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Learning language is learning to communicate in spoken and written form. However, learning to speak can be difficult due to a lack of linguistic resources. The students may encounter problems in communicating ideas and thus, it ends in a communication breakdown. To overcome this problem, some communication strategies like message abandonment and fillers can be used. Furthermore, communication strategies can foster students' engagement in classroom interaction, especially in an English as Lingua Franca (ELF) context. The present study was intended to explore how the communication strategies were performed in the context of ELF and the contribution of strategies to the students' engagement. Using a qualitative descriptive design, the present research investigated students' communication strategies in an international class. The findings revealed that communication strategies were creatively performed in a variety of ways. The strategies were proven to be contributive in fostering engagement by increasing students' self-confidence, boosting their self-respect, and pushing the students to be active during classroom interaction.

Teachers' communication skills are integral to classroom management skills. If teachers implement effective communication skills and appropriate communication strategies, they are more likely to support learner autonomy, engagement, self-concept, well-being, or responsibility and succeed in behaviour management. This study examines student teachers' awareness and use of communication strategies to address common disruptive learner behaviours. Although the participants showed limited ability to support learners through communication, they were more likely to identify effective communication responses than to produce them themselves. The study unveils that student teachers in the last year of a graduate program cannot respond to disruptive behaviour without communication roadblocks. They need to develop communication strategies to address disruptions in the classroom, while supporting learner engagement, motivation, self-concept, and autonomy. These findings correspond with other research studies that show a lack of opportunities to develop communication skills during preservice teacher education.

Given the pervasive influence of patriarchy in politics, women in the political arena must be equipped to address the various challenges that come with it. Therefore, there is a need for political education tailored to their specific needs. Women's political representation plays a vital role in advancing democracy. This study investigated political communication strategies and ideologies of Islamist parties in Indonesia, with a focus on enhancing female politicians' voters through political education. One of the Islamic parties in this research is the Prosperous Justice Party, also known as Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS). The study employed a qualitative approach as the primary research method. The research suggests that Islamic parties can enhance their political communication strategies by integrating their political ideology. This political ideology can be transformed into guiding principles and spiritual development platforms that serve as a form of political education for political party cadres. This study highlights the challenges faced by those who may be reluctant to fully support women in politics. The strategy employed by PKS does not involve the abandonment of its core party ideology but rather focuses on reinforcing and promoting this ideology among its cadres and sympathizers through effective da'wah and cadre development.

The purpose of the current study is to determine Turkish as a foreign language learners' tendency to use communication strategies. Quantitative and qualitative research models were used together in the study. The survey method was used in the qualitative part and the phenomenological method was used in the quantitative part of the study. The study group of the study is comprised of 77 participants from 13 different nationalities with Turkish language proficiency levels of A2, B2 and C1. Quantitative data were collected by using the "Oral Communication Strategies Inventory" and qualitative data were collected by using a semi-structured interview form. Descriptive analysis was performed on both the quantitative and qualitative data. The results of the study revealed a strong correlation between the level of competence and the tendency to use strategies. Participants with low language proficiency levels tend to use strategies including the behavior of moving away from the verbal boundaries of the target language. On the other hand, those with a high level of language proficiency tend to use strategies that include the effort to stay within the boundaries of the target language. In the qualitative dimension of the study, 10 different communication strategies were determined based on the episodic memories and experiences of the participants. These are strategies mostly used in compensatory functions.

The present study explores communication strategies used by Iranian advanced EFL learners to overcome communication problems. This study aims to explore EFL learners' awareness of communication strategies. To this end, 17 advanced EFL learners who were willing to participate in the study were selected through snowball sampling. Their awareness of communication strategies was then explored through open-ended interviews and analyzed in line with the coding schemes of grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1991). Iterative data collection and analysis yielded four main categories including explicit, reciprocal, implicit, and reduction strategies. Each of these strategies covers some subcategories. To visualize the findings and explore the degree to which the abstracted strategies reflect the participants' perspective, the transcribed data, along with the emerged strategies were fed to MAXQDA. This study can contribute to effective oral communication by elaborating on the notion of communication strategies and reaching communicative goals. The findings have implications for language learners, language teachers, and materials developers.

