1,378 results on '"Ideals (Philosophy)"'
Search Results
2. Virtuous People and Moral Reasons.
- Author
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Annas, Julia
- Subjects
VIRTUE ethics ,EUDAIMONISM ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,CONDUCT of life ,VALUES (Ethics) - Abstract
Do we have a unified pre-theoretical concept of morality? This paper makes a start on the larger argument that we do not, by countering criticisms of virtue ethics on the ground that it does not adequately capture such a pre-theoretical concept. One criticism is discussed and met, namely that the reasons on which virtuous people act fail to have the special force of moral reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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3. Opaque Options.
- Author
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Kowalczyk, Kacper and Penn, Aidan B.
- Subjects
OPACITY (Linguistics) ,ETHICS ,DEONTOLOGICAL ethics ,DECISION theory ,IDEALS (Philosophy) - Abstract
Moral options are permissions to do less than best, impartially speaking. In this paper, we investigate the challenge of reconciling moral options with the ideal of justifiability to each individual. We examine ex-post and ex-ante views of moral options and show how they might conflict with this ideal in single-choice and sequential-choice cases, respectively. We consider some ways of avoiding this conflict in sequential-choice cases, showing that they face significant problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A multilevel integrated model of-i-deals, job embeddedness and individual and group level turnover
- Author
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Singh, Satvir
- Published
- 2021
5. Emanuele Severino and the lógos of téchne: an introduction.
- Author
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Pitari, Paolo
- Subjects
SELF-consciousness (Awareness) ,MEANINGLESSNESS (Philosophy) ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,BELIEF & doubt - Abstract
Following Heidegger, Severino called 'technology' the lógos that interprets the world according to our fundamental belief in téchne. He considered Giacomo Leopardi to be the only thinker who brought this ideology to its logical conclusion: if we can transform the world, then everything is meaningless. We try to escape this conclusion, but if Severino is right, we cannot. His philosophy thus reminds us that we still aren't aware of the fundamental meaning of our beliefs. Confronting its arguments may help us become more self-aware and, perhaps, even move us to question the unquestionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The paradoxical perfection of perfectibilité: from Rousseau to Condorcet.
- Author
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Scott, John T.
- Subjects
PERFECTION ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,HUMAN beings - Abstract
Rousseau coined the term perfectibilité to name what he claimed was the faculty that distinguished human beings from other animals. Although Rousseau himself largely associated perfectibility with the tendency of the human race to become corrupt, later thinkers adopted his term but then transformed it into a concept denoting the human capacity for progress. This article has two goals. The first goal is to analyse Rousseau's discussion of perfectibilité in order to identify a specifically Rousseauean of perfectibilité. I identify three related features of Rousseau's perfectibilité: the ambiguous status of both instinct and freedom, the unique malleability of human nature, and the fact that perfectibilité operates on both the levels of the individual and the species. The second goal is to examine the transformation of this specifically Rousseauean conception in the thought of one of the thinker largely responsible for giving it a very different direction, Condorcet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. N Sequence Prime Ideals.
- Author
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Ahmad, Hemin A. and Hummadi, Parween A.
- Subjects
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IDEALS (Philosophy) , *PAPER - Abstract
In this paper, the concepts of n-sequence prime ideal and n-sequence quasi prime ideal are introduced. Some properties of such ideals are investigated. The relations between n-sequence prime ideal and each of primary ideal, n-prime ideal, quasi prime ideal, strongly irreducible ideal, and (k, m) closed ideal, are studied. Also, the ideals of a principal ideal domain are classified into quasi prime ideals and n- sequence quasi prime ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Is Ideal Theory Anarchic?
- Author
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Carroll, Jeffrey
- Subjects
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IDEALS (Philosophy) , *IDEAL type (Sociology) , *SOCIAL order , *POLITICAL philosophy , *POLITICAL participation - Abstract
There has been an uptick in attention paid to institutional questions in ideal theory. The fundamental question concerns whether the ideal social world would include a state. The answer turns on how one models the ideal social world. I identify three parameters of such a model and show that there is no a priori answer to the aforementioned question. It depends, in part, on whether there exist political disputes—or "friction"—between the agents in the model. What generates this friction? Pace a series of recent arguments that suggest the generation of political friction comes from the presence of injustice, I argue that it is actually political diversity or pluralism that produces the types of disagreements relevant to the justification of the state. Injustice is merely one potential source of disagreement and only generates "friction" when there are also just agents in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. CHINESE THING-METAPHOR: TRANSLATING MATERIAL QUALITIES TO SPIRITUAL IDEALS.
- Author
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Tsaiyi Wu
- Subjects
- *
SPIRITUALISM , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *METAPHOR , *EMOTIONS , *MATERIALISM - Abstract
The article offers information on translating material qualities to spiritual ideals with respect to Chinese thing-metaphor. Topics discussed include Romantic metaphor with the Chinese poetic device xing; relationship between "tenor" and "vehicle" in metaphor transfigured to bear the human meaning, and feeling and scene. more...
- Published
- 2020
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10. Kant's Character-Based Account of Moral Weakness and Strength.
- Author
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Hildebrand, Carl
- Subjects
KANTIAN ethics ,VIRTUE ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,SYMPATHY ,THEORY of knowledge - Abstract
The standard account of Kantian moral weakness fails to provide a psychologically realistic account of moral improvement. It assumes that moral strength is simply a matter of volitional resolve and weakness is a lack of resolve. This leaves the path to moral improvement unclear. In this paper, I reconstruct an alternative character-based account of Kantian moral weakness and strength. On this account, moral strength is the possession of sympathy and self-knowledge, key practical-epistemic virtues from Kant's Doctrine of Virtue, and moral weakness is a lack of these virtues. This identifies moral strength with a high degree of development, integrity, or fitness in one's character, and not merely an ability to somehow try harder. It also resolves an exegetical puzzle concerning the change of heart in Kant's Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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11. A STRATIFIED THEORY OF VALUE.
