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Introduction: New generation helixone dialyzers has recently been developed as part of the ongoing effort to improve dialyzer hemocompatibility and avoid adverse reactions to synthetic dialyzers. This study aimed to assess the performance and albumin loss of this new dialyzer series in hemodiafiltration and compare it with the previous generation helixone series. Material and methods: A prospective study was conducted in 19 patients. Each patient underwent eight dialysis sessions with the same routine dialysis parameters; only the dialyzer varied: FX60 CorDiax, FX CorAL 60, FX600 CorDiax, FX CorAL 600, FX80 CorDiax, FX CorAL 80, FX800 CorDiax, and FX CorAL 800. The reduction ratios (RR) of urea, creatinine, ß2-microglobulin, myoglobin, kappa-free immunoglobulin light chains (κFLC), prolactin, α1-microglobulin, α1-acid glycoprotein, lambda immunoglobulin light chains (λFLC), and albumin were compared intra-individually. Dialysate albumin loss was also measured. Results: All treatments were well tolerated. The mean amount of replacement fluid ranged from 31 to 34 L. Comparison of dialysis treatments showed no differences between small molecules and even up to those the size of β2-microglobulins. Little differences were found between myoglobin, κFLC, prolactin, α1-microglobulin, and λFLC RRs, and only FX80 CorDiax was slightly superior to the others. Mean dialysate albumin losses were similar, with less than 2.5 g lost in each dialyzer. The FX80 CorDiax showed slightly higher global removal scores than the other dialyzers evaluated, except for FX CorAL 800. Conclusion: The new generation helixone dialyzers series has been updated to minimise the risk of adverse reactions, while maintaining the effectiveness and albumin loss achieved by the previous most advanced helixone generation. Resumen: Introducción: Recientemente se han desarrollado dializadores de helixona de nueva generación como parte del esfuerzo continuo para mejorar la biocompatibilidad del dializador y evitar reacciones adversas a los dializadores sintéticos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento y la pérdida de albúmina de esta nueva serie de dializadores en hemodiafiltración y compararla con dializadores de helixona de la generación anterior. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 19 pacientes. Cada paciente recibió ocho sesiones de diálisis con los mismos parámetros de diálisis de rutina; sólo varió el dializador: FX60 CorDiax, FX CorAL 60, FX600 CorDiax, FX CorAL 600, FX80 CorDiax, FX CorAL 80, FX800 CorDiax y FX CorAL 800. Los índices de reducción (RR) de urea, creatinina, ß2-microglobulina, mioglobina, cadenas ligeras kappa (κFLC), prolactina, α1-microglobulina, α1-glicoproteína ácida, cadenas ligeras lambda (λFLC) y albúmina se compararon intraindividualmente. También se midió la pérdida de albúmina del dializado. Resultados: Todos los tratamientos fueron bien tolerados. La media de líquido de reposición osciló entre 31 y 34 litros. La comparación de los tratamientos de diálisis no mostró diferencias entre moléculas pequeñas e incluso del tamaño de las β2-microglobulinas. Se encontraron pocas diferencias entre los RR de mioglobina, κFLC, prolactina, α1-microglobulina y λFLC. Las pérdidas de albúmina en el dializado fueron similares, con menos de 2,5 gramos por sesión. El dializador FX80 CorDiax mostró puntuaciones de eliminación global ligeramente más altas que el resto de los evaluados, a excepción del FX CorAL 800. Conclusión: La nueva generación de dializadores de helixona, actualizado para minimizar el riesgo de reacciones adversas, ha mantenido la eficacia y la pérdida de albúmina conseguidas por la generación de helixona previa.

Introduction: Changes in plasma sodium concentration (pNa, expressed in mEq/L) are common in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Hemodialysis monitors can estimate pNa by using an internal algorithm based on ion dialysance measurements. The present study studies the accuracy of the correlation between the pNa estimated by the dialysis monitor and that measured by the biochemistry laboratory at our center. Material and methods: A single-centre prospective observational study in patients on a chronic HD program with the 6008 CAREsystem monitor and standard sodium (138 mmol/L) and bicarbonate (32 mmol/L) prescriptions. Venous blood samples were drawn from each patient before and after each HD session to ensure inter- and intra-individual validity. The pNa was measured in the biochemistry laboratory using indirect potentiometry and simultaneously the estimated pNa by the HD monitor was recorded at the beginning and at the end of the HD session. For statistical analysis, a scatterplot was made, and Spearman’s correlation quotient was calculated. In addition, the differences between both methods were represented as Bland-Altman diagrams. Results: The pre-dialysis pNa measured in the laboratory was 137.49 ± 3.3, and that of the monitor, 137.96 ± 2.91, with a correlation with R2 value of 0.683 (p