Communication strategies (CS) have been generally used to overcome oral communication problems in delivering the intended messages. While studies on CS mostly involved simulated communication contexts, the current study deviates from the past studies on CS by identifying the types of CS employed by candidates of real job interviews and examining the effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach adopted in Malaysian schools in English language teaching. The data were collected from observations made on oral interactions between candidates and the panelists of academic staff recruitment interviews at one public university in the east coast of Malaysia. The recorded oral data were imported into NVivo software (version 12) before the use of CS by the candidates were categorised based on CS taxonomies proposed by Dörnyei and Scott, and Clennell. The results revealed that the candidates employed various types of CS with fillers and self-repetitions being the most frequently employed strategies while the two least employed strategies were asking for clarification and guessing. While the results showed extensive use of CS in the interactions, the high frequency use of fillers as a time-gaining strategy might reflect that the speakers lacked competency in conveying their messages. Additionally, too much use of fillers might not be favoured by the interlocutors since the strategy could occur unpredictably. The findings indicate that CLT approach has not been effective in enhancing English language competency among L2 learners. Considering this, intervention measures to improve the current situation by looking at the root problems in the implementation of CLT are needed if the government decides to retain this teaching approach in Malaysian schools.

Regardless of varied lingua-cultural ideologies enriching the theories of communicative competence (CC), the four CC dimensions (e.g., linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse, and communication strategies (CSs)) still become the main cores of English speaking (ES) classrooms. Of the four dimensions, CSs seem to be the most technical which deserve to be persistently studied. Hence, this study aimed to probe into ES lecturers' performances of CSs, their efforts to improve students' CC, and the impacts of their efforts on students' learning according to students' perspectives. Two ES lecturers and 10 students at a university in Indonesia were purposively selected to be the participants. They were observed and interviewed according to the study's purposes. This study uncovered various CSs performed by ES lecturers according to several contexts, such as to understand spoken texts, to understand spoken recorded texts, and to overcome temporary communication difficulties. Various ES lecturers' efforts were also revealed according to their functions to improve each dimension of CC. Most students perceived the lecturers' efforts positively due to the impacts on their motivation, self-efficacy, collaborative skills, and metacognition. However, few students echoed negative perceptions about a lecturer's native-speakerism-endorsed effort due to lingua-cultural issues. Implication, limitation, and recommendation are discussed.

Background: An individual's ability to make autonomous decisions is fundamental to self-determination. The presence of neurological pathology, for example, aphasia, and its associated difficulties with language and/or cognition, may affect an individual's capacity to make decisions, or their ability to reveal their capacity to make decisions. Decision-making by persons with aphasia (PWA) can be enhanced when communication partners are trained and if communication supports are provided, for example, supports that reduce the linguistic and cognitive demands of the task, and/or that facilitate expression. Aims: The main aim of this review is to identify the types of decisions for which persons with post-stroke aphasia receive support, the communication partners involved in supporting decision-making by PWA and the communication strategies implemented to support decision-making by PWA. Methods & Procedures: A multifaceted search strategy was used. Specific keywords were used to search seven electronic databases. Hand-searches of two journals, as well as ancestral searches of the reference lists of selected articles was also performed. Through the application of predefined selection criteria, 16 journal articles, spanning from 1998 to 2021, were selected from the initial yield of 955 articles for inclusion in this review. Data pertaining to the aims of the study were extracted using a data-extraction form. Outcomes & Results: This review shows that most of the research to date has focused on supporting persons with post-stroke aphasia in decisions pertaining to discharge planning or accommodation, and decisions pertaining to informed consent for participation in research. The communication partners cited most frequently as supporting decision-making by PWA are speech-language pathologists and family members. A range of communication strategies, most of which are components of Supported Conversation Techniques for Adults with Aphasia (SCA™), support decision-making by PWA. The most frequently listed strategies include augmenting information with different modalities, acknowledging the competence of the PWA, thereby inviting initiation and collaboration by the PWA, and the allocation of sufficient time for the decision-making process. Conclusions & Implications: This review presents research trends regarding the support of PWA in decision-making. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of the different strategies identified, and on the support of PWA in the making of a greater variety of complex decisions.