- Author
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DONISE, ANNA
- Subjects
VALUES (Ethics) ,VALUATION ,REALISM ,MORAL relativism ,IDEALS (Philosophy) - Abstract
Contemporary reflection on the concept of value oscillates between positions that advocate absolutist realism and positions that propose total relativism. The present paper aims to distance itself from these two ways of reading the topic, rejecting any monolithic conception, and proposing a stratified theory of value. Beginning with an analysis of values that differentiates them from both "goods" and "valuations," the author outlines an understanding of value that must be investigated in its multiple, interconnected layers. The stratification starts from the role of the emotional sphere and comes down to a formal and absolute conception of the concept. The goal of the paper is to outline the different levels of validity of each proposed layer, which must be recognized and differentiated, with the aim of also capturing the difficulties and ambiguities that characterize the transition from one level to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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12. THE NORMATIVITY OF POSSIBILITIES AND IDEALS.
- Author
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Blanchard, Tvsi
- Subjects
- *
NORMATIVITY (Ethics) , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *JEWISH law , *GOD , *JEWS - Abstract
The article discusses the normativity of possibilities and ideals and discusses views of author Arthur Jacobson. Topics include the Jewish law piece by considering the topic of lifnim mi-shurat ha-din; the experience of the Jewish people and its relationship to God; and Christoph Moellers' contribution to the discussion of normativity. more...
- Published
- 2019
13. Bridging Ideal and Non-Ideal Theory.
- Author
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Volacu, Alexandru
- Subjects
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IDEALS (Philosophy) , *POLITICAL philosophy , *NORMATIVITY (Ethics) , *FEASIBILITY studies , *JUSTICE , *VALUES (Ethics) , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) - Abstract
Many of the recent methodological debates within political theory have focused on the ideal/non-ideal theory distinction. While ideal theorists recognise the need to develop an account of the transition between the two levels of theorising, no general proposal has been advanced thus far. In this article, I aim to bridge this conceptual gap. Towards this end, I first reconstruct the ideal/non-ideal theory distinction within a simplified two-dimensional framework, which captures the primary meanings usually attributed to it. Subsequently, I use this framework to provide an algorithm for the bidirectional transition between ideal and non-ideal theory, based on the incremental derivation of normative models. The approach outlined illuminates the various ways in which principles derived under highly idealised assumptions might be distorted by the circumstances of our current world and illustrates the various paths which we can pursue in moving from our current state of the world to an ideal one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2018
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14. Constructivism, Strict Compliance, and Realistic Utopianism.
- Author
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Laurence, Ben
- Subjects
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IDEALS (Philosophy) , *SOCIAL theory , *REASONING , *PROBABILITY theory , *THEORY of knowledge - Abstract
The article presents the author's views regarding the political philosophy and theory of justice. The author argues on the different conceptions about ideal and nonideal theory as well as its distinction. An overview on the operation of strict compliance theory to regulate society, individuals and compliance of institutions in the requirement of ideal theory, is also provided. more...
- Published
- 2018
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15. Ethical Idealism : An Inquiry into the Nature and Function of Ideals
- Author
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RESCHER, NICHOLAS and RESCHER, NICHOLAS
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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16. Unfounding the Ideal Victim: Does Christie's Ideal Victim Explain Police Response to Intimate Partner Sexual Assault?
- Author
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Taylor, Steven M.
- Subjects
IDEALS (Philosophy) ,POLICE response time ,INTIMATE partner violence ,SEXUAL assault ,LEGAL status of sexual abuse victims ,POLICE ,HUMAN sexuality ,CRIME victims ,SEX crimes ,SEXUAL partners - Abstract
Nils Christie's (1986) ideal victim is said to receive "complete and legitimate status as a victim." Many victims of intimate partner sexual assault (IPSA), are not given this status, resulting in their cases being unfounded. The current study evaluates 16 years of reported IPSA cases (n = 1,558) in a large municipal police department in the midwestern United States. Through multivariate logistic regression this study evaluates which factors lead a reported IPSA case to be unfounded. Further, it examines how the IPSA victim fits into the concept of the ideal victim. The results indicate that several variables representing the ideal victim criteria are influence in unfounding IPSA cases; however, many are the opposite of what might be expected based on Christie's work. Results further indicate that race (victim race, detective race, racial composition of district) has a substantial impact on IPSA cases being unfounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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17. The Textual Afterlives of Utopia: Titles Published in China and Taiwan Since 2016.
- Author
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Yi-Chun Liu
- Subjects
- *
UTOPIAS , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *PUBLISHING - Abstract
The article talks about publications in China and Taiwan in the years 2016 and the first semester of 2017, on the topic of Utopia. Topics discussed include the concept of Utopia representing the ideal, and thirteen books on the subject being published in China while three books were published in Taiwan during the time period. more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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18. Historical Moments of Friendship Ideals: David & Jonathan, Montaigne, Adam Smith.