Resumen: Introducción: Las alteraciones de la concentración plasmática de sodio (Nap, expresado en mEq/l) son frecuentes en los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). Los monitores de HD tienen la capacidad de estimar la Nap mediante un algoritmo interno a partir de las medidas de la dialisancia iónica. En el presente trabajo se estudia la correlación entre la Nap estimada por el monitor de diálisis y la medida en el laboratorio de bioquímica de nuestro centro. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo y unicéntrico en los pacientes en programa crónico de HD con el monitor 6008 CAREsystem y prescripción estándar de sodio (138 mEq/l) y bicarbonato (32 mmol/l). De cada paciente se extrajeron muestras de sangre venosa antes y después de la sesión para asegurar validez inter e intraindividual. Se analizó la Nap en el laboratorio mediante potenciometría indirecta y simultáneamente se registraba la estimada por el monitor de HD al inicio y al terminar la sesión. Para el análisis estadístico se realizó un diagrama de dispersión y se calculó el cociente de correlación de Spearman. Además, se representaron las diferencias entre métodos mediante diagramas de Bland-Altman. Resultados: La Nap prediálisis medida en el laboratorio fue de 137,49 ± 3,3, y la del monitor 137,96 ± 2,91, con una correlación con valor de R2 de 0,683 (p

Resumen: Introducción: Recientemente se han desarrollado dializadores de helixona de nueva generación como parte del esfuerzo continuo para mejorar la biocompatibilidad del dializador y evitar reacciones adversas a los dializadores sintéticos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento y la pérdida de albúmina de esta nueva serie de dializadores en hemodiafiltración y compararla con dializadores de helixona de la generación anterior. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 19 pacientes. Cada paciente recibió ocho sesiones de diálisis con los mismos parámetros de diálisis de rutina; solo varió el dializador: FX60 CorDiax, FX CorAL 60, FX600 CorDiax, FX CorAL 600, FX80 CorDiax, FX CorAL 80, FX800 CorDiax y FX CorAL 800. Los índices de reducción (RR) de urea, creatinina, β2-microglobulina, mioglobina, cadenas ligeras kappa (κFLC), prolactina, α1-microglobulina, α1-glicoproteína ácida, cadenas ligeras lambda (λFLC) y albúmina se compararon intraindividualmente. También se midió la pérdida de albúmina del dializado. Resultados: Todos los tratamientos fueron bien tolerados. La media de líquido de reposición osciló entre 31 y 34 litros. La comparación de los tratamientos de diálisis no mostró diferencias entre moléculas pequeñas e incluso del tamaño de las β2-microglobulinas. Se encontraron pocas diferencias entre los RR de mioglobina, κFLC, prolactina, α1-microglobulina y λFLC. Las pérdidas de albúmina en el dializado fueron similares, con menos de 2,5 gramos por sesión. El dializador FX80 CorDiax mostró puntuaciones de eliminación global ligeramente más altas que el resto de los evaluados, a excepción del FX CorAL 800. Conclusión: La nueva generación de dializadores de helixona, actualizada para minimizar el riesgo de reacciones adversas, ha mantenido la eficacia y la pérdida de albúmina conseguidas por la generación de helixona previa. Abstract: Introduction: New generation helixone dialyzers has recently been developed as part of the ongoing effort to improve dialyzer hemocompatibility and avoid adverse reactions to synthetic dialyzers. This study aimed to assess the performance and albumin loss of this new dialyzer series in hemodiafiltration and compare it with the previous generation helixone series. Material and methods: A prospective study was conducted in 19 patients. Each patient underwent eight dialysis sessions with the same routine dialysis parameters; only the dialyzer varied: FX60 CorDiax, FX CorAL 60, FX600 CorDiax, FX CorAL 600, FX80 CorDiax, FX CorAL 80, FX800 CorDiax, and FX CorAL 800. The reduction ratios (RR) of urea, creatinine, β2-microglobulin, myoglobin, kappa-free immunoglobulin light chains (κFLC), prolactin, α1-microglobulin, α1-acid glycoprotein, lambda immunoglobulin light chains (λFLC), and albumin were compared intra-individually. Dialysate albumin loss was also measured. Results: All treatments were well tolerated. The mean amount of replacement fluid ranged from 31 to 34 litres. Comparison of dialysis treatments showed no differences between small molecules and even up to those the size of β2-microglobulins. Little differences were found between myoglobin, κFLC, prolactin, α1-microglobulin, and λFLC RRs, and only FX80 CorDiax was slightly superior to the others. Mean dialysate albumin losses were similar, with less than 2.5 grams lost in each dialyzer. The FX80 CorDiax showed slightly higher global removal scores than the other dialyzers evaluated, except for FX CorAL 800. Conclusion: The new generation helixone dialyzers series has been updated to minimise the risk of adverse reactions, while maintaining the effectiveness and albumin loss achieved by the previous most advanced helixone generation.

Understanding photoinjection in semiconductors—a fundamental physical process—represents the first step toward devising new opto-electronic devices, capable of operating on unprecedented time scales. Fostered by the development of few-femtosecond, intense infrared pulses, and attosecond spectroscopy techniques, ultrafast charge injection in solids has been the subject of intense theoretical and experimental investigation. Recent results have shown that while under certain conditions photoinjection can be ascribed to a single, well-defined phenomenon, in a realistic multi-band semiconductor like Ge, several competing mechanisms determine the sub-cycle interaction of an intense light field with the atomic and electronic structure of matter. In this latter case, it is yet unclear how the complex balance between the different physical mechanisms is altered by the chosen interaction geometry, dictated by the relative orientation between the crystal lattice and the laser electric field direction. In this work, we investigate ultrafast photoinjection in a Ge monocrystalline sample with attosecond temporal resolution under two distinct orientations. Our combined theoretical and experimental effort suggests that the physical mechanisms determining carrier excitation in Ge are largely robust against crystal rotation. Nevertheless, the different alignment between the laser field and the crystal unit cell causes non-negligible changes in the momentum distribution of the excited carriers and their injection yield. Further experiments are needed to clarify whether the crystal orientation can be used to tune the photoinjection of carriers in a semiconductor at these extreme time scales.

Abstract To assess full-field electroretinogram findings in long-term type 1 diabetes patients without diabetic retinopathy. Prospective study including 46 eyes of 23 patients with type 1 diabetes and 46 age-matched healthy eyes evaluated by the RETI-port/scan21 and the portable system RETeval following ISCEV guidelines. The average duration of diabetes was 28.88 ± 8.04 years. In scotopic conditions, using the RETI-port/scan21, diabetic patients showed an increase in b-wave implicit time (IT) (p = 0.017) with the lowest stimuli; a diminished b-wave amplitude (p = 0.005) in the mixed response, an increased IT (p = 0.004) with the high-intensity stimuli and an OP2 increased IT (p = 0.008) and decreased amplitude (p = 0.002). Under photopic conditions, b-wave amplitude was lower (p

The aim of the study is to compare macular sensitivity and retinal thickness in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) without diabetic retinopathy (DR) after 5 years of follow-up. Thirty-two eyes from 32 long-term DM1 patients without DR were included. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including microperimetry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The data were compared with results from 5 years prior. The mean age of the DM1 patients was 43.19 ± 10.17 years, with a mean disease duration of 29.84 ± 8.98 years and good glycemic control. In 2023, patients exhibited a significantly worse best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) compared to 2018 (p < 0.001). DM1 patients did not show statistically significant changes in macular sensitivity over the 5-year follow-up period. Macular integrity showed significant differences between the two time points (p = 0.045). Retinal thickness showed significant differences, particularly in inner retinal layers (IRL) across most of the ETDRS areas. Long-term DM1 patients without DR lesions showed worsened macular integrity and a lower BCVA in 2023. Additionally, they displayed significant alterations in retinal thicknesses, especially in the IRL, between 2018 and 2023. These findings suggest that even in the absence of visible DR, long-term DM1 patients may experience subclinical retinal changes and functional deterioration over time, highlighting the importance of regular monitoring for the early detection and management of potential complications.

Introduction: The sodium gradient during hemodialysis sessions is one of the key factors in sodium balance in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease; however, until the appearance of the new monitors with sodium modules, the differences between prescribed and measured sodium have been understudied. The present study aimed to compare the impact on the measured conductivity and the initial and final plasma sodium after changing the 5008 Cordiax to the new 6008 Cordiax monitor. Material and methods: 106 patients on hemodialysis were included. Each patient underwent 2 dialysis sessions in which only the monitor was varied. The variables collected were dialysate, sodium and bicarbonate prescribed, real conductivity, initial and final plasma sodium measured, and the calculated sodium gradient (ΔPNa). Results: The change of dialysis monitor showed small but statistically significant differences in the initial (138.14 mmol/L with 5008 vs. 138.81 mmol/L with 6008) and final plasma sodium (139.58 mmol/L vs. 140.97 mmol/L), as well as in the actual conductivity obtained (13.97 vs. 14.1 mS/cm). The ΔPNa also increased significantly. Conclusion: The change from 5008 to 6008 monitor is associated with increased conductivity, leading the patient to end the sessions with higher plasma sodium and ΔPNa. Knowing and confirming this change will allow us to individualize the sodium prescription and avoid possible undesirable effects. It could be the preliminary study to explore the new sodium biosensor incorporated into the new generation of monitors. Resumen: Introducción: El gradiente de sodio durante las sesiones es uno de los factores clave en el balance de este ion en los pacientes en hemodiálisis; sin embargo, hasta la aparición de los nuevos monitores con módulos de sodio, las diferencias entre el sodio prescrito y el medido han sido poco estudiadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el impacto del cambio del monitor 5008 Cordiax al nuevo monitor 6008 Cordiax sobre los resultados de la conductividad real medida, del sodio plasmático inicial y final. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 106 pacientes en hemodiálisis. Cada paciente recibió 2 sesiones de diálisis en la que solo se varió el monitor. Las variables recogidas fueron: el concentrado, sodio y bicarbonato prescritos, conductividad real, sodio plasmático inicial y final medidos por dialisancia iónica y se calculó el cambio de la concentración de sodio plasmático durante el tratamiento o delta de sodio (ΔPNa). Resultados: El cambio de monitor de diálisis mostró pequeñas diferencias, aunque significativas, en el sodio plasmático inicial (138.14 mmol/L con 5008 vs 138.81 mmol/L con 6008) y final (139.58 mmol/L vs 140.97 mmol/L), así como en la conductividad real obtenida (13,97 vs 14,10 mS/cm). El ΔPNa también aumento significativamente. Conclusión: El cambio de monitor 5008 a 6008 se asocia a un aumento en la conductividad, un sodio plasmático más elevado y un incremento en el ΔPNa. El conocer y confirmar este cambio permitirá individualizar la prescripción de sodio, evitar posibles efectos indeseables y podría ser el estudio preliminar para explorar el nuevo biosensor de control de sodio incorporado en la nueva generación de monitores.

Resumen: Introducción: El gradiente de sodio durante las sesiones es uno de los factores clave en el balance de este ion en los pacientes en hemodiálisis; sin embargo, hasta la aparición de los nuevos monitores con módulos de sodio, las diferencias entre el sodio prescrito y el medido han sido poco estudiadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el impacto del cambio del monitor 5008 Cordiax al nuevo monitor 6008 Cordiax sobre los resultados de la conductividad real medida, del sodio plasmático inicial y final. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 106 pacientes en hemodiálisis. Cada paciente recibió dos sesiones de diálisis en las que solo se varió el monitor. Las variables recogidas fueron: el concentrado, sodio y bicarbonato prescritos, conductividad real, sodio plasmático inicial y final medidos por dialisancia iónica y se calculó el cambio de la concentración de sodio plasmático durante el tratamiento o delta de sodio (ΔPNa). Resultados: El cambio de monitor de diálisis mostró pequeñas diferencias, aunque significativas, en el sodio plasmático inicial (138,14 mmol/L con 5008 vs. 138,81 mmol/L con 6008) y final (139,58 mmol/L vs. 140,97 mmol/L), así como en la conductividad real obtenida (13,97 vs. 14,10 mS/cm). El ΔPNa también aumento significativamente. Conclusión: El cambio de monitor 5008 a 6008 se asocia a un aumento en la conductividad, un sodio plasmático más elevado y un incremento en el ΔPNa. El conocer y confirmar este cambio permitirá individualizar la prescripción de sodio, evitar posibles efectos indeseables y podría ser el estudio preliminar para explorar el nuevo biosensor de control de sodio incorporado en la nueva generación de monitores. Abstract: Introduction: The sodium gradient during hemodialysis sessions is one of the key factors in sodium balance in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease; however, until the appearance of the new monitors with sodium modules, the differences between prescribed and measured sodium have been understudied. The present study aimed to compare the impact on the measured conductivity and the initial and final plasma sodium after changing the 5008 Cordiax to the new 6008 Cordiax monitor. Material and methods: 106 patients on hemodialysis were included. Each patient underwent 2 dialysis sessions in which only the monitor was varied. The variables collected were dialysate, sodium and bicarbonate prescribed, real conductivity, initial and final plasma sodium measured, and the calculated sodium gradient (ΔPNa). Results: The change of dialysis monitor showed small but statistically significant differences in the initial (138.14 mmol/L with 5008 vs. 138.81 mmol/L with 6008) and final plasma sodium (139.58 mmol/L vs. 140.97 mmol/L), as well as in the actual conductivity obtained (13.97 vs. 14.1 mS/cm). The ΔPNa also increased significantly. Conclusión: The change from 5008 to 6008 monitor is associated with increased conductivity, leading the patient to end the sessions with higher plasma sodium and ΔPNa. Knowing and confirming this change will allow us to individualize the sodium prescription and avoid possible undesirable effects. It could be the preliminary study to explore the new sodium biosensor incorporated into the new generation of monitors.

To study retinal and choriocapillaris (CC) alterations using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in long-term type 1 diabetic (DM1) patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR). Seventy-eight eyes from 78 well-controlled DM1 patients diagnosed at least 15 years prior and 130 eyes of 130 healthy subjects were included in a cross-sectional descriptive study. Six eyes were excluded from the DM1 group. OCTA with Deep Range Imaging (DRI)-Triton swept source (SS)-OCT was performed. Statistically significant differences were found in all areas of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), with lower values in DM1 patients. Differences were noted in all quadrants of the deep capillary plexus (DCP) except for the central area. Significant changes in CC blood flow were only found in the center. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and diameters in the SCP were significantly different, while the DCP FAZ area was similar in both groups. Disease duration and microalbuminuria correlated negatively with some SCP areas and positively with FAZ values. Anatomical evaluation revealed microaneurysms in both plexuses, FAZ modifications, and areas lacking blood perfusion. Long-term type 1 diabetic patients without DR display microvascular abnormalities affecting retinal and CC blood perfusion, along with anatomical changes in retinal blood vessels.

Scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of vitamin and mineral supplements in healthy individuals remains scarce. In a randomized, double-blind study, 30 healthy individuals were assigned to receive a single daily dose of multivitamin and multimineral supplementation or a double daily dose for 30 days. Before and after the intake, an untargeted metabolomics assay for serum metabolites was conducted by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and clinical assessments of peripheral blood samples were performed. A paired t-test for metabolic analysis, adjusted using the false discovery rate (FDR) and p-value correction method (rate of change > 2 and FDR < 0.05), the Shapiro–Wilk test, Student’s t-test, and the Mann–Whitney U test were applied depending on the variable, with a 5% significance level. An impact on oxidative stress was observed, with a significant reduction in homocysteine levels and an increment of pyridoxic acid (vitamin B6). The effect on energy metabolism was shown by a significant increase in diverse metabolites, such as linoleoylcarnitine. Serum iron and calcium levels were also impacted. Overall, we observed a nutritional balance compatible with a good state of health. In conclusion, beneficial effects on adult health were demonstrated in relation to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and nutritional balance.

