У статті висвітлюються особливості підготовки менеджера маркетингових комунікацій в реаліях сучасного соціокультурного простору. Актуальність роботи полягає у зміні пріоритетів навчального кластеру для економічних дисциплін за нових умов функціонування ринкових складників. Пандемія COVID-19 стала своєрідним стимулом для розробки та впровадження нових моделей маркетингових комунікацій. Як наслідок, програми та курси для спеціалістів цього фаху також потребують трансформації. Формування необхідних знань, умінь і навичок для фахівця економічної сфери передбачає дотримання кількох ключових настанов, серед яких відзначимо: динамічність навчальних програм, синергетичний складник міждисциплінарного підходу, безперервність фахової підготовки, орієнтація на підвищення ефективності роботи, баланс між економічною вигодою та морально-етичними цінностями. Здобуття фаху менеджера маркетингових комунікацій передбачає отримання базової економічної освіти та постійне удосконалення своє кваліфікації у відповідності до практичної діяльності. Метою статті є розробка актуального формату організації навчання та підвищення кваліфікації для спеціалістів економічного профілю. Використання методу порівняльного аналізу та синергетичної методології забезпечує різностороннє дослідження проблеми підготовки менеджерів маркетингових комунікацій. Потреба в нових форматах торгівельної активності породжує попит на фахівців з новими професійними здібностями, здатними демонструвати ефективність в роботі. Відтак, освітній економічний кластер активізує увесь свій методологічний арсенал для розробки нових навчальних курсів підготовки не просто працівника, а лідера в менеджерській ланці. Актуальні маркетингові знання стають основою для успішної професійної діяльності спеціаліста менеджерського кластеру економічної сфери. Ключові слова: економічна освіта, маркетингові комунікації, маркетологічні тренінги, менеджер, реклама. Формул: 0; рис.: 1, табл.: 1, бібл.: 15.

The article reflects the peculiarities of marketing communications manager training in the realities of modern socio-cultural space. The relevance of the work lies in the change of priorities of the training cluster for economic disciplines under new conditions of market components functioning. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a kind of stimulus for the development and implementation of new models of marketing communications. As a consequence, programs and courses for professionals in this specialty also need transformation. Obtaining the specialty of marketing communications manager implies a basic economic education and continuous improvement of one’s qualification in accordance with practical activities. The aim of the article is to develop an actual format for the organization of training and professional development for economic specialists. Using the method of comparative analysis and synergetic methodology provides a versatile study of the problem of marketing communications managers’ training. The need for new formats of trade activity gives rise to the demand for specialists with new professional abilities, capable of demonstrating effectiveness in their work. Consequently, the educational economic cluster activates all its methodological arsenal for the development of new training courses not just a worker, but a leader in the managerial link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of staff on the successful operation of the enterprise in the long run. Companies need to consider the attitudes, values, expectations, perceptions and typical behaviors of workers from different cultures. The success of companies in the global market is increasingly determined by whether they have managed to create an effective system of personnel management to eliminate friction in relations between employees of different nationalities and with different cultural traditions. When estimating the exact contribution of both an individual employee and the team as a whole, the end result of an international company’s business is a complex process, because in addition to direct labor costs, the product is also invested in fixed and current assets. Today, HR specialists need to meet the needs of employers in the context of new professionals, in particular, training manager, HR specialist, HR manager, HR director, team manager, sales coach, headhunter, corporate culture manager and others. The global changes and their consequences in the field of HR-management are identified: informatization, spread of digital technologies, aging of knowledge and technologies, national demographic changes, lack of qualified personnel, individualization, uncertainty in global, regional, and national markets, emphasis on sciences such as psychology and sociology. The cultural, economic, social and political differences of an international company have a significant impact on the formation of management styles and the adaptation and functioning of staff in the host country. Problems of personnel management strategies of international companies in Ukrainian business practice are highlighted: style and practice of company management, socio-cultural factors, differences in wages and working conditions, labor movement problems, relationship factor, control factor and contradictions. The advantages of personnel management strategies of international companies in Ukrainian business practice are studied: trainings for personnel, digitalization at enterprises, observance of current legislation, ensuring objective assessment of personnel competencies, development of corporate culture among enterprise personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is the most prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting >50% of all patients. Currently, no specific treatment is available for this condition. In the early stages of DBD, patients typically complain of frequent urination and often have difficulty sensing when their bladders are full. Over time, bladder function deteriorates to a decompensated state in which incontinence develops. Based on studies of diabetic changes in the eye, kidney, heart, and nerves, it is now recognized that DM causes tissue damage by altering redox signaling in target organs. NADPH oxidase (NOX), whose sole function is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a pivotal role in other well-known and bothersome diabetic complications. However, there is a substantial gap in understanding how NOX controls bladder function in health and the impact of NOX on DBD. The current review provides a thorough overview of the various NOX isoforms and their roles in bladder function and discusses the importance of further investigating the role of NOXs as a key contributor to DBD pathogenesis, either as a trigger and/or an effector and potentially as a target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Science & Technology / Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Igdir University, Institute of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system has been attributed to the development of hypertension. Two established approaches for treating hypertension are pharmacotherapy and lifestyle changes. With an improved understanding of renal nerve anatomy and physiology, renal denervation has been proposed as an alternative treatment for hypertension. Specifically, it has been shown that the interruption of sympathetic nerves connecting the kidney and the sympathetic nervous system can reduce blood pressure. Here, we present a review on how renal denervation can help hypertension patients, specifically focusing on our novel understanding of renal nerve anatomy, denervation technique, and subsequent clinical trials, and how it may be used to treat other cardiovascular diseases like heart failure., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Herein, a direct C‐2 alkylation of Heterocyclic‐N‐oxides with alkyl amines as Katritzky salts via visible‐light induced deaminative approach was developed. Mechanistic studies revealed that Katritzky salts and base were involved to generate an EDA complex, which underwent intermolecular single electron transfer (SET) to give an alkyl radical intermediate. Finally, the alkyl radical intermediate further underwent‐addition with heterocyclic‐N‐oxide substrates to access the desired products with 63–94% yield. The method worked well with quinoline‐N‐oxides, pyridine‐N‐oxides, and benzopyrazine‐N‐oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The established process proceeds through copper (II)‐catalyzed C(sp3)− functionalization of β‐diketones/β‐ketoesters with 2‐bromobenzaldehyde oximes followed by the intramolecular cyclization of in situ generated acylated intermediates to deliver isoquinoline N‐oxides. The copper(II) acetate catalyzed C−H functionalization showed maximum efficacy at 60 °C in methanol/toluene as solvent. The described reaction conditions were applicable over a wide range of substrates with a variety of functional groups to yield isoquinoline N‐oxides in yields up to 85%. The developed approach was further elucidated by means of control experiments and DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Insects play a crucial role in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Chemical pest control methods continue to dominate in addressing food security issues in Russia. However, competent research on the impact of pesticides on non-target insect species is critically lacking both globally and in Russia. The article highlights the challenges of studying the effects of pesticides on insects and the vulnerability of insects to pesticides in regions with harsh conditions. It calls for the development of new sustainable agricultural practices to ensure coexistence between pest control and sustainable development. Furthermore, the article emphasises the importance of a legal framework regulating pesticide use and discusses new successful methods of sustainable farming. These findings contribute to the progress of the research discipline by promoting sustainable agricultural practices and striking a balance between agricultural expansion and insect protection. The focus on the significance of sustainable agriculture in harsh conditions also has implications for other regions facing similar challenges. As the world's population continues to increase, ensuring food security becomes a major problem. This often leads to the expansion of agricultural production, even in harsh conditions and becomes a key problem for many countries, including Russia. However, such expansion may entail certain costs, including the potential loss of insect populations, which are vital for ecological balance and agricultural productivity. The development of fallow lands in these regions is necessary to increase food production and increase food security; it is important to balance this with protection from harmful insects and sustainable farming methods. Research into the effects of insecticides on insects is an ongoing challenge, and new, sustainable farming methods are needed to ensure that protection from harmful insects and sustainable development can coexist. This article discusses the use of pesticides to protect the well-being of mankind, the problems of studying the effects of pesticides on insects and the vulnerability of insects to pesticides in regions with harsh conditions. It also discusses successful methods of sustainable agriculture and the importance of the legal framework governing the use of pesticides. The article emphasises the importance of balanced development with insect protection to ensure the sustainability of agricultural expansion in harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of interaction of ficin with a graft copolymer of the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose and N-vinylimidazole has been investigated by methods of flexible molecular docking, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Functional groups and fragments of graft copolymer molecules, as well as amino-acid residues forming the primary structure of the enzyme that interacts between the ficin and the graft copolymer, have been identified. It was shown that Raman spectroscopy gives more complete representation of fragments of graft copolymer macromolecules interacting with protein compared to infrared spectroscopy. It has been found that the amino-acid residues forming the active site of ficin were involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with the graft copolymer, which led to an increase in the proteolytic activity of the conjugated enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast Blue (FB) and Cholera Toxin-B (CTB) are two retrograde tracers extensively used to label alpha-motoneurons (α-MNs). The overall goals of the present study were to (1) assess the effectiveness of different FB and CTB protocols in labeling α-MNs, (2) compare the labeling quality of these tracers at standard concentrations reported in the literature (FB 2% and CTB 0.1%) versus lower concentrations to overcome tracer leakage, and (3) determine an optimal protocol for labeling α-MNs in young B6SJL and aged C57Bl/J mice (when axonal transport is disrupted by aging). Hindlimb muscles of young B6SJL and aged C57Bl/J mice were intramuscularly injected with different FB or CTB concentrations and then euthanized at either 3 or 5 days after injection. Measurements were performed to assess labeling quality via seven different parameters. Our results show that tracer protocols of lower concentration and shorter labeling durations were generally better in labeling young α-MNs, whereas tracer protocols of higher tracer concentration and longer labeling durations were generally better in labeling aged α-MNs. A 0.2%, 3-day FB protocol provided optimal labeling of young α-MNs without tracer leakage, whereas a 2%, 5-day FB protocol or 0.1% CTB protocol provided optimal labeling of aged α-MNs. These results inform future studies on the selection of optimal FB and CTB protocols for α-MNs labeling in normal, aging, and neurodegenerative disease conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is a further development of provisions on economic entities’ compliance with gender policy, analysis of the state of parity in wages between men and women, and the forecast of the level of average wages in Ukraine. The article examines the level of dynamics of the Ukrainian population by age group and gender. It was established that as of 2021, the number of men was 12% less than women, but men have quantitative advantages in pay and management positions. According to the analysis and forecast data for 2022-2024, a positive trend is observed in terms of women’s average salary growth. However, according to the forecast data, men will be receiving an average salary that is 43% higher than that of women, which creates gender inequality in the remuneration of workers. It was established that the gender audit technique can additionally take into account the assessment of such criteria as personnel potential, corporate and organizational culture, working conditions, management policy, and others. One of the preventive assessments of a company's compliance with the gender policy can consist of the analysis of job advertisements. Methodical principles for analyzing the remuneration of men and women working in business entities in the financial and insurance spheres have gained further development, at the expense of which it is possible to improve the quality of the gender analysis of the workforce from the existing ones with a high-quality personnel management plan, which made it possible to make a prospective forecast of the average salaries for men and women for 2022-2024. A proprietary approach has been proposed to the methodology of such analysis, which is based on statistical reporting indicators which, unlike the existing ones, are built on the basis of the application of the relevant functions of the software product Microsoft Excel 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The mechanism by which β3 receptor agonists (e.g. mirabegron) control bladder overactivity may involve adenosine release from human and rat detrusor smooth muscle. Retrograde activation of adenosine A1 receptors reduces ACh release from cholinergic bladder nerves. β3 -Adrenoceptors usually couple to adenylyl cyclase. Here we investigated, which of the cAMP targets, protein kinase A or the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) could be involved in this cholinergic inhibition of the bladder.Experimental Approach: [3 H]ACh and adenosine release from urothelium-denuded detrusor strips of cadaveric human organ donors and rats were measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry and HPLC, respectively. In vivo cystometry was also performed in urethane-anaesthetized rats.Key Results: The exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) inhibitor, ESI-09, prevented mirabegron- and isoprenaline-induced adenosine release from human and rat detrusor strips respectively. ESI-09, but not the PKA inhibitor, H-89, attenuated inhibition of [3 H]ACh release from stimulated (10 Hz) detrusor strips caused by activating β3 -adrenoceptors, AC (forskolin) and EPAC1 (8-CTP-2Me-cAMP). Isoprenaline-induced inhibition of [3 H]ACh release was also prevented by inhibitors of PKC (chelerythrine and Go6976) and of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1; dipyridamole and NBTI), but not by PLC inhibition with U73122. Pretreatment with ESI-09, but not with H-89, prevented the reduction of the voiding frequency caused by isoprenaline and forskolin in vivo.Conclusion and Implications: Data suggest that β3 -adrenoceptor-induced inhibition of cholinergic neurotransmission in human and rat urinary bladders involves activation of an EPAC1/PKC pathway downstream cAMP production resulting in adenosine outflow via ENT1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previously published results from our laboratory identified a mechano-gated two-pore domain potassium channel, TREK-1, as a main mechanosensor in the smooth muscle of the human urinary bladder. One of the limitations of in vitro experiments on isolated human detrusor included inability to evaluate in vivo effects of TREK-1 on voiding function, as the channel is also expressed in the nervous system, and may modulate micturition via neural pathways. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to assess the role of TREK-1 channel in bladder function and voiding patterns in vivo by using TREK-1 knockout (KO) mice.Methods: Adult C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT, N = 32) and TREK-1 KO (N = 33) mice were used in this study. The overall phenotype and bladder function were evaluated by gene and protein expression of TREK-1 channel, in vitro contractile experiments using detrusor strips in response to stretch and pharmacological stimuli, and cystometry in unanesthetized animals.Results: TREK-1 KO animals had an elevated basal muscle tone and enhanced spontaneous activity in the detrusor without detectable changes in bladder morphology/histology. Stretch applied to isolated detrusor strips increased the amplitude of spontaneous contractions by 109% in the TREK-1 KO group in contrast to a 61% increase in WT mice (p ≤ 0.05 to respective baseline for each group). The detrusor strips from TREK-1 KO mice also generated more contractile force in response to electric field stimulation and high potassium concentration in comparison to WT group (p ≤ 0.05 for both tests). However, cystometric recordings from TREK-1 KO mice revealed a significant increase in the duration of the intermicturition interval, enhanced bladder capacity and increased number of non-voiding contractions in comparison to WT mice.Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that global down-regulation of TREK-1 channels has dual effects on detrusor contractility and micturition patterns in vivo. The observed differences are likely due to expression of TREK-1 channel not only in detrusor myocytes but also in afferent and efferent neural pathways involved in regulation of micturition which may underly the "mixed" voiding phenotype in TREK-1 KO mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TREK-1 is the most studied background K2P channel. Its main role is to control cell excitability and maintain the membrane potential below the threshold of depolarization. TREK-1 is multi-regulated by a variety of physical and chemical stimuli which makes it a very promising and challenging target in the treatment of several pathologies. It is mainly expressed in the brain but also in heart, smooth muscle cells, endocrine pancreas, and prostate. In the nervous system, TREK-1 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes such as depression, neuroprotection, pain, and anesthesia. These properties explain why many laboratories and pharmaceutical companies have been focusing their research on screening and developing highly efficient modulators of TREK-1 channels. In this review, we summarize the different roles of TREK-1 that have been investigated so far in attempt to characterize pharmacological tools and new molecules to modulate cellular functions controlled by TREK-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contraction of detrusor smooth muscles depends on the increase in intracellular calcium. The influx of calcium from the plasma membrane calcium channels and calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum give rise to intracellular calcium. Under the pathophysiological conditions, the increased sensitivity of regulatory and contractile proteins to calcium also plays an important role in maintaining the spontaneous detrusor smooth muscle activity. Many proteins have been identified to play a role in calcium sensitization. Both the protein kinase C (PKC) and Rho-kinase (ROCK) signaling pathways are responsible for the induction of calcium sensitization in the detrusor smooth muscles. The balance between the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) regulates the intracellular calcium-contractile force relationship. The inhibition of MLCP by PKC-mediated phosphatase inhibitor (CPI-17) and myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT-1) phosphorylation by both the PKC and ROCK are responsible for calcium sensitization in the detrusor smooth muscles. However, the ROCK pathway predominantly participates in the calcium sensitization induction under pathophysiological situations. Many kinases are well known nowadays to play a role in calcium sensitization. This review aims to enlighten the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of calcium sensitization with special reference to the PKC and ROCK pathways in the detrusor smooth muscles. It will also aid in the development of new pharmacological strategies to prevent and treat bladder diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolated bladder shows autonomous micromotions, which increase with bladder distension, generate sensory nerve activity, and are altered in models of urinary dysfunction. Intravesical pressure resulting from autonomous activity putatively reflects three key variables; the extent of micromotion initiation, distances over which micromotions propagate, and overall bladder tone. In vivo, these variables are subordinate to the efferent drive of the central nervous system. In the micturition cycle storage phase, efferent inhibition keeps autonomous activity generally at a low level, where it may signal 'state of fullness', whilst maintaining compliance. In the voiding phase, mass efferent excitation elicits generalised contraction (global motility initiation). In lower urinary tract dysfunction, efferent control of the bladder can be impaired, for example due to peripheral 'patchy' denervation. In this case, loss of efferent inhibition may enable unregulated micromotility, and afferent stimulation, predisposing to urinary urgency. If denervation is relatively slight, the detrimental impact on voiding may be low, as the adjacent innervated areas may be able to initiate micromotility synchronous with the efferent nerve drive, so that even denervated areas can contribute to the voiding contraction. This would become