- Author
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Silver, Allan
- Subjects
- *
FRIENDSHIP , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *RENAISSANCE , *HISTORY - Abstract
Modern theory and culture distinguish between utility, interest, instrumentality, and calculative relations on the one hand, and those of friendship, centered on sincere intimacy and trustful self-disclosure, on the other. However, personal gain and intense friendship were highly compatible in many historical settings. The disinterested 'pure gift' is a heroic, exceptional ideal before it becomes a secular ideal of personal friendship in modern bureaucratic and market societies. Drawing on historical examples from the Hebrew bible, the European Renaissance, the onset of civil society in the eighteenth century, and material on modern friendship ideals, this article seeks to recapture conceptually the historical compatibility of gain and interest with friendship and its contrast with modern criteria of moral worth in friendship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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19. Artistic Objectivity: From Ruskin's 'Pathetic Fallacy' to Creative Receptivity.
- Author
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Lichtenstein, Eli I
- Subjects
PERSONIFICATION in literature ,ARTISTS ,METHODOLOGICAL individualism ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,AESTHETICS - Abstract
While the idea of art as self-expression can sound old-fashioned, it remains widespread—especially if the relevant 'selves' can be social collectives, not just individual artists. But self-expression can collapse into individualistic or anthropocentric self-involvement. And compelling successor ideals for artists are not obvious. In this light, I develop a counter-ideal of creative receptivity to basic features of the external world, or artistic objectivity. Objective artists are not trying to express themselves or reach collective self-knowledge. However, they are also not disinterested or emotionless. They can be unmoved by personal feelings and human concerns, but they are still receptive—just attuned to the more elemental forces that creatively inspire them. I elaborate this ideal in dialogue with John Ruskin's influential critique of the pathetic fallacy. By contextualizing Ruskin's view vis-à-vis Romantic and Modernist poetics, post-Kantian aesthetics, modern environmental art, and contemporary theories of expressiveness, I show how it indirectly motivates my account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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20. Die Schwäbische Hausfrau-sparsam, sorgfältig und innovativ.
- Author
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Herzog, Markwart
- Subjects
- *
HOUSEWIVES , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *SCARCITY , *SUSTAINABLE construction , *CONSTRUCTION materials , *CONFERENCES & conventions , *HISTORY ,SOCIAL aspects - Abstract
The article presents a report from an October 4-5, 2016 conference on the history of Swabian housewives hosted by the Schwabenakademie Irsee college and the Heimatpflege des Bezirks Schwaben cultural preservation society. Topics of presentations delivered include 19th-century ideals of rural housewives, social aspects of economic scarcity and plenty, and historical sustainability of wood as a construction material. more...
- Published
- 2016
21. Kant's World-State Ideal and its Provisional Surrogates.
- Author
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ÁRON, TELEGDI-CSETRI
- Subjects
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IDEALS (Philosophy) , *COSMOPOLITANISM , *RIGHTS , *LEGAL discourse - Abstract
The paper discusses the place and meaning of Kant's cosmopolitanism, more specifically, of his theory of cosmopolitan right and of a world state, while maintaining a dialogue with modern interpretations concerning these, ones that aim at developing their own theories of cosmopolitanism in a Kantian spirit. The world state is seen as an unattainable ideal, whereas provisionality, an idea borrowed from the Doctrine of Right, is reconstructed as the best model of the status of transnational institutions as seen by Kant. Furthermore, an alternative to permanent provisionality (i.e., a chance for progress) is suggested in the idea of an ultra-minimal world-state as a place of public legal discourse that grounds a sanctioned legal order, thus approximating an ontologically strict idea of (cosmopolitan) politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
22. Impartiality, Priority, and Justice: The Veil of Ignorance Reconsidered.
- Author
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Moehler, Michael
- Subjects
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IDEALS (Philosophy) , *FAIRNESS , *PRIORITY (Philosophy) , *JUSTICE (Philosophy) , *IGNORANCE (Law) , *REASONING - Abstract
The article discusses the relationship between the moral ideal of impartiality based on the veil of ignorance and the position of prioritarianism. It argues a study that aims to provide a more detailed analysis of the relationship among impartiality, priority, justice, and the veil of ignorance based on the assumption that justice is prioritarian. The author's argument shows that the non-prioritarian conclusions reached by many theories of justice rely on complex reasoning. more...
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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23. Imagining an ‘ideal school’: an approach for reflecting on principals’ educational creed.
- Author
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Zur, Ayala and Eisikovits, Rivka A.
- Subjects
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PHILOSOPHY of education , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *TEENAGERS , *SECONDARY education , *HEALTH facility design & construction , *MAPS , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *REFLECTION (Philosophy) , *SCHOOL administrators , *SCHOOL environment - Abstract
In this paper, we describe an approach to the study and development of school principals’ school creed. The approach and its underlying method are grounded in the phenomenological tradition, predominantly in the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty. School principals are asked to imagine an ideal school and present it both visually and verbally. We illustrate the potential of this process using one ideal school proposal developed by a high school principal in Israel. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the approach for research, theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] more...
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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24. MANAGING THE HIGH INTENSITY WORKPLACE.
