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Polypore fungi are an important part of forest ecosystems. In the last decade, the taxonomic status and species number of polypore fungi have changed greatly, and many new taxa have been discovered. China is one of the countries with the most abundant and diverse polypore fungi in the world, and a total of 1,214 polypore fungal species were reported here. This study lists the polypore fungi with their diversity, taxonomic status, habitats, geographical distributions, and molecular data. All the polypore fungi in China belong to the phylum Basidiomycota, subphylum Agaricomycotina, and class Agaricomycetes, including 11 orders, 55 families, and 266 genera. The orders Polyporales and Hymenochaetales are dominant, and the families Polyporaceae and Hymenochaetaceae are dominant. The overall distribution trend of polypore fungi in China shows that more species are distributed in the south and fewer are distributed in the north. In addition, different nutritional modes of polypore fungi have different preferences for host species, with white-rot fungi preferring angiosperm trees and brown-rot fungi preferring gymnosperm trees.

Wood-rotting fungi play an important role in the global carbon cycle because they are the only known organisms that digest wood, the largest carbon stock in nature. In the present study, we used linear discriminant analysis and random forest (RF) machine learning algorithms to predict white- or brown-rot decay modes from the numbers of genes encoding Carbohydrate-Active enZymes with over 98% accuracy. Unlike other algorithms, RF identified specific genes involved in cellulose and lignin degradation, including auxiliary activities (AAs) family 9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, glycoside hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolases, and AA family 2 peroxidases, as critical factors. This study sheds light on the complex interplay between genetic information and decay modes and underscores the potential of RF for comparative genomics studies of wood-rotting fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-rotting fungi are organisms that can decompose wood substrates and extract nutrients from them to support their growth. They play a crucial role in the material cycle of forest ecosystems. The genus Pluteus plays a significant role in wood decomposition. In this study, the morphology and molecular systematics of the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus were carried out. Pluteus brunneodiscus was identified as a new species, along with the discovery of two new records, P. cystidiosus and P. chrysophlebius, and a common species, P. romellii. Pluteus brunneodiscus is characterized by the brown center of the pileus that transitions to white towards the margins, with the surface cracking to form irregular granules. It is typically found in Populus forests growing on decomposing twigs or wood chips. Line drawings, color photographs, and phylogenetic analyses of related species within the genus Pluteus accompany the descriptions of these four species. The analyses are based on ITS + TEF1-α sequence data. Finally, a key for the twenty species within the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus, which has been documented in China, is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination confirmed two new species in the tropical polypore genus Tropicoporus, T. oceanianus and T. zuzaneae, from Australia and tropical Asia, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis based on the two DNA markers including the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit (nLSU) gene shows that these two new species form two independent lineages nested in the genus Tropicoporus. T. oceanianus is characterized by perennial and ungulate basidiomata, the occasional presence of hymenial setae, a trimitic hyphal structure in the context and a dimitic hyphal system in the trama, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 5.2–6 × 4–5 μm. T. zuzaneae is characterized by perennial and resupinate basidiomata with distinct receding margin, glancing pores, very thin to almost lacking subiculum, a dimitic hyphal structure, the absence of any setal elements, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 3.8–4.9 × 3–4.2 µm. The differences among the new species and their phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A total of thirty-five wood-rotting fungi were documented from living Pinus kesiya trees, woody debris and cones. Wood-rotting fungi inhabiting P. kesiya were all representatives of the Division Basidiomycota and are distributed under twenty families and twenty-nine genera. The Family Polyporaceae was the most dominant taxa. Two edible wood-rotting fungi: Auricularia auricula-judae and Schizophyllum commune were recorded from the study. Nine species were found growing only on logs, seven on stumps, three on cones and two on living P. kesiya trees. The remaining thirteen species were collected from more than one type of substrata. Seven wood-rotting fungi were host specific and were found growing only on P. kesiya host. It was observed from the study that majority of the species collected from P. kesiya woody debris were also found growing on the dead woody debris of other host tree species present in the forest stands studied. One species, Coltriciella dependens was found growing only at the base of the partially burnt barks of living P. kesiya trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a big issue with waste, its processing and subsequent use. While there are many initiatives to replace materials that are poorly biodegradable, it is necessary to process and ideally use the waste that is already produced. In this study, the properties of composite boards made of waste materials and biodegradable polymer were investigated. The composite boards were made from wood and plastic waste using high-energy milling technology. This technology for material preparation is promising, as it includes controlling the morphology of particles, homogenizing the mixture, and drying the material during the milling process. The results showed higher flexural strength of high-density fiberboard (HDF) boards compared with tested composites with one exception. Wood/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [PHBV] composite exhibited 30% higher modulus of elasticity (MOE) than HDF due to the higher modulus of PHBV. The lowest thickness swelling (3%) and water absorption (12%) were measured for wood/recycled high density polythene (rHDPE) composite. The HDF boards recorded the lowest dimensional stability. The highest water absorption of tested composites was measured for wood/PHBV composite. The resistance to wood-rotting fungi was greatest for wood/PHBV composite containing marble powder, which corresponded to the results of scanning electron microscopy.

