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Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) causes a decrease in aerobic capacity, respiratory muscle strength, and cognitive function, negatively affecting health-related quality of life., Objectives: This study aimed to compare aerobic capacity, respiratory muscle strength, cognitive performance, functional capacity, sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in OSAS patients practicing and not practicing tele-yoga (TY)., Methods: 44 OSAS patients (40 M, 4F) were randomized into TY and control groups. TY group underwent live synchronous group-based TY sessions, 60 min/day, three days/week, for 12 weeks. Control group performed unsupervised thoracic expansion exercises at home 4 times daily for 12 weeks. The following were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the 6th and 12th weeks: inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle strength (MIP, MEP), cardiopulmonary exercise test, Corsi Block Tapping Test (CBTT) and Stroop TBAG test, six-minute walk test (6MWT), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)., Results: TY significantly improved MIP, and exercise test parameters (VE, HR max ,%HR, heart rate recovery in the first minute and RQ max ), CBTT (forward) and Stroop TBAG test scores (parts of 3,4,5) compared to the controls (p<0.05). There were no significant changes 6MWT in the TY group compared to the control group (p > 0.05). Sleep duration (min), sleep efficiency, sleep quality of PSQI and ESS score improved significantly in the TY group compared to the control group (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: We suggest including TY intervention as a method of exercise in addition to CPAP treatments since it improves the health-related parameters of OSAS patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors have no financial or personal relationship with this article that may cause a conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Alkylated imidazopyridines are crucial structures for medicinal chemistry. Here, an efficient method for the C3-H alkylation of imidazopyridines was devised. Under Lewis acid-catalyzed conditions, reactions of imidazopyridines with different donor-acceptor cyclopropanes were carried out. Finally, 1,3-bisfunctionalizaton of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes was performed. In addition, synthesized C3-alkylated imidazopyridines are amenable for diverse synthetic applications.

In this study, a new tetraphenylethene derivative bearing triazole and pyridine moieties (TPE-TAP) was synthesized using click chemistry. The fluorescence sensing properties of TPE-TAP were investigated in almost 100% aqueous media. For this purpose, first of all, structural characterization of the newly synthesized compound TPE-TAP was performed by NMR and HRMS analyses. Then, the optical behavior of TPE-TAP was investigated in different ratios of a THF-water mixture (0-98%). The obtained results showed that the best fluorescence for TPE-TAP was observed in the presence of 98% water in the medium. Then, the ion selectivity of TPE-TAP was determined using 19 different cations in the THF-water medium (2 : 98 v/v%). It was observed that among the cations studied, only Fe 3+ quenched the fluorescence of TPE-TAP. The detection limit and binding constant values of TPE-TAP for Fe 3+ were calculated as 1.3 μM and 26.65 M -2 , respectively, from the graph results of the decrease in the fluorescence intensity of TPE-TAP in the presence of Fe 3+ at different concentrations. In addition, the study investigating the selectivity of TPE-TAP in the presence of 18 cations other than Fe 3+ showed that none of the studied cations interfered with Fe 3+ . Practical application of TPE-TAP was also carried out using a commercial iron drug. All results showed that TPE-TAP is a fluorometric sensor highly selective, sensitive, and suitable for practical application for Fe 3+ ions in aqueous medium.

The primary aim of the current study is to analyze the clinical, laboratory, and demographic data comparing the patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) admitted to our intensive care unit before and after the UK variant was first diagnosed in December 2020. The secondary objective was to describe a treatment approach for COVID-19. Between Mar 12, 2020, and Jun 22, 2021, 159 patients with COVID-19 were allocated into 2 groups: the variant negative group (77 patients before December 2020) and the variant positive group (82 patients after December 2020). The statistical analyses included early and late complications, demographic data, symptoms, comorbidities, intubation and mortality rates, and treatment options. Regarding early complications, unilateral pneumonia was more common in the variant (-) group (P = .019), whereas bilateral pneumonia was more common in the variant (+) group (P < .001). Regarding late complications, only cytomegalovirus pneumonia was observed more frequently in the variant (-) group (P = .023), whereas secondary gram (+) infection, pulmonary fibrosis (P = .048), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (P = .017), and septic shock (P = .051) were more common in the variant (+) group. The therapeutic approach showed significant differences in the second group such as plasma exchange and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation which is more commonly used in the variant (+) group. Although mortality and intubation rates did not differ between the groups, severe challenging early and late complications were observed mainly in the variant (+) group, necessitating invasive treatment options. We hope that our data from the pandemic will shed light on this field. Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear that there is much to be done to deal with future pandemics., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on choroidal structural changes and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in patients with OSAS., Methods: Choroidal structural changes in patients with OSAS immediately after diagnosis and 12 months after CPAP treatment were evaluated and compared with healthy controls. The choroidal images on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) were binarized into luminal area (LA) and stromal area (SA) using the ImageJ software. CVI was calculated as the ratio of LA to total choroid area (TCA). The correlations between the results of polysomnography (PSG) and choroidal parameters were evaluated., Results: A total of 48 eyes of 48 patients (22 patients with OSAS, and 26 controls) were included. The mean age of the patients was 47.21 ± 8.82 (range, 30-63) years. The mean CVI values were 68.10 ± 1.80% in the OSAS group before CPAP therapy, and 69.22 ± 1.40% in the control group (p < 0.05). After 12 months of regular CPAP therapy, the mean CVI value increased significantly to 69.15 ± 1.77%, and SA decreased significantly from 0.51 ± 0.07 mm 2 to 0.48 ± 0.07 mm 2 in the OSAS group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant correlation was found between the results of PSG and choroidal structural parameters., Conclusion: According to our results, OSAS was associated with increased stromal oedema in the choroid, which improved after 12 months of regular CPAP therapy. CVI can be an important parameter for the follow-up of patients with OSAS., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.)