In a context in which opportunities for oral interaction are limited (English as a foreign language courses at a Saudi tertiary institution), we carried out an action research project evaluating the introduction of computer-mediated spoken language tasks with a group of intermediate learners. Although the students were confronted with multiple challenges ranging from unfamiliarity with educational technology, through recurrent bandwidth issues, to their own limited linguistic repertoires, they showed themselves able to participate in discussion with increasing facility and levels of responsibility for conversation management. In this paper, we focus on the communication strategies (CS) which they deployed to achieve this. While CSs were not the subject of explicit instruction, the students showed themselves able to draw on their repertoires and on the strategies implicitly modelled by their instructor over the six weeks of speaking activities using the SpeakApps platform. We examine what these strategies were: change in CSs over time; CS use in different conversational configurations (teacher-led group discussion; student-led group discussion and peer-peer pair discussion); impacts of the audio-only nature of discussion on CS choice. The paper points to promising directions for future practice and research.

In South Africa, many children with extensive support needs--including children who require AAC--are accommodated in care centers rather than the public schooling system. Caregivers employed at these centers need training in order to support children's communication using augmentative and alternative methods. A total of 29 center-based caregivers took part in this study. A single group pretest-posttest design was used to evaluate the effect of a 5-day training workshop on caregivers' ability to demonstrate and implement five AAC strategies. The effect of the workshop on caregivers' perceptions of their own skills as well as the social validity of the training were also evaluated. Results suggest that the workshop effectively taught caregivers to demonstrate the skills in a simulated roleplay situation. A proportion of caregivers also supplied video footage after the workshop that suggests the ability to implement the strategies in the care center contexts. Caregivers also perceived their own skills to have improved post workshop, and evaluated the training positively.

The development of communication is a fundamental part of early childhood. Yet many students with disabilities require supports such as augmentative and alternative communication to develop communication skills. Teachers and paraeducators play key roles in supporting communication for these students, but often lack effective and accessible training options that include relevant content, active engagement, and application with individualized coaching. To meet this need, we engaged in iterative development, revision, and testing of the "POWR Training System," an online training and coaching program for teachers and their paraeducators. As part of a multi-year, federally funded grant, this iterative process was informed by feedback from educators and experts as well as by outcomes for paraeducators, a teacher, and children in a series of nonconcurrent single case studies. A description of the iterative process, outcomes for paraeducators, a teacher, and children as well as feedback related to the program are described. Future research directions are discussed.

The immediacy of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the sheer importance of internal and external communication with stakeholders. Universities had to rapidly grasp an unfolding and fast-changing crisis, gauge their level of preparedness, review decision and implementation processes, devise strategies, and adapt communication approaches. This exploratory study conducts a literature review in order to identify relevant studies that address how higher education institutions communicated to their stakeholders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review of the literature revealed that although many higher education institutions had disaster recovery plans in place, few were well-equipped for a disruption of global proportions. Using a grounded theory approach, five important themes emerged from the relevant studies.