increasingly inefficient the more severe the denervation, such that ability of triggered micromotility to propagate sufficiently to engage the denervated areas in voiding declines, so the voiding contraction increasingly develops the characteristics of underactivity. In summary, reduced peripheral coverage by the dual efferent innervation (inhibitory and excitatory) impairs regulation of micromotility initiation and propagation, potentially allowing emergence of overactive bladder and, with progression, detrusor underactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representatives of modern topical hemostatics used most widely in practical medicine, which are conventionally divided according to their nature and mechanism of action, are analyzed. The results of innovative design of new-generation styptics based on polymetalloacrylates are summarized. Potential hemostatic agents with unique properties that can serve as versatile means for rapid blood clotting in a variety of surgical procedures, even for patients with impaired blood coagulation and upon wounds and injuries in emergency situations, for considerable acceleration of wound healing, repair regeneration process in skin burns due to their antimicrobial and anesthetic properties are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we aimed to determine whether mice with coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis (CIE) develop neurogenic bladder dysfunction that is comparable with the neurogenic detrusor overactivity observed in patients with multiple sclerosis. Adult mice (C57BL/6J, 8 wk of age, n = 146) were inoculated with a neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (A59 strain) and followed for 4 wk. Inoculation with the virus caused a significant neural deficit in mice with an average clinical symptom score of 2.6 ± 0.5 at 2 wk. These changes were accompanied by 25 ± 5% weight loss at 1 and 2 wk postinoculation (P ≤ 0.001 vs. baseline) followed by a recovery phase. Histological analysis of spinal cord sections revealed multifocal sites of demyelinated lesions. Assessment of micturition patterns by filter paper assay determined an increase in the number of small and large urine spots in CIE mice starting from the second week after inoculation. Cystometric recordings in unrestrained awake animals confirmed neurogenic bladder overactivity at 4 wk postinoculation. One week after inoculation with the A59 strain of mouse hepatitis virus, mice became increasingly sensitive to von Frey filament testing with responses enhanced by 45% (n = 8, P ≤ 0.05 vs. baseline at 4 g); however, this initial increase in sensitivity was followed by gradual and significant diminution of abdominal sensitivity to mechanical stimulation by 4 wk postinoculation. Our results provide direct evidence showing that coronavirus-induced demyelination of the central nervous system causes the development of a neurogenic bladder that is comparable with neurogenic detrusor overactivity observed in patients with multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacological properties of the new drug ziacryl (feracryl analog), representing an incomplete zinc salt of polyacrylic acid, have been studied. It is established that ziacryl is a highly effective hemostatic agent that exhibits antimicrobial activity and accelerates the regeneration of skin burn lesions and asceptic wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the hemostatic agents of local action, which are most widely used in leading countries of the world, is summarized. The mechanisms of action of various local hemostatics are considered and possible variants of their combinations in particular ready-to-use drugs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Protein kinase C (PKC) is expressed in many tissues and organs including the urinary bladder, however, its role in bladder physiology and pathophysiology is still evolving. The aim of this review was to evaluate available evidence on the involvement of PKC in regulation of detrusor contractility, muscle tone of the bladder wall, spontaneous contractile activity and bladder function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.Methods: This is a non-systematic review of the published literature which summarizes the available animal and human data on the role of PKC signaling in the urinary bladder under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. A wide PubMed search was performed including the combination of the following keywords: "urinary bladder", "PKC", "detrusor contractility", "bladder smooth muscle", "detrusor relaxation", "peak force", "detrusor underactivity", "partial bladder outlet obstruction", "voltage-gated channels", "bladder nerves", "PKC inhibitors", "PKC activators". Retrieved articles were individually screened for the relevance to the topic of this review with 91 citations being selected and included in the data analysis.Discussion: Urinary bladder function includes the ability to store urine at low intravesical pressure followed by a subsequent release of bladder contents due to a rapid phasic contraction that is maintained long enough to ensure complete emptying. This review summarizes the current concepts regarding the potential contribution of PKC to contractility, physiological voiding, and related signaling mechanisms involved in the control of both the storage and emptying phases of the micturition cycle, and in dysfunctional voiding. Previous studies linked PKC activation exclusively with an increase in generation of the peak force of smooth muscle contraction, and maximum force generation in the lower urinary tract. More recent data suggests that PKC presents a broader range of effects on urinary bladder function including regulation of storage, emptying, excitability of the detrusor, and bladder innervation. In this review, we evaluated the mechanisms of peripheral and local regulation of PKC signaling in the urinary bladder, and their impact on different phases of the micturition cycle under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]