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Role of L-carnosine in the control of blood glucose, blood pressure, thermogenesis, and lipolysis by autonomic nerves in rats: involvement of the circadian clock and histamine.
- Source :
-
Amino acids [Amino Acids] 2012 Jul; Vol. 43 (1), pp. 97-109. Date of Electronic Publication: 2012 Feb 25. - Publication Year :
- 2012
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Abstract
- L-carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine; CAR) is synthesized in mammalian skeletal muscle. Although the physiological roles of CAR have not yet been clarified, there is evidence that the release of CAR from skeletal muscle during physical exercise affects autonomic neurotransmission and physiological functions. In particular, CAR affects the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal glands, liver, kidney, pancreas, stomach, and white and brown adipose tissues, thereby causing changes in blood pressure, blood glucose, appetite, lipolysis, and thermogenesis. CAR-mediated changes in neurotransmission and physiological functions were eliminated by histamine H1 or H3 receptor antagonists (diphenhydramine or thioperamide) and bilateral lesions of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a master circadian clock. Moreover, a carnosine-degrading enzyme (carnosinase 2) was shown to be localized to histamine neurons in the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). Thus, CAR released from skeletal muscle during exercise may be transported into TMN-histamine neurons and hydrolyzed. The resulting L-histidine may subsequently be converted into histamine, which could be responsible for the effects of CAR on neurotransmission and physiological function. Thus, CAR appears to influence hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and lipolytic activity through regulation of autonomic nerves and with the involvement of the SCN and histamine. These findings are reviewed and discussed in the context of other recent reports, including those on carnosine synthetases, carnosinases, and carnosine transport.
- Subjects :
- Animals
Dipeptidases metabolism
Diphenhydramine pharmacology
Histamine H1 Antagonists pharmacology
Histamine H3 Antagonists pharmacology
Piperidines pharmacology
Rats
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus injuries
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus pathology
Autonomic Pathways metabolism
Blood Glucose metabolism
Blood Pressure
Carnosine metabolism
Circadian Clocks physiology
Histamine metabolism
Lipolysis
Thermogenesis
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1438-2199
- Volume :
- 43
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Amino acids
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 22367578
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-012-1251-9