This study investigated the factors influencing student engagement in asynchronous online classes, focusing on the roles of instructor presence, communication strategies, and demographic profiles. Data were collected from 385 college students employing moderated mediation with parallel mediators. The results revealed significant direct effects of instructor presence and communication strategies on student engagement, highlighting the pivotal role of these factors in shaping the online learning experience. Specifically, stronger instructor presence and effective communication strategies corresponded to higher levels of student engagement, emphasizing the importance of fostering supportive interactions and facilitating meaningful communication in virtual classrooms. Mediation analyses further clear the pathways through which these factors influence student engagement. Perceived instructional support emerged as a robust mediator between instructor presence and engagement, underscoring the significance of establishing a supportive learning environment. Additionally, technology self-efficacy played a modest yet significant role in mediating the impact of instructor presence and communication strategies on student engagement, highlighting the importance of students’ confidence in utilizing technology for academic purposes. While moderation analyses did not reveal significant effects of demographic profiles on the relationships between key variables, the findings underscore the universality of effective teaching practices in fostering student engagement across diverse student populations. These findings have important implications for online teaching practices and educational policies, emphasizing the need to prioritize strategies that enhance instructor support, foster effective communication, and promote technological proficiency among students. By addressing these factors, educators and institutions can optimize the online learning experience and promote meaningful engagement among students in asynchronous online classes.

The current paper explores crosslinguistic and multimodal health communication strategies employed by the South African government during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2022. Some governments used multiple languages, yet in most cases, English monolingualism was a predominant form of communication. This paper utilised a multimodal critical discourse analysis to explore public health communication by government officials in South Africa and by members of the National Coronavirus Command Council mandated to combat the spread of COVID-19 in South Africa. The paper interrogates how this language and messaging limited or enabled linguistic equity and social justice. The paper concludes that in a country such as South Africa, for any government's initiative to promote linguistic and social justice, it ought to be 'languaged' and messaged through the linguistic repertoires that the majority of its citizens understand; if not, it is doomed to fail as was the case with the South African government's COVID-19 communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand has employed dance diplomacy in its international relations activities for more than 150 years, but there is a dearth of research on Thai dance. This study empirically explores untapped data on Thai dances used by Thai royal courts and governments. The research objectives are to elucidate communication strategies and strategic designs behind the 'Thai dance diplomacy' sponsored by Thai governments from 1998 to 2022 and to study the effectiveness of the diplomacy's evaluation. Documentary research and in-depth interviews with five experts behind official Thai performances at home and abroad were conducted. The results indicate that directors designed performances based on budget constraint, creativity, cultural familiarity, and similarity between Thailand and other countries, exploiting the meanings of occasions upon which shows were performed. Show tactics were derived in alignment with the modified SMCR model of Thai dance communications by Virulrak ([2004]. หลักการแสดงนาฏยศิลป์ปริทรรศน์ [Principles of dramatic arts]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press) to portray beautiful, skilful, moral, and contemporary elements of Thai culture. A pitfall of Thai dance diplomacy is the evaluation system, which employs only the subjective judgement of diplomats and dance crews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication strategies (CSs) have been generally viewed as ways in which learners may circumvent, and ideally overcome, communicative difficulties. However, over 40 years of research in this area has been largely confined to theory and experimental studies, and it is not clear to what extent CS research has filtered into contemporary second language (L2) teaching practice. This study employed document analysis of Canadian core French curricula to examine how the teaching of CSs is represented as part of L2 learning in the contemporary French as a second language classroom. The results showed that some strategies, such as paraphrase and appeal for repetition, are commonly referenced in curricula. Curricula from five of eleven provinces and territories suggested the explicit teaching of CSs, yet specificity of methods and resources which could be employed by teachers in explicit CS instruction was scarce. It is suggested that the provision of further CS resources for teachers may help to counter well-documented challenges in the communicative outcomes of programs such as core French.

