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The present study evaluated the effects of pressure, depressurization rate, and ratio of inoculum mass to CO2 mass in the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the determination of D-va...

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 This paper is based on an evaluation of the industrialization levels and main production systems of Brazilian timber housing producers. Two methods were used to investigate this understudied topic. Literature-based projection was carried out to identify the production system of each sampled company, from the construction technique(s) produced by the same. The second method consisted of face-to-face interviews to identify the current production system of each producer. For both methodologies, the timber housing sector presented a considerable level of industrial development in view of the greater popularity of prefabrication systems. Due to admissions to enable the system identification from the literature-based projections, a result contrast in artisanal production was verified between both methodologies. Despite the sampling difference, the two methods showed typical results for the industrial processes. Thus, few artisanal developers and the visible amount of industrial-based producers could regard this sector as industrial-featured. Research Group on Development of Lignocellulosic Products (LIGNO) São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519, Geraldo Alckmin Department of Timber Industrial Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519 Geraldo Alckmin Department of Forest Science University of São Paulo (USP) Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, 11, Pádua Dias Avenue Research Group on Development of Lignocellulosic Products (LIGNO) São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519, Geraldo Alckmin Department of Timber Industrial Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Itapeva, 519 Geraldo Alckmin

To identify the time spent with the different construction techniques of timber houses, this study evaluates the execution time of different models available in Brazil. Using face-to-face interviews, semi-structured questionnaires were randomly applied to collect average time according to distinct production methods. The most efficient techniques were: ‘clapboard and wainscot’, ‘post-and-beam’, and ‘log-home’ using artisanal production; ‘clapboard and wainscot’, ‘stick framing with masonry’, and ‘post-and-beam’ in semi-industrial process; and, ‘modular for building sites’, ‘modular in cross-laminated timber’ and ‘modular woodframe’ in industrial production. Different industrial developers were not as agile as artisanal competitors due to production obstacles in customized projects. Timber construction offers lower execution time than masonry, representing an agile form to build a versatile sustainable dwelling. RESUMO Para identificar o tempo gasto com as diferentes técnicas de construção de casas de madeira, este estudo avalia o tempo de execução de diferentes modelos disponíveis no Brasil. Utilizando entrevistas face-a-face, formulários semiestruturados foram randomicamente aplicados para coletar o tempo médio de acordo com distintos métodos de produção. As técnicas mais eficientes foram: ‘tábua e mata-junta’, ‘pilar-viga’ e ‘casa de toras ’ utilizando produção artesanal; ‘tábua e mata-junta’, ‘paliteiro com alvenaria’ e ‘pilar-viga’ em processo semi-industrial; e, ‘modular para canteiros de obras ’, ‘modular em madeira laminada colada-cruzada’ e ‘entramado leve modular’ em produção industrial. Diferentes produtores industriais não foram tão ágeis como seus concorrentes artesanais devido aos obstáculos produtivos em projetos customizados. A construção em madeira oferece um tempo produtivo mais baixo que a alvenaria, representando uma forma ágil para construir uma moradia sustentável e versátil.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 On account of the lack of education of Brazilian worker, this paper analyzed the characteristics of those professionals working in the production sector of timber houses. A sectoral survey was carried out with respective entrepreneurs to investigate the available professionals (career and contract types), evaluate the demands of skilled workers, and indicate solutions to improve the quality of labor qualification. Similarly, over 65% of sampled producers presented both direct-hired and outsourced workforce. For such contract ways, Civil Engineers and Architects were the main careers. Carpenters, Civil Engineers and Architects experienced on timber were the main sectoral demands. Timber Engineers have good potentials of service for this sector. The creation of courses on timber products can emerge as a key alternative to train people. Department of Forest Sciences Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Francisco José de Caldas District University Timber Industrial Engineering Graduation Course São Paulo State University, Campus of Itapeva Timber Industrial Engineering Graduation Course São Paulo State University, Campus of Itapeva

Construction systems based on cross-laminated timber (CLT) have versatility in material development and are an interesting alternative for construction. This study evaluated the structural performance of cross-laminated timber-bamboo produced from wood (Pinus spp.) and bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus). Panels were produced by strips (wood and bamboo) assorted, under non-destructive structural grading, to support a better panel configuration. Small-length pine pieces were also included in the study, considering their low added-value and underutilization in sawmills from Telêmaco Borba, Brazil. Gluing tests of small specimens were performed to evaluate the bonding quality of three adhesives: melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), isocyanate polymeric emulsion (IPE), and castor oil-based resin (COR). Shear stress strength parallel to grain between bamboo and wood showed the best performance for MUF resin. After preliminary gluing testing, eight cross-laminated panels were produced with MUF adhesive in a three-layered configuration, with transversal orientation: two external bamboo layers and a central layer of pine wood. Stiffness and rupture strength values were above those specified by the ANSI/APA PGR 320 (2012) standard. Elasticity and rupture moduli were 13,310 MPa and 65 MPa, respectively, showing good potential of this composite for structural uses.

Corporate representativeness is an important issue for engineering and its industrial sectors, considering that producer associations can defend represent the rights and ambitions of their members. This study aims to investigate timber housing producer participation in generalist organizations, as well as to identify which examples of class entities could be created to consolidate this industry in the Brazilian scenario. A short survey was personally applied to entrepreneurs from the timber house production sector in Brazil. This survey was based in four qualitative queries, whose responses were converted into percentage. The studied producers revealed that the sector does not have an official organization to represent them, forcing them to search for different representation mechanisms from other sectors related to this industry. The lack of corporate and/or labor representation is visible to the point where several interviewed entrepreneurs declared the need to create unions for workers, as well as class associations for producers. Thus, suggestions for a new organization were described to establish a direction for organizing this sector in Brazil. RESUMEN La representatividad corporativa es un tema importante para la Ingeniería y sus sectores industriales, teniendo en cuenta que la asociación de productores puede defender los derechos y ambiciones de sus miembros. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la participación de los productores de viviendas de madera en organizaciones generalistas, así como identificar qué ejemplos de entidades de clase podrían ser creadas para consolidar esta industria en el escenario brasileño. Se aplicó personalmente una breve encuesta a los empresarios del sector de producción de casas de madera en Brasil. Esta encuesta se basó en dos consultas cualitativas, cuyas respuestas se convirtieron en porcentajes. Los productores estudiados revelaron que el sector no tiene una organización oficial que los represente, lo que tiene obligado en buscar diferentes mecanismos de representación de otros sectores relacionados con esta industria. La falta de representación corporativa y/o laboral es visible al punto en que muchos empresarios entrevistados declararon la necesidad de crear sindicatos para los trabajadores y asociaciones de clase para los productores. Así, se describieron sugerencias de nuevas organizaciones para establecer una dirección en la organización de este sector en Brasil.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:54:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:06:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0104-77602019000400365.pdf: 201539 bytes, checksum: 0711d0fe5c713de6179daddf932795ed (MD5) Using face-to-face interviews and semi-structured questionnaires with timber housing developers, this study assed the perceptions of respective industries about government stimuli and public policies towards timber construction in Brazil. Four questions were developed under qualitative aspects, which were percentually measured to enable a response comparative. Thereby, 107 of 210 companies were evaluated here. Under statistical view, this sampling revealed a margin of error acceptable and next to the ideal condition. Results suggest that current policies have been apparently restrictive. Timber house producers still are dependant on strategies for whole national segments, whose scope does not promote both local cleaner industries and those focused on sustainable solutions such as from this studied sector. Tax cuts and exemptions for greener products could be an efficient alternative to incentive this production sector, and promote these sustainable timber houses. The creation of assertive public policies could attract more investors and developers to expand this industry and other forest-timber sectors and, consequently, contribute to reduce the housing shortage in Brazil. Res Grp LIGNO, Itapeva, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Itapeva, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Itapeva, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-03 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) This research identified the central hindrances found in Brazilian wooden housing scenario in the fields of finished product, producer, and sector. Thus, a questionnaire with three qualitative questions based on multiple-choice answers allowed investigating the difficulties faced by these producers in Brazil. This sector still faces obstacles in the three observed fields, especially for the negative aspects of house financing, housing technique certification, skilled hand labour, general costs incurred in local production, tax exemptions, public policies, utilization of wooden houses in public works, and other factors. These obstacles in wooden housing sector have created limitations of production potential and restrictions of its market. A current panorama from these obstacles was formed, which could contribute with sectoral development. Actions such as creation and institution of incentives and specific policies should consolidate as the main direction to reduce these difficulties faced by the wooden housing producers. Res Grp LIGNO, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Wood Ind Engn Course, Itapeva, Brazil Virginia Tech, Dept Sustainable Mat, Blacksburg, VA USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Architecture, College Stn, TX USA Univ Coimbra, Dept Civil Engn, Coimbra, Portugal Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Civil Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Struct Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Forest Sci, Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Wood Ind Engn Course, Itapeva, Brazil

A indústria alimentícia tem procurado alternativas para adicionar fibras e outras propriedades nutricionais em produtos. O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar o potencial de produtos formulados a partir de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu para a alimentação humana. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão integrativa, construída a partir do estudo de artigos científicos disponíveis nas bases de dados do Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, empregando os seguintes descritores ‘bamboo shoot’ (broto de bambu), ‘young bamboo culm’ (colmo jovem de bambu), ‘food industry’ (indústria alimentícia), ‘flour’ (farinha), ‘biscuits’ (biscoitos), ‘cookies’ (bolachas) e ‘nuggets’ (empanados), ambos utilizados em combinações, no período compreendido entre 2015 e 2022. Foram selecionados oito artigos científicos, um estudo para cada ano do período de interesse, que descrevem o uso de broto e colmo jovem de bambu em produtos alimentícios à base de fibras, farinhas e amido. Percebe-se que nos últimos anos o uso de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu tem despertado interesse do meio científico, principalmente devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, capacidade antioxidante, boa aceitação sensorial, reduzido teor de gordura e açúcar, estimulando o surgimento de mercado consumidor. Para o presente momento, a utilização de brotos e colmos jovens de bambu em preparações culinárias está suficientemente testada e agrega valor nutricional às formulações de panificação e pastelaria e aos produtos de origem animal, como os produtos lácteos e cárnicos.

Brazilian timber housing producers were evaluated through a survey, which was based on face-to-face interviewing supported by a semi-structured questionnaire. Derived from expansive research, this paper aimed to identify labor size and to characterize economic size from this production sector. The sampling process evaluated 50.95% (n = 107) of all producers (n = 210) whose performance was considered close to ideal. This sector is mostly concentrated in micro and small-scale companies, though a small portion of medium-sized companies owned by sole proprietors, families, or small groups of entrepreneurs does exist. Due to compact sizing, no producer was classified as an industry or a large corporation. The main contrast was indicated by the number of direct jobs, whose estimation was about 3,700 workers for the whole studied sector, representing 1% of the overall Brazilian timber industry. Around 95% of timber housing producers are considered micro or small from a labor perspective. Unprecedented information could support discussions for the creation of assertive public policies.

This study evaluated the incidence and identify the Listeria monocytogenes potential contamination in a poultry slaughter plant and assessed the effectiveness of the sanitation process used by the company. A total of 920 breast and 774 thigh samples were analyzed, and L. monocytogenes was found in 8.64 and 44.19% of the samples, respectively. The thigh samples presented more contamination than the breast, throughout the study. The third work shift showed the highest thigh contamination (51%). The contamination percentage was lowest in summer and greater in winter. L. monocytogenes contamination in whole carcasses was absent in samples collected before the chilling process, while 5% of the samples were contaminated after this process. After the automated cutting process, the L. monocytogenes contamination percentage increased linearly, reaching 25 and 70% after 5 h for breast and thighs, respectively. The percentage of contamination on the equipment and utensils used on thigh samples was high during the processing (86.67%) and after the cleaning operation (66.87%). After pre-operational sanitation of equipment and utensils a lower incidence of L. monocytogenes in the production line was observed.

The objective of this work was to evaluate and compare the chemical profile of essential oils of marjoram (Origanum majorana) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) obtained by hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2. The yield of marjoram and oregano essential oils obtained by supercritical CO2 was higher than those from hydrodistillation. Both essential oils presented similar chemical profiles. The major compound was terpinen-4-ol in essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and cis-sabinene hydrate in the essential oil obtained by supercritical CO2, to both species. The hydrodistillation method showed higher quantitative differences between the extraction fractions in relation to the supercritical extraction. The extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 presented higher concentrations of oxygenated monoterpenes, without significant differences between fraction 1 and 2. A comparison between the extraction methods showed a higher extraction capacity of monoterpene hydrocarbons by hydrodistillation and ox...

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:58:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-01 This paper evaluated lignocellulosic biomass volume, in net and gross forms, consumed by Brazilian wood-based housing producers by building technique, as well as net volumes of fixed carbon and carbon dioxide by built area. Net volumetric values of consumed wood per available technique were obtained for single-story house with 100 m(2) of built area, whose data collection was supported by face-to-face interviews with Brazilian producers. Gross volumes were obtained according to wood machining yield described in literature. Determinations of fixed carbon and carbon dioxide were verified by means of net volumes per built area, being calculated from data collected in the interviews. In wood consumption for this standard 100 m(2) house, most of construction techniques revealed average net volumes from 8 to 15 m(3) and gross volumes from 15 to 24 m(3) and from 13 to 21 m(3), respectively, for 30% and 55% yields. In net volumes for 100 m(2) house, the lowest wood consumption was 2 m(3) (or 0.02 m(3) per m(2) of built area) obtained by two versions of nailed clapboard technique, while the highest amount of wood consumed was 34 m(3) (0.34 m(3)/m(2)) for modular technique in cross-laminated timber. As regards carbon fixation, contemporary techniques mostly based on eucalypt and pine species ranged from 30 to 40 kg(C)/m(2), while this range was from 35 to 55 kg(C)/m(2) for traditional techniques largely made with natives. For native woods, the lowest carbon fixation was obtained by stick with masonry technique with parica(12 kg(C)/m(2)), and the highest value was observed in log-home technique using sapucaia (92 kg(C)/m(2)). In exotics, modular for construction site with loblolly pine presented the lowest fixation (19 kg(C)/m(2)), and the possibility of modular technique in cross-laminated timber with blue spotted gum had the highest level (107 kg(C)/m(2)). High wood consumptions were influenced by obsolete production technologies and robust techniques, evincing expressive fixations. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Ligno Res Grp, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 3780 Univ, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, 400 Trabalhador Saocarlense, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, 11 Padua Dias, Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 3780 Univ, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil

Las cañas de bambú son un material de construcción único para diversos tipos de estructuras y cada vez hay una mayor aceptación de los bambúes para usos estructurales. Sin embargo, tienen como inconveniente su propensión al ataque por insectos. En este trabajo se hizo un estudio de la eficacia de tres diferentes tipos de preservadores: 1) químicos tradicionales, 2) naturales de bajo riesgo para el ser humano y 3) térmicos a diferentes temperaturas, para prevenir el ataque del insecto escarabajo Dinoderus minutus al bambú de la especie Bambusa vulgaris vittata. Los dos primeros tratamientos se realizaron por inmersión y el tipo térmico fue hecho por el proceso de secado. Cada dos semanas, se evaluó el ataque a tres especímenes de cada tratamiento, incluyendo los correspondientes a un testigo sin elemento preservador alguno. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los tratamientos por inmersión fueron eficaces, reduciendo considerablemente el ataque de los insectos en comparación con el testigo.En cuanto al tratamiento térmico, las temperaturas menores o iguales a 130 °C no mostraron ser eficaces; las temperaturas de 190 °C y 210 °C revelaron eficacias aceptables.

