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Purpose: To mitigate and improve soil wind erosion before spring ploughingin Horqin Sandy land in north China, the amount of wind erosion and nutrient loss under various cover crops are monitored and quantified in spring of 2022 and 2023 (from March 26 to April 26). Materials and methods: We monitored soil sediment transport and wind erosion associated with different cover crops (winter rye mulch, corn straw stubble and pepper stubble) using Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) stepped sand samplers, and determined the soil physicochemical properties in the spring of 2022 and 2023. Results and discussion: Erodible particles were observed to a height of 1 m but principally from 0 to 60 cm; the number of particles decreased with height. Soil sand transport and wind erosion decreased in the order pepper stubble field > corn straw stubble field > winter rye-mulched field. Compared to pepper stubble and corn straw stubble, winter rye mulching reduced soil sediment transport and wind erosion by more than 96%. Compared to pepper stubble and corn stubble fields, winter rye-mulched fields had the lowest nutrient losses. In terms of economic benefit, winter rye-mulched fields required the lowest amount of fertiliser to remedy wind erosion-induced losses of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Conclusion: A rotation of a rye winter crop after autumn harvest may effectively reduce wind erosion in the Horqin Sandy Land of northern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main difference in fodder qualities of winter rye, triticale and wheat grains is the content of anti-nutritive substances: water-soluble pentosans and, accordingly, the viscosity of the aqueous extract of grain. Lack of scientific information about the content of antinutrients in the grain of winter cereal crops determines the relevance of the research; and the possibility to develop ways of using it and volumes of production for fodder purposes determines study's innovativeness. The paper was set out to make a comparative assessment of the winter rye, winter triticale and winter wheat grain quality. On average for three years, the protein content of winter wheat grain was 11.5%, winter triticale – 10.0% and winter rye – 8.5%. In terms of starch content, winter wheat grain differs significantly from winter rye grain (by 0.9 percentage points more); winter triticale (by 0.8 percentage points more). On average, over three years, phosphorus in winter rye grain was 0.02 percentage points less than in wheat grain and 0.03 percentage points less than in triticale grain. Winter triticale and wheat grains hardly vary in the content of arabinoxylans and the viscosity of the aqueous extract. The results can be used in fodder production and animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To explore the salt and alkali tolerance of winter rye varieties. [Method] We used 10 neutral salts (NaCl) with differ- ent gradient concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 mmol/L) by the method of NaCl NaHCO3 = 1:1 with BK01 as the research materials. [Result] Germination rate, germination potential, germination index, root length, root weight, seedling weight and vigor index of all treatments decreased with the increase of NaCl concentration.SOD activity decreased first, then increased and then decreased with the increase of sodium salt concentration, while POD and CAT activities increased first and then decreased. Using seed germination rate as the optimum concentration index of sodium salt stress, the semi-lethal concentration of winter rye seeds to neutral salt (NaCl), alkaline salt (NaH- CO₂) and saline-alkali mixture (NaCl: NaHCO3 = 1:1) was determined by linear regression 408.69,251.07,298.27 mmol/L. According to the comprehensive score of membership function method, the resistance of winter rye seeds to three kinds of sodium salt stress was in the order of neutral single salt (NaCl) > salt alkali mixture (NaCl: NaHCO3 molar ratio 1:1)>alkaline single salt (NaHCO3). [Conclusion] Under the same Na concentration, NaHCO3 solution had stronger inhibition on seed germination than NaCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf rust (LR) caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis (Prs) is a highly destructive disease in rye. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying the rye immune response to this disease remain relatively uncharacterised. In this study, we analysed the expression of four genes in 12 rye inbred lines inoculated with Prs at 20 and 36 h post-treatment (hpt): DXS (1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase), Glu (β-1,3-glucanase), GT (UDP-glycosyltransferase) and PR-1 (pathogenesis-related protein 1). The RT-qPCR analysis revealed the upregulated expression of the four genes in response to Prs in all inbred lines and at both time-points. The gene expression data were supported by microscopic and macroscopic examinations, which revealed that eight lines were susceptible to LR and four lines were highly resistant to LR. A relationship between the infection profiles and the expression of the analysed genes was observed: in the resistant lines, the expression level fold changes were usually higher at 20 hpt than at 36 hpt, while the opposite trend was observed in the susceptible lines. The study results indicate that DXS, Glu, GT and PR-1 may encode proteins crucial for the rye defence response to the LR pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of yield-limiting factors of rye, a typical European cereal, is a crucial concern today as it significantly impacts global food safety. The objecive of the study was to determine the contribution of agroecological factors, namely bioclimatic variables, soil parameters, and landscape diversity, to the variation of rye yields in the central and northern regions of Ukraine, which is one of the world’s five largest producers of this crop. A symmetric log-logistic model was used to describe the dynamics of rye yields, and the parameters of this model can be used to analyze the spatial dynamics of yields, in particular, such characteristic points of the yield model as: the lower limit of the response (the lowest yield level); the upper limit (the highest yield level); the slope of the response curve in the vicinity of the inflection point, which shows the rate of yield change over time, ED50 – the time required to reach half of the maximum yield growth. In the preliminary principal component analysis, we identified 4 climate principal components and 6 soil principal components. Landscape diversity was assessed based on the Shannon index and distance to the protected areas. The results of the regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the parameters of rye yield and the identified environmental drivers. Among the rye yield parameters, the highest sensitivity to environmental factors was the upper yield limit (70%), and the lowest was the rate of yield increase (25%). Only the highest rate of yield growth demonstrated liner dependence on the Shannon index. Among the soil factors, the most influential for rye yields was the particle size distribution and especially the sand content. The rye yield parameters were primarily influenced by the variability of the temperature regime throughout extreme periods of the year and contrast in the temperature conditions. The yield parameters of rye were contingent upon the diversity of the landscape cover. The correlation between almost all yield characteristics and landscape-ecological diversity was not linear, leading to the identification of an optimal level of diversity in natural protected areas which results in the best rye yields.