ABSTRACTWood-rotting basidiomycetes have been investigated in the Chinese forest ecosystem for the past 30 years. Two hundred and five pathogenic wood-decayers belonging to 9 orders, 30 families, and 74 genera have been found in Chinese native forests, plantations, and gardens. Seventy-two species (accounting for 35% of the total pathogenic species) are reported as pathogenic fungi in China for the first time. Among these pathogens, 184 species are polypores, nine are corticioid fungi, eight are agarics and five are hydnoid basidiomycetes. One hundred and seventy-seven species (accounting for 86%) cause white rot, while 28 species (accounting for 14%) result in brown rot; 157 species grow on angiosperm trees (accounting for 76.5%) and 44 species occur on gymnosperm trees (accounting for 21.5%), only four species inhabit both angiosperms and gymnosperms (accounting for 2%); 95 species are distributed in boreal to temperate forests and 110 in subtropical to tropical forests. In addition, 17 species, including Fomitopsis pinicola, Heterobasidion parviporum, and Phellinidium weirii etc. which were previously treated as pathogenic species in China, do not occur in China according to recent studies. In this paper, the host(s), type of forest, rot type, and distribution of each pathogenic species in China are given.

Abstract The polypores with shallow pores from tropical Asia and America are studied. Our molecular phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) demonstrates six clades are formed among Porogramme and related genera. Two new genera, Cyanoporus and Pseudogrammothele, are established, and the six clades represent Porogramme , Cyanoporus , Grammothele, Epithele, Theleporus, and Pseudogrammothele, respectively. The molecular clock analyses estimate the divergence times of the six clades based on a dataset (ITS + LSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2), and we recognize the mean stem ages of the six genera are earlier than 50 Mya. Three new species in Porogramme were morphologically and phylogenetically confirmed, and they are described as P. austroasiana, P. cylindrica, and P. yunnanensis. Phylogenetic analysis shows that type species of Tinctoporellus and Porogramme are nested in the same clade, and Tinctoporellus is treated as a synonym of Porogramme. Based on our phylogeny, twelve new combinations are proposed, and the differences between the new species and similar or related species are discussed.

Two new species of Scytinostroma viz. S. acystidiatum and S. macrospermum, are described from southwest China. Phylogeny based on ITS + nLSU dataset demonstrates that samples of the two species form two independent lineages and are different in morphology from the existing species of Scytinostroma. Scytinostroma acystidiatum is characterized by resupinate, coriaceous basidiomata with cream to pale yellow hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal structure with generative hyphae bearing simple septa, the absence of cystidia, and amyloid, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.7-7 x 3.5-4.7 mm. Scytinostroma macrospermum is characterized by resupinate, coriaceous basidiomata with cream to straw yellow hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal structure with generative hyphae bearing simple septa, numerous cystidia embedded or projecting from hymenium, and inamyloid, ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 9-11 x 4.5-5.5 mm. The differences between the new species and morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As trees age, internal decay and the risk of stem failure become important management issues for arborists. To characterize the incidence and severity of internal decay in landscape oaks, 323 pairs of sonic and electrical resistance tomograms were generated from 186 trees, representing five species: Q. alba, Q. bicolor, Q. palustris, Q. rubra, and Q. velutina. Overall, 135 (73%) oaks had detectable decay. When intermediate sonic velocities were included, the mean area of decay (AD) was 41% with a mean strength loss (ZLOSS) of 35%. Among all oaks, Q. rubra had the highest frequency of decay symptoms and signs of a pathogen. Binomial regression showed that diameter, symptoms, and oak species were the best predictors of decay incidence, and beta regression showed that diameter, scanning height, and species were the best predictors of decay severity. Quercus alba had the highest mean AD while Q. bicolor or Q. palustris had significantly less decay, depending on tomogram interpretation, across all modeled conditions. Despite considerable variability, the empirical model of decay incidence and severity fit to tomography measurements can inform decay assessments of landscape oaks, but the detailed tomograms allowed more precise strength loss estimates, especially for offset decay columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new wood-inhabiting fungi from China, Steccherinum juniperi and S. incrustans, in the family Steccherinaceae are described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular analyses. The species S. juniperi was found growing on the rotten wood of Juniperus in Qinghai Province, China, while S. incrustans was collected on rotten angiosperm wood in Yunnan Province, China. The characteristics of S. juniperi include annual, resupinate basidiomata with a buff yellow fresh pore surface that becomes apricot orange when bruised, angular pores of 3-6 per mm, subicular generative hyphae sometimes covered with crystals, the presence of encrusted skeletocystidia in tube trama only, fusiform to slim clavate cystidioles, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring as 3-4 × 2-3µm. The characteristics of S. incrustans include annual, resupinate basidiomata with a buff yellow or pinkish buff to clay buff dried pore surface, angular pores (8-10 per mm), generative hyphae in trama frequently covered with crystals, the presence of encrusted skeletocystidia in tube trama and hymenium, and ellipsoid basidiospores (3.5-4.5 × 2.5-3.5µm). Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined 2-locus dataset [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)] shows that the two species are members of Steccherinum, and they are compared with morphologically similar and related species of this genus, respectively. In addition, two new combinations from Junghuhnia, transferred to Steccherinum as S. austrosinense and S. nandinae, are proposed based on examination of their type materials and phylogenetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sidera, belonging to the Rickenella clade of Hymenochaetales, is a worldwide genus with mostly poroid hymenophore of wood-inhabiting fungi. Two new species in the genus, Sidera americana and S. borealis, are described and illustrated from China and North America based on morphological and molecular evidence. They were mainly found growing on rotten wood of Abies, Picea and Pinus. S. americana is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with silk sheen when dry, round pores (9-11 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.5-4.2 × 1 µm. S. borealis is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with cream to pinkish buff dry pore surface, angular pores (6-7 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.9-4.1 × 1-1.1 µm. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined 2-locus dataset [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)] shows that the two species are members of Sidera, and they are compared with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species, respectively. An identification key to 18 accepted species of Sidera in worldwide is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polypores with shallow pores from tropical Asia and America are studied. Our molecular phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) demonstrates six clades are formed among Porogramme and related genera. Two new genera, Cyanoporus and Pseudogrammothele, are established, and the six clades represent Porogramme, Cyanoporus, Grammothele, Epithele, Theleporus, and Pseudogrammothele, respectively. The molecular clock analyses estimate the divergence times of the six clades based on a dataset (ITS + LSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2), and we recognize the mean stem ages of the six genera are earlier than 50 Mya. Three new species in Porogramme were morphologically and phylogenetically confirmed, and they are described as P. austroasiana, P. cylindrica, and P. yunnanensis. Phylogenetic analysis shows that type species of Tinctoporellus and Porogramme are nested in the same clade, and Tinctoporellus is treated as a synonym of Porogramme. Based on our phylogeny, twelve new combinations are proposed, and the differences between the new species and similar or related species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradation by wood-rotting fungi has been studied in Lignamon and beech wood modified by the Lignamon process. Different treatments that are used during Lignamon process were applied: gaseous ammonia treatment, densification (20 and 40% compression ratio) and heat treatment (180°C). These specimens were exposed to Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana for 16 weeks and the mass loss was evaluated. Changes in chemical structure, nitrogen content and pH caused by individual treatments or by fungal activity were also determined. The wood nitrogen content increased after ammonia treatment (1.0%) and was the highest in Lignamon (1.4%), its release during water leaching was very slow. The chemical analysis of wood revealed slight changes in the polysaccharide and lignin content in wood treated with ammonia. Bonded nitrogen was in the form of amides, which were partially thermally degraded by heat treatment. Neither densification nor heat treatment led to better resistance of wood against fungi, while ammonia treatment significantly restricted mass losses (C. puteana 2.5%; T. versicolor 7.5%) compared to untreated wood (both about 30%). Lignamon showed the best fungi resistance (mass loss < 5%), which was probably caused by the combined effect of hemicellulose degradation, an increased nitrogen content, and wood densification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a popular vegetable worldwide. The use of beneficial fungi is a simple and effective way to improve the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of this leguminous vegetable. Methods and Results A micro-plot was conducted to investigate the enhancement of BNF using 15N natural abundance technology and agronomic performances of green bean caused by wood-rot fungus Ceriporia lacerata HG2011. The results showed the soil for frequently growing green bean featured abundant native rhizobia, and newly inoculated rhizobia may have to compete with them in nodulation and only highly competitive rhizobia can succeed. The addition of C. lacerata HG2011 to the soil increased the population of ammonia oxidizers, nitrifiers, and phosphorus (P)-mobilizing microbes in rhizosphere, accelerated nitrification and P mobilization, creating a favorable soil environment with high P and low ammonia for BNF. Green bean received C. lacerata HG2011 had higher dehydrogenase activity in roots and higher nodulation rate and large nodules. These phenomena implied abundant supplies of adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen for BNF in the roots, a large proportion of N2 fixation tissues, and a greater sink for receiving photosynthates. As a result, C. lacerata HG2011 considerably increased the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere, BNF, and plant nutrient uptake (including N, P, and potassium), leading to 15.58%–28.51% of biomass increasment and 9.82%–17.03% of peapod yield increasment along with quality improvement compared with non-fungal application. Conclusions C. lacerata HG2011 increased the nodulation and BNF of green bean, accelerated the nutrient uptake (NPK) and therefore improved the yield and peapod quality of green bean. Significance and Impact of Study The study demonstrates that C. lacerata HG2011 could be used as a biofertilizer for BNF improvement of legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown-rot fungi play an important role in forest ecosystems; they can degrade celluloses and hemicelluloses of wood and maintain nutrient cycling. Some of the brown-rot fungi also have important economic value as medicinal or edible mushrooms. Recent studies showed that the ability to produce brown rot has evolved independently at least five times. Nevertheless, the Polyporales contains the vast majority of the species of the brown-rot fungi. In this study, the classification system of the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales is revised. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are analysed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The study showed that the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales formed fourteen lineages, which are assigned at family level, including four new families: Auriporiaceae, Piptoporellaceae, Postiaceae, Taiwanofungaceae, and ten existing families: Adustoporiaceae, Dacryobolaceae, Fibroporiaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Laetiporaceae, Laricifomitaceae, Phaeolaceae, Pycnoporellaceae, Sarcoporiaceae, and Sparassidaceae. Meanwhile, eleven new genera, viz., Austroporia, Aurantipostia, Austropostia, Daedalella, Nothofagiporus, Pseudoantrodia, Pseudofomitopsis, Rhodoantrodia, Tenuipostia, Wolfiporiella and Wolfiporiopsis are proposed; eighteen new species, viz., Amyloporia nivea, Antrodia subheteromorpha, Aurantipostia macrospora, Austropostia hirsuta, A. plumbea, A. subpunctata, Cystidiopostia subhibernica, Daedalella micropora, Fuscopostia subfragilis, Lentoporia subcarbonica, Melanoporia tropica, Neolentiporus tropicus, Phaeolus fragilis, Postia crassicontexta, Pseudoantrodia monomitica, Pseudofomitopsis microcarpa, Resinoporia luteola and Rhodonia subrancida are described; and twelve new combinations, viz., Austroporia stratosa, Austropostia brunnea, A. pelliculosa, A. punctata, Nothofagiporus venatus, Rhodoantrodia tropica, R. yunnanensis, Tenuipostia dissecta, Wolfiporiella cartilaginea, W. curvispora, W. dilatohypha and Wolfiporiopsis castanopsidis, are proposed. Illustrated descriptions of the new species are provided. Notes on the genera of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grifola is a genus of poroid wood–rotting fungi that produces compound, multipileate basidiomes that are edible. We analyzed the phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of Grifola on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of internal transcripter space (ITS) and β–tubulin (TUBB) DNA sequences, comparison of morphological features and host relationships. Results revealed a Northern Hemisphere (NH) and a Southern Hemisphere (SH) group of species. The NH clade is represented by G. frondosa (growing on Fagaceae and Betulaceae). The SH clade is represented by 4 taxa: G. gargal (growing on Lophozonia alpina and L. obliqua, Nothofagacea, in southern South America) is sister to a new taxon G. odorata (New Zealand, growing on Fuscospora spp., Nothofagaceae, and Metrosideros, Myrtaceae), and both are characterized by a strong almond smell, while G. sordulenta (southern south America, growing on Nothofagus dombeyi, Nothofagaceae), is sister to G. colensoi (New Zealand and Australia, growing on Fuscospora spp., Nothofagaceae and Eucalyptus spp., Myrtaceae). Results showed a complex evolutionary history of species evolving from Gondwanan ancestors and, in southern South America, Nothofagaceae was selected as principal host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The influence of culture conditions (carbon source, nitrogen source, and pH value) on the growth of wood-rot fungi was analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for prolonging the service period of Salix psammophila sand barriers. [Methods] Trichoderma citrinovicide, Xylogone sphaerospora, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningiopsis, and Aspergillus niger in sand-buried sections of S. psammophila were the five fungi species used as research objects. The growth rate and biomass of mycelium under different culture conditions (solid and liquid) were investigated to determine the optimal growth conditions for each fungi species. [Results] ① Under solid culture conditions, T. citrinoviride, X. sphaerospora, T. harzianum, and A. niger grew fastest when glucose was used as the carbon source, and their growth rates were 12.97, 8.56, 13.25, and 5.22 mm/d, respectively; The best nitrogen source for T. citrinoviride was ammonium sulfate, and the growth rate was 13.06 mm/d. The best nitrogen source for X. sphaerospora, T. harzianum, and T. koningiopsis was peptone, and their growth rates were 9.44, 13.17, and 8.78 mm/d, respectively; The optimum pH value for the five species of wood-rot fungi was between 5 and 7. ② Under liquid culture conditions, glucose was the best carbon source for the five species of wood-rot fungi, and the biomass values per 100 ml of culture medium reached 446.67, 454.67, 728.67, 687.67, and 713.00 mg, respectively. The most suitable nitrogen source for T. citrinoviride, X. sphaerospora, T. harzianum, and T. koningiopsis was peptone. The biomass of A. niger was 610.00 mg when ammonium chloride was used as the nitrogen source. The biomass of the five species of wood-rot fungi was large in the pH value range from 5 to 7. [Conclusion] Under solid and liquid conditions, the most suitable carbon source for T. citrinoviride, X. sphaerospora, and T. harzianum is glucose, the most suitable nitrogen source is peptone, and the pH value is between 5 and 6. Under the liquid culture condition, the most suitable carbon source for T. koningiopsis is glucose, the most suitable nitrogen source is peptone, and the pH value is between 5 and 6. Under the liquid culture condition, the most suitable carbon source for A. niger is glucose, the most suitable nitrogen source is ammonium chloride, and the pH value is between 5 and 6.

In the present study, fourteen Exidia-like specimens were collected from China, France, and Australia. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), four species in Exidia sensu lato, including Exidia saccharina and Tremellochaete atlantica, and two new species, Exidia subsaccharina and Tremellochaete australiensis, were identified. The four species are described and illustrated in detail. E. saccharina and T. atlantica, two known species from China are reported for the first time. E. subsaccharina and T. australiensis, two new species from France and Australia, respectively are also described. E. subsaccharina is characterized by its reddish brown to vinaceous brown basidiomata, slightly papillate hymenial surface, and narrowly allantoid basidiospores without oil drop measuring 12.5–17.5 × 4.2–5.5 μm. It differs from the similar species, E. saccharina, by distinctly larger basidiospores (12.5–17.5 × 4.2–5.5 vs. 10–14.2 × 3.2–4.5 μm). Tremellochaete australiensis is characterized by its white to grayish blue basidiomata, obviously and densely papillate hymenial surface, and allantoid basidiospores with oil drop measuring 13.8–16.2 × 4.8–6.5 μm. It also can be distinguished from the similar species, T. atlantica and T. japonica, by its distinctly larger basidiospores (13.5–17.8 × 4–5.2 vs. 10–11.8 × 4–4.8 μm in T. atlantica; 9.4–11.8 × 3.5–4.2 μm in T. japonica).

At present, 25 species are accepted in Haploporus and are distributed in Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, and Africa. In this study, two new species, Haploporus ecuadorensis from Ecuador and H. monomitica from China, are described and illustrated based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analyses. H. ecuadorensis is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with pinkish buff to honey yellow hymenophore when dry, round to angular pores of 2–4 per mm, a dimitic hyphal structure with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, hyphae at dissepiment edge usually with one or two simple septa, the presence of dendrohyphidia and cystidioles, and oblong to ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 14.9–17.9 × 6.9–8.8 µm. Haploporus monomitica differs from other Haploporus species in that it has a monomitic hyphal system and strongly dextrinoid basidiospores. The differences between the new species and morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are discussed. In addition, an updated key to 27 species of Haploporus is provided.

Resistance to penicillin by Staphylococcus aureus gave rise to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and the emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) that was reported later. Finding an alternative antimicrobial in the treatment of Staphylococcal infections is the need of the hour. In this context, secondary metabolites of both the fruiting body and mycelia of wood-rotting fungi Xylaria longipes were evaluated for anti-MRSA activity. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) separation and bioautography of the acetone extract revealed a strong anti-MRSA activity at Rf = 0.69 ± 0.28. The bioactive anti-MRSA compound was partially characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The analysis suggested anti-MRSA activity could be due to integric acid, eremoxylarin C, or a related compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the past, cattle blood was used for painting in central Europe mainly for interior wooden elements. Unfortunately, this common wood-coating technique of the past had vanished during the 20th century and only many misinformed opinions are left about this coating's purpose and its effects on wood durability. Three different recipes were used for beech and pine sapwood treatment, which were tested for their durability against wood-rotting fungi and termites. The fire retardancy of blood-based paints and its color change during the hardening process was determined as well. Over the course of time the bright brick red color of the coating turns a dark brown color. The coating surface layer did not protect the wood against either white- or brown-rot fungus; it is rather a source of nutrients necessary for a fungi degradation activity. The specimen treatment with the blood-based paint did not avoid termites feeding on wood, however the overall mortality was reached at the end of the test. The higher pH of the treated wood and/or available amount of micronutrients could be plausible explanations. Although fire retardancy of the coating was not proved, flame-exposed spruce wood with the coating did not show significantly improved fire resistance compared to untreated wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new wood-inhabiting fungi Hermanssonia fimbriata sp. nov. and Phlebia austroasiana sp. nov. in the Meruliaceae family are described and illustrated from southwestern China based on molecular and morphological evidence. The characteristics of H. fimbriata include annual, resupinate basidiomata, the absence of cystidia and cystidioles, oblong ellipsoid basidiospores of 5–6 × 2.4–3 μm, and growth on rotten gymnosperm wood in the east Himalayas. Its basidiomata change drastically upon drying, from being a light-coloured, juicy, papillose-to-wrinkled hymenophore, to a dark-coloured, corky-to-gelatinous, and more or less smooth hymenophore. The characteristics of Ph. austroasiana include annual, resupinate basidiomata, a hydnoid hymenophore, 2–3 spines per mm, the presence of tubular cystidia of 20–25 × 3–3.5 µm, oblong ellipsoid basidiospores of 4.4–5.2 × 2.1–3 μm, and growth on angiosperm wood in tropical forests in the southern Yunnan Province. The phylogenetic analyses based on the combined 2-locus dataset (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)) confirm the placement of two new species, respectively, in Hermanssonia and Phlebia s. lato. Phylogenetically, the closely-related species to these two new species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomoloma is a cosmopolitan poroid wood-decaying genus, belonging to the Amylocorticiales. During a study on polypores, two new species of Anomoloma were found in Eurasia, and they are described as A. denticulatum and A. eurasiaticum. To examine the phylogenetic relationships among species of Anomoloma, we analyzed nuclear ribosomal sequence data from the ITS regions and the LSU gene. The result demonstrates that A. denticulatum and A. eurasiaticum are independent species that belong to the Anomoloma genus. Both new species share the principal characteristics of the genus, but Anomoloma denticulatum is characterized by extensive white rhizomorphs spreading under the whole fruiting body, angular pores measuring 1–2 per mm, distinctly lacerate to dentate dissepiments and basidiospores of 3.5–4.3 × 2–2.5 μm. Anomoloma eurasiaticum is characterized by bearing plenty of large crystals on the mycelia and growth on Picea in high altitude areas. A key to the accepted species of Anomoloma worldwide is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) data set and the combined 2-locus data set [5.8S + nuc 28S rDNA (nLSU)] of taxa of Trechisporales around the world show that Sistotremastrum family forms a monophyletic lineage within Trechisporales. Bayesian evolutionary and divergence time analyses on two data sets of 5.8S and nLSU sequences indicate an ancient divergence of Sistotremastrum family from Hydnodontaceae during the Triassic period (224.25 Mya). Sistotremastrum family is characterized by resupinate and thin basidiomata, smooth, verruculose, or odontoid-semiporoid hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal structure, and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, the presence of cystidia and hyphidia in some species, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid, and acyanophilous basidiospores. In addition, four new species, namely, Trechispora dentata , Trechispora dimitiella , Trechispora fragilis , and Trechispora laevispora , are described and illustrated. In addition, three new combinations, namely, Brevicellicium daweishanense , Brevicellicium xanthum , and Sertulicium limonadense , are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michelia formosana (Kanehira) Masamune is a broad-leaved species widespread in East Asia; the wood extract and its constituents possess antifungal activity against wood-decay fungi. Antifungal activities of leaf essential oil and its constituents from M. formosana were investigated in the present study. Bioassay-guided isolation was applied to isolate the phytochemicals from leaf essential oil. 1D and 2D NMR, FTIR, and MS spectroscopic analyses were applied to elucidate the chemical structures of isolated compounds. Leaf essential oil displayed antifungal activity against wood decay fungi and was further separated into 11 fractions by column chromatography. Four sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified from the active fractions of leaf essential oil through bioassay-guided isolation. Among these sesquiterpenoids, guaiol, bulnesol, and β-elemol have higher antifungal activity against brown-rot fungus Laetiporus sulphureus and white-rot fungus Lenzites betulina. Leaf essential oil and active compounds showed better antifungal activity against L. sulphureus than against L. betulina. The molecular structure of active sesquiterpenoids all contain the hydroxyisopropyl group. Antifungal sesquiterpenoids from M. formosana leaf essential oil show potential as natural fungicides for decay control of lignocellulosic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new wood-inhabiting fungi, Sidera salmonea sp. Nov. and S. tibetica sp. Nov. in the order Hymenochaetales from southwest China, are described and illustrated based on molecular and morphological evidence. They were found on gymnosperm wood that is rotten and charred. The characteristics of S. salmonea include annual, resupinate basidioma, salmon pores with distinctly white margins, angular pores (7–9 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and lunate basidiospores that are 3–3.5 × 0.9–1.1 μm. The characteristics of S. tibetica include annual, resupinate basidioma with a white to cream fresh pore surface that becomes cream to honey-yellow and shiny when dry, round pores (7–8 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and lunate basidiospores that measure 2.9–3.1 × 1–1.1 μm. A phylogenetic analysis based on the combined 2-locus dataset (5.8S + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)) shows that the two species are members of the genus Sidera, and they are morphologically compared with related species, respectively. This paper provides a key to the identification of 16 accepted species of Sidera that are found throughout the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) data set and the combined 2-locus data set [5.8S + nuc 28S rDNA (nLSU)] of taxa of Trechisporales around the world show that Sistotremastrum family forms a monophyletic lineage within Trechisporales. Bayesian evolutionary and divergence time analyses on two data sets of 5.8S and nLSU sequences indicate an ancient divergence of Sistotremastrum family from Hydnodontaceae during the Triassic period (224.25 Mya). Sistotremastrum family is characterized by resupinate and thin basidiomata, smooth, verruculose, or odontoid-semiporoid hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal structure, and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, the presence of cystidia and hyphidia in some species, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid, and acyanophilous basidiospores. In addition, four new species, namely, Trechispora dentata, Trechispora dimitiella, Trechispora fragilis, and Trechispora laevispora, are described and illustrated. In addition, three new combinations, namely, Brevicellicium daweishanense, Brevicellicium xanthum, and Sertulicium limonadense, are also proposed.

Two new wood-rotting fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae, Fulvifomes dracaenicola sp. nov. and Hymenochaete dracaenicola sp. nov., are described and illustrated from tropical China based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. It is worth to mention that both of them grow on Dracaena cambodiana which is a kind of angiosperm tree distributed in tropical regions. F. dracaenicola is characterised by perennial, pileate, triquetrous basidioma with yellowish brown fresh pores which becoming honey yellow with silk sheening upon drying, a dimitic hyphal system in trama and monomitic in context, and subglobose basidiospores measuring 4.8-5 × 4-4.1 µm. H. dracaenicola is characterised by annual, resupinate basidioma with a clay buff hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal system, absence of tomentum and cortex, presence of subulate setae, absence of cystidia, presence of cystidioles and simple hyphidia, and oblong ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 5.2-5.8 × 2.5-2.8 µm. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS + nLSU rDNA sequences confirm the placement of two new species respectively in Fulvifomes and Hymenochaete. Phylogenetically closely related species to the two new species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Sidera is a polypore genus with resupinate, white to cream or buff fresh basidioma, poroid or hydnoid hymenophore, a monomitic or dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, the presence of rosette-like crystals and allantoid to lunate basidiospores. We study the phylogeny and diversity of Sidera herein by using both morphological and molecular methods. Phylogenetic analyses are based on the ITS dataset, the combined 2-locus dataset (5.8S + nLSU) and 7-locus dataset (ITS + nLSU + RPB1 + RPB2 + TEF1 + mtSSU + nSSU) of 15 taxa of Sidera all over the world. Among them, four species are new to science and described and illustrated in this paper, viz. S. inflata, S. malaysiana, S. punctata and S. roseo-bubalina. In addition, three taxa were treated as Sidera vulgaris sensu lato. An identification key of the 14 accepted species of Sidera worldwide is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two taxonomically controversial polypore genera with reddish brown to orange basidiomata that stain reddish with KOH solution, Aurantiporus and Hapalopilus , are revised based on additional sampling, morphological examination, and phylogenetic analysis of a combined dataset of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-nLSU sequences. Hapalopilus is a monophyletic genus belonging to Phanerochaetaceae, whereas Aurantiporus is a polyphyletic genus belonging to Meruliaceae. Hapalopilus and Aurantiporus s. str. are circumscribed, and two new species - Aurantiporusorientalis and Hapalopilustabuliformis - are described and illustrated from temperate China. In addition, four new combinations, viz. Aurantiporusalboaurantius , A.mutans , A.tropicus and Luteoporiaalbocitrina , are proposed based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. The relationships between Aurantiporus and Hapalopilus are discussed., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Xin Zhang, Hong-Min Zhou, Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad, Hong-Gao Liu, Josef Vlasák, Yu-Cheng Dai, Yuan Yuan.)

Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Haploporus were carried out based on a larger number of samples covering a wider geographic range including East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and America, and the species diversity of the genus is updated. Four species, Haploporus bicolor, H. longisporus, H. punctatus and H. srilankensis, are described as new species based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), and the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU). Haploporus bicolor is characterized by the distinctly different colors between the pore surface and the tubes, small pores measuring 5–7 per mm, and narrow basidiospores measuring 10.5–11.9 × 4.5–5 µm; H. longisporus differs from other species in the genus by its large pores measuring 2–3 per mm, hyphae at dissepiment edge with simple septum, and the long basidiospores (up to 22 µm); H. punctatus is distinguished by its cushion-shaped basidiocarps, wide fusiform cystidioles with a simple septum at the tips, the absence of dendrohyphidia and the cylindrical to slightly allantoid basidiospores measuring 9–10.8 × 3.8–5 µm; H. srilankensis is characterized by its perennial habit, small pores measuring 4–5 per mm, dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, the presence of cystidioles and dendrohyphidia. An identification key to accepted species of Haploporus is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species, Hyphoderma fissuratum and H. mopanshanense spp. nov., are proposed based on morphological and molecular evidences. Hyphoderma fissuratum is characterized by resupinate basidiomata with cracking hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, IKI-, CB-, and cylindrical, colorless, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring (8.5-10.3 × 3-4 µm). Hyphoderma mopanshanense is characterized by an annual growth habit, slight gray to cream hymenial surface, and fusiform, thick-walled cystidia apically encrusted with crystal. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. These phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS and nLSU sequences showed that two Hyphoderma new species formed a well supported monophyletic lineage distinct from other related species and then H. fissuratum grouped with H. medioburiense and H. roseocremeum. Hyphoderma mopanshanense grouped with H. setigerum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical compounds of garlic essential oil (EO), and determine the antifungal efficacy of garlic EO and its major components, diallyl trisulfide and its nanoemulsions against wood-rotting fungi, Trametes hirsuta and Laetiporus sulphureus. GC-MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of garlic EO were diallyl trisulfide (39.79%), diallyl disulfide (32.91%), and diallyl sulfide (7.02%). In antifungal activity, the IC50 value of garlic EO against T. hirsuta and L. sulphureus were 137.3 and 44.6 μg/mL, respectively. Results from the antifungal tests demonstrated that the three major constituents were shown to have good antifungal activity, in which, diallyl trisulfide was the most effective against T. hirsuta and L. sulphureus, with the IC50 values of 56.1 and 31.6 μg/mL, respectively. The diallyl trisulfide nanoemulsions showed high antifungal efficacy against the examined wood-rotting fungi, and as the amount of diallyl trisulfide in the lipid phase increases, the antifungal efficacy of the nanoemulsions increases. These results showed that the nanoemulsions and normal emulsion of diallyl trisulfide have potential to develop into a natural wood preservative.