Background: To evaluate changes in pattern electroretinogram (pERG) and pattern visual evoked potentials (pVEP) in patients with long-lasting type 1 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: Prospective study involving 92 eyes divided into two groups. The diabetic group included 46 eyes of 23 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM); the control group included 23 age-matched healthy subjects. pERG and pVEP were assessed using the RETI-port/scan21 recording software (version 1021.3.0.0). Results: Mean age was 48 ± 9.77 years for the diabetic group and 51.7 ± 4.75 years for the control group. The mean duration of diabetes was 28.88 ± 8.04 years. The mean HbA1c value was 7.29 ± 0.89%. There were no differences in the age or sex distribution. Regarding the pERG, T1DM patients exhibited a significant decrease in the amplitude of the P50 and N95 waves compared to the control group (p = 0.018 and p = 0.035, respectively), with no differences in the peak time of each component. pVEP showed no significant changes in either peak time or amplitude of the different components. Conclusions: Long-term T1DM patients without DR showed changes in the amplitude of pERG waves with preserved peak times. We did not observe modifications in pVEP. pERG may serve as a subclinical marker of ganglion cell damage in long-term T1DM patients.

Introducción: El incremento en la inclusión de personas de edad avanzada a los programas de hemodiálisis se relaciona con un aumento de la prevalencia de fragilidad, considerada predictora de discapacidad y asociada a eventos adversos de salud. Dado su carácter reversible, es importante hacer un cribaje para mejorar la práctica clínica. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de fragilidad y estado funcional del paciente en nuestra unidad de hemodiálisis y analizar las diferencias entre diabéticos y no diabéticos. Material y Método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. La fragilidad se midió utilizando el fenotipo de Fried y la valoración funcional mediante las escalas Barthel, Lawton, Downton y la Short Physical Performance Battery. Se evaluó comorbilidad y riesgo de caídas con las escalas Charlson y Downton respectivamente. Se comparó entre grupos de diabéticos y no diabéticos y se analizó la relación entre la fragilidad y la edad, dependencia, comorbilidad y riesgo de caídas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 128 pacientes. El 45% tenían Diabetes. Los pacientes con diabetes tenían una edad media mayor que los no diabéticos (74,2±11 vs 67,8±15 años) y mayor comorbilidad (Charlson 8,2±2,2 vs 5,8±2,4). El 25% de los pacientes presentaron fragilidad, observando una tendencia que sugirió mayor fragilidad, peor capacidad funcional y mayor grado de dependencia en los pacientes diabéticos, aunque de forma no significativa. Conclusiones: Una cuarta parte de la población estudiada presenta fragilidad, con una tendencia más acusada a padecerla los pacientes diabéticos, que podría estar relacionada con mayor edad, mayor comorbilidad y menor capacidad funcional que los no diabéticos.

Resumen: Presentamos una nueva edición de la Guía de Centros de Hemodiálisis. Se enmarca en el programa de actualización de las Guías Clínicas de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Es un documento de consenso en el que han colaborado nefrólogos con amplia experiencia en diálisis y expertos de la enfermería nefrológica. La Guía ha sido corregida por un grupo de evaluadores externos. Se ha informado y se ha tomado en consideración la opinión de los pacientes a través de la Asociación de Enfermos Renales (ALCER). Esta Guía incluye en sus diez capítulos aspectos arquitectónicos, logísticos y organizativos. Hace especial énfasis en las necesidades de recursos humanos y su cualificación. Revisa las modalidades actuales de hemodiálisis, su dosificación y adecuación y la monitorización y seguimiento intra e interdiálisis. La hemodiálisis es una de las formas de tratamiento renal sustitutivo, por lo que menciona la necesidad de la inclusión en lista de espera para trasplante y la relación con las unidades de diálisis peritoneal. La calidad de vida del paciente en hemodiálisis comprende la necesidad de relacionarse y viajar por lo que se revisa y estandariza la atención de los pacientes transeúntes. La gestión de calidad es una herramienta necesaria actualmente para lograr la mejora continua de cualquier procedimiento como la hemodiálisis. Esta Guía pretende ser una ayuda para el buen funcionamiento de las Unidades de Diálisis, para los responsables de las mismas, así como para los gestores sanitarios. Abstract: We present a new edition of the Hemodialysis Center Guide. It is part of the program of updating the Clinical Guides of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. It is a consensus document in which nephrologists with extensive experience in dialysis and experts in nephrological nursing have collaborated. The Guide has been corrected by a group of external evaluators. The opinion of the patients through the kidney diseases patient association (ALCER) has been reported and taken into consideration. This Guide includes in its ten chapters architectural, logistical and organizational aspects. It places special emphasis on human resources needs and their qualification. Review current hemodialysis modalities, dosage and adequacy, and intra and interdialysis monitoring. Hemodialysis is one of the forms of renal replacement therapy, so it mentions the need for transplant waiting list inclusion and the relationship with peritoneal dialysis units. The patient's quality of life on hemodialysis understands the need to relate and travel so care of transitory patients is reviewed and standardized. Quality management is a tool currently needed to achieve continuous improvement of any procedure such as hemodialysis. This Guide is intended to be an aid for the proper functioning of the Dialysis Units, for those responsible for them, as well as for health managers.

Resumen: Introducción: Los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) suelen tener una condición física mermada y elevado sedentarismo. La consolidación de programas de ejercicio físico en las unidades de diálisis está limitada por barreras como la seguridad inherente a estos programas y la falta de recursos. Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad en la implantación de un programa de ejercicio físico intradiálisis (EFI) sobre la condición física de los pacientes con un equipo multidisciplinar (fisioterapeuta y auxiliares de enfermería). Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental pre-post unicéntrico prospectivo de 6 meses en 34 pacientes. Intervención con EFI combinado 2 días a la semana, evaluándose de forma basal y final la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (6MWT), fuerza muscular (HG, dinamometría de cuádriceps y 10STS), la composición corporal (bioimpedanciometría) y la capacidad coordinativa (Timed Up and Go test). La seguridad se valoró registrando las incidencias relacionadas con el acceso vascular, la estabilidad hemodinámica y el perfil de rellenado vascular (RBV) durante las sesiones. También se registró la adherencia al programa así como parámetros analíticos habituales. Resultados: La adherencia al programa de EFI fue elevada (70,8%). Se constató una mejora significativa de 47 m (p

Introduction: Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are characterized by a poor physical condition and a substantial sedentary profile. The implementation of physical exercise programs in the hemodialysis units is usually limited by the inherent safeness and the lack of appropriate resources. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the impact and safety outcomes of the implementation of an intradialytic physical exercise program (IPE) by a multidisciplinary team (physiotherapist and nursing assistant) in the physical condition of the patients. Material and methods: This six months single-centre and experimental pre-post prospective study was carried out in 34 patients. A two day-week combined IPE intervention was implemented. The cardiopulmonary capacity (6MWT), muscular strength (HG, leg dynamometry and 10STS), body composition (bioimpedance) and coordination capacity (Timed Up and Go test) was assessed at the beginning and at the end of the study. Safety was evaluated by means of the number of issues regarding the vascular access, the hemodynamic stability as well as the vascular refilling profile (RBV) in each session. The adhesion to the program was also registered. Additionally, analytical parameters were recorded. Results: The adhesion to an IPE program was high (70.8%). A significant improvement of the cardiopulmonary capacity (6MWT average increase 47 m; p

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC > 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3.

Introduction: Recently, a new class of dialyzers, medium cut-off membranes (MCO), designed to improve the permeability, which could provide an efficacy similar to hemodiafiltration, have been incorporated into our therapeutic possibilities. To increase the knowledge about its use, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the surface and blood flow (Qb) on the depurative efficacy in the MCO membranes. Material and methods: We included 19 patients in the hemodialysis. Each patient received 6 sessions, in which the membrane surface was varied, 1.7 or 2.0 m2, and/or the Qb (300, 350, 400 or 450 mL/min). In each session, different solutes were determined at the beginning and end of dialysis. Results: The surface change of the dialyzer did not show significant differences in the removal of small or large molecules, without changes in albumin loss. The increase in Qb was accompanied by an increase in clearance of small molecules, without showing differences in the percentage reduction of β2-microglobulin, myoglobin, prolactin, α1-microglobulin and α1-acid glycoprotein, except for some comparison with Qb 450 mL/min. There were also no differences in the loss of albumin in the dialysis fluid, less than 2.5 grams in all situations. Conclusion: The increase of the surface area of 1.7–2.0 m2 in the MCO dialyzer has not meant a greater depurative effectiveness. In these dialyzers the increase of Qb does not seem to be as determinant as in hemodiafiltration except for the clearance of small molecules. Resumen: Introducción: Recientemente, se han incorporado en nuestras posibilidades terapéuticas, una nueva clase de dializadores, membranas de medio cut-off (MCO), diseñados para mejorar la permeabilidad y podrían alcanzar una eficacia similar a la hemodiafiltración. Para aumentar el conocimiento sobre su utilización, el objetivo del estudio fue valorar en las membranas de MCO el efecto de la superficie y del flujo sanguíneo (Qb) sobre la eficacia depurativa. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 19 pacientes en programa de hemodiálisis. Cada paciente recibió 6 sesiones, en las que se varió la superficie de membrana, 1.7 o 2.0 m2, y el Qb (300, 350, 400 o 450 mL/min). En cada sesión se determinaron diferentes solutos al inicio y al final de diálisis. Resultados: El cambio de superficie del dializador no mostró diferencias significativas en la depuración de pequeñas o grandes moléculas, sin cambios en la pérdida de albúmina. El aumento del Qb se acompaño de un aumento de depuración de pequeñas moléculas, sin mostrar diferencias en el porcentaje de reducción de β2-microglobulina, mioglobina, prolactina, α1-microglobulina y α1-glicoproteína ácida, a excepción de alguna comparación con Qb 450 mL/min. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en la pérdida de albúmina en el líquido de diálisis, inferior a 2.5 gramos en todas las situaciones. Conclusión: El incremento de la superficie de 1.7 a 2.0 m2 en el dializador de MCO no ha significado una mayor eficacia depurativa. En estos dializadores el aumento del Qb no parece ser tan determinante como en la hemodiafiltración a excepción de la depuración de pequeñas moléculas. Keywords: Dialyzer, Efficacy, Hemodiafiltration, Medium cut-off, Palabras clave: Dializador, Eficacia, Hemodiafiltración, Medio cut-off