Objective: Smoking commonly leads to death. Although the neutrophil/lymphocyte Ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio and platelet indices have been shown to be important for the diagnosis, prognosis and severity of some diseases, the smoking status of patients in these studies has not been well defined. In this study, we compared ratios derived from complete blood count and platelet indices to smoking status and length in smokers and non-smokers., Patients and Methods: The data of healthy males and females aged between 18-60 years who presented to our institute for a routine check-up were collected, and subjects were divided in two groups - smokers and non-smokers. The presence of medical history or laboratory results which could affect inflammatory response, formed our exclusion criteria. All complete blood count results were noted and persons' smoking habits were calculated as pack/years., Results: White blood cell, neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil counts; mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in smokers when compared to non-smokers (p<0.05). When smokers were grouped according to smoking habits; positive linear correlations were detected between pack/year and Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and also pack/year and plateletcrit in smokers (p<0.05)., Conclusions: Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio increases in correlation with pack/year while platelet/lymphocyte ratio is not affected and platelet distribution width is increased in smokers. If smokers are not excluded from studies evaluating neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet distribution width, the relationship between smoking status as well as pack/year must be determined and reported.

Background: A substantial amount of research has explored the intricate relationship between exercise and sleep quality, consistently confirming that exercise can effectively enhance sleep quality. Nevertheless, previous studies have yet to conclusively determine which specific exercise program is most efficacious in improving sleep quality. To address this gap, the present study systematically evaluated the differential effects of various types of exercise, as well as exercise dosages (including duration, intervention period, frequency, and intensity), on sleep outcomes using a network meta-analysis approach. This endeavor aims to provide evidence-based support for the development of scientifically effective exercise programs tailored to improve sleep quality. Methods: Through the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus databases, we conducted a search for randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise interventions on sleep, with a search cutoff date of April 30, 2024. We rigorously selected the literature according to the PICOS principle, and two independent researchers extracted the data. We would like to change this passage to: Bias risk assessment was conducted using the RevMan 5.4 software, and traditional meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were performed using Stata 17.0 software to generate forest plots, network evidence plots, and funnel plots. Furthermore, we adopted the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) to evaluate and rank the intervention effects of different exercise types and dosages on sleep quality. To verify the robustness of our study results, we performed a sensitivity analysis using the leave-one-out method. Results: The study strictly adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and included 58 RCT papers with a total of 5,008 participants. The network meta-analysis revealed significant variations in the impact of exercise frequency on sleep outcomes when compared to the control group. Interventions of 1–2 times per week [SMD = −0.85, 95% CI (−1.43, −0.26)], 3 times per week [SMD = −0.45, 95% CI (−0.80, −0.11)], and 4 times per week [SMD = −1.09, 95% CI (−1.92, −0.26)] demonstrated the most notable effects. Interventions lasting ≤30 min and 60–65 min were significantly more effective than the control group, with ≤30 min proving significantly more effective than 40–55 min [SMD = 0.75, 95% CI (0.01, 1.49)]. Interventions lasting 9–10 weeks [SMD = −1.40, 95% CI (−2.37, −0.44)], 12–16 weeks [SMD = −0.55, 95% CI (−0.90, −0.20)], and ≥ 24 weeks [SMD = −0.71, 95% CI (−1.31, −0.10)] were all significantly more effective than the control group. Additionally, the 9–10 weeks intervention period was found to be significantly more effective than the 6–8 weeks period [SMD = −1.21, 95% CI (−2.37, −0.04)]. Furthermore, interventions of moderate intensity [SMD = −1.06, 95% CI (−1.52, −0.61)] and high intensity [SMD = −1.48, 95% CI (−2.55, −0.40)] exercise interventions yielded significantly greater benefits compared to the control group. Specifically, high intensity interventions [SMD = −1.97, 95% CI (−3.37, −0.56)] and moderate intensity [SMD = −1.55, 95% CI (−2.57, −0.54)] exercise interventions were found to be significantly more effective than moderate-high intensity interventions. In terms of exercise types, aerobic exercise [SMD = −0.56, 95% CI (−0.86, −0.27)], traditional Chinese exercises [SMD = −0.57, 95% CI (−0.97, −0.18)], and combined exercise [SMD = −0.99, 95% CI (−1.66, −0.32)] interventions all produced significant improvements compared to the control group. The study determined that the most effective combination of exercise prescription elements for enhancing sleep quality includes a frequency of 4 times per week (SUCRA = 84.7), a duration of ≤30 min (SUCRA = 92.2), a period of 9–10 weeks (SUCRA = 89.9), and high-intensity (SUCRA = 92.9) combined exercise (SUCRA = 82.7). Conclusion: The current evidence indicates that combined exercise with a frequency of 4 times per week, a duration of ≤30 min, a period of 9–10 weeks, and high intensity is most effective for improving sleep quality. Nevertheless, due to the limited number of studies included, further research is needed to enhance the reliability of the findings. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42024555428. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die obstruktive Schlafapnoe (OSA) stellt eine erhebliche Herausforderung für die allgemeine Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden der Patienten dar. Sie ist gekennzeichnet durch einen Kollaps der oberen Atemwege während des Schlafs und führt zu fragmentierten und nicht erholsamen Schlafmustern. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt eine 80-jährige Patientin mit Atemnot, Adipositas (Body Mass Index: 43 kg/m2), Schlafstörungen, Müdigkeit, Aufmerksamkeitsdefiziten, verminderter Dehnbarkeit des Brustkorbs und einer Vorgeschichte von Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Die klinischen Ergebnisse zeigten anhaltende Schlafstörungen, eine Verschlimmerung der Atemnot, fortschreitende Schwäche und eine verminderte Sauerstoffsättigung. Die therapeutische Intervention umfasste ein umfangreiches Physiotherapieprogramm, das auf das Training der Atemmuskulatur, die Verbesserung der Lungenfunktion, die Stärkung der peripheren Muskeln und Entspannungsübungen abzielte. Die Diskussion konzentriert sich auf Studien, die sich auf physiotherapeutische Interventionen wie Übungen zur Thoraxdehnung, neuromuskuläre Stimulation und oropharyngeale Übungen zur Behandlung von OSA-Symptomen stützen. Insgesamt unterstreicht dieser Fall die Bedeutung von maßgeschneiderten physiotherapeutischen Interventionen bei der Bewältigung der vielfältigen Herausforderungen von OSA. Ziel ist es, die Behandlungsergebnisse und die Lebensqualität der Patienten zu verbessern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motion of a long, axisymmetric bubble (fluid 1) inside a vertical peristaltic conduit containing a self-rewetting fluid (fluid 2) is discussed in this article. The fluid inside the tube and the floating bubble are immiscible, incompressible and have different densities. The peristaltic channel has two open ends. It is assumed that the bubble can move freely inside the tube without being restricted or deformed by the border wall. The effect of the density difference between the two fluids, Marangoni convection caused by the thermal and solutal gradient and an imposed back flow on the position and shape of the bubble have all been discussed. Motion of the bubble within a peristaltic tube, influenced by the Marangoni convection due to thermal and solutal gradients, has find various applications in the electrification of the atmosphere by sea bubbles, efficient mixing in microfluidic devices, improved cooling in heat exchangers, design of hydrophobic surfaces, spray coating thography techniques, enhanced mass transfer in chemical reactors, advancing various industrial and biomedical applications with precise fluid control. A mathematical model of the problem has been developed using a two-dimensional cylindrical polar coordinate system. The governing equations are in the form of linear partial differential equation and have been solved analytically. The effect of the thermo-solutal Marangoni convection in the microgravity region and the imposed back flow, impact of gravity-driven convection in the absence of the Marangoni convection or back flow, on the motion of bubble are discussed by plotting the position of the bubble. The initial radius and thermo-solutal Marangoni convection determine the bubble’s form as it evolves. When the initial radius falls below a critical value, the bubble becomes broader and shorter; conversely, when the original radius exceeds the crucial value, the bubble becomes longer and thinner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results are presented of the search for and systematization of information on typical design solutions for the main heat exchangers of installations with low-boiling working fluids. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been widely accepted as a way for converting waste (exhaust) heat into electrical energy. An increase in the installed capacity of operating commercial ORC power plants and their total capacity is noted in the world every year. At the same time, design options for the main heat exchangers (heater, evaporator-superheater, condenser, regenerative heat exchanger) are not available in open access and presented in catalogues: information about them is not disclosed by the manufacturers and information available in publications is limited and disembodied. An attempt is made in this paper to systematize the available information and, based on an analysis of world and domestic experience in industrial production, formulate an idea of potential engineering solutions for heat and mass transfer installations, which can be offered as prototypes of the considered apparatuses. At the same time, the search for such solutions was focused primarily on apparatuses used in the refrigeration industry, conventional steam turbine power units, and modern ventilation and air-conditioning systems. The advantages and disadvantages of such apparatuses are examined. The results are presented of a comparative analysis of their design, power range, operational features, and the potential effect of these factors on the operation of the overall ORC installation. Approaches to the selection of heat-exchange equipment for ORC installations given in the available publications and proven in practice have been investigated and described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifestyles maybe associated with the immune and inflammatory state of human body. We aimed to comprehensively explore the relationship between lifestyles and circulating immune-inflammatory markers in the general population. Data from NHANES 1999–2014 was used. Lifestyle factors included leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015, HEI-2015), alcohol consumption, cigarettes smoking, sleep hour and sedentary time. Immune makers included C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte–lymphocyte ratio (MLR). Generalized linear regression models were used to adjust confounders. Regressions of restricted cubic splines were utilized to evaluate the potentially non-linear relationships between exposures and outcomes. As results, HEI was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P < 0.001), and NLR (P < 0.001). Cigarettes per day was positively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P < 0.001), and NLR (P = 0.008). Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), but positively associated with PLR (P = 0.012) and MLR (P < 0.001). Physical activity was negatively associated with CRP (P < 0.001), SII (P = 0.005), and NLR (P = 0.002), but positively associated with PLR (P = 0.010). Participants with higher healthy lifestyle score had significantly lower CRP, SII and NLR (all P values < 0.05). Most of the sensitivity analyses found similar results. In conclusion, we found significant associations between lifestyles and immune markers in the general population, which may reflect a systemic inflammatory response to unhealthy lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron-catalyzed cascade C–C and C–O bond formation of 2,4-dienals with donor–acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) has been developed to furnish hexahydrocyclopentapyrans. Optically active DACs can be coupled stereospecifically (>97% ee). Chirality transfer, use of iron-catalysis and substrate scope are the salient practical features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the recent progress and prospects of using palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) as catalysts for the synthesis of functionalized heterocycles through C(sp2)-H arylation. Heterocycles are important in various fields, including pharmaceuticals and materials science. Traditional synthetic approaches have limitations, but transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation offers a more efficient alternative. Heterogeneous catalytic approaches using Pd NPs show promise in terms of catalyst recoverability and reusability. The article discusses different methods and catalysts for the synthesis of functionalized heterocycles, highlighting their advantages and potential applications. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) and disease activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: In our study, 104 AS and 51 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed. The SII and SIRI differences between AS and HC were investigated. Those with BASDAI <4 were defined as remission (BASDAI-r) and those with BASDAI >4 as active (BASDAI-a). SII, SIRI, and other parameters were compared between the groups. As a second classification, patients were divided into two groups according to the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) scores. Those with ASDAS <2.1 were defined as low-grade disease activity (ASDAS-l) and those with ASDAS >2.1 were defined as high-grade disease activity (ASDAS-h). SII, SIRI, and other parameters were compared between the groups. Results: The median SIRI value was significantly higher in the patient group than in the HC group. The mean SIRI value was significantly higher in the BASDAI-a group than in the BASDAI-r group and in the ASDAS-h group than in the ASDAS-l group, but the median SIRI levels did not differ significantly between the groups. The optimal cut-off value of SIRI for identifying active patients was 1.12. Conclusion: These results suggest that SIRI may be considered in the evaluation of patients with AS and may be a new biomarker to identify patients with active disease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light field microparticle image velocimetry (LF-μPIV) can realize the three-dimensional (3D) microscale velocity field measurement, but the spatial resolution of the velocity field is low. Therefore, this study proposes a high-resolution LF particle image-tracking velocimetry (PIV–PTV) in combination with a cross-validation matching (CVM) algorithm. The proposed method performs motion compensation for the distribution of particle center position based on the low-resolution velocity field achieved by PIV and then conducts the CVM on tracer particles with the nearest neighbor method. The motion compensation reduces the particle displacement during the matching, while the CVM reduces the impact of missing particles on the matching accuracy. Thus, the proposed method enables precise tracking of individual particles at higher particle concentrations and improves the spatial resolution of the velocity field. Numerical simulations were conducted on the 3D displacement field reconstruction. The influence of interrogation window size, particle diameter, and concentration was analyzed. Experiments were conducted on the microscale 3D velocity field within the microchannel with right-angle bends. Results indicate that the proposed method provides the high-resolution measurement of the microscale 3D velocity field and improves the precision of the velocity field compared to the PTV at higher particle concentrations. It demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms PIV by 26% in resolution and PTV by 76% in precision at a higher particle concentration of 1.5 particles per microlens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to explore whether pretreatment Pan-Immune-Inflammation-Value (PIV) measurements might predict the risk of mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (LA-NPC). Methods: The platelet, monocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts acquired on the first day of CCRT were used to compute pretreatment PIV levels: PIV = (Platelets × Monocytes × Neutrophils) ÷ Lymphocytes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the association between ORN rates and PIV levels. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the probable intergroup correlations. The potential link between the pretreatment PIV levels and the post-treatment ORN rates was determined as the primary objective. Results: 21 (10.0%) of 210 eligible patients were diagnosed with ORN. The optimal pre-CCRT PIV cutoff was 833, which separated patients into two PIV groups with divergent ORN prevalence estimates: Group 1: PIV < 833 (N = 153), and Group 2: PIV ≥ 833 (N = 57). The comparison analysis found that the PIV ≥ 833 cohort had significantly higher ORN rates than the PIV < 833 cohort (29.8% vs. 2.6%; P < 0.001). Other characteristics linked to significantly higher ORN rates were the patient's continuing smoking, the use of the Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy technique, the mean mandibular dose of ≥ 58.1 Gy, the number of tooth extractions before CCRT ≥ 4, and the presence of tooth extractions after CCRT. The independent importance of all factors on higher ORN occurrence rates were retained in multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings revealed a strong link between aggravated inflammatory response and ORN genesis, with high pretreatment PIV levels related to significantly higher ORN rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the microfluidic scale, the utilization of helically coiled channels (HCCs), also known as a spiral channel, for two-phase flow offers numerous advantages in various applications. Existing articles mainly focus on the macro-scale transport, examining secondary flows induced in curved channels. The increasing demand, however, for innovative miniature equipment for thermal energy management emphasizes the importance of comprehending gas–liquid micro-scale flow in curved channels. Unfortunately, despite a vast body of literature on this paradigm, there is still a lack of systematic investigations into the underlying facets of two-phase micro-scale transport in HCCs. To address this gap, our study conducted experiments on adiabatic two-phase air–water flow inside an up-flow helical micro-scale tube. The tube had a hydraulic diameter of 0.87 mm, a coil diameter of 50 mm, and a helical pitch of 20 mm. The primary aim was to explore the impact of centrifugal force on flow pattern, void fraction, and frictional pressure drop characteristics. Additionally, we carefully examined the phase separation phenomenon influenced by the secondary flows induced by the curved channel. In particular, we compared the gas-core flow pattern (either throat-annular flow or annular flow), void fraction, and frictional pressure drop obtained from our experiments on the helical tube with corresponding results based on straight micro-scale channel configurations for an Eötvös number of approximately 0.01. In summary, this study delves deep into the crucial aspects of two-phase micro-scale transport in HCCs, contributing to a better understanding of these systems for future advancements in micro-channel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The proper addition of additives to pure CO2 can improve the performance of CO2 as a working fluid. By working fluid, we mean a fluid used for the CO2-based transcritical power cycle characterized by the addition of R134a to CO2. Hence, an experimental investigation of the pressure drop characteristics of a supercritical CO2/R134a mixture in a rectangular microchannel was conducted. For this purpose, an accurate and stable CO2/R134a mixture thermal-hydraulic experimental system was designed and built. The experimental results show that the pressure drop of the CO2/R134a mixture is lower than that of pure CO2 under the same conditions. The proportion of friction resistance to the total pressure drop decreases with an increase in R134a composition. Finally, a frictional resistance correlation that fully considers the effects of CO2/R134a mixture components and thermophysical property variations is proposed, which can guide the design of mixture heat transfer devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. The amount of smoking, level of smoking addiction and smoking cessation have effects on blood cells, blood lipid levels, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV)/lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR) and monocyte/highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (MHR). Methods. In this self-controlled experimental study, we included individuals who applied to a smoking cessation clinic and quit smoking. Their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the amount of cigarettes consumed (pack/ year), their Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) results, haemogram values before and 6 months after quitting