- Author
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REID, ERIN and RAMARAJAN, LAKSHMI
- Subjects
WORK-life balance ,PROFESSIONAL employees ,WORKING hours ,JOB performance ,CORPORATE culture ,ORGANIZATIONAL behavior ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,LABOR productivity - Abstract
People today are under intense pressure to be “ideal workers”—totally committed to their jobs and always on call. But after interviewing hundreds of professionals in many fields, the authors have concluded that selfless dedication to work is often unnecessary and harmful. It has dysfunctional consequences not only for individuals but also for their organizations. The authors discuss three typical strategies for coping with demanding workplaces, and the risks associated with each: Accepting involves prioritizing the job above all else and remaining available 24/7. Because accepters fail to cultivate outside interests, they’re often slow to recover from professional setbacks. And they may be too focused on their own responsibilities to mentor others—a drawback for their organizations. Passing involves portraying oneself as an ideal worker while quietly pursuing a life beyond the office. But passers may feel isolated from their colleagues because they are hiding parts of themselves, and their perpetuation of the ideal-worker myth keeps the pressure on everyone.Revealing involves openly embracing nonwork commitments. Revealers may unwittingly put their careers at risk, however, and bosses who penalize them may drive away talent. So how can organizations build a healthier—and more productive—culture? Managers can act as role models by leading multifaceted lives themselves. They can reward employees for the quality and results of their work rather than the time put into it. And they can enforce reasonable work hours, require vacations, and take other steps to protect employees’ personal lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
25. Polish Awakening.
- Author
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Hershman, Robert
- Subjects
- *
POLISH people , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *GEOGRAPHY , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
This article comments on how the Poles interpret their own history as a struggle to remain loyal to Western ideals in the face of a tragic geography. They view the election of Pope John Paul II as payment for their loyalty, as recognition of their right to foreign attention. It offers background on the Polish economy and on the reach of the Polish Catholic Church. more...
- Published
- 1979
26. Can Rawls's Nonideal Theory Save his Ideal Theory?
- Author
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Hye Ryoung Kang
- Subjects
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IDEALS (Philosophy) , *GLOBALIZATION , *PHILOSOPHY , *JUSTICE - Abstract
Critical attention directed to John Rawls's ideal theory has in particular leveled three charges against it: first, its infeasibility; second, its inadequacy for providing normative guidance on actual injustices; and third, its insensitivity to the justice concerns of marginalized groups. Recently, advocates for Rawls's ideal theory have replied that problems arising at the stage of ideal theory can be addressed at the later stage of his nonideal theory. This article disputes that claim by arguing that although Rawls's nonideal theory provides a good answer to the infeasibility charge, it does not do so for the second and third charges. To argue for this thesis, I illustrate that nonideal theory in Rawls's Law of Peoples is unable to identify crucial injustices that emerge in the nonideal conditions of real world globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Against Ideal Guidance.
- Author
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Wiens, David
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL philosophy , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *SOCIAL sciences , *POLITICAL science , *JUSTICE , *IDEOLOGY , *EQUALITY & economics - Abstract
The prevailing wisdom among political philosophers claims that political ideals provide normative guidance for unjust and otherwise nonideal circumstances. This article has two objectives. The first is to develop a model of the logical relationship of moral evaluative considerations to feasibility considerations in the justification of normative political principles. The second is to use this model to demonstrate that political ideals are uninformative for the task of specifying the normative principles we should aim to satisfy amidst unjust or otherwise nonideal circumstances. The argument implies that social scientists have an essential contribution to make to the normative theoretical enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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28. Naming the Mystery: An Augustinian Ideal.
- Author
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Fitzgerald, Allan
- Subjects
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IDEALS (Philosophy) , *GOD , *MYSTERY , *THEOLOGY - Abstract
This article, by noticing Augustine's constant questioning, shows that he often talks about not knowing and about his need for God's help to know more. It is therefore better to see how he identifies the mystery than to focus on his answers, because he too recognizes his limits. His intellectual prowess can be seen more clearly when he "names the mystery" than by thinking that he has solved it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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29. Living in the Present.
- Author
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Wallage, Martijn
- Subjects
STOICISM ,PHILOSOPHICAL analysis ,IDEALS (Philosophy) - Abstract
This essay examines two conceptions of the ancient ideal of 'living in the present', one that may be called 'Platonic', suggested by a remark of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and one that may be called 'Stoic', developed by Pierre Hadot. On both conceptions, a life lived and considered in the right way is complete in the present, so that nothing is wanting. I introduce a problem concerning the coherence of this concept: Life involves movement, and movement is aimed at some completion in the future. How, then, can a life be complete in the present and yet not be static? I consider and reject an answer by Hadot, based on psychological concentration on the present. I then propose an alternative answer, based on Aristotle's concept of complete activity, and discuss its significance for both the Platonic and the Stoic conception of the ideal. Throughout, my focus is on this metaphysical and conceptual problem, thus preparing the way for the ethical question whether 'living in the present' would be a good way to live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Like Audrey: Adoring, Imitating, and Localizing Hepburn in Miss Granny (2014).
- Author
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Kim, Yaeri
- Subjects
POPULAR culture ,ACTRESSES ,AMERICAN influences on modern civilization ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) - Abstract
The article focuses on the popularity of American actress Audrey Hepburn by South Koreans. Topics include her role in the South Korean film "Miss Granny" or "Susanghan kunyo," her influence on South Korean popular culture, ideals, and consumption, and the popularity of her Western films, such as "Roman Holiday" and "Breakfast at Tiffany's." more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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31. Managing Algorithmic Accountability: Balancing Reputational Concerns, Engagement Strategies, and the Potential of Rational Discourse.
- Author
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Buhmann, Alexander, Paßmann, Johannes, and Fieseler, Christian
- Subjects
ALGORITHMS ,REPUTATIONAL risk ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,ORGANIZATIONAL accountability ,PARTICIPATION ,COMPREHENSION (Theory of knowledge) ,BUSINESS ethics - Abstract
While organizations today make extensive use of complex algorithms, the notion of algorithmic accountability remains an elusive ideal due to the opacity and fluidity of algorithms. In this article, we develop a framework for managing algorithmic accountability that highlights three interrelated dimensions: reputational concerns, engagement strategies, and discourse principles. The framework clarifies (a) that accountability processes for algorithms are driven by reputational concerns about the epistemic setup, opacity, and outcomes of algorithms; (b) that the way in which organizations practically engage with emergent expectations about algorithms may be manipulative, adaptive, or moral; and (c) that when accountability relationships are heavily burdened by the opacity and fluidity of complex algorithmic systems, the emphasis of engagement should shift to a rational communication process through which a continuous and tentative assessment of the development, workings, and consequences of algorithms can be achieved over time. The degree to which such engagement is, in fact, rational can be assessed based on four discourse-ethical principles of participation, comprehension, multivocality, and responsiveness. We conclude that the framework may help organizations and their environments to jointly work toward greater accountability for complex algorithms. It may further help organizations in reputational positioning surrounding accountability issues. The discourse-ethical principles introduced in this article are meant to elevate these positioning contests to extend beyond mere adaption or compliance and help guide organizations to find moral and forward-looking solutions to accountability issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Ideals-Based Accountability and Reputation in Select Family Firms.
- Author
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Le Breton-Miller, Isabelle and Miller, Danny
- Subjects
FAMILY-owned business enterprises ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,MATERIALITY (Accounting) ,PROFITABILITY ,INDIVIDUALISM ,CORPORATE image ,LEADERSHIP ,CORPORATE culture - Abstract
We develop a model of ideals-based accountability (IBA) which we have witnessed at work in several long-thriving family businesses. The owners and managers of these firms eschew individualism and materiality in the pursuit of ethical ideals such as supporting democracy and bettering the human condition. Although accountability is to these ideals, not for outcomes such as profitability or even reputation, IBA has resulted in outstanding reputations for some firms. We characterize IBA according to its missions, leadership, culture, and stakeholder relationships. We also contrast it with traditional forms of accountability and differentiate IBA from related stakeholder, stewardship, and CSR perspectives. Finally, we examine its manifestations within five long-lived family enterprises, in the process generating propositions to advance the concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Telling the Untold Stories: George Mason University Frames the Conversation Around Its Institutional Namesake and His Legacy.
- Author
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Pinskey, Cathy and Wolfgang, Stephanie
- Subjects
IDEALS (Philosophy) ,EQUALITY ,LIBERTY - Abstract
The article highlights the George Mason University's the Enslaved Children of George Mason Project. Topics include its aim to expand the university narrative, encourage discussion about American ideals of equality and freedom, and transform a complex historical legacy and memorial into an inclusive campus place for reflection and dialogue. more...
- Published
- 2020
34. TWO STRATEGIES FOR INDUCTIVE REASONING IN ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH.
- Author
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KETOKIVI, MIKKO and MANTERE, SAKU
- Subjects
INDUCTION (Logic) ,ORGANIZATIONAL research ,CONTEXTUALISM (Philosophy) ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,EMPIRICAL research ,POLICY sciences - Abstract
Incompleteness of inductive reasoning presents an enduring dilemma for organizational researchers. We examine two practical reasoning strategies--idealization and contextualization--that can be used at the pinnacle of this dilemma: when theoretical conclusions are drawn from empirical data. Understanding the two strategies can lead to more effective argumentation and evaluation. Appreciating the methodological incompleteness of both strategies, in turn, helps us distinguish between the methodological and the policy dimensions of organization-scientific debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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35. LOYALTY, CORPORATIONS, AND COMMUNITY.
- Author
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Randels Jr., George D.
- Subjects
LOYALTY ,SELF-interest ,SOCIAL values ,VIRTUES ,EXISTENTIAL propositions ,ORGANIZATIONAL commitment ,SOCIOLOGY of corporations ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,POSTMODERNISM (Philosophy) ,SITUATION ethics ,EXISTENTIAL phenomenology - Abstract
Some recent discussions of corporate loyalty have found it misguided, while others see it as crucial for financial success. There is also disagreement over the nature of loyalty. This article analyzes the concept of loyalty, arguing that it is neither a duty nor a virtue (although it has overlaps with those categories), but a passion related to various virtues (and vices). Contrary to standard accounts of capitalism, loyalty does not necessarily oppose self-interest. Furthermore, corporations can and should be communities, and insofar as they are, they are proper objects for loyalty. If corporations are not communities, then loyalty to them cannot exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Exploring the Social Origins of Dutch Mothers' Ideal Family Lives.
- Author
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Ruitenberg, Justine and Beer, Paul
- Subjects
- *
FAMILIES , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *WORKING mothers , *CHILDREN of working mothers , *EMPLOYMENT of mothers , *SOCIALIZATION , *ATTITUDES of mothers - Abstract
This paper examines how Dutch mothers' ideal family lives (traditional, adaptive or egalitarian) have been formed in interaction with other people, an assumption that is central to socialization theories. With nominal regression analysis of data from a representative survey in 2010 among 935 Dutch mothers, we analyse various social influences on a mother's current ideal family life. As hypothesized, the results show that a mother endorses a more egalitarian ideal family life if she recalls the gender role specific parental message 'you should work in order to be financially independent of others'. Additionally, if the respondent recalls a positively work orientated mother at the age of 12 years, she has now as an adult more egalitarian ideals compared to daughters who recall a more home orientated mother or who have no memories of their mothers in that respect. We also show that as expected in the hypotheses 3 and 4, that Dutch mothers who have perceived career support by her partner and from people at work have now more egalitarian ideal family lives. Mothers' current ideals are thus formed and further developed within prior social bonds. Moreover, mothers' ideal family lives seem not only dependent on their current labour market behaviour, but to some degree resistant to change. However, the results must be interpreted with care because of the cross-sectional research design and the use of retrospective questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Non-Ideal Accessibility.
- Author
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Lawford-Smith, Holly
- Subjects
- *
IDEALS (Philosophy) , *PERFECTION & ethics , *PHILOSOPHY & ethics , *BEHAVIORAL ethics , *CHARACTER - Abstract
The article presents the moral philosophical concept of non-ideal ought implies non-ideal accessibility, which the author defines as actions of agents based on past behavior, severe pathology and character. The author distinguishes the term 'ought' as a moral action of the agent not only to do what he should originally intends to do, but an action he might likely do given the circumstances. The moral consequences of failure to accomplish actions that should ought to be done are discussed. more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Measuring Up: The Unique Emotional and Regulatory Outcomes of Different Perceived Partner-Ideal Discrepancies in Romantic Relationships.
- Author
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Lackenbauer, Sandra D. and Campbell, Lorne
- Subjects
- *
IDEALS (Philosophy) , *COUPLES , *UNMARRIED couples , *MARRIED people's attitudes , *SADNESS , *EMOTIONS , *PSYCHOLOGY , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) - Abstract
Guided by the ideal standards model (Simpson, Fletcher, & Campbell, 2001), the present research investigated the emotional and regulatory consequences of different forms of perceived partner discrepancies in a relationship context. Studies 1 (dating sample) and 2 (married sample) demonstrated that perceiving one's partner to be the source of a partner discrepancy (i.e., a PD-partner) was associated with dejection emotions, whereas perceiving oneself to be the source of the partner discrepancy (i.e., a PD-self) was associated with agitation emotions. Study 3 provided experimental support for the findings of Studies 1 and 2 by demonstrating that participants primed with either a PD-partner or a PD-self exhibited facilitated responses to dejection and agitation emotions, respectively. Studies 4 and 5 provided experimental support for the prediction that a PD-partner also results in a promotion focus regulatory style, whereas a PD-self results in a prevention focus regulatory style. The importance of understanding the emotional and regulatory ramifications of evaluation outcomes within a romantic relationship context is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Calladita, te ves más bonita.
- Author
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Rodríguez, Karen
- Subjects
- *
IDEALS (Philosophy) , *VIOLENCE , *POVERTY - Abstract
The article discusses the self-imposed pressure of Guanajuato, Mexico just to keep up an idealized appearance in pushing its status to the limit. It explores the management and art of artist Diego Rivera and the figure of abject miner that have been long abandoned. In addition, the city has also covered up the issues on poverty and violence from its own ideals. The representation of the novel by Jorge Ibargüengoitia on the intellectualism of the city is also emphasized. more...
- Published
- 2012
40. Promoting spiritual ideals through design thinking in public schools.
- Author
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Tan, Charlene and Wong, Yew-Leong
- Subjects
- *
SPIRITUALITY , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *PATTERN perception , *RELIGIOUS education , *PUBLIC schools , *CURRICULUM - Abstract
Against a backdrop of the debates on religious education in public or state schools, we argue for the introduction of spiritual ideals into the public school curriculum. We distinguish our notion of spiritual ideals from religious ideals as conceptualised by De Ruyter and Merry. While we agree with De Ruyter and Merry that ideas drawn from religious/spiritual sources play a significant role in the students’ identity formation, development into reasonable liberal democratic citizens, and flourishing as adults, we highlight some problems with their conception of religious ideals. Instead of religious ideals, we propose spiritual ideals in schools using a design thinking approach that acknowledges and welcomes the students’ diversity in understandings of spirituality. We further give examples of student projects that illustrate the potential of design thinking as a pedagogical tool for students to acquire spiritual ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Vygotsky and Ilyenkov on Language, the "Ideal" and the Constitution of Consciousness.
- Author
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Azeri, Siyaves
- Subjects
CONSCIOUSNESS ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,PHILOSOPHY of language ,CREATIVE thinking - Abstract
The article explores the ideas and theories presented by Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky and Marxist author Evald Ilyenkov on the concept of consciousness, the ideal, and human activity. Topics discussed include the appearance of consciousness in the form of language, the way Vygotsky defined consciousness as a social relation, and the production of tools for transformative activity through creative thinking according to Ilyenkov. more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Rawls's Ideal Theory: A Clarification and Defense.
- Author
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Matthew, D. C.
- Subjects
IDEALS (Philosophy) ,POLITICAL philosophy ,COMMITMENT (Psychology) ,JUSTICE & ethics - Abstract
In recent work in political philosophy there has been much discussion of two approaches to theorizing about justice that have come to be called 'ideal theory' and 'non-ideal theory'. The distinction was originally articulated by Rawls, who defended his focus on ideal theory in terms of a supposed 'priority' of the latter over non-ideal theory. Many critics have rejected this claim of priority and in general have questioned the usefulness of ideal theory. In diagnosing the problem with ideal theory, they have frequently fingered for blame the idealization it involves. In this paper I focus on one particular, much-discussed idealization—full compliance—in order to defend it. Focusing on the assumption, I argue that Rawls's work is not ideal in the way that it is usually thought to be, is less ideal than is widely recognized, and became less ideal over time. I also argue that critics who in effect claim that it is not realistic enough simply fail to understand Rawls's central motivation. Finally, I defend the assumption by arguing that there is an important sense in which all theories of justice must assume full compliance. Such an assumption, I argue, is needed if we are to have a plausible basis on which to judge the normative attractiveness of a theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. E Pluribus Unum? How Ethnic and National Identity Motivate Individual Reactions to a Political Ideal.
- Author
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Pérez, Efrén O., Deichert, Maggie, and Engelhardt, Andrew M.
- Subjects
E pluribus unum (The Latin phrase) ,ETHNICITY ,AMERICAN national character ,HISPANIC Americans -- Attitudes ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,WHITE people ,IDEALS (Philosophy) ,IMMIGRANTS ,RACIAL identity of white people - Abstract
Preserving national unity in light of diversity—e pluribus unum—is a challenge in immigrant-receiving nations like the United States We claim that endorsement of this view is structured by the varied bond between ethnic and national identity among immigrant minorities and native majorities, a proposition we test across three studies of US Latinos and whites. Study 1 uses national survey data to show that ethnic and national identity are associated with support for this objective, though in varied ways, among these groups. Studies 2 and 3 sharpen these results experimentally by illuminating the role of elite rhetoric in forging these connections. We show that elite remarks about the (in-)compatibility of ethnic and national identity motivate support for e pluribus unum through the specific attachment it influences. That is, elite rhetoric causes shifts in ethnic or national identity, which then asymmetrically shapes support for e pluribus unum among Latinos and whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. From an axiological standpoint.
- Author
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Tucker, Miles
- Subjects
VALUES (Ethics) ,PHILOSOPHY ,METAPHYSICS ,THEORY of knowledge ,IDEALS (Philosophy) - Abstract
I maintain that intrinsic value is the fundamental concept of axiology. Many contemporary philosophers disagree; they say the proper object of value theory is final value. I examine three accounts of the nature of final value: the first claims that final value is non‐instrumental value; the second claims that final value is the value a thing has as an end; the third claims that final value is ultimate or non‐derivative value. In each case, I argue that the concept of final value described is either identical with the classical notion of intrinsic value or is not a plausible candidate for the primary concept of axiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Developing a Capped Model for Combining Ideals.
- Author
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Da Silva, Michael
- Subjects
METAETHICS ,CONSEQUENTIALISM (Ethics) ,IDEALS (Philosophy) - Abstract
This work motivates the Combined Model for Combining Ideals, which Larry Temkin introduces in "sketch" form in Rethinking the Good, and goes on to begin filling in the details of the sketch. It argues that the Combined Model for Combining Ideals is most plausible when there are upper and lower caps on the extent to which an ideal can add to or subtract from the overall goodness of an outcome, but the caps for different values can and should differ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Essay: Die doodloopstraat van die Afrikaner-republiek van 1961.
- Author
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Venter, Albert
- Subjects
- *
AFRIKANERS , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *APARTHEID , *POLITICAL theology , *NATIONALISM , *POLITICAL parties - Abstract
An own Republic for the Afrikaners, the political ideal of the National Party since its founding in 1914, became a reality through the 1960 referendum. The Republic was formally declared on 31 May 1961. This year, 2011, fifty years on, the republic has become a historic artefact that has disappeared from the consciousness of the vast majority of ordinary white Afrikaners. In 1960/61 the ideal of a Republic and apartheid was at the heart of the political theology of Afrikaner nationalism. The main theme of this essay is to offer a possible explanation for the political theology of apartheid and the ideal of a white, Afrikaner republic. Was this political theology in essence based on a theoretical flaw and as a consequence the apartheid Afrikaner republic stranded against the political reality of South Africa within thirty years ? In this essay the ideal of an Afrikaner republic as well as its practical realisation is put in the context of the Afrikaner political theology Drawing on the work of Mark Lilla, Eric Voegelin and John Gray the essay argues that Afrikaner nationalism is not unique in the sense that Afrikaners devised a political theology for themselves. The power and attraction of a political theology is its comprehensiveness. It offers a manner of thought, reflection and action and connects these to the higher thoughts regarding the existence of God, the structure of the cosmos, the nature of the soul, the origin of things and especially, for Christians, the end of Time. Therefore it is a theological narrative on the creation of the cosmos by God and how humankind forms part of it. People specifically use the creation narrative as basis for an authoritative guide to political legitimacy and political life. The essay argues, following Voegelin, Lilla and Gray, that the political theology of Afrikaners was based on a dream world. The core of the Afrikaner nationalist political theology is presented in the essay, especially how it unfolded during the National Party rule between 1948-1994. In the practical application of the Afrikaner nationalist political theology there were differences of emphasis and it did not have the same connotation for all National Party supporters. The author submits, however, that this essay presents the essence of the Afrikaner nationalist political theology and its practical application. The political theology of apartheid supplied a religious and moral basis for the pragmatic political actions of the National Party government. Moreover, this political theology constituted an imagined reality. Inasmuch as the imagined reality of the political theology of the apartheid republic and the pragmatic political reality drifted apart, the political theology provided less and less of a moral foundation for the apartheid government, until the political theology was discarded. In the process, the political theology was replaced by a progressively repressive and violent regime. This politics of violence demonstrated once more that the immanentisation of a mundane eschaton (Voegelin) is an empirical impossibility. The essay concludes that the political theology of the apartheid Afrikaner republic was based on a theoretical dead end and that it is no wonder that the dream decayed within thirty years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2011
