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Crop infestation species have acquired resistance to herbicides, stimulating the search for new control methods. Plants secondary metabolites can hold more sustainable alternatives, as they can be used for development of natural herbicides. This study evaluated phytotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis leaves on Conyza bonariensis, an infesting species of Brazilian crops. Different concentrations of decoction and infusion extracts were tested in germination and growth bioassays. Adult plants were evaluated for leaf anatomy effects caused by the yerba mate extract. HPLC analysis was used to quantify the three major chemical constituents. The most effective aqueous extract (decoction 1.0%) decreased the percentage of seed germination, germination speed index, and percentage of germination-derived seedling formation, and increased the time for seedling formation. Shoot and root growth were not affected by this extract. In adult plants, the same extract damaged epidermis and palisade/lacunous parenchyma six hours after exposure. Caffeine was found as the major compound of this extract, followed by rutin and quercetin. Therefore, aqueous extract by decoction 1.0 % of I. paraguariensis leaves showed potential for control of C. bonariensis infestation and rather promising for the development of a natural herbicide.

Healthy mice were submitted or not to daily chronic swimming and/or daily yerba mate (YM) infusion intake and had their bloods analyzed after four weeks. We hypothesized that daily intake of YM may act differently on lipid mobilization and, on the creatine, lactate and irisin levels in sedentary mice and those submitted to chronic exercise. The groups were (n=48): YM-non-treated control (NTC), YM-non-treated swimming control (NSC), non-roasted YM (NRY), roasted YM (RY), swimming plus non-roasted YM (SNRY), swimming plus roasted YM (SRY). No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed concerning creatine phosphoskinase (CPK) value. Lactate level decreased significantly (P

Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), popularly known as “yerba mate,” has great economic and social significance for the population of Southern Latin America. This study was conducted (1) to investigate the phytochemical composition of four different standardized extracts, (2) to investigate its free radical scavenging properties, and (3) to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers. The chemical profile was achieved by Folin-Ciocalteu, by LC/DAD, and by LC/MS assays, while the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated, respectively, by DPPH assay and by inhibition of nitric oxide (Griess reaction) and TNF-α (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that the IA (aqueous infusion extract) showed higher amounts of total phenolic contents ( 266.62 ± 10.85 mg CAE·g-1 DE), the highest amounts of all six chemical markers (theobromine, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and rutin), and stronger antioxidant activity ( E C 50 = 54.4 ± 5.14 μ g · m L − 1 ). The IA extract also showed the lowest inhibition of NOx secretion ( 50.10 ± 8.97 % ) as well as inhibition of TNF-α ( 83.33 ± 4.01 % ). Regarding the chemical markers, all compounds showed strong inhibition of NOx secretion, especially theobromine, which was 200x more potent than dexamethasone. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion was also significantly decreased by THEO at 0.033 μM ( 22.15 ± 6.49 % ), NCA at 1.97 μM ( 27.46 ± 3.98 % ), CCA at 0.35 μM ( 39.76 ± 5.73 % ), CGA at 0.56 μM ( 23.58 ± 5.79 % ), CAF at 0.52 μM ( 26.45 ± 5.34 % ), and RUT at 0.16 μM ( 40.18 ± 3.70 % ). Our results suggest that I. paraguariensis and its major chemical markers have strong free radical scavenging properties as well as showed important anti-inflammatory activity and that these compounds in a plant extract may work based on several different mechanisms synergistically, resulting in moderating the immune system.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has both economic and cultural importance in South America. However, due to a lack of quality control during processing, adulteration can occur. The aim of the study was to measure adulteration of yerba mate brands marketed in southern Brazil with sucrose, through isotopic characterization. Fifteen brands from local grocery stores were analyzed using eight samples of yerba mate derived from plants of different environments. Five samples of other species of Ilex genus and Ligustrum japonicum, which commonly contaminate yerba mate, were also tested. The isotopic composition of C (δ13C) and % N pointed out that some brands may have been adulterated with sucrose and a combination of % N and δ15N may be sufficient to identify contamination by leaves from other species. This study shows that isotopic characterization can potentially identify yerba mate that is adulterated with sucrose, and this method can also be used for quality control in food industry and to warrant further investigation.

In general, agricultural waste is left to nature or utilized as fuel material in houses. However, such use of agricultural waste negatively influences the environment. To diminish the negative effect of agricultural waste on the environment, it can be employed as natural filler in the fabrication of green composites because of its cellulosic structure. Employing of low-value agricultural waste for the development of composites is important for the reduction of environmental problems of petro-based polymers. Green composites based on agricultural waste can replace petro-based fiber composites due to excellent mechanical properties, low cost, and low density. This work has reported recent advances in the field of natural fibers especially agricultural waste fiber based green composites. To this aim, the properties of some important agricultural wastes (almond shell, arecanut husk, argan nutshell, bambara nutshell, brewer’s spent grain, buckwheat husk, corn husk, cotton burr, hazelnut shell, macadamia shell, oil palm empty fruit bunch, olive pit, orange peel and pulp, pineapple leaf, pistachio shell, potato peel, pumpkin seed husk, rice husk, sunflower husk, walnut shell, wheat bran, and yerba mate) are discussed, and detailed examples for their composites are presented from the scientific literature studies. Fabrication of these green composites and obtained results were presented. From the results, it was concluded that the elastic modulus, flexural modulus, hardness, and tensile strength improved by approximately 1.5–115%, 10.7–46%, 5–8%, and 12–212%, respectively, depending on the type of polymer and natural fibers. However, in some studies, reduction in the tensile strength was reported by about 9–44% with the addition of natural fibers. A drop in elongation at break, flexural strain, flexural strength, and impact strength was observed by approximately 10–98%, 32.8–80%, 0.03–85%, and 68.5–92%, respectively, depending on the type of polymer and natural fibers. According to these results, agricultural waste fiber based composites would find wider acceptance, and added value new applications of agricultural waste fiber based composites would provide cheaper materials for international market.

A erva-mate é uma árvore do Sul do Brasil, Paraguai, Argentina e Uruguai. Estudos demonstram diversas propriedades da erva-mate, como estimulante, antioxidante e anti-inflamatório, devido aos compostos bioativos como metilxantinas, saponinas e compostos fenólicos. Recentes descobertas tem propiciado o desenvolvimento de pesquisas em diversas áreas do conhecimento, como farmacêutica e alimentícia. Pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas com alimentos comum do dia a dia buscando torna-los alimentos funcionais com adição de extratos de erva-mate. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica de pesquisas que utilizaram erva-mate na formulação de alimentos. Foram encontrados trabalhos entre 2003 e 2020 totalizando 34 estudos. Os alimentos desenvolvidos foram os mais diversos, como geleias, pães, bebidas, chocolate branco, bolo, barra de cereal, iogurte, gelatina e filmes biodegradáveis com ação antioxidante na conservação de produtos cárneos. O resultado mostra que a área de desenvolvimento de produtos com erva-mate é promissora. Percebeu-se que os alimentos produzidos são bem formulados e apresentam estabilidade química e microbiológica.

This study evaluated the biocidal activity of aqueous fruit extracts from Ilex paraguariensis progenies at different ripening stages in two ecotoxicity assays using Pomacea canaliculata juveniles and Danio rerio larvae. Mutagenicity was verified by the Salmonella/microsome assay (TA 98 and TA 100) in the presence and absence of hepatic metabolism in vitro. The results showed that the snails were more sensitive than the larvae to the P.1 progeny extracts in all three evaluated ripening stages. P.3 progeny extracts were the most toxic to Danio rerio larvae after 96 hours of exposure. The toxicity results indicate that the progenies' selection influenced the metabolic contents present in the fruits in all ripening stages over time, indicating high molluscicidal activity for the P.1 progeny. In the Salmonella/microsome assays, the semi-ripe and ripe extracts from progenies P.1 and P.3 showed mainly base pair substitution mutation in assays with metabolism, but at higher doses than the toxic concentrations detected for Danio rerio or Pomacea canaliculata. Therefore, the toxicological investigation of the progenies' extracts can be interesting, given the selection of plant materials influenced the response of the bioassays.

In order to better understand the physiological and technical aspects of yerba mate vegetative propagation, the present study sought to evaluate the rhizogenic capacity of apical and basal mini-cuttings from different genotypes (named A3, A7, F1 and F2) and the possible relationships between rooting and specific biochemical and anatomical aspects of the species. After 90 days under greenhouse conditions, the following variables were assessed: mini-cuttings rooting percentage, number of roots, roots length, callogenesis, mortality, sprouting and leaf retention. Mini-cuttings samples were collected at the time of planting and after 90 days in the rooting environment in order to investigate the aspects related to stem and roots anatomy as well as the levels of phenolic compounds (PC) and the activities of peroxidade (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes. Genotype A3 presented the best rooting performance (65.6% rooting) while F2 had the lower rooting rates (24.5%). Apical and basal mini-cuttings did not differ regarding rooting associated variables. Both mini-cuttings types and the four genotypes showed identical anatomical features, with no evident mechanical barriers to roots emission. Despite specific differences on POD, PPO and PC activities/contents as influenced by topophysis, genotype and/or their interaction, no direct relationship could be stated between the biochemical features at the time of planting or 90 days after and the overall rooting performance of yerba mate the mini-cuttings. The present study not only provides valuable information on technical aspects of yerba mate propagation but also presents insights in the physiological and anatomical traits of adventitious rhizogenesis in this species.

Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a technique used for the separation of biopolymers in two aqueous phases. Some combinations of biopolymers can form a water-in-water (W/W) emulsion due to steric exclusion and thermodynamic incompatibility between these biopolymers under some specific conditions. In this work, the formation of W/W emulsions composed of sodium caseinate (SCN) and locust bean gum (LBG) was evaluated, using NaCl or yerba mate extract as the driving force for the phase separation, which was described by phase's diagrams. Phase diagrams are like fingerprints of ATPS systems, which demonstrate the specific conditions to develop separate phases. Phase diagrams of the two systems show that at the same concentrations of protein and carbohydrate, the addition of NaCl or extract induced the separation of the compounds differently. Salt promotes phase separation by steric exclusion, each phase being rich in one of the polymers. Since extract may also induce other effects, such as the formation of a SCN-extract-LBG complex, migration of LBG to the SCN-rich phase was promoted, modifying the characteristics of the tie lines in the phase diagrams. However, it was feasible to separate the protein in systems containing concentrated phenolic extract, whose incorporation is relevant considering its antioxidant activity.

Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. is a native species in Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Propagation is carried out by seeds that have a low germination rate and morphophysiological dormancy. In order to increase the germination percentage, stratification treatments and emergence monitoring were tested. For this, yerba mate seeds were subjected to stratification treatments: Treatment 1 - seeds between two sand layers; Treatment 2 - seeds between two sand layers and commercial substrate covered with corn straw; Treatment 3 - seeds between two sand layers with the addition of 4.0 g "L" ^"-1" of slow-release fertilizer (16-8-12 - 6 months); Treatment 4 - seeds between two sand layers covered with corn straw; and a control treatment - seeds without stratification. The stratification period for all treatments was 180 days, and at 120, 150, and 180 days, 100 seeds were removed per repetition from each treatment for emergence tests, with weekly observation for 180-days in a completely randomized design. After that period, the tetrazolium test was performed with the seeds that did not emerge. At 120-days of stratification there was no emergence and at 150-days it was 0.83%. At 180-days, treatment 3 showed the highest percentage - 13.19%. Seeds without stratification do not germinate and after 180-days of emergence the amount of non-viable seeds increased in all treatments. Stratification in sand with slow-release fertilizer favors the emergence of yerba mate seedlings.

In the central-western and southern regions of Brazil, the cultivation of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is considered an important source of forest extraction, besides providing an alternative income, especially for families. The yerba mate, like other forest species, is infected by several pathogens, such as fungi of the genus Fusarium, causing root rot. Pathogens have wide genetic variability, even within a single genus and species, resulting from adaptations to their environments. This study aimed at characterizing molecularly isolated Fusarium spp. through the sequencing of the ITS and β-tubulin genome regions, identifying the species level as well as the formation of vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) among these isolates of the root rot pathogen in yerba mate. The sequencing of the ITS and β-tubulin regions, defined the separation between the seven pathogenic isolates of F. solani and F. oxysporum. For the same isolates, the technique to obtain nit mutants was suitable for the phenotypic classification, obtaining five VCGs for species of Fusarium, root rot in yerba mate.

Socio–Cultural Significance of Yerba Maté among Syrian Residents and Diaspora. Syria is the world’s second–largest importer of the dried leaves of Ilex paraguariensis A.St.–Hil., commonly known as yerba maté. The unique story of yerba maté in the Syrian beverage culture started at the beginning of the twentieth century when Syrian migrants returning from South America brought the beverage with them. The overall aim of our study is to understand yerba maté use among Syrians and its role as an essential part of the Syrian beverage culture. We compare yerba maté consumption on spatial, gender, and religious bases through semi–structured interviews with 50 respondents, with equal participation among genders, place of residence, and cultural–religious groups (Sunni, Alawite, Christian, Druze, and Ismaili). We found that the Alawite and Druze groups have the highest yerba maté consumption, and that men drink more than women. Yerba maté was the most preferred stimulant drink among participants, followed by coffee and tea, respectively. Interviews reveal social and cultural factors, perceived addiction, perceived pleasure, and perceived health properties as the drivers behind yerba maté consumption in Syria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12231-021-09523-6.

En este artículo presenta una investigación en torno a las prácticas comunicativas públicas desarrolladas por un grupo de trabajadores rurales nucleados en el Sindicato de Tareferos de Misiones, Argentina, que articula comunicación, política y trabajo agrario. El artículo pone en debate la potencialidad de los aportes teóricos de Pierre Bourdieu, en particular las nociones de campo y habitus, para construir el objeto de estudio. Se parte de describir el campo yerbatero en su conjunto para centrarnos en el sub-campo de los trabajadores cosecheros de yerba mate y, en particular, de una organización en la que se centra el análisis de sus prácticas comunicativas. This article presents research on public communica- tion practices developed by a group of rural workers gathered in the Union of Tareferos of Misiones, Ar- gentina, which articulates communication, politics and agricultural work. The article discusses the po- tential of Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical contributions, in particular the notions of field and habitus, to build he object of study. It starts by describing the yerba mate field as a whole to focus on the sub-field of yerba mate harvest workers and, in particular, it focuses on the analysis of the communication practices of an organization. Este artigo apresenta uma investigação sobre as prá- ticas de comunicação pública desenvolvidas por um grupo de trabalhadores rurais reunidos no Sindicato de Tareferos de Misiones (SITAJA), Argentina, que articula comunicação, política e trabalho agrícola. O artigo discute o potencial das contribuições teóricas de Pierre Bourdieu, em particular das noções de campo e habitus, para a construção do objeto de estudo. Inicia com a descrição do campo da erva-mate como um todo, focando no subcampo dos trabalhadores da colheita da erva-mate e, em particular, de uma organização na qual se concentra a análise de suas práticas de comunicação. https://revistas.ort.edu.uy/inmediaciones-de-la-comunicacion/article/view/3025 publishedVersion Fil: Pividori, María Josefina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Ciencias Sociales Interdisciplinarias

Consumption of yerba mate occurs mostly in the form of hot infusion (chimarrao). Water solubility of elements found in commercialized yerba mate is needed to establish nutritional value and risks associated with potentially toxic elements. In this study, yerba mate products marketed in three Brazilian states (Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul) for chimarrao were analyzed. Total (dry product) and hot water-soluble concentrations of Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Total concentrations of the ten top elements followed the order of K>Ca>Mg>Mn>P>S>Al>Fe>Ba>Zn. The most soluble elements were B, Cs, Ni, Rb, and K, with values greater than 80%. The lowest water-soluble elements were V, Fe, and Ti (values

"The amount of residues generated from different sources is highly variable as a function of many factors, including the soil, climatic and plant characteristics, as well as the location of the plantation site. In this context, post-consumed yerba mate and coffee are gaining special attention due to their enormous potential to be used for different applications: as reinforcement in polymeric matrices, fertilizers, and in combustion production. Yerba mate is common in the South region of Brazil and it is traditionally consumed by locals. Coffee grounds are also widely available as coffee is consumed around the world. Hence, the present study has as its main objective to study the chemical composition, thermal stability and morphology of post-consumed yerba mate and coffee. Also, the TG curve based on the chemical composition of both residues has been evaluated using a predictive kinetic model. The main results indicate an excellent TG simulated curve based on chemical composition. The results can help to rapidly estimate the thermal degradation behavior of materials for their further applications."

This work investigates the effect of different drying processes on chemical, nutritional and leaves colour characteristics for Ilex paraguariensis leaves. These processes were composed of typical drying techniques (roasting + rotary dryer and roasting + conveyor dryer), and cutting-edge techniques (microwave oven [MW], freeze-drying (FD) and oven dryer [OD]). The MW can be an alternative technique, this is because the content of phenolic compounds (77 mg/g), antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS) (∼370 and ∼1040 μM TE/g), methylxanthines and caffeoylquinic acids (2–4 mg/g) were similar, and sometimes higher, to the conventional drying processes. Leaves dried with MW also exhibited satisfactory nutritional analysis for protein (16.4%), dietary fibre (52.3%), ash (6.4%), lipid (6.1%) and moisture (5.7%), implying that yerba mate is a potential source of fibre and protein. Furthermore, the MW preserved leaves green colour (high and low scores of b* and a*, respectively).

Ilex paraguariensis, commonly known as yerba mate, is a tree species native to South America. Its commercial value is due to the manufacturing of teas, with potential also in the pharmacological and cosmetic industries. Vegetative propagation of yerba mate is considered an innovation to the traditional production systems based on sexual propagation. The present study aimed to evaluate the rhizogenic potential and chemical attributes of mini-cuttings from 15 yerba mate genotypes, as well as to verify the correlation between phytochemical and rooting-related variables. Mini-cuttings were collected from a pre-existing mini-clonal hedge and the experimental design was completely randomized, with 15 treatments (genotypes), four replications and 10 mini-cuttings per plot. After 120 days, mini-cuttings were assessed regarding rooting, mortality, callogenesis and leaf retention percentages, percentage of mini-cuttings with both calluses and roots, number of roots and average root length. At the time of collection, subsamples from each plot were used for phytochemical analyses including total phenolic compounds, protein, caffeine and theobromine contents and antioxidant activity. Rooting percentages ranged from 5 to 72.5%, with significant variation among genotypes. Adventitious rooting and phytochemical profile of yerba mate mini-cuttings are genotype-dependent. Leaf retention is a relevant factor in the rooting of yerba mate mini-cuttings and the levels of total phenolic compounds, antioxidants and theobromine present in mini-cuttings are negatively correlated components to Ilex paraguariensis adventitious rooting.

The paper presents a usage of a new hyphenated technique, wherein a Multi–mode Sample Introduction System (MSIS) was applied as an interface of two high pressure liquid chromatography units and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (2 HPLC–MSIS–ICP–OES). Simultaneous separation and detection of non–hydride forming and hydride forming elements was possible due to the application of two different HPLC column, cation–exchange and anion–exchange respectively. The method was able to determine 15 elements quantitatively with a distinction of three arsenic and two iron species and it was validated obtaining acceptable LODs (2.67–28.7 μg L−1) and recoveries (80–120%). The method applicability was presented and confirmed on 5 varied sample matrix types i.e. post–glacial sediments, yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), soil samples located in the proximity of industry wastes disposal site, river sediments, and archaeological pottery. In addition to the above, unknown Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn species were detected in real samples (qualitative speciation analysis) and the identification was attempted according to the literature.

Three mixture designs were used to characterize herbal formulations for infusions prepared with cedron, boldo, and yerba mate in addition to stevia. This study aimed to investigate if the inclusion of stevia in infusions could affect the recovery of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Infusions with higher phenolic content and higher antioxidant activity were obtained when yerba mate or boldo predominated in the infusion. The highest tannin content was found in mixtures containing yerba mate, boldo, and stevia, while the minimum tannin contents were found in some cedron infusions. The content of steviol glycosides increased as the proportion of stevia increased in the infusions. In general, the recovery of natural sweeteners or phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity exhibited different patterns, depending on the components of the infusions. The presence of stevia and steviol glycosides did not influence the recovery of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-021-04979-9)

Yerba mate contains bioactive compounds, and is widely consumed as a decoction beverage in several Southern American countries. At present, the consumption of mate with added herbal blends and flavors, called “composed yerba mate”, has increased; however, no studies on the antioxidant characteristics of these products have been published. In this sense, the main objective was to assess the antioxidant characteristics of “composed yerba mate” compared to “traditional yerba mate”, in the form it is traditionally consumed. Total polyphenols content ranged from 15 to 45 mg/g GAE in all decoctions analyzed. Seventeen phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC–DAD-MS/MS, mainly belonging to the caffeoylquinic acids group. The antioxidant capacity was measured using in vitro assays, Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the in vivo model organism. All decoctions displayed antioxidant activity and were capable of rescuing yeast cells between 10.68 and 18.38% from oxidative stress. Multiple regression analysis showed a high correlation between phenolic composition and activity of samples, where different compounds indicate a significant contribution to the observed activity. Significant differences were found in the content, profile and antioxidant activity of polyphenols when “traditional yerba mate” and “composed yerba mate” were compared. In some cases, the antioxidant capacity was similar or higher in composed yerba mate; while the rest displayed lower biological activity. Based on these findings, it would be possible to assume that the addition of herb mixtures modifies the antioxidant and biological properties of mate.