Resumen: Introducción: Recientemente, se ha incorporado a nuestras posibilidades terapéuticas una nueva clase de dializadores, las membranas de medio cut-off (MCO), diseñadas para mejorar la permeabilidad y que podrían alcanzar una eficacia similar a la hemodiafiltración. Para aumentar el conocimiento sobre su uso, el objetivo del estudio fue valorar en las membranas de MCO el efecto de la superficie y del flujo sanguíneo (Qb) sobre la eficacia depurativa. Material y métodos: Se incluyó a 19 pacientes en programa de hemodiálisis. Cada paciente recibió 6 sesiones, en las que se varió la superficie de membrana, de 1,7 o 2,0 m2, y el Qb (300, 350, 400 o 450 mL/min). En cada sesión se determinaron diferentes solutos al inicio y al final de la diálisis. Resultados: El cambio de superficie del dializador no mostró diferencias significativas en la depuración de pequeñas o grandes moléculas, sin cambios en la pérdida de albúmina. El aumento del Qb se acompañó de un aumento de depuración de pequeñas moléculas, sin mostrar diferencias en el porcentaje de reducción de β2-microglobulina, mioglobina, prolactina, α1-microglobulina y α1-glicoproteína ácida, a excepción de alguna comparación con Qb 450 mL/min. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en la pérdida de albúmina en el líquido de diálisis, inferior a 2,5 g en todas las situaciones. Conclusión: El incremento de la superficie de 1,7 a 2,0 m2 en el dializador de MCO no ha significado una mayor eficacia depurativa. En estos dializadores el aumento del Qb no parece ser tan determinante como en la hemodiafiltración, a excepción de la depuración de pequeñas moléculas. Abstract: Introduction: Recently, a new class of dialyzers, medium cut-off membranes (MCO), designed to improve the permeability, which could provide an efficacy similar to hemodiafiltration, have been incorporated into our therapeutic possibilities. To increase the knowledge about its use, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the surface and blood flow (Qb) on the depurative efficacy in the MCO membranes. Material and methods: We included 19 patients in the hemodialysis. Each patient received 6 sessions, in which the membrane surface was varied, from 1.7 to 2.0 m2, and/or the Qb (300, 350, 400 or 450 mL/min). In each session, different solutes were determined at the beginning and end of dialysis. Results: The surface change of the dialyzer did not show significant differences in the removal of small or large molecules, without changes in albumin loss. The increase in Qb was accompanied by an increase in clearance of small molecules, without showing differences in the percentage reduction of β2-microglobulin, myoglobin, prolactin, α1-microglobulin and α1-acid glycoprotein, except for some comparison with Qb 450 mL/min. There were also no differences in the loss of albumin in the dialysis fluid, less than 2.5 g in all situations. Conclusion: The increase of the surface area from 1.7 to 2.0 m2 in the MCO dialyzer has not meant a greater depurative effectiveness. In these dialyzers the increase of Qb does not seem to be as determinant as in hemodiafiltration except for the clearance of small molecules. Palabras clave: Dializador, Eficacia, Hemodiafiltración, Medio cut-off, Keywords: Dialyzer, Efficacy, Hemodiafiltration, Medium cut-off

Background: Online haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is currently the most effective dialysis technique that also improves survival. To date, high permeability membranes with low albumin loss, such as polysulfone, polyamide and polyacrylonitrile membranes have been the most widely used. However, the initially restricted use of cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes in OL-HDF has expanded. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether the latest generation asymmetric CTA membranes are more effective in obtaining high convective transport. Patients and methods: A total of 16 patients (10 males and 6 females) undergoing OL-HDF were studied. Each patient underwent 4 different sessions, with haemodialysis or OL-HDF, and/or with CTA or asymmetric CTA 1.9 m2 membranes. Each session was assigned in a randomised order. Serum levels of urea, creatinine, β2-microglobulin, myoglobin, prolactin, α1-microglobulin, α1-acid glycoprotein and albumin where measured at the beginning and end of each session to obtain the reduction rate. The loss of solutes and albumin was quantified from the dialysate. Results: A significantly greater replacement volume in OL-HDF (32.1 ± 3.1 vs. 19.7 ± 4.5 l, pÂ

Antecedentes: La hemodiafiltración on-line (HDF-OL) es actualmente la técnica de hemodiálisis (HD) más efectiva y aumenta la supervivencia. Hasta el momento presente las membranas de alta permeabilidad con baja pérdida de albúmina como las de polisulfona, poliamida y poliacrilonitrilo son las más utilizadas. Las membranas de triacetato de celulosa (TAC), limitadas inicialmente para su uso en HDF-OL, han evolucionado. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si las membranas de nueva generación de TAC asimétrico (TACA) son más adecuadas para realizar alto transporte convectivo. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudiaron 16 pacientes, 10 hombres y 6 mujeres, en programa de HDF-OL. A cada paciente se le realizaron 4 sesiones diferentes, con HD o HDF-OL, o con filtros de TAC o TACA de 1,9 m2, aleatorizando el orden. En cada sesión se determinaron concentración de urea, creatinina, β2-microglobulina, mioglobina, prolactina, α1-microglobulina, α1-glicoproteína ácida y albúmina en suero al inicio y al final de cada sesión, para calcular el porcentaje de reducción. Así mismo, se cuantificó la pérdida de solutos y albúmina en el líquido de diálisis. Resultados: Con las membranas de TACA se consiguió un volumen de sustitución en HDF-OL significativamente superior a las membranas de TAC clásicas (32,1 ± 3,1 vs. 19,7 ± 4,5 L; p