In recent years, subfossil oak has become increasingly popular, particularly in the manufacture of small wooden products. Due to the long period of its underground preservation, detailed knowledge of its properties is essential to properly use this material. In this study, subfossil oak samples dated to approximately 1000, 2000 and 3000 years BP and recent oak samples were chemically analyzed to determine the contents of extractives, the main wood components, and inorganic elements. The results were then evaluated in light of their natural durability. The mass loss of subfossil oak was 2–3 times lower than that of the recent sample, but the age of the subfossil oak itself had no influence on its durability. The long-term leaching process of water-soluble ellagitannins, together with their hydrolysis and bonding in ferric tannate complexes, were responsible for the decreased durability. The oldest subfossil oak had the lowest amount of phenolic compounds and the highest content of inorganic elements. Optical emission spectrometry proved an increase in inorganic elements 5–7 times higher than recent oak content, with the highest increase found for calcium and iron. Compared to recent oaks, subfossil oaks manifested decreased content of carbohydrates and correspondingly increased lignin content. Our results revealed that subfossil oak cannot be considered a suitable material for exterior use under aerobic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuscoporia (Hymenochaetaceae) is characterized by annual to perennial, resupinate to pileate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system, presence of hymenial setae, and hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nLSU and a combined ITS, nLSU and RPB2 datasets of 18 species of Fuscoporia revealed two new lineages that are equated to two new species; Fuscoporia ramulicola sp. nov. grouped together with F. ferrea, F. punctatiformis, F. subferrea and F. yunnanensis with a strong support; Fuscoporia acutimarginata sp. nov. formed a strongly supported lineage distinct from other species. The individual morphological characters of the new species and their related species are discussed. A key to Chinese species of Fuscoporia is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new wood-inhabiting fungal genus, Crepatura, typified by C. ellipsospora sp. nov., is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. The genus is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with smooth to irregularly tuberculate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled generative hyphae bearing both clamp connections and simple septa and ellipsoid, hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, negative in Melzer's, acyanophilous basidiospores measuring 6.5–7.5 × 4–5 μm. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences showed that Crepatura belonged to the Phanerochaetaceae family and nested into the Donkia clade. The result demonstrated that the genus Crepatura formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support and phylogenetically was closely related to Pirex concentricus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Fuscoporia of the Hymenochaetaceae is characterized by resupinate to pileate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system with fine crystal aggregates and encrusted generative hyphae in dissepiment edge and tube trama, the presence of hymenial setae, and hyaline, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores. Members of the F. contigua group are easy to distinguish from other species of Fuscoporia because of the moderately large pores, presence of mycelial setae, and large hymenial setae. Here, we explore phylogenetic relationships among 20 species of Fuscoporia based on examination of some 90 collections sampled worldwide. Seven new species are recognized in the F. contigua group--F. americana, F. centroamericana, F. costaricana, F. latispora, F. monticola, F. septiseta, and F. sinica--described from China, Costa Rica, Mexico, and the United States. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from DNA sequences of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), D1-D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha (tef1) support the F. contigua group as one of two major clades within Fuscoporia comprising nine species worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Xylodon kunmingensis , is proposed based on morphological and molecular evidences. The species is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with cream to buff hymenial, odontioid surface, a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections and oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid and indextrinoid, acyanophilous basidiospores, 5–5.8 × 2.8–3.5 μm. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS sequences showed that X. kunmingensis belongs to the genus Xylodon and formed a single group with a high support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP) and grouped with the related species X. astrocystidiatus , X. crystalliger and X. paradoxus. Both morphological and molecular evidences confirmed the placement of the new species in Xylodon. • A new Xylodon species was described. • Phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on ITS sequences. • Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it grouped in the Xylodon. • Xylodon paradoxus was related to it in phylogenetic tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new Neofomitella species, N. australiensis and N. guangxiensis, are described based on morphological and molecular characters. Neofomitella australiensis is characterized by white pore surface when fresh, dextrinoid skeletal and binding hyphae, and orange-red context near pileal surface when fresh. Neofomitella guangxiensis is characterized by round to angular pores (5–6 per mm), weakly dextrinoid skeletal and binding hyphae and large basidiospores (5.5–7.5 × 1.8–2.2 μm). Phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and the result confirmed the affinities of the two new species within Neofomitella. An identification key to species of Neofomitella is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flavin and heme cofactor containing enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is ubiquitously distributed in wood-degrading fungi. Current research provides compelling evidence that CDH is an activator for cellulolytic monooxygenases, which enhance the accessibility of crystalline cellulose surfaces for hydrolases. Such oxidative cellulose degradation contributes to the overall cellulolytic capabilities of wood decaying fungi to a large extent, and holds great potential to improve the efficiency of commercial enzyme mixtures for biomass processing and biofuel production. This review summarizes current literature with regard to the distribution, structure and physiological role of CDH in the light of recent findings.

Fomitiporella has traditionally been delimited based on the gross morphology of the basidiomes, hyphal structure and basdiospores. Recently, phylogenetic studies supported the incorporation of an extensive number of species within the genus. Although most of its species are nested in the 'Phellinotus clade' (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota), genera such as Arambarria, Inocutis and Phellinotus were not included in previous analysis. To further our understanding of the genus, new sequences from 28S and ITS nuc rDNA genes were jointly analysed with a large selection of taxa in the 'Phellinotus clade', also with re-examination of morphological and ecological data. Results showed several lineages in what has hitherto been considered to represent Fomitiporella, indicating that the genus is paraphyletic as presently circumscribed. There is a well-supported Fomitiporella core group that includes the type species and nine other monophyletic lineages with high support, of which those representing Arambarria, Inocutis and Phellinotus are distinct from the Fomitiporella core group by macro and micromorphological traits and/or biogeographic distribution. Fomitiporella americana, a species described from SE USA, was found in the Patagonian forests of southern Argentina and Chile; it is the taxon responsible for the white heart-rot found on standing Austrocedrus chilensis and one of the taxa decaying wooden tiles of historic churches in Chiloé Is., Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan white rot fungal genus, famous for its medicinal properties. In the present study, two new Ganoderma species were collected from south-eastern China and described on the basis of morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). Specimens of both species were found on living trees of Casuarina equisetifolia. Ganoderma angustisporum sp. nov. is characterised by its sessile basidiomata and almond-shaped, slightly truncate, narrow basidiospores (9-11.3 × 4-5.2 µm). Ganoderma casuarinicola sp. nov. is characterised by its strongly laccate reddish-brown pileal surface, luminous yellow to yellowish-brown cutis and ellipsoid, truncate basidiospores (9-10.2 × 5-6 µm). The two new species are compared with their related taxa. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that G. angustisporum and G. casuarinicola are distinct species within Ganoderma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]