The development of ready-to-eat foods containing bioactive extracts represents an important step to improve food consumption. This study aimed to develop a yogurt containing an encapsulated bioactive yerba mate extract. For this, the lyophilized extract was protected through encapsulation in solid lipid particles (SLPs) of beeswax. An encapsulation efficiency (EE) greater than 90% was achieved with an extract content higher than 20%. The FTIR spectrum of the capsules’ wall material, indicated that beeswax efficiently encapsulated the yerba mate extract. The extract antioxidant potential was protected for 45 days under cold storage, and the encapsulation maintained the viability of the yogurt lactic acid bacteria. The increase in free fatty acids from seven to 33% during in vitro digestion indicated the capsule rupture during the digestion process. Moreover, the extract encapsulation maintained viable lactic acid bacteria in yogurt. The addition of SLPs did not affect the acceptability of the yogurt or the consumers’ intention to buy the product. However, the score attributed to the product evaluators was surprisingly low and portrayed the consumer's preference for foods with added sugar. This work introduced a natural, ready-to-eat and health-promoting food product containing SLP-protected antioxidant compounds. The addition of compounds encapsulated in foods is promising and can benefit consumers.

Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), known as yerba mate red mite, is typically found on the abaxial face of leaves, feeding on mesophyll cell contents in yerba mate crops. Euseius concordis (Chant) is a generalist mite, feeding on other mites, pollen, and nectar, and can be a promising control agent of O. yothersi. This study aimed to evaluate development time, reproduction, survival, and sex ratio of this predatory mite when feeding on O. yothersi on yerba mate leaves. A life-cycle study was performed in a climate chamber at 22 ± 1 °C and 12 hours of photophase, 19 ± 1 °C during scotophase, and 70 ± 10% relative humidity. The study started with 36 experimental units, which were examined three times a day during immature development and once during the adult stage to evaluate reproductive parameters. Mean developmental times of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and egg-adult stages were the following: for females, 2.14 ± 0.15, 1.59 ± 0.12, 1.97 ± 0.11, 2.18 ± 0.13, and 7.88 ± 0.21, respectively; for males, 2.00 ± 0.67, 1.77 ± 0.52, 1.94 ± 0.52, 2.05 ± 0.69, and 7.75 ± 1.08. Mean pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods were 3.31 ± 0.33, 10.4 ± 0.74, and 1.50 ± 0.28, respectively. Sex ratio was 0.67 and mean life expectancy was 15.22 days for females and 12.51 ± 1.91 days for males. Mean daily oviposition was 1.67 ± 0.08 eggs per female, with a mean value of 20.14 ± 1.42 eggs per female. T, Ro, rm, λ, and DT values were: 16.33, 10.03, 0.14, 1.15, and 4.91, respectively. This study demonstrated that E. concordis is a predator with potential to be used in biological control programs, successfully developing and reproducing when feeding on O. yothersi under laboratory conditions.

EnglishThis paper aims to analyze and publicize the results obtained from a virtual seminar (webinar) about two important native species: Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) and Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). It is a descriptive and qualitative study about the event “Webinar of Brazilian Pine and Yerba-mate”, organized by students and civil servants of the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (IFSC) – Sao Carlos and Canoinhas Campus. The event reached hundreds of participants from various regions of Brazil and worldwide, who made the registration and evaluation through electronic forms. As results, the following stand out: the reach of the external community, the rapport and positive contact with the community in a virtual way, and the protagonist role of the students. The event evaluation was positive, both from the registered participants and from the outreach students, who reported the positive impact on their training. portuguesO objetivo deste artigo e analisar e divulgar os resultados obtidos com a realizacao de um seminario virtual (webinar) sobre duas importantes especies nativas: araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) e erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis). O presente artigo, de carater descritivo e qualitativo, aborda o evento “Webinario da Araucaria e da Erva-mate”, que foi organizado por alunos e servidores do Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC) – Campi Sao Carlos e Canoinhas. O evento alcancou centenas de participantes de varias regioes do Brasil e tambem do exterior, que fizeram a inscricao e avaliacao por meio de formularios eletronicos. Como resultados, destacam-se: o alcance da comunidade externa, o entrosamento e contato positivo com a comunidade de forma virtual, e a atuacao protagonista dos discentes. A avaliacao do evento foi positiva, tanto para os participantes inscritos quanto para os alunos extensionistas, os quais relataram impacto positivo em sua formacao.

A erva-mate utilizada para o preparo do chimarrão, muito consumido na região sul do Brasil, vem levantando amplas discussões em relação aos benefícios terapêuticos e efeitos colaterais do seu consumo. De acordo com estimativas do Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) para neoplasia de cavidade oral em 2018, os estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná apresentaram as maiores frequências do país, sendo que a população masculina foi a mais atingida, com uma média de 13,04 casos a cada 100 mil habitantes. Acredita-se que a agressão térmica sobre a mucosa oral e esofágica possa ter relação com a oncogênese, além disso, substâncias presentes na erva-mate, como hidrocarbonetos, podem ter forte ação carcinogênica. Por outro lado, evidências científicas apontam diversas propriedades que seriam benéficas para a saúde humana. Sendo assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a citotoxicidade da erva-mate em Artemia salina (espécie biomarcadora de referência para toxicidade) e testar a capacidade antibacteriana e antifúngica em microrganismos patogênicos da cavidade oral. A coleta de dados foi realizada em três etapas cruciais: produção dos extratos, determinação da capacidade antibacteriana e antifúngica, através do teste de halo de inibição do crescimento microbiano e avaliação da toxicidade em Artemia salina. Em relação as propriedades terapêuticas, observou-se que o extrato da erva-mate mostrou atividade antibacteriana em Streptococcus mutans e Escherichia coli e atividade antifúngica em Candida albicans. Por outro lado, indicou atividade biológica tóxica em Artemia salina. Este, caracterizou-se como um estudo preliminar em que a erva-mate apresentou propriedades terapêuticas como a capacidade antibacteriana e antifúngica, mas também indicou, que a erva-mate pode ser citotóxica, portanto, novos estudos para avaliar os possíveis efeitos colaterais e até mesmo carcinogênicos do consumo da erva-mate são necessários.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • B[a]A, Chry, B[b]F and B[a]P were quantified in infusions of 12 yerba mate brands with large inter-brand variability. • Infusions prepared as habitually consumed in Uruguay contained about 40 % of combined PAH in mate. • Probability of Margin of Exposure (B[a]P + Chry) > (B[a]A + Chry + B[b]F + B[a]P). • The probability of B[a]P Margin of Exposure, The aim of this study was to assess the risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from yerba mate infusions in Uruguay using the margin of exposure approach (MOE) and a probabilistic method (Monte Carlo simulation). Servings/day, portion size, weekly frequency of mate consumption and body weight were the factors considered. The amount in infusions of benz[a]pyrene (B[a]P), PAH2 (sum of chrysene and B[a]P), and PAH4 (sum of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benz[b]fluoranthene and B[a]P) were used as markers of PAH exposure. Total content of PAH in infusions had large inter-brand variability (48–54 %) with significant differences among brands. PAH content in infusions prepared as habitually consumed was about 40 % of total content. The probability of occurrence of MOE

The antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts from yerba mate and some of its polyphenolic components, namely, quercetin, rutin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, was studied. Aqueous extracts from mate discolored the cation radicals of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) in a dose-dependent manner and caused a latent period of luminol chemiluminescence induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. The following sequence of the studied substances in order of decreasing antioxidant capacity: quercetin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid occurred in both model systems, represented as trolox equivalents. The antioxidant capacity of quercetin was higher than that of chlorogenic and caffeic acids. An increase was found in the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in healthy volunteers which was assessed with the chemiluminescent system at 1 and 2 h after a single consumption of a tea made from 8 g of mate. The results show that aqueous extracts from yerba mate can be used to create phytopreparations with antioxidant properties.

Yerba mate is a Brazilian native species; its importance is due to cultural, environment, and economic factors. Species seedlings production needs to be improved, evaluating alternative substrates and containers. Therefore, we evaluated growth and quality of yerba mate seedlings produced on organic waste-based substrates in biodegradable and non-biodegradable containers. Commercial substrates based on pine bark (CS) and components based on sewage sludge (SS) and coal residue (granulometry from 1 to 3 mm - CR) were used. For each container, were prepared treatments with different substrate components: 75CS/25CR, 50CS/50CR, 25CS/75CR, 75CS/25SS, 50CS/50SS, 25CS/75SS, and CS. Substrates were submitted to physical and chemical analysis. The containers used were 110 cm³ polypropylene tubes, 500 cm³ polyethylene plastic bags, 460 cm³ paperpot®, and 460 cm³ TNT (non-woven fabric). Total height, stem diameter, shoot, and root dry biomass at the end of the seedlings production period were measured and total dry mass, Dickson quality index and height/diameter ratio were calculated. All containers used with commercial substrate provided satisfactory seedlings growth. The substrates showed distinct physical and chemical characteristics due to the addition of sewage sludge and coal residue, which resulted in higher pH and lower seedlings growth. Physical and chemical characteristics of substrates influenced growth and quality of yerba mate seedlings and the alternative substrates used in this study are not suitable to produce seedlings of the species on these conditions. The containers did not influence the variables used in this study.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea is a caffeine-containing beverage habitually consumed in South-America and increasingly consumed worldwide. Mate consumption could adversely affect calcium homeostasis through caffeine-mediated increased urinary calcium loss. The aim of this study was to assess the change of urinary calcium in response to an acute mate tea load and to examine associations with habitual mate consumption, dietary caffeine, dietary calcium and bone mass status, in young adult women (20-37y, n=30). The women participated in two acute load tests, mate-tea (300 mg caffeine) and water, in a cross-over-designed study with 7d wash-out period. Each woman was her own control. Calcium was measured in 4h urine post-load (UCa). Habitual mate consumption, and dietary caffeine and calcium, were assessed by questionnaires. Bone mineral density (BMD) at total body, femur and lumbar spine was measured by dual-X-ray-absorptiometry. Habitual mate and dietary caffeine median intakes were 293 mL/d and 207 mg/d, respectively. Mean dietary calcium was 1103 mg/d. Median BMD z-scores were within the normal range. UCa increased with acute mate load compared to water (median increase 15.9 mg, paired t-test, p