Social Media has become integral to our daily lives in a hyper-connected world where the digital environment becomes an important part of the consumer's life. With the proliferation of new brands in the market, it has become essential for businesses to adopt effective communication strategies that integrate social media to build and maintain relationships with their customers. New brands face great challenges when it comes to establishing themselves in the market and building relationships with customers. Each brand must adapt to the target audience and communicate effectively with them in order to gain long-term loyalty. Understanding how the consumer connects with a new brand is the key to building an effective long-term communication strategy that will bring results from a marketing and business point of view. The purpose of our research is to understand consumer preferences when it comes to new brands on Social Media. We carried out quantitative research by using the survey method focusing on finding out what really matters to the consumer so that we can come to the aid of new brands thereby they can adapt their integrated communication strategies with Social Media. The research findings indicate that respondents place the utmost importance on the inclusion of genuine narratives and customer feedback from previous product or service users when considering the content that new brands should produce. Furthermore, an analysis of the data reveals discernible preferences based on the age demographics of the participants. The results show that irrespective of age, the presence of brands on social media platforms exerts a substantial influence on consumer loyalty and support.

BackgroundHealthcare workers play a central role in communicating information to the public regarding vaccines. Most of the literature has focused on healthcare workers’ hesitancy and doubts about getting the flu vaccine themselves. However, few studies have dealt with how they perceive their role in communicating information regarding vaccines, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic.Objectives(1) To identify the communication strategies used by the Israeli Ministry of Health regarding vaccines during epidemic crises (before and after the COVID-19 pandemic); (2) To identify the communication strategies used by healthcare workers regarding vaccines before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA qualitative study based on in-depth interviews was conducted among healthcare workers and used a semi-structured protocol as a research tool. A total of 18 healthcare workers were sampled using purposeful and snowball sampling.ResultsDespite healthcare workers’ perception that there has been a decrease in trust in the Israeli Ministry of Health among the public following the COVID-19 outbreak, they still rely on the Israeli Ministry of Health as their primary source of information and use the same communication strategies (such as fear appeals and correcting information) as of the Israeli Ministry of Health to communicate with the public, healthcare providers, and other relevant stakeholders.ConclusionHealthcare workers have been shaped by the professional socialization processes within the health system, leading to a predominant reliance on established communication strategies and informational channels. This reliance underscores the importance of evolving these methods to better engage with the public. To address this, there is a compelling need to innovate and adopt new communication techniques that emphasize effective dialogue and transparent interactions. By doing so, healthcare professionals can ensure that their outreach is not only informative but also responsive to the diverse needs and preferences of the community.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of language proficiency level on the frequency of the use and choice of L1/L2 communication strategies used by Iraqi EFL students. This study was qualitative in nature. The interactive task and speaking task were used to gather data regarding communication strategy use and choice from 52 second and third year English major students. Those participants were divided into two groups; low and high proficient students (n=27 low proficient students and n=25 high proficient students). Taxonomy of communication strategies was adopted to code the communication strategies used by low and high proficient Iraqi EFL students. The results revealed that low proficient students use communication strategies more frequently than high proficient students. Both low and high proficient students used communication strategies other than those included in selected taxonomy. This study showed that low proficient students use L1- based strategies more frequently, while high proficient students use L2-based strategies more frequently.

The successful functioning of computer programming specialists largely depends on their level of communicative competence, so a university course of English for specific purposes (ESP), aimed at its development, can be exceedingly useful in professional training of future computer programmers. To optimise the process of ESP learning we have outlined the verbal addresser-oriented strategies (stimulating strategy, emotional activity strategy, evaluation activity strategy, cooperative strategy and strategy of self-presentation) and elaborated a system of exercises for their development. It includes the following stages: 1) studying general foreign language by means of communication strategies; 2) studying ESP by means of communication strategies. To validate the effectiveness of the system of exercise we conducted experimental teaching of the 1st and 2nd-year students of the Faculty of Applied Mathematics and IT Technologies at Lviv Ivan Franko National University in 2016-2017 academic year. It involved 144 participants. Efficiency of the system of exercises has been proved on the basis of the results obtained from pre- and post- experimental assessment of students from exposure groups and reference groups. Growth rate in students from exposure groups significantly exceeded the results in students from reference groups. Thus, the efficacy of the suggested system of exercises used for developing communication strategies in computer programming students has been proved.

The perception of motivation for corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities among individuals plays a crucial role in achieving successful outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to gain an understanding of how different CSR activities can affect the perception of motivation for corporate social responsibility, with a view to ensuring the success of a hotel’s CSR strategy. This study aims to explore the effects of proactive and reactive communication strategies employed by hotel companies in relation to CSR, with a view to identifying how these strategies impact perceptions of CSR motivation and the subsequent influence on company outputs. To facilitate comparison between the two groups, an experimental design utilizing a fictional hotel brochure and two contrasting newspaper articles has been created. The newspaper articles have been fictionalized in accordance with both proactive and reactive CSR communication strategies. The study sample comprises 406 participants, and the data has been analyzed using structural equation modelling and t-tests. The findings indicate that perceptions of CSR motivation play a pivotal role in hotel evaluation. The proactive scenario is perceived as more value-driven by the first group, whereas in the second group, the reactive scenario is regarded as more strategy-oriented. Furthermore, the proactive group exhibits relatively more positive evaluations of firms in comparison. Consequently, there is an imperative for hotel companies to consider the interconnections between these variables when designing their CSR communication strategies.

AbstractResearch institutions generate plenty of agricultural technologies which is capable of improving agricultural productivity. However, most of research outputs developed by research institutions were not properly communicated to the intended users. The current study, therefore, examined the factors that affect the application of communication strategies in the diffusion of agricultural innovations and technologies at the Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI). To conduct this study, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with senior experts from ARARI and purposefully selected farmers, respectively. The study also incorporated document analysis as a data collection instrument. The study predominantly used a qualitative approach to the research design. The findings of the study indicated that ARARI has dominantly followed traditional extension services that are slow, linear, hierarchical, and poorly funded. In relation to communication strategies, agricultural extension workers mostly used interpersonal communication strategies, while agricultural innovations and technologies were diffused to the end users. The findings also revealed that farmers still have a negative perception of the adoption and utilization of agricultural innovations and technologies that emerge from illiteracy, knowledge gaps, inexperience, fears, and lack of clear communication between extension workers and end users. Therefore, to clearly diffuse agricultural innovations and technologies to wider users, ARARAI as an institution should work largely in the adoption (cognitive activity), especially in awareness creation, knowledge management, and behavioral change communication to allow the users of the innovation as well as better to adopt and spread the technology to many users.

OBJECTIVES: Educational approaches for training physicians in clinical communications vary, and whether physicians apply the communication skills they learn or find them useful in the clinic is not well known. The aim of this study was to determine how first-year residents who received explicit instruction in 7 communication strategies would apply them in a simulation exercise and in clinical practice. METHODS: First-year Internal Medicine residents at an urban teaching hospital received instruction in 7 systematic communication strategies: Ask-Tell-Ask, Teach-back, open-ended questioning, NURSE, open body language, pausing, and plain language. Residents were evaluated on their use of specific communication behaviors associated with the 7 strategies during a simulation exercise of disclosing a medical error to a standardized patient. Control group residents who did the simulation before attending the training program and training group residents who did the simulation after the training were compared. Residents were queried 6 months after the training program on their use of communication strategies during clinical practice. RESULTS: A total of 27 residents participated (n = 13 control group; n = 14 training group). The training group performed behaviors for "establishing patient understanding" significantly more often than the control group. Both groups used non-verbal communication and behaviors for addressing patient emotions at similar levels. Of the 24 residents who responded to the 6-month follow-up questionnaire, 24 (100%) reported using Ask-Tell-Ask, open-ended questioning, and Teach-back, and 22 (92%) reported using NURSE statements and non-verbal communication. Most respondents reported using the strategies in clinical practice often or very often (79%) and found the strategies useful or very useful (96%). CONCLUSION: Providing explicit instruction in systematic communication strategies, particularly those focused on establishing patient understanding, may be an efficient approach for helping early career physicians develop effective communication skills that can be readily implemented during clinical training and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perlocutionary acts and effects have long been treated as marginal (Searle, 1969) or too wide and unclear (Leech, 1983) aspects of language competence and performance. However, Post (2013) maintained that perlocution ought to be widely investigated, regarded as being among the vital aspects of communication, and even treated as complementary to the speech act theory (SAT) and linguistic pragmatics. In 2016, Świątek introduced the concept of verbal perlocutionary giftedness, presenting an extended framework for the study of perlocutionary acts from the pragmatic and glottodidactic perspectives on a concomitant basis. Recent research has revealed that perlocution may even have deeper, genetic roots which, supposedly, may have a serious impact on one's increased verbal perlocutionary efficiency. However, there is yet another phenomenon, that is, learning and communication strategies which might affect the target phenomenon Therefore, the aim of the study, based on both qualitative and quantitative research, was to determine the principal types of learning and communication strategies implemented by perlocutionarily gifted language users, that is, whether they prefer any particular types of strategies when learning and communicating verbally or simply apply a mixture of all strategies, thus possessing a certain kind of global awareness. In other words, this study allowed us to determine whether the above-mentioned learners apply a plethora of strategies when interacting with other language users or simply adopt a finite set of strategies in order to be only understood and thus ensure communicative effectiveness. Therefore, the individual case analysis method together with the contrastive approach allowed to establish the dominant types of strategies in the phenomenon discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of communication strategies (CSs) on Intermediate Iranian EFL Low- and Mid-Willing Learners' Willingness to Communicate (LWTC and MWTC). Sixty-five intermediate EFL learners were placed in LWTC (n = 32) and MWTC (n = 33) group. All learners attended two discussion sessions as the pretest and two discussion sessions as the posttest. All sessions were audio/video recorded and observed. The learners received a direct instruction of CSs for five sessions. The results revealed that the LWTC learners' WTC significantly increased as a result of CSs use compared to that of the MWTC learners. The indirect types of CSs were identified as the most frequent strategies applied by all learners. The personality type was not identified as a contributing factor to the learners' CSs choice. A set of interrelated factors enhancing or reducing learners' WTC including contextual, individual, and communicative competence factors were identified through stimulated-recall interviews.

Kota Lama Semarang, rich in cultural and architectural heritage, is vulnerable to disasters like Rob Floods and rising sea levels due to climate change. This research aims to describe recommended communication strategies for increasing awareness and community involvement in climate change disaster mitigation. Through analysis of the news text, data analysis, and literature review, this study provides valuable insights for stakeholders. The communication strategy utilizes storytelling through social media, awareness campaigns, and educational programs. Effective communication is crucial in facing disasters in Kota Lama Semarang. The recommended strategy emphasizes community-based approaches with active participation. Dialogues with the government, NGOs, and relevant institutions strengthen community adaptation. Challenges include accessibility and technology limitations in the area. Cultural and linguistic diversity should be considered in communication strategies to enhance message reception. Ongoing evaluations are necessary to enhance communication strategy effectiveness. In conclusion, effective communication strategies are vital in addressing climate change disasters in the Kota Lama Semarang. This strategy promotes community awareness, involvement, and adaptation. Challenges such as technology accessibility and cultural diversity should be wisely managed. By overcoming these challenges and conducting continuous evaluations, communication strategies can reduce disaster risks and build community resilience

Virtual reality (VR) for Language learning has been shown effective in improving students' communication skills. However very few studies reveal the communication strategies students used in communicating in a VR environment, especially in learning Chinese as a foreign or second language (CFL/CSL). In this pilot study, a prototype Virtual Experiential Language Learning Environment (VELLE) was used to provide immersive learning experiences in developing CFL students' communication strategies. Productive Failure was employed as an instructional approach to support the learning design. The participants were six CFL students learning in an Australian university. The main data sources included audio recordings of the students' communication in VR and interview data. The findings showed that participants' use of various types of communication strategies was influenced by the VELLE and Productive Failure design. In particular, the use of L1 in the problem-solving phase enriched the participants' learning opportunities and all participants used a lesser number of resource deficit-related strategies after the instruction. Second, Students reported enhanced engagement in language use in the VR context.

