Evaluation of the environmental performance of the production of polyphenol-rich fruit powders: A case study on acerola.

This study evaluated the environmental performance by life cycle assessment (LCA) of five popular drying processes (freeze drying, spray drying, spouted bed drying, convective hot air oven drying, and foam mat drying) to obtain polyphenol-rich acerola powders from acerola juice and pomace. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature showing the total polyphenol content (TPC) as the target quality index to evaluate the LCA of fruit-based dried ingredients, taking the potential functionality into consideration. Acerola powders had low moisture content (1.43%–5.20%) and water activity (0.301–0.433), and remarkably high TPC (79–287 mg GAE/g). LCA results showed that the re-purposing of readily available and burden-free pomace is a smart and eco-friendly solution to secure polyphenol-rich fruit powders with lower environmental impact (<10%) and resource availability (<50%). On the contrary, juice-derived powders have higher potential ecological impact associated to agricultural cultivation. Oven drying exceeded in 75–80% the impact to the ecosystems of other drying processes, which jeopardizes process viability. Drying attributes that dictate environmental performance were identified, such as powder productivity and carrier selection, with maltodextrin having >60% lower impact than albumin in 9 out of 10 mid-point categories evaluated. High powder productivity (35.8 g/h and 34.7 g/h for juice- and pomace-derived powders, respectively) and robustness endorse spray drying as an eco-minded drying strategy for the efficient processing of naturally polyphenol-rich materials. This research provides comprehensive data to support the upcycling of fruit pomaces as smart feedstocks to produce phytochemical-rich food ingredients. [Display omitted] • Acerola juice and pomace were evaluated as valuable upcycling polyphenol sources. • Total polyphenol content was used as target quality index for environmental analysis. • Powder productivity and type of drying carrier influenced environmental impact. • Pomace re-purposing is an eco-friendly way of sourcing natural polyphenols. • Spray drying high productivity dictated its positive environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]