Introduction: Online haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) has been associated with increased survival. To date, the influence of the inner diameter of the hollow fibers of the dialyzer on convective volume has not been well established. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of increasing the inner diameter of the dialyzer on the convective volume and removal capacity. Material and methods: We included 16 patients in postdilutional OL-HDF. Each patient was analyzed in 4 sessions in which the inner diameter varied; 185 μm (FX60 Cordiax and FX80 Cordiax) vs. 210 μm (FX600 Cordiax and FX800 Cordiax). Different solutes were measured at the beginning and end of each dialysis session. Results: No differences in the convective volume were found with an increased inner diameter: 32.3 ± 3.1 vs. 31.8 ± 3.6 L/session (FX60 vs. FX600) and 33.7 ± 4.3 vs. 33.5 ± 3.8 L/session (FX80 vs. FX800). The reduction ratios also did not differ: urea 83.7 ± 4.5 vs. 84.1 ± 3.4 for FX60 and FX600, and 82.7 ± 4.1 vs. 83.6 ± 3.8 for FX80 vs. FX800; creatinine similar 78.2 ± 5.6 vs. 77.8 ± 4.6 and 77.1 ± 5.4 vs. 78.1 ± 4.9; β2-microglobulin 82.2 ± 4.3 vs. 82.9 ± 4.2, and 82.9 ± 4.7 vs. 84.0 ± 3.8; myoglobin 71.0 ± 10 vs. 70.2 ± 9 and 72.8 ± 11 vs. 75.0 ± 10; prolactin 70.4 ± 9 vs. 68.1 ± 9, and 72.2 ± 10 vs. 73.4 ± 8.2; and α1-microglobulin 22.9 ± 10 vs. 21.6 ± 10, and 26.5 ± 12 vs. 28.8 ± 11, respectively. Conclusion: The increase in the inner diameter of the hollow fibers did not result in improved convective volume and removal capacity.

Introducción: Se ha asociado la hemodiafiltración on-line (HDF-OL) a un aumento de la supervivencia. Hasta el momento no está bien establecida la influencia del diámetro interno de las fibras capilares del dializador sobre la capacidad convectiva. El objetivo del estudio fue valorar el efecto del aumento del diámetro interno del dializador sobre el volumen convectivo y la capacidad depurativa. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 16 pacientes en HDF-OL posdilucional con reposición automática. Cada paciente recibió 4 sesiones, en las que se varió el diámetro interno, 185 μm (FX60 Cordiax y FX80 Cordiax) versus 210 μm (FX600 Cordiax y FX800 Cordiax). En cada sesión se determinaron diferentes solutos al inicio y al final de la diálisis. Resultados: El incremento de diámetro interno entre FX60 vs. FX600 y FX80 vs. FX800 no reflejó diferencias en el volumen convectivo: 32,3 ± 3,1 vs. 31,8 ± 3,6 y 33,7 ± 4,3 vs. 33,5 ± 3,8 L/sesión, respectivamente. Los porcentajes de reducción tampoco mostraron diferencias: urea 83,7 ± 4,5 vs. 84,1 ± 3,4 para FX60 y FX600 y 82,7 ± 4,1 vs. 83,6 ± 3,8 para FX80 vs. FX800; creatinina similar 78,2 ± 5,6 vs. 77,8 ± 4,6 y 77,1 ± 5,4 vs. 78,1 ± 4,9; β2-microglobulina 82,2 ± 4,3 vs. 82,9 ± 4,2 y 82,9 ± 4,7 vs. 84,0 ± 3,8; mioglobina 71,0 ± 10, vs. 70,2 ± 9 y 72,8 ± 11 vs. 75,0 ± 10; prolactina 70,4 ± 9 vs. 68,1 ± 9 y 72,2 ± 10 vs. 73,4 ± 8,2; y α1-microglobulina 22,9 ± 10 vs. 21,6 ± 10 y 26,5 ± 12 vs. 28,8 ± 11, respectivamente. Conclusión: El incremento del diámetro interno de las fibras capilares no ha significado una mayor eficacia en el volumen convectivo ni en la capacidad depurativa.

In a course of the degree of computer science, the programming project has changed from individual to teamed work, tentatively in couples (pair programming). Students have full freedom to team up with minimum intervention from teachers. The analysis of the couples made indicates that students do not tend to associate with students with a similar academic performance, maybe because general cognitive parameters do not govern the choice of academic partners. Pair programming seems to give great results, so the efforts of future research in this field should focus precisely on how these pairs are formed, underpinning the mechanisms of human social interactions.