The Ukrainian crisis has received substantial Global Northern policy support and favourable news coverage, contrasting sharply with Global Southern crises. Nevertheless, refugee organizations can influence public perceptions through social media. This study comparatively analyses UNHCR's Instagram communication strategies for the Ukrainian and Syrian crises (2022–2023). Applying a multimodal critical discourse analysis on UNHCR's Instagram posts (N = 90), we discern interacting humanitarian and post-humanitarian appeals, involving inter- and intra-group hierarchies of deservingness, expanding research on humanitarian communication. While UNHCR mainly represents forcibly displaced Ukrainians as victims and focuses on 'ideal victims', it mostly portrays forcibly displaced Syrians as empowered individuals, likely due to context-specific differences and partially countering news and policy narratives. Both humanitarian representations often intersect with post-humanitarian strategies, facilitated by Instagram affordances. This study thus contributes to the literature on humanitarian communication with comparative crisis-specific and platform-specific insights and causes. Moreover, it nuances the often-assumed importance of post-humanitarian imageries on social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Courses: Health Communication, Science Communication, Interpersonal Communication. Objective: This activity prepares students to explain jargon effectively when communicating with individuals who have low health literacy by utilizing clear communication strategies.

Alebel Guangul Gessesse,1 Jemal Mohammed Haile,2 Amanuel Gebru Woldearegay3 1Department of Journalism and Communication, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; 2Departments of Journalism and Communication, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 3School of Journalism and Communication, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Alebel Guangul Gessesse, Tel +251-910922903, Email alebelg@du.edu.etIntroduction: Delivering Bad News (DBN) presents a highly challenging situation in physician-patient communication. This study aims to gain insight into the various communication strategies employed by physicians when DBN.Methods: This qualitative study conducted thematic analysis of in-depth interviews. Physicians from two comprehensive hospitals with large patient populations were selected purposively based on their engagement in delivering bad news to patients. Thematic analysis was made.Results: Thematic analysis of the data revealed several communication strategies physicians use when delivering bad news. These communication strategies include. Jointly Initiated Physician-Patient Communication Strategies: ((i) Discussing with patient family/caregivers, (ii) Collaborating with other physicians and specialists), Patient-Engaged/Led Communication Strategies: ((iii) Investigating with adolescents alone or without the family, (iv) Helping patients predict what the news is, (v) Identifying patients’ emotions related to bad news, (vi) Assessing patients’ level of understanding, (vii) Minimizing patient anxiety), Physician-Related Communication Strategies: ((viii) Making sure diagnostic results are accurate, (xi) Identifying causes for rejection, (x) deliveringbad news using clear and simple communication).Conclusion: Delivering bad news to patients can be challenging for physicians. It is important to be clear and accurate, and to prepare patients for the news. Patients may feel more comfortable and open when they are unaccompanied and with their healthcare provider. The study concluded that physicians need to be prepared to deliver bad news in a sensitive and effective manner.Keywords: bad news, communication strategies, communication, patient, physicians

The article examines the political trust of Russian youth in the context of their representatives’ choice of channels for obtaining political information. The study contributes to the research of theoretical problems of political trust formation under the spread of modern communication means. The impact of the spread of new media on political trust of Russian youth is considered. The article is based on the results of two empirical studies conducted in the fall of 2022: a mass online survey of Russian youth and an expert survey. The mass online survey was based on the online questionnaire method, while conducting an expert survey, the method of non-standardized interview was used to collect information, and the method of discourse analysis was used for processing. The results of the study revealed the differentiation of communication strategies in different socio-demographic and status groups of generations x and z. It is confirmed that the choice of new media as the main information sources about politics is in line with the trend of political trust decreasing. Russian youth are characterized by very low levels of trust in public opinion leaders; by this, it was possible to identify significant intra-generational splits. The communication strategies of the representatives of Russian youth also testify to the crisis of the two-step flow of communication model.