The sensory, physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of boneless chicken thighs and drumsticks stored at different temperatures were evaluated. Samples stored at −6 and −12 °C, in natura and cooked, presented changes in sensory characteristics from the sixth and fifth month of storage, respectively. In natura samples kept at −18 °C presented sensory modification from the eighth month, and cooked samples did not show alterations during 12 months of storage. For lipid oxidation, differences were observed between −6 and −12 °C by the third month and between −12 and −18 °C after 12 months of storage. Related to protein oxidation, samples stored at −18 °C did not differ from the standard (0 days), showing values of 6.03 nmol carbonyl/mg protein after 12 months of storage. Samples under freezing at −6 °C for 12 months presented an increase in psychrotrophic count. This behaviour was not observed in the samples stored at −12 and −18 °C. Considering the different analyzes, the maximum storage period was 6 days at 4 °C, 8 months at –6 and –12 °C and at least 12 months storage at –18 °C.

The search for sustainable fuels has become important for the development of energy generation in balance with the environment. Brazil has climatic conditions and a vast territory for the production of forest biomass. The research produced in the laboratory determines the gravimetric yield, upper calorific value, percentages of fixed carbon, volatile and ashes of the charcoals of bamboo species: Bambusa vulgaris var vittatta, Dendrocalamus asper and Phyllostachys pubescens. For the carbonization process, small pieces of bamboo were obtained, were dried in the stove at 100°C for 24 hours, the dried mass was weighed and added in a carbonizer heated to 150°C for 45 minutes, heated to 180°C for 45 minutes and heated to 210°C for 30 minutes, this charcoal was then cooled and weighed to calculate the gravimetric yield. The samples were pulverized in a pot mill, the upper calorific value in a calorimeter was determined. The volatile, fixed carbon and ash contents were determined according to the Brazilian MB-15 method. The results obtained for the species B. vittatta, D. asper and P. pubescens, were respectively: gravimetric yield 44.08%, 42.77% and 47.09%; calorific value 28.806kJ/g, 29.075kJ/g and 28.489kJ/g; percentage of fixed carbon 62.1%, 66.09% and 57.8%; percentage of volatiles 35.89%, 30.92% and 40.4%; ash percentage 2.01%, 2.99% and 1.8%. It was observed that the D. asper specie presented better results in the general context of the analysis carried out because, despite presenting a slightly lower gravimetric yield, it presented the higher calorific value and higher fixed carbons content.

As primeiras escolas florestais foram criadas na Europa Ocidental em meados do Século XVIII. Ao final do Século XIX, a Educação Florestal foi estruturada para intervir nos ecossistemas florestais e garantir a gestão sustentável de seus recursos. Assim, a cadeia florestal avançou na busca por soluções de maior valor e qualidade, incluindo os produtos florestais nos currículos educacionais. No Século XX, a Educação em Madeira foi concebida para abordar a madeira e seu processamento. Então, este artigo teve como objetivo examinar, nos cenários global e brasileiro, a Educação Florestal e a Educação em Madeira para compreender suas características, cronologias e perspectivas. Extensivas consultas em websites de universidades e literaturas científicas foram conduzidas para assegurar a informação necessária para suportar as discussões. Os cursos de graduação em Educação Florestal e em Madeira têm sido intitulados por diferentes designações, onde as nomenclaturas generalistas são frequentes nas áreas de silvicultura e os nomes mais específicos são comuns nos campos da madeira. A Educação Florestal se iniciou na Europa e se espalhou pelo mundo durante dois séculos, surgindo no Brasil em meados do Século XX. A partir de modernas tecnologias industriais, a Educação em Madeira foi desenvolvida no Hemisfério Norte e se espalhou globalmente ao longo de um século até a sua inserção no Brasil ao final do Século XX. Um declínio estudantil tem sido observado globalmente nessas carreiras, razões pelas quais novos estímulos e políticas são requeridos por uma sociedade ávida pelos bioprodutos sustentáveis e genuinamente preocupada com as questões ambientais.

Introduccion. En la mayoria de los sistemas de salud como EPS y hospitales del mundo, se produce una serie de errores entre los cuales estan los de prescripcion por ilegibilidad de la letra de los medicos, que es un riesgo importante, asi como las recetas incompletas, la interpretacion de datos de forma incorrecta por parte del sistema de despacho de medicinas, y las demoras para recibir nuevamente las recetas que anteriormente han sido formuladas. Las complejidades del proceso de prescripcion de recetas medicas, junto con otros factores del paciente, proveedor y sistema de salud, estan entre las razones que explican por que el uso de medicamentos en pacientes de edad avanzada es con frecuencia inapropiado. Objetivo. La presente investigacion tiene como objetivo muestra un modelo tipo framework el cual se enmarca en el contexto de ciudades emergentes, a traves del cual los sistemas de informacion permiten mejorar los puntos de atencion de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud, reduciendo drasticamente los errores de prescripciones. Materiales y metodos. Se utilizaron etiquetas NFC para la identificacion de los pacientes, y dispositivos moviles para la asignacion y comprobacion de las prescripciones medicas. Conclusion. El framework proporciona prescripciones legibles, de acceso unico de cada paciente a su prescripcion medica, prolongacion de una receta medica por parte del medico, ademas de recibir atenciones rapidas en las farmacias de los centros de salud.

The aim of the present study was to investigate adhesion and biofilm formation on boning knife (new and used; handle – polyethylene and blade – stainless steel) surfaces to evaluate the efficiency of different concentrations of biguanide, peracetic acid and hot water (82.2 °C) in the removal of attached Escherichia coli cells on these surfaces. The bacteria presented an ability of biofilm formation in vitro , being weakly and moderately adherent after 6 h and 24 h respectively. Results showed that the bacterial adhesion increased with the time in both surfaces evaluated (handle and blade). Biofilm formation (1 × 10 3 CFU/cm 2 ) occurred after 6 h of contact time on the handles (new and used surfaces) and blades (new surface). A lower concentration (0.2%) of peracetic acid was efficient in removing adhered cells for 6 h on new and used surfaces. Hot water, typically used in industries, also proved to be efficient in most of the contact times evaluated. It was possible to observe that surface roughness increased with the bacterial adhesion. In this way, hot water with peracetic acid seems to be a promising treatment for the removal of E. coli from boning knives.

The building technique of light wooden framing, i.e., woodframe, represents a great innovative goal of construction, due to the very efficient levels of rationalization of material, operational flexibility and productive agility. In addition, excessive use of natural materials of renewable character in the woodframes, as the wood of planted forests, contributes to sustainability, a desired factor in most modern homes. In recent years, Latin American countries have suffered from the constant housing deficit, which destroys the possibilities of the first property by the neediest populations. Therefore, it is necessary to propagate studies, research and information on industrialized housing construction techniques, such as woodframe. This study focused on the exhibition by a state of the art of this innovative wooden housing typology, emphasizing its advantages, importance, types, and its current panorama in the regions in development stage, such as Latin American countries. Currently, the woodframe is known as a modern wooden residential technique, and it is conquering the public of all kind of economic classes, because of its innovation, lightness, competitive costs, and also by the efficient levels of sustainability, cleanness, assembly time, and rationalization of raw materials.

Resumen Se analiza la representatividad de las viviendas hechas en madera, en Brasil, indicando el porcentaje de cada técnica cons tructiva según la oferta de las empresas evaluadas. Los porcentajes que evidencian la frecuencia de utilización de las téc nicas de construcción en madera fueron medidos por medio de dos metodologías aplicadas en las empresas: encuesta por entrevistas personales a sus propietarios y búsqueda de datos en sus sitios web. El método de encuestas por entrevistas evaluó 107 empresas brasileñas, y el de búsqueda en los sitios web alcanzó 207 empresas; se consiguió 50,95 y 98,57%, respectivamente, de la población estimada. A pesar de esta diferencia, ambos métodos demostraron un escenario similar. Las entrevistas presentaron mayores costos de aplicación. Las técnicas contemporáneas están disponibles en más del 90% de los productores brasileros. Las casas de tablas horizontales clavadas y las casas de tablas horizontales entre pilares fueron las que tuvieron mayores ofertas. Abstract This paper analyzes the representativeness of timber housing in Brazil, identifying the percentage of construction techniques offered by each evaluated company. Percentages that evidence the frequency of use of wooden building techniques were measured using two methods applied in the companies: survey through face-to-face interviews with owners and data search on their websites. The survey through interviews evaluated 107 Brazilian companies, while the data search included 207 companies, obtaining 50.95%and 98.57%of the estimated population, respectively. In spite of this difference, both meth ods showed a similar scenario. Interviews evidenced higher application costs. Contemporary techniques are available in more than 90% of Brazilian constructors. Houses with nailed horizontal boards and houses with horizontal wooden boards between columns were offered the most. Resumo Neste artigo, é analisada a representatividade das moradias feitas em madeira no Brasil por meio da indicação da porcen tagem de cada técnica construtiva segundo a oferta das empresas avaliadas. As porcentagens que evidenciam a freqüência de utilização das técnicas de construção em madeira foram medidas mediante duas metodologias aplicadas nas empresas: entrevistas pessoais a seus proprietários e busca de dados em sites. O método de entrevistas pessoais avaliou 107 empresas brasileiras, e a busca nos sites atingiu 207 empresas; foram alcançados 50,95 e 98,57%, respectivamente, da população estimada. Apesar dessa diferença, ambos os métodos demonstraram um cenário semelhante. As entrevistas apresentaram maiores custos de aplicação. As técnicas contemporâneas estão disponíveis em mais de 90 % dos produtores brasileiros. As casas de tábuas horizontais pregadas e as casas de tábuas horizontais entre pilares foram as que mais tiveram ofertas.

Due to the high dimensional variation of bamboo, the manufacturing of materials such as plywood and laminated bamboo produces a high amount of residues. The production of particleboards could be used to overcome this problem and become a viable solution to reuse the generated waste as a raw material to high value-added products. This study aimed to present an overview of the bamboo particleboard production, as well as the mechanical and physical properties of this material, followed by a review of the advances in its research and development. In general, independently of the resin or bamboo species utilization, several bamboo particleboards meet the mechanical properties requirements of international standards for wood-based medium-density particleboards. The main focus of this study is to provide a review, in order to support research groups interested in using new bamboo-based materials for the development of manufactured durable products. RESUMO Devido à grande variação dimensional do bambu, a produção de materiais como compensados e laminados produz grande quantidade de resíduos. A produção de painéis particulados poderia ser utilizada para superar este problema e tornar-se uma solução viável na reutilização dos resíduos gerados como matéria-prima para produtos de alto valor agregado. Objetivou-se apresentar uma visão geral sobre a produção de painéis particulados de bambu, assim como suas propriedades mecânicas e físicas, acompanhada por uma revisão dos avanços em sua pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Em geral, independentemente da resina ou espécie de bamboo utilizadas, diversos painéis particulados de bambu atendem os requisitos de normas internacionais para painéis particulados de média densidade à base de madeira. O foco principal deste trabalho é fornecer uma revisão para apoiar grupos de pesquisa interessados em utilizar novos materiais à base de bambu para o desenvolvimento de produtos manufaturados duráveis.

In the current competitive market, production efficiency and product quality are prioritized by the whole industry. Machinery characterization is an understudied topic, particularly in those sectors focused on basic raw material production, processing, and/or heavy industrialization. For this reason, the wooden housing sector requires evaluation to identify its mechanical potential and support future policies dealing with industrial development. This study aimed to identify the equipment and machinery from Brazilian timber housing producers. Such a sectoral study involved individual personal data collection by way of face-to-face interviews. Sampled producers were asked about equipment/machinery size, drying process availability, and the range of overall obsolescence from these devices. Thus, tools, portable machines, and medium-sized machinery exhibited the highest popularities, revealing a lower industrial level. Most of these producers do not have machined drying processes because of the demand for static infrastructures. The low obsolescence was a result of the greater utilization of compact equipment, which is easier to replace because of its low cost. Lower-cost machinery could also stimulate in the creation of new businesses for this sector.

Wood is a natural material with great variability in its mechanical properties. This study analyzed the effectiveness of the impulse excitation technique (IET) to characterize the stiffness of 10-year-old Eucalyptus grandis wood at three different heights of 3 m, 6 m, and 9 m from the bottom (height A, B, and C, respectively). A nondestructive testing method—excitation impulse, using Sonelastic® PC-based technology—and a destructive static bending test were used. The mean value for the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending was 16.4 GPa and in IET the value was 16.6 GPa. The average values for MOE in static bending were 14.8 GPa at height A, 17.9 GPa at height B, and 17.0 GPa at height C, demonstrating that the greater the height in the trunk of the tree the greater its modulus of elasticity. The correlation equation between static MOE and dynamic MOE was MOESTAT = 0.743.MOEDYN + 4.0983, with the coefficient of determination of R² = 0.85.

Among the nutrients involved in the chicken diet, the microminerals deserve attention as they exert essential functions in the organism. These compounds can be provided in inorganic (traditional) and organic (chelate) forms. In organic form, the micromimerals can attend a new concept related to a better bio-availability. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the partial and total substitution of inorganic by organic sources of microminerals on the animal diet, assessing its concentration in the blood and liver after 21 and 40 days and also in the bones after 40 days. Moreover, the effect on the physical-chemical and sensory characteristics of the muscle after 15 days of storage at 4°C was also evaluated. The animals were divided into five treatments: 100% inorganic, 70% inorganic and 30% organic, 50% inorganic and 50% organic, 30% inorganic and 70% organic and 100% organic-chelate. It is shown that the use of organic sources of microminerals in the diet of poultry induced to an increase of its concentrations in the blood and liver, with no significant alterations in the compositions of bones, compared to the use of inorganic sources. Feed formulated using 50% of organic minerals and 50% of inorganic minerals led to similar results. The diet with organic minerals or mixture with inorganic sources results in a low lipid oxidation in the drumsticks stored at 4°C for 15 days, in comparison with those using only inorganic minerals. No sensory alterations were observed for all different treatments.

This research aimed to produce and determine physical and mechanical properties of three-layered particleboard produced with Pinussp. wood particlesand three different times of press, i.e., 3, 5 and 7 minutes. Recommendations of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14810 [1] were adopted to fundament physical and mechanical tests. The properties evaluated were the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in static bending; internal bond; thickness swelling; water absorption; moisture content and apparent density.The mean values showed, for the physical properties, that all the panels manufactured achievedthe requirements of theBrazilian standard, and for mechanical properties, only the panelsmanufacturedwith 7minutesofpressing timemet therequirements. From the Tukey test results, timesof the pressingcycleinfluencedsignificantlyin allinvestigatedphysical and mechanicalproperties, showed better results the panels madewithseven minutesof the pressingcycle, implyingthat the time ofseven minutesof the pressingcycle is thebest among theinvestigatedperiodsin the manufactureofparticleboard.