In the south of Ukraine, which traditionally belongs to the zone of risky land use due to frequent droughts and the last 10–15 years of steadily progressing global warming, the production of rye silage as a basic feed ingredient is gaining the status of an excellent insurance fund, which is essential in the region's feed production, as it will help to remedy the situation with the shortage of juicy fodder. Optimisation of dairy cow feeding rations during lactation in southern Ukraine involves the use of traditional dietary ingredients (corn silage, alfalfa haylage) and innovative ones (rye silage, wet beer pellets), which is mainly due to climate change in recent years. The research used commonly available methods: zootechnical (setting up experiments, developing feed rations, assessing dairy cattle productivity, milk quality, reproduction rates); biological (morphological and biochemical composition of blood); statistical (biometric processing of data) and economic analysis of the research. Thus, in terms of actual milk yield, amount of milk fat and milk protein for 305 days of lactation, cows of all experimental groups outperformed analogues of the control group (milk yield for 305 days of lactation was 7898.0 l; amount of milk fat and protein – 278.7 and 245.1 kg, respectively) by 1.2–3.3 %, by the amount of milk fat – by 5.1–16.9 % and by the amount of milk protein – by 3.4–10.9 % for 305 days of lactation. It was found that the diets of dairy cows of the experimental groups, which included rye silage in different amounts and wet beer pellets, had a positive effect on reducing the duration of the service period, and hence the duration of the intercalation period by 5.5–27.0 days in animals of the I–IV experimental groups compared to cows of the control group. There was a tendency to increase the content of carotene in the blood serum of animals of the II experimental group by 39.5 %, as well as a significant difference of 72.7 % (P < 0.05) and 81,3% (P < 0.01), respectively, in cows of the III and IV experimental groups compared to the same indicator of the control group, which was 209.6 μg/100 ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of soil acidity and the content of mobile phosphorus on the yield and quality of grain crops and meadow clover when applying fertilizers (N90, N90P50K90) was estimated based on long-term (2016–2021) research results in a long-term stationary experiment (1971–2021) in the eastern district of the central climatic zone of Kirov oblast. It was found that the maximum yield (4.43 t/ha) of Falenskaya 4 winter rye was obtained when N90P50K90 was applied to soil with pHKCl = 3.8 and 121 mg/kg of mobile phosphorus in the soil, which is 1.6 times higher than the option "without fertilizers." The content of crude protein in the grain of cereals and the green mass of meadow clover was higher on the soil at pH 5.2–5.7 than at pH 3.7–4.0 and did not depend on the content of mobile phosphorus. The application of fertilizers (N90, N90P50K90) for cereals increased the indicator by 1.60–5.96%. The indicator "grain nature" of cereal crops did not depend on the level of acidity and the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, while the indicator exceeded the basic norm of standards for grain harvesting. The content of raw gluten in the grain of spring wheat varieties Iren and Bazhenka increased with the use of fertilizers by 4.0–14.8%. The maximum content (33.8 and 39.8%) was observed in the Iren variety on both acidic and cultivated soil with a mobile phosphorus content of 170–191 mg/kg when N90P50K90 was applied. The effect of fertilizers and the level of soil fertility on the indicator "falling number" in winter rye was insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two-year pilot field experiments (harvest 2021-2022) we explored the interannual effect of digestate fertilization (30 t/ha prior to sowing) on yields and some qualitative parameters of winter rye (KWS Progas) forage silage. The yields of the aboveground biomass differed insignificantly on a year to year basis: 31.07 t/ha FM in 2021 and 25.17 t/ha FM in 2022 (4.9 t/ha DM in 2021 and 4.2 t/ ha DM in 2022) although the dry matter content differed significantly: 15.6% in 2021 and 16.6% in 2022. Interannual differences in the qualitative parameters were significant for these characteristics (% of DM) - Ntot.: 2.2% (2021) versus 1.9% (2022); crude protein: 13.8% (2021) versus 11.7% (2022); ash matter: 6.5% (2021) versus 7.6% (2022); NDF: 63.8% (2021) versus 57.8% (2022). Differences of ADF were insignificant 37.0% (2021) versus 35.2% (2022). The results show that the applied dose of digestate (150 kg N/ha plus other nutrients) is sufficient to achieve an adequate yield and quality of winter rye forage. The influence of the year was significant for dry matter content and most of the monitored qualitative parameters, especially from the point of view of the intensity and distribution of air temperatures and rainfall. In addition, the residual nutrients in the soil after the winter rye forage harvest (N, K) will be utilized by the subsequently grown maize in the dual rye-maize system. Based on results of two-year field experiments, digