Combining submerged and solid state fermentation to convert waste bread into protein and pigment using the edible filamentous fungus N. intermedia.

• The study exploiting the strengths of submerged and solid-state fermentation. • Waste bread was converted to a protein and pigment-enriched fermented product. • 1.2 kg pigments per ton of waste bread was obtained. • The fermented product has potential to be used as nutrient rich feed. Waste streams from ethanol and bread production present inexpensive, abundant and underutilized renewable substrates that are highly available for valorisation into high-value products. A combined submerged to solid state fermentation strategy was studied using the edible filamentous fungus Neurospora intermedia to biotransform ethanol plant residues 'thin stillage' and waste bread as substrates for the production of additional ethanol, biomass and a feed product rich in pigment. The fungus was able to degrade the stillage during submerged fermentation, producing 81 kg ethanol and 65 kg fungal biomass per ton dry weight of thin stillage. Concurrently, the second solid state fermentation step increased the protein content in waste bread by 161%. Additionally, 1.2 kg pigment per ton waste bread was obtained at the best conditions (6 days solid state fermentation under light at 95% relative humidity at 35 °C with an initial substrate moisture content of 40% using washed fungal biomass to initiate fermentation). This study presents a means of increasing the value of waste bread while reducing the treatment load on thin stillage in ethanol plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]