47. Onderwys in Suid-Afrika van 1961 tot 2011: Tussen twee paradigmas en ontwykende ideale.
- Author
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Beckmann, Johan
- Subjects
- *
PARADIGMS (Social sciences) , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *LEARNING , *EDUCATIONAL law & legislation , *PERFORMANCE evaluation , *PUBLIC welfare - Abstract
This article forms part of the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe. It presents an overview of events and debates in education provision in South Africa during the period under review. The article argues that education between 1961 and 2011 needs to be understood against the backdrop of what happened in the country even before 1961. It therefore lists and briefly discusses a number of pre-1961 historical events pertinent to education. Before 1994, and from 1961 onward in particular, education in South Africa was dominated by the separate but equal paradigm, also espousing the principle of differentiated education to accommodate the learning needs of learners and the needs of the country. The South Africa Act of 1909 set the tone for the exclusion of the so-called non- Whites from political and other processes. It allocated higher education to the Union Government and all other education to the four provincial governments. This period was characterised among others by the creation of advisory councils for non-White education and various levels of education institutions for non-Whites. Various investigations to explore possibilities regarding the provision of education for non-Whites like the Eiselen Commission were commissioned. in 1948 the National Party assumed power and adopted the apartheid policy (separate development). The Bantu Education Act was promulgated soon after and it came to epitomise all that was objectionable about the separate but equal policy: unequal spending on children of different races and a curriculum designed to educate Black children for second class citizen status. It unleashed opposition to apartheid education that was not to stop before 1994. Separate educational laws for the education of Indians and Coloureds were introduced in the 1960s and the Education and Training Act was promulgated in the 1970s to regulate the education of all Black people inside "South Africa "and outside it in the self-governing territories that had been formed by that time. In 1994 the ANC took over political power and immediately gave expression to the Freedom Charter notion that the doors of learning shah be opened to all. The ANC espoused what can be called a human rights (transformative or freedom) education paradigm built on the pillars of equality, access, redress, non-racialism, non-sexism and quality. It transformed the education system and created only one national education department with nine provincial departments and only two types of schools - public and independent schools. The ANC introduced sweeping legislative and policy changes and changed the organisation, funding and governance of schools. Compulsory school attendance for all children was introduced and only one national school-end examination was put in place. The article argues that neither the separate but equal nor the human rights paradigm achieved their ideals. This conclusion is reached by analysing the performance of the system, the training of teachers, the curriculum, the cultural and religious aspects of schooling, the role that unions play in education and the funding of education. It further concludes that too many schools remain dysfunctional and that many children do not yet have access to quality education despite the fact that participation in education has improved dramatically. The unique role of unions in South African governance and schooling is examined and their alleged disruptive rule regarding the management and governance of education is explored. The main claim of the article is that participation in education has increased but that the performance of the system has not improved significantly, Previous gaps and inequalities seem to have remained and may even have widened. The ideals pursued by the two paradigms in question remain elusive. There are, however, a number of keys that can be used to unlock the potential of the education system so that it may contribute its share to the wellbeing of the citizens of the country and to the welfare and development of the country as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2011
48. Ideal and unsullied: Purity, subjectivity and social power.
- Author
-
Duschinsky, Robbie
- Subjects
- *
IDEALS (Philosophy) , *RESEARCH , *POWER (Social sciences) , *PURITY (Ethics) , *GAP analysis (Planning) - Abstract
There has been a good deal of empirical social scientific research that has addressed the theme of purity and has indicated its social importance. However, few theoretical resources are available to scholars that explicitly attempt to analyse purity, in addition to Mary Douglas's structural-functionalist model. This model has many insights, but is not well adapted to considering issues of subjectivity or social power in contemporary Western societies. This article will attempt to take some steps towards filling this gap. It will be claimed that, through the way they appeal to an imputed essence and origin, purity discourses are often complicit in the consecration and occlusion of relations of power and processes of subjectivation. The argument will focus in particular on the operation of purity discourses in the discursive construction and practical negotiation of female adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. ASKESIS AS AESTHETIC HOME: EDWARD PERRY WARREN, LEWES HOUSE, AND THE IDEAL OF GREEK LOVE.
- Author
-
Potvin, John
- Subjects
- *
ASCETICISM , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *HOMOSEXUALITY , *SENSUALITY - Abstract
The article focuses on the concept of askesis as an aesthetic home. It cites the writer Edward Perry Warren and his property called the Lewes House in Sussex, England. According to the author, the concept of askesis pertains to an ascetic lifestyle that keeps distance from temporal and material pleasures. It mentions the ideal of Greek love, in which the writer John Addington described it as a passionate and enthusiastic attachment between man and youth. It also mentions Warren's book entitled "A Defence of Uranian Love." more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. "We don't forget the old rice pot when we get the new one": Discourses on Ideals and Practices of Women in Contemporary Cambodia.
- Author
-
Brickell, Katherine
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL conditions of women , *IDEALS (Philosophy) , *FEMININITY , *CULTURAL codes , *KHMERS , *EQUALITY , *SOCIAL norms , *PHILOSOPHY of culture , *FEMININE identity , *SOCIAL constructionism - Abstract
The article focuses on women's ideals and practices in contemporary Siem Reap, Cambodia. The destabilization of traditional Khmer ideals relating to Cambodian womanhood or femininity, the idea of making sense of cultural norms for female behavior, and the reordering of gender relations to achieve equality are discussed. The negotiation of women's rights and social norms in the context of mobility and education is discussed. The "Chbap Srie" or code for women that is a combination of Buddhist principles and popular custom is mentioned. The concept of equality during the Khmer Rouge regime is noted. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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