smoking, NLR, PLR, MPVLR, MHR and blood lipid levels before and after the treatment were compared retrospectively. Results. The mean (SD) age of the 239 individuals who participated in the study was 41.7 (10.9) years and 55.2% of them were women. Their mean FTND score was 7.06 (2.0), and most of them (47.7%) had a very high level of addiction. After the smoking cessation treatment, their neutrophil, platelet, MPV, red cell distribution width, platelet distribution width (PDW), cholesterol, triglyceride, lowdensity lipoprotein, NLR, PLR, MPVLR, MHR and HDL values increased (p<0.05). The amount of smoking and level of dependence were negatively correlated with HDL, and positively correlated with other parameters. Conclusion. After smoking cessation, in addition to dyslipidaemia, the NLR, PLR, MPVLR and MHR values also decreased, and the difference was found to correlate with the level of addiction and the amount of smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the use of passive heat transfer enhancement technique through surface alteration was explored. The enhancement was achieved through internal conduit surface micro-grooving using a new apparatus that was developed by modifying a magnetic abrasive finishing technique. A new surface profile was created and later verified using optical and laser profiler measurements. The new profile was numerically investigated to compare the heat transfer and hydrodynamic performance against other profiles that have been studied in the literature. It was found from the results that the new profile shows much higher heat transfer improvement and comparable pressure loss to the previously investigated profiles (i.e., square, rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular). Overall, the new groove geometry provides the highest performance followed by the circular, triangular, curvy, square, and rectangular grooves. Also, the results indicate that designs with a smooth profile performs better than those with sharp edges, owing to the elimination of stationary fluid spots within the grooves. The effectiveness between the profiles was compared based on the level of heat transfer enhancement against the flow penalty. Experimental validation was further conducted for the experimentally generated groove. The results revealed that a relatively small surface temperature drop was obtained, corresponding to a slight improvement in heat transfer. This confirms the results generated by the simulation that groove size plays a major role in attaining significant improvement in heat transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condensers and evaporators are widely deployed as surface phase-change heat exchangers in power plants, desalination plants, and large refrigeration systems. Surface condensers and evaporators or shell and tube heat exchangers are frequently used in the process industry. However, compact condensers and evaporators such as multiport minichannel condensers and evaporators are evolving as compact, lightweight, high heat flux, and highly efficient alternatives to the bulky, space-consuming, and relatively less efficient shell and tube designs. This article reports regression analysis and new correlation development from experimental data compiled from horizontal, multiport minichannel condensers and evaporators in the past two decades. Thermo-hydraulic parameters such as the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, boiling number, Martinelli parameter, hydraulic diameter, and other variables were considered to predict the Nusselt number in such condensers and evaporators. Meta-analysis yielded statistically significant results and strongly suggested that multiport minichannels were more suitable for evaporation than condensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a chronic autoimmune thyroiditis that causes systemic inflammation in the body, leading to hypothyroidism and an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Objectives: This study aims to reveal whether there is a relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the platelet-count-to-lymphocyte-count ratio (PLR), which is used as a new inflammatory marker. Methods: In this retrospective study, we compared the PLR of the euthyroid HT group and the hypothyroid-thyrotoxic HT group to the controls. We also evaluated the values of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (fT4), C-reactive protein (CRP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count in each group. Results: The PLR of the subjects with Hashimoto's thyroiditis was found to be significantly different from the control group (p < 0.001), with the rankings as follows: hypothyroid-thyrotoxic HT 177% (72–417) > euthyroid HT 137% (69–272) > control group 103% (44–243). In addition to the increased PLR values, an increase in CRP values was also observed, revealing a strong positive correlation between the PLR and CRP in the HT patients. Conclusion: In this study, we found out that the PLR was higher in the hypothyroid-thyrotoxic HT and euthyroid HT patients than in a healthy control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have reported on the negative implications of elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and elevated platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) levels associated with outcomes in many surgical and medical conditions, including cancer. In order to use the inflammatory markers NLR and PLR as prognostic factors in disease, a normal value in disease-free individuals must be identified first. This study aims (1) to establish mean values of various inflammatory markers using a healthy and nationally representative U.S. adult population and (2) to explore heterogeneity in the mean values by sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors to better specify cutoff points accordingly. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of aggregated cross-sectional data collected from 2009 to 2016 was analyzed; data extracted included markers of systemic inflammation and demographic variables. We excluded participants who were under 20 years old or had a history of an inflammatory disease such as arthritis or gout. Adjusted linear regression models were used to examine the associations between demographic/behavioral characteristics and neutrophil counts, platelet counts, lymphocyte counts, as well as NLR and PLR values. The national weighted average NLR value is 2.16 and the national weighted average PLR value is 121.31. The national weighted average PLR value for non-Hispanic Whites is 123.12 (121.13–125.11), for non-Hispanic Blacks it is 119.77 (117.49–122.06), for Hispanic people it is 116.33 (114.69–117.97), and for participants of other races it is 119.84 (116.88–122.81). Non-Hispanic Blacks and Blacks have significantly lower mean NLR values (1.78, 95% CI 1.74–1.83 and 2.10, 95% CI 2.04–2.16, respectively) as compared with that of non-Hispanic Whites (2.27, 95% CI 2.22–2.30, p < 0.0001). Subjects who reported a non-smoking history had significantly lower NLR values than subjects who reported any smoking history and higher PLR values than current smokers. This study provides preliminary data for demographic and behavioral effects on markers of inflammation, i.e., NLR and PLR, that have been associated with several chronic disease outcomes, suggesting that different cutoff points should be set according to social factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the application of tandem ring‐opening cross‐metathesis (ROCM) and tandem ring‐opening cross‐metathesis followed by cross‐metathesis (ROCM/CM) in highly strained diastereomeric heptacyclic cage diones (HCCD's) catalyzed by ruthenium catalysts. These caged diastereomeric compounds have a high degree of ring strain as well as steric congestion. Therefore, the present work related to ROCM is unique and intricate as compared to simple norbornene derivatives. It is useful to prepare new hexacyclic cage derivatives suitable for high‐energy density materials. The synthetic strategy of starting cage compounds features the Diels‐Alder reaction, and [2+2] photocycloaddition as key steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saturated pool boiling heat transfer on micro-cavity and micro-fin surfaces is examined by a mesoscopic phase change lattice Boltzmann method. The important interfacial processes and boiling heat transfer performance are explored concerning the effects of micro-structure configurations, specifically fin and cavity, and micro-structure parameters, including fin/cavity shape, height, length, and spacing between fins/cavities. It is discovered that both the micro-cavity and micro-fin surfaces are conducive to bubble nucleation and can enhance nucleate boiling heat transfer (NBHT) when compared with the smooth surface. By comparing fin and cavity surfaces, it is found that micro-cavity is more conducive to bubble nucleation, whereas micro-fin is more conducive to bubble departure. As a result, micro-cavity surface has a higher NBHT while a micro-fin surface has a higher critical heat flux (CHF). The saturated pool boiling heat transmission is significantly influenced by the micro-structure parameters as well, i.e., the boiling on the rectangular cavity/fin surfaces has an earlier nucleation time while that on the conical surfaces has a faster bubble escape speed. The mass of residual bubble left over after the bubble department increases with cavity/fin height, which leads to the advance of CHF. On the other hand, the CHF increases as the distance between micro-structures. Additionally, with the increase in micro-structure length, the CHF increases for the micro-cavity surface whereas decreases for the micro-fin surface. Finally, a series of fitting equations between CHF and the micro-structure parameters are presented and an improved hybrid surface is developed based on the theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The new type of coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has more serious consequences and risks by gender and plays a role in biological, socio-cultural and behavioral differences. This process is particularly severe in terms of the problems faced by women and some disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of changes in the daily lives of female academicians on life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic process. Material and Methods: The sample of this descriptive study consists of 178 female academicians who have been actively working at a public university in the northeast of Turkey between Oct 1, 2020 and Feb 1, 2021. The data of the research were collected by "Personal Information Form" and "Contentment with Life Scale". Descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency, average), Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, t-test, and ANOVA test were used to evaluate the data. Results: It was found that 83.1% of the female academicians preferred to stay at their own homes and 52.8% of them did not receive support while fulfilling their daily responsibilities during the pandemic process in which female academicians had to work and learn at home. The total score of the Contentment with Life Scale of female academicians was found to be 20.15 ± 6.95. Female academicians who participated in the study had moderate level of contentment with life. It was determined in the study that the increase in the time spent on academic development, academic studies, and themselves increased female academicians' life contentment and was statistically significant (p=0.05). It was found that increased time spent for housework decreased life satisfaction. Conclusion: It was determined that professional and individual development is quite significant in increasing life satisfaction in female academicians. That strategies that can increase female academicians life contentment should be developed and women who are sensitive and need to be protected should be supported more in this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online group streaming feature selection, as an essential online processing method, can deal with dynamic feature selection tasks by considering the original group structure information of the features. Due to the fuzziness and uncertainty of the feature stream, some existing methods are unstable and yield low predictive accuracy. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel online group streaming feature selection method (FNE-OGSFS) using fuzzy neighborhood entropy-based uncertainty measures. First, a separability measure integrating the dependency degree with the coincidence degree is proposed and introduced into the fuzzy neighborhood rough sets model to define a new fuzzy neighborhood entropy. Second, inspired by both algebra and information views, some fuzzy neighborhood entropy-based uncertainty measures are investigated and some properties are derived. Furthermore, the optimal features in the group are selected to flow into the feature space according to the significance of features, and the features with interactions are left. Then, all selected features are re-evaluated by the Lasso model to discard the redundant features. Finally, an online group streaming feature selection algorithm is designed. Experimental results compared with eight representative methods on thirteen datasets show that FNE-OGSFS can achieve better comprehensive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed restriction (FR) strategies are classified into quantitative FR (quantity-limited of feed or time-limited access to the feeder) and qualitative FR (reduction of nutrients density in particularly protein, amino acids, and energy or diet dilution using fibres' sources). Application of early FR (during the 2nd wk of age) might be involved in decreasing carcase fat content and modifying carcase composition depending on FR severity, FR duration, strain, gender, and feed distribution during the rearing period. The FR might be involved in modifying meat chemical composition and meat quality characteristics by controlling the morphological and biochemical properties of muscle fibres. Post-hatch FR plays a vital role in determining satellite cell activity and consequently muscle growth and development as well as the intermuscular fat deposition, which in turn is associated with fat/lean ratio in breast meat. Interestingly, FR is a successful and safe tool to minimise the occurrence and severity of myopathies in breast muscle. The purpose of this review is to present the recent knowledge concerning the benefits of FR on carcase characteristics, meat quality traits, muscle fibres' properties, muscle growth and development, and occurrence and severity of myopathies in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of a long, straight rectangular channel, hydrodynamic development of flows is influenced by the growth of the boundary layer along the walls of the channel. Though such a geometry is well-studied in the literature, in reality, the flow often happens in channels with plenums on each end and is not studied extensively. This work addresses this gap. There is a sudden contraction from the plenum to the channel which causes the flow to separate at the entrance of the channel. Hence, the flow development is influenced not only by the boundary layer growth but also by recirculation and the presence of a continuous wall along one direction in the case of planar geometries. This causes the centerline velocity in the entrance region to overshoot the value at the fully developed region, which makes the conventional usage of 99% of the fully developed value difficult. Hence, an alternate method of defining entrance length, based on the slowest development across the channel cross section, is proposed. Based on this approach, the entrance length value shows a non-monotonic variation with the aspect ratio (AR)—its value reduces between 0.6 and 1.66; beyond 1.66, it increases up to 20 before becoming flat. The entrance length also shows a weak dependence on the Reynolds number for AR between 2 and 20. A new set of correlations of entrance and recirculation lengths are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamentals of Pd-catalyzed Csp2−Csp2 Miyaura borylation, Suzuki cross-coupling, and Stille cross-coupling reactions for a variety of borylated precursors based on phenothiazine (PTZ), phenoxazine (POZ), carbazole (Cz), and quinoxaline (QX) units have been explored. Three palladium-based catalysts were chosen for this study: Pd(PPh3)4, Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, and Pd(dppf)Cl2, applying different reaction conditions. Around 16 desired chromophores were successfully designed and synthesized using C-C cross-coupling reactions in moderate to excellent yields, including PTZ, POZ, and Cz units coupled with QX, indolinium iodide, thienyl, phenyl, or triphenylamine moieties. Additionally, PTZ, POZ, and Cz have been employed in synthesizing various pinacol boronate ester derivatives in good to moderate yields. Interestingly, Pd(dppf)Cl2 was found to be the best catalyst for borylation, and C-C cross-coupling reactions occurred in as little as 30 min, with an excellent yield exceeding 98%. Pd(PPh3)4 and Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 catalyzed the reaction to obtain the desired products in moderate to good yields after a long time (20–24 h). On the other hand, the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling between N-(2-methyl)hexyl carbazole pinacol boronate ester derivative 10c and three halogenated quinoxaline derivatives—4-(3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)quinoxalin-2-yl)benzaldehyde (27), 4-(5-(3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)quinoxalin-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)benzaldehyde (30), and 4-(3-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)benzaldehyde (25) catalyzed by Pd(PPh3)4—afforded three carbazole-quinoxaline chromophores (28, 30, and 31, respectively) in 2–3 h, with good to excellent yields reaching 86%. The electron-deficient QX couplers proved to be coupled efficiently using the Stille coupling reaction, which involves the coupling between electron-rich orgaostannane and electron-deficient halide. The synthesized precursors and desired chromophores were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past three decades, rare-earth metal triflates including scandium triflate, yttrium triflate, and the lanthanide (La−Lu) triflate, were widely employed in the organic chemistry, such as cyclization, C-H bond functionalization and types of reactions. Recently, the approaches using rare-earth metal triflates as catalysts have been mainly focusing on (1) achieving the high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity with effective ligands and (2) further extending the reaction scope by cooperation with other transition metal catalysts. This review mainly focuses on recent advances in the rare-earth metal triflates-catalyzed organic reactions from 2017 to 2019. This review also emphasis on reaction transformations and related mechanisms to show the general readership about capabilities, challenges as well as potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epistaxis is a common presenting complain with varied differentials. Our case is of epistaxis due to maxillary sinus vascular malformation which could be managed with embolization and endoscopic excision. Histopathologically, the lesion had features of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A RCC metastatic lesion masquerading as a maxillary sinus vascular malformation (VM) has been extremely rare in published literature. We present this interesting case of maxillary sinus VM and also briefly review the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social rejection is cold and hurtful, but how and why it is formed remains under-investigated. Our study offers one possible explanation from the rejector’s perspective by developing a moderated mediation model on the emotional antecedent and consequence of social rejection. Specifically, envious individuals use social rejection to complement their inferiority, further triggering their negative affect. Drawing on social comparison theory, we conducted an experience sampling methodology (ESM) investigation of 55 frontline workers through a 10-workday-survey (Level 1 n = 515). As predicted, daily envy is positively associated with daily social rejection. Daily social rejection is positively related to daily negative affect. Furthermore, daily social rejection mediates the relationship between daily envy and daily negative affect. These effects are more robust for females than males, including the impact of envy on social rejection and the impact of envy on negative affect via social rejection. We suggest the recipient and the rejector make psychological and behavioral adjustments accordingly. We also recommend that future research extend our current study methodologically and theoretically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive micromixing can efficiently mix laminar flows through molecular and convective diffusion. Microstructures are expected to be efficient, easily integrated into micromixers, and suitable for micromixers over a wide range of Re. This paper presents the enhancement effects of the multiscale lateral microstructures on the flow field characteristics and mixing efficiency through numerical simulations at Re = 0.01–50. Inspired by the regulation of lateral microstructures on the local flow field, cross-scale staggered baffles (CSBs) were established and applied in typical passive micromixers. For low-Re conditions, the paired trapezoidal microstructures (PTMs) of the CSBs improved the mixing effect by increasing the local streamline tortuosity. For high-Re conditions, the PTMs of CSBs increased the number of expanding vortices in the microchannel, which could increase the size of the fluid interfaces, and an optimal mixing index with relatively little pressure drop was achieved. Moreover, the CSBs were applied to the serpentine curved channel, which caused large expanding vortices on the inner side of the curved channel, and then the state of the Dean vortices on the cross section of the curved channel changed. Therefore, compared with the conventional micromixer channel structure, lateral microstructures regulate the local flow field through the enhancement of the streamlines and the secondary flow effects, and lateral microstructures have great potential to improve the mixing efficiency over a wide range of Re. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

u Smoking has been reported to increase systemic inflammation. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are used as markers for systemic inflammation. In this study, the primary aim was to determine the NLR and PLR ratios in smokers. Secondly, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the level of addiction and carbon monoxide (CO) level in the expiratory air, with these ratios. METHODS This study was designed as a single-center, cross-sectional study. It was conducted with chronic smokers aged 18-40 years, without known health problems, visiting the smoking cessation outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital. Sociodemographic data and smoking characteristics were collected, and exhaled CO levels were measured. Complete blood count (CBC) RESULTS were recorded, including NLR and PLR. results The mean age of 247 patients was 31.2±6.1 years, with the majority of patients (68.4%) being male. While the mean value of CO was 11.6±5.6 ppm, 42.1% of cases had a high level of addiction. A statistically significant relationship was found between NLR and addiction levels, the CO level, and the amount of smoking in cigarettes/day and packs/year (all p=0.000). A statistically significant relationship was also found between PLR and addiction levels, CO level, cigarettes/ day and packs/year (p=0.000, p=0.03, p=0.000, p=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We found that as the level of addiction, cigarette use, and exhaled CO levels increased in smokers, NLR and PLR increased. Our data revealed that NLR and PLR may be a simple and easily assessable proxy of systemic inflammation in smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Size-controllable micro-droplets obtained in microfluidic cross-junctions are significant in microfluidics. Modeling and predictions in microfluidic-based droplet formation characteristics to date using various traditional theoretical or empirical correlations are far from satisfactory. Driven by unprecedented data volumes from microfluidic experiments and simulations, statistical learning can offer a powerful technique to extract data that can be interpreted into underlying fluid physics and modeling. This Letter historically combines the current experimental data and experimental/numerical data from previous publications as a microfluidics-based droplet formation characteristics database. Two supervised statistical learning algorithms, deep neural network and factorization-machine-based neural network (Deep-FM), were established to model and predict the formed droplet size in microfluidic cross-junctions. As a newly developed statistical learning code in 2017, the Deep-FM manifests a better prediction performance, where the average relative error was only 4.09% and nearly 98% of the data points had individual relative errors of 10% or less. Such high accuracy can be attributed to the outstanding interactions between high-order and low-order features of the Deep-FM framework. Another innovation in this Letter lies in the training dataset shrinkage and optimization without sacrificing the prediction accuracy. Such a method pioneers statistical learning algorithms in small-sample modeling problems, which is different from big data modeling and analyses. The improved statistical learning proposed in this Letter provides universal high-accuracy modeling for microfluidic-based droplet characteristics prediction, which can be an influential data-processing framework that can boost and probably transform current lines of microfluidic physics research and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood cells are involved in systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to assess differences in leukocyte subsets and their ratios between COPD patients and healthy individuals as well as their association with disease severity, smoking status and therapy in COPD.Material and methods: One hundred and nine patients in the stable phase of COPD and 95 controls participated in the study. After blood sampling, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (NEUTRO), monocytes (MO), lymphocytes (LY) and basophils (BA) were determined on a Sysmex XN-1000 analyser, and ratios were calculated afterwards.Results: White blood cells, NEUTRO, MO and BA were higher in COPD patients than in controls. Also, COPD patients had increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR (dNLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), basophil to lymphocyte ratio (BLR), basophil to monocyte ratio (BMR) and monocyte/granulocyte to lymphocyte ratio (M/GLR). Smoking has an impact on leukocyte counts, with BA, BLR and BMR being higher in COPD smokers vs. ex-smokers. Patients with very severe COPD were distinguished from moderate COPD by NLR, dNLR and M/GLR. In addition, those parameters were associated with lung function and dyspnoea, and NLR and dNLR also with multicomponent COPD indices BODCAT and DOSE. Great potential of dNLR, NLR and M/GLR in identifying COPD patients was observed regarding their odds ratios (OR) of 5.07, 2.86, 2.60, respectively (p < 0.001). Common COPD therapy did not affect any of the parameters investigated.Conclusions: Leukocyte subsets and their ratios could be implemented in COPD assessment, especially in evaluating disease severity and prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research / Pizhūhishhā-Yi ̒ulum-i Dāmī-i Īrān is the property of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medical Journal of Bakirkoy is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The quest to have an effective and efficient heat transfer fluids has been a subject of great research interest for several decades. Nanofluids are preeminent fluids that have garnered increased attention recently due to their enhanced thermal properties. Moreover, viscosity is an essential characteristic of nanofluids and for this reason, many research works have been conducted on this subject over the last few decades. In this work, attempt is made to present the viscosity model of nanofluids. In addition, efforts are put forth to examine the existing empirical, semiempirical, and analytical correlations utilized for the evaluation of viscosity of nanofluids. Furthermore, there are a number of factors influencing the viscosity of nanofluids which has necessitated this review work. These factors not only feature the nanoparticle concentration, sizes, and types, they also include the temperature of the nanofluid as well as the base fluid surfactant and stability. This review also discuss several industrial applications of nanofluids such as those used for electronic cooling, solar applications, heat exchangers, and automotive industry. The available experimental results show that the above mentioned parameters have considerable effect over viscosity of nanofluid. However, there is no general trend to describe the influence of particle sizes on increase in viscosity. The lowest enhancement in viscosity with increase in nanoparticle concentration in literature was graphite/engine oil nanofluid with improvement of 6.25% with volume concentration increasing from 1 to 5.5%. It has also been observed that many empirical models have been formulated on viscosity of nanofluid; however, there is no universally accepted model. This review leads to some directions for future research in nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]