Trends in bread waste utilisation.

Bread is the most consumed food and one of the most wasted foods in the world. Every year, millions of tonnes of bread are wasted worldwide. The reason for this is the rapid spoilage of bakery products. This results in a large amount of unused bread in supermarkets and households. However, waste bread could be used as a renewable raw material. The most discussed strategy for recycling bakery waste is fermentation. But there are other methods to utilise bread waste, which will be discussed in the present review. In this review, we examine the latest trends in bread waste recycling; explore the possibilities for producing new chemicals, foods and other products and materials; and determine the efficiency of using bread waste to produce sugar used to make a new product through fermentation and other technologies. Bread waste is a good feedstock for microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and yeasts. These microorganisms produce glucose from bread waste. After glucose extraction, the hydrolysate can be further fermented by microorganisms to produce lactic acid, hydrogen, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, paramylon and syngas. Bread waste is also used to produce textiles and graphene. Already now, the processing of stale bread by extrusion to make a new product is used in manufacturing. In the last decade, craft breweries have learnt to use leftover bread to brew beer, saving millions of slices of bread each year. • Creation of new products from waste bread. • Possibilities of glucose obtaining from waste bread. • Bread waste is a potential feedstock for bacteria, fungi and yeasts. • Bread waste is a promising raw material for chemicals production. • Bread waste fermentation technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]