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) are particularly interesting as functional ingredients due to their high content of essential omega 3-fatty acids and antioxidant properties, respectively. The objective of this work was to formulate a corn snack enriched with flaxseed flour and yerba mate extract and evaluate its physicochemical and sensory properties. Flaxseed flour, added at three levels 1, 3 and 5%, increased the water activity, moisture content and cohesiveness, and decreased the hardness and plastic deformation of the samples. The flour also changed the superficial colour and made the microstructure more compact. On the contrary, yerba mate extract (1 and 3%) decreased the water activity, moisture content and cohesiveness, counteracting the effect of flaxseed flour. Yerba mate increased the plastic deformation and the antioxidant activity of the snacks. The colour was not modified and the microstructure was more fragmented in the presence of yerba mate. Sensory evaluation suggested that flaxseed flour and yerba mate affected the flavour but did not modify the colour and crunchiness of the product., Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería

PurposeVehicular road traffic may represent an important soil and plant contamination source. In this context, the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Sb, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Mn and Zn) and macronutrients (Ca, Mg, K and P) was evaluated in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) cultivations and in soils adjacent to highways.Design/methodology/approachThe investigated yerba mate cultivations were located in southern Brazil. Plant tissue (young and old leaves and branches) and soil (0–10 cm) samples were collected at five distances from the highway (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 m). Plant tissue was analyzed with and without washing to evaluate contributions from particulate deposition.FindingsAlthough increases in soil pseudo-total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca and Mg were observed only at the Erechim site, geoaccumulation indices and enrichment factors (EFs) did not indicate any heavy metal pollution. These results indicate the existence of natural variation in soil. Cadmium was more concentrated in branches than in leaves, while the opposite was observed for Pb. High levels of Mn and Al were found in foliar tissue. In summary, highway proximity did not lead to heavy metal contamination of yerba mate under the evaluated conditions.Originality/valueThis research explores the possibility of heavy metal pollution in plantations of yerba mate adjacent to highways and indicates natural concentrations of toxic elements that exceed current legislation, which was an important discovery regarding the yerba mate production chain.

ResumoOs itinerários culturais são tidos como alternativas para fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma região, considerando principalmente o resgate cultural que pode ser proporcionado por eles. A cultura é, também, vista como um bem que pode ser utilizado no saneamento de problemas socioeconômicos dos territórios no momento que ativa ou reativa sistemas sociais e econômicos como a educação, o turismo, a produção artesanal, entre outros. Assim, este estudo apresenta uma proposta de itinerário cultural para a franja da fronteira oeste sul-mato-grossense e que é caracterizada por uma série de indicadores socioeconômicos que demonstram sua fragilidade. A proposta desse trabalho nasce de um projeto de pesquisa da identidade cultural da fronteira do mestrado de Desenvolvimento Regional e Sistemas Produtivos (PPGDRS) da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) com vistas a desenvolver mecanismos de desenvolvimento aptos para o território. Depois de uma etapa de identificação da realidade local se efetuou uma revisão bibliográfica e cartográfica da região para conhecer sua história desde o período colonial. Nesta fase podem-se encontrar diversos materiais, documentos, mapas que asseguram a presença de um antigo caminho que cruzava o território de norte a sul. A região desse itinerário é marcada fortemente pela cultura da erva mate, pela interação entre etnias e múltiplas culturas. O trajeto apresentado se mostra presente nos documentos históricos como importante via de acesso ao longo do processo de formação histórico econômica da região. Atualmente, o que se observa na área de abrangência deste itinerário é uma heterogeneidade econômica com predominância de baixo desenvolvimento e pobreza.AbstratcCultural itineraries are considered as alternatives to foster the development of a region, especially considering the cultural rescue that can be provided by them. Culture is also seen as a good that can be used to remedy the socioeconomic problems of the territories when activating or reacting social and economic systems such as education, tourism, artisanal production, among others. Thus, this study presents a cultural itinerary proposal for the fringe of the western border of Mato Grosso and which is characterized by a series of socioeconomic indicators that demonstrate its fragility. The purpose of this work is born from a research project of cultural identity of the frontier of the Master of Regional Development and Productive Systems (PPGDRS) of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) in order to develop development mechanisms suitable for the territory. After a step of identifying the local reality, a bibliographic and cartographic revision of the region was carried out to know its history since the colonial period. In this phase you can find various materials, documents, maps that ensure the presence of an ancient path that crossed the territory from north to south. The region of this itinerary is strongly marked by the culture of yerba mate, the interaction between ethnicities and multiple cultures. The path presented is shown in the historical documents as an important way of access throughout the process of historical economic formation of the region. Currently, what is observed in the area covered by this itinerary is an economic heterogeneity with a predominance of low development and poverty.

Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among women. Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil, known as yerba mate, is widely consumed in southern Brazil as a hot infusion drink known as chimarrão. This herb has a complex chemical composition and is rich in antioxidants, which may interfere in the course of chronic inflammatory diseases as breast cancer. This study investigated the impact of chimarrão consumption on the clinicopathological profile of women with breast cancer attended at Francisco Beltrão Cancer Hospital, Paraná, Brazil. Blood antioxidants and caffeine profiles were assessed. Decreases in reduced glutathione and metallothionein levels, and increase in catalase activity were observed among breast cancer patients that were chimarrão consumers. The levels of circulating caffeine in breast cancer patients with luminal A tumors were higher than those in patients with luminal B and HER-2 subtypes. Furthermore, overweight patients presented higher caffeine levels than the eutrophic ones. It was found positive associations between chimarrão intake and high body mass index, and chimarrão intake and menopause at diagnosis. Altogether, these findings suggest that chimarrão consumption affects the blood antioxidants of breast cancer patients, and that the caffeine present in this mixture may favor the development of tumor of good prognosis. HIGHLIGHTS: Chimarrão consumption may affect the course of chronic inflammatory diseases, as breast cancer. Chimarrão intake changed blood antioxidants in breast cancer patients who were current consumers when compared to the non-consumers ones. High levels of caffeine were detected in patients bearing luminal A tumors, suggesting a protective role.

The drying process used to obtain active food additives is critical to ensure its functionality. In this study, freeze- and spray-drying techniques were evaluated for encapsulation of extracts with antioxidant activity from yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), using maltodextrin (MD) as wall material. Additionally, the oxidative stability in a real food matrix (mayonnaise) was assessed. Both MD addition and drying methods affected the physical properties [moisture content, water activity (aW)] and oxidative stability. MD addition diminished moisture content and prevented polyphenol compounds from degradation. The spray-dried powders displayed the lowest moisture content (1.6 ± 0.3% bs), the highest polyphenol content (135.4 mg GAE/g pure extract), and oxidative stability than the freeze-dried samples. The antioxidant capacity of the encapsulated powder subjected to spray-drying increased the oxidative stability of the mayonnaise (258 ± 32 min) more than the other assayed system (165 ± 5 min). Therefore, a natural spray-dried antioxidant food additive was obtained with potential use in the food industry.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) traditionally grown in South America. Its extract contains bioactive compounds which are associated with pharmacological activities. Freeze-concentration (cryoconcentration) process allows the removal of water preserving the bioactive compounds in extracts. Furthermore, yerba mate extract incorporation into starches is promising for food and pharmaceutical uses. This process can be evaluated using simultaneous Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA). The aim of this study was to obtain corn starch incorporated with freeze-concentrated yerba mate extract. The evaluation of freeze-concentration was carried by extracts analyses of density, total dry matter and ash. The evaluation of yerba mate extract incorporation into corn starch was performed using simultaneous TG–DTA system. Density results revealed extracts different composition and dry matter indicated that compounds were concentrated at 0.576% ratio after freeze-concentration stage. Nevertheless, incorporated starches showed exothermic peaks in DTA curves at temperatures between 287 and 514 °C, which increased in intensity in agreement with freeze-concentration stages advance. Thus, yerba mate oxygenated compounds were incorporated into starches. Nutraceutical products can be obtained using the incorporation of yerba mate extract into starches; however, further studies are necessary to extend these applications.

Our study is the first to describe clarification as an alternative method to increase the physical and chemical stabilities of the yerba mate extract. Here, the aqueous extract was clarified by sequential treatment with three membranes, microfiltration (0.1 μm), ultrafiltration 1 (30 kDa–80 kDa), and ultrafiltration 2 (4 kDa). The clarified extract was then tested for stability and concentrated using a reverse osmosis membrane. The turbidity of the clarified membrane extracts was less than 36 NTU and there was no significant difference in the phenolic compound content between the crude and clarified extracts. Ultrafiltration membrane 1 (vinylidene polychloride) performed the best, and produced extracts with the lowest loss in phenolic compounds (18%) and turbidity (99.9%), while maintaining a stable permeate flux. The reverse osmosis membrane concentrated the polyphenols and the extract solids three times, and this study was the first to report the concentration of yerba mate extracts by reverse osmosis. The clarified yerba mate extract maintained its phenolic compound stability and decreased turbidity over 30 days of storage. Taken together our results suggest that membrane clarification may be used to increase the shelf life of yerba-mate extracts.

Biopolymer films based on furcellaran-whey protein isolate (FUR/WPI) and furcellaran-whey protein isolate incorporated with yerba mate extract (FUR/WPI + YM) and with white tea extract (FUR/WPI + WT) were successfully developed and investigated as active packaging materials for fresh soft rennet-curd cheese. YM improved water vapour permeability, water content, solubility, modulus elasticity, puncture strength and thermal stability of film. Water content and water activity decreased (P ≤ .05) during storage in cheese packed in each kind of the biopolymer films. These parameters did not change (P > .05) in control wrapped in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Likewise, pH decreased with the exception of the application of LLDPE and FUR/WPI + YM. In those cheese samples pH did not differ (P > .05) during storage. Total bacteria count decreased (P ≤ .05) in the cheese samples wrapped in edible films during storage. However, their levels were not significantly lower than control samples when compared within the storage week. The yeast and mould counts did not differ (P > .05) during storage for the cheese packed in FUR/WPI + WT, whereas it increased in other cheese samples. The coliform bacteria count decreased (P ≤ .05) during storage in all examined cheese samples. Overall organoleptic quality was more often rated as desirable and very desirable in cheese packed in edible films than in LLDPE.