The objective of the present work was to study the use of bamboo foils as structural reinforcement for MDP wooden panels. Four wooden panels of homogeneous layer were produced using particles of GT1 and RRIM 600 clones ofHevea brasiliensis(rubber tree), and glued with urea-formaldehyde resin (UF). These panels were also overlaid with foils ofPhyllostachys edulis(mossô bamboo). The tests were realized to evaluate the physical-mechanical characterization according to European standards (EN). The production of the particleboards with reinforcement of bamboo improves the physical-mechanical characteristics of these commercial wooden panels.

These research objectives the development and evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of a hybrid composite manufactured epoxy resin reinforced by Eucalipto sp. wood sawdust and treated piassava fibers. The evaluated properties were modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending, water absorption after 24 hours, porosity and apparent density. Three factors with two levels was evaluated: thickness (3 mm and 4 mm), volumetric resin fraction (45% and 50%) and the use or not of laminate piassava fibers reinforcement, leading to a factorial design of 23 type. Were manufactured four panels, two with 50% and two with 55% of resin, using casting method. For the physical and mechanical properties obtained, the better conditions were the one that uses 50% of epoxy resin, 55% sawdust mass fraction and with the use of laminated piassava fibers reinforcement. The thickness was not statistically significant in obtaining the properties evaluated.

This research aimed to evaluate the influence of storage time (0, 96 hours) ofPinus elliottiipieces and the tests to obtaining modulus of elasticity (static bending and transversal vibration) in glued laminated timber beams, produced with resorcinol based adhesive and 0.8 MPa compaction pressure. After pieces were properly prepared, part of them was used in immediate three manufacturing glulam beams, tested after adhesive cure, and part stored for 96 hours under a roof with a temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 60% for subsequent manufacturing and testing three other glulam beams. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the storage period was significant influence in modulus of elasticity obtained in static bending test (8% reduction from 0 to 96 hours). This not occurred with modulus of elasticity obtained by transversal vibration test (no significant influence). ANOVA results showed equivalence of means in both test procedures.

O setor da construção civil é hoje considerado não somente o maior consumidor de recursos e energia, mas também o maior gerador de resíduos nos centros urbanos. Uma reformulação no setor faz-se necessária para a melhoria dos processos de produção e prevenção dos efeitos da poluição. Estas mudanças são essenciais para que se desenvolvam tecnologias construtivas mais limpas e mais eficientes, que reduzam os impactos ao meio ambiente através de um uso mais racional dos recursos naturais (com menor consumo energético e diminuição dos resíduos gerados), minimizando o desperdício de matéria-prima já escassas. Este trabalho foi realizado a partir de dados coletados em 10 serrarias que processam madeira serrada de pinus na região administrativa de Sorocaba. Nesta região concentra-se atualmente o maior potencial madeireiro do Estado de São Paulo, 42,3% de toda a área de florestas plantadas do Estado, sendo também o maior centro produtor de pinus do Estado, com 58,5%. Esses dados foram convertidos para o cálculo do consumo energético no processamento do eucalipto. Dada a relevância do consumo de energia e a quantidade de entulhos gerados pelo setor da construção civil, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar, dentro da cadeia produtiva da madeira serrada, o consumo energético e os resíduos gerados na produção de componentes construtivos utilizados em painéis de vedação para casas de madeira. Foram analisadas peças de seções comerciais utilizadas em três tipos diferentes de painéis. Dois destes sistemas pré-fabricados, executados na cidade de São Carlos - SP, possuem sistema estrutural em madeira serrada de eucalipto com paredes duplas de pinus. Um deles possui na face interna, lambri e, na externa, deck horizontal, enquanto o outro sistema construtivo possui na face interna, lambri e, na face externa, tábua mata-junta. O terceiro sistema de vedação, construído em Campos do Jordão - SP, é composto por estrutura em pórticos de madeira serrada de pinus com paredes externas de fechamento duplo de lambri de 2,2 cm de espessura. A parede interna é simples com apenas uma camada de lambri de igual espessura. O consumo de energia foi medido para cada tipologia de painel construído, calculando-se o número de operações de corte e a potência de cada equipamento envolvido. Os resíduos gerados foram obtidos a partir do cálculo da área de material particulado removido. O índice de desempenho energético foi aferido em kWh por metro quadrado de painel (energia) e em metros cúbicos por metro quadrado de painel (resíduo). Estes resultados poderão vir a ser comparados com diferentes materiais de construção utilizados em sistemas de vedação, assim como fornecer informações para análise do grau de sustentabilidade na produção de um edifício de madeira em relação ao consumo energético. The civil construction sector today is considered not only the greatest consumer of material and energy resources in urban centres, but also a major generator of waste. The sector needs a reformulation for the improvement of production and for the prevention of pollution. It is therefore essential to consider cleaner and more efficient technological processes, i. e., to decrease environmental impacts through a more rational use of resources (with lower consumption of energy anbd less production-related waste), minimizing the squandering of scarce resources. The study reported on here was based on data collected from ten pine sawmills in the region of Sorocaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. This region currently possesses the greatest potential for sawed wood in the state of São Paulo, 42.3% of all the forest planted in State, and is the state\'s largest pinewood producer, about 58.5%. Those datas were also aplicated to calculate the energy consumed for sawn eucalyptus pieces. Given the relevance of energy consumption and the quantity of produced rubbish by the construction sector, the purpose of this work is to analyse the consumption of energy and the produced waste in the productive cycle of boards for wooden housing, from the cutting stage, processing, and prefabrication of componentes to the assembly of wall panels. This study involved wooden boards of commercial dimensions applied in three different types of panelling in three buildings. Two of theseprefabricated systems, executed in the city of São Carlos, have a structural system made of sawn eucalyptus wood with double walls of pine. One of them is lined internally with wainscoting and externally with horizontal decking, while the other system has internal wainscotting and external match boarding. The third system, built in Campos de Jordão, is composed of a structural framework of sawed pine, with external double shutter walls of 2.2 mm match boarding and simple internal walls consisting of a single layer of 2.2 mm thick match boarding. The consumption of energy was measured for each kind of board produced, calculated from the number of cutting operations and the power of each machines involved. The produced waste was calculated by the area of removed particulate material. The energy performance index were expressed in kWh consumed per square meter of wood panel produced (enegy) and in m3 produced per square meter of wood panel produced (waste). These data will serve as the basis for a comparison with various types of construction materials used in wall systems (concrete, brick and others), and provide information for the analysis of the sustainability of wooden construction systems from the standpoint of energy consumption.

Os produtos manufaturados em madeira são fundamentais para a sociedade moderna, visto que os mesmos são fabricados a partir de matéria-prima renovável e reciclável, caracterizando um insumo sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em elucidar a importância da madeira de florestas plantadas na manufatura de produtos florestais com maior valor agregado, abordando os contextos florestais e madeireiros de tópicos relacionados à educação, recursos, produtos, indústrias, incentivos estatais, políticas públicas e mercado. Verificou-se que o Brasil, diferente da Europa, não estimula favoravelmente esse importante setor industrial, que ainda assim apresenta potencial de crescimento em função da diversidade de produtos à base de madeira. Desse modo, a madeira poderá alcançar um lugar de destaque na economia do País, se estratégias e incentivos forem definidos por meio de normas e políticas públicas.

The objective of this study was to investigate Listeria monocytogenes adhesion in new and used polyethylene cutting board surfaces and evaluate its removal using different sanitizers (peracetic acid, chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite and organic acids). Results showed that the number of adhered cells increased with time on both surfaces evaluated. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between new and used polyethylene surfaces were observed on the adhesion of microorganism. Treatments with the peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite sanitizers were very effective to inactivate attached L. monocytogenes on the polyethylene cutting board, avoiding the possible formation of biofilms at all contact times studied. Other sanitizers did not succeed in inhibiting completely the pathogen in the maximum concentration (2.0 %) after 24 h of bacterial growth for both surfaces (chlorohexidine), 3 h of bacterial growth on new and 6 h on used surfaces (organic acid). The results indicate that peracetic acid and a sodium hypochlorite treatment present a better method to remove microbial contamination on the surfaces of cutting boards.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of bamboo laminas of the species Dendrocalamus giganteus to three-layer medium density particleboard (MDP). These laminas were glued onto both the top and the bottom of each panel. With the manufactured panels laminated with bamboo, mechanical tests based on the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 14810 were carried out to determine the modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending and the tensile strength parallel-to-surface. These mechanical tests were realized in particleboards of eucalyptus and in reinforced particleboard, both produced in the laboratory. The modulus of rupture and tensile strength parallel-to-surface of the laminated MDP had values close to those that have been reported. The reinforcements increased the values of these studied properties. Nevertheless, this fact indicated the possibility to produce a stronger MDP using bamboo lamina as surface layers. These results show the possibility of using coated-bamboo MDP for utilization in large spans, for example, in flooring for mezzanines with finish on both sides, and for robust furniture as bookshelves, beds, tables, etc.

The study aimed to analyze the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (Em), based on static bending tests, in different spans and confirm that it’s necessary adopt as 21 the ratio between span and height of the cross section of the specimen to turn no significant the influence of shear stress on vertical deflection. So, simplified equation to determine Emcan be employed. Specimens ofPinus elliottiivar.elliottiiandPinus elliottiivar. elliottii×Pinus cariabeaehondurensis(hybrid), came from Itapeva region, São Paulo State, Brazil, were considered. Bending tests were conducted in Labs of Experimental Campus Itapeva, UNESP, adapting recommendations of Brazilian Code ABNT NBR 7190. Twelve specimens of each species were tested. The trend lines for the plotted graphics showed clearly a nonlinear behavior until the neighborhood of ratio 21 and no expressive variations after this point, confirming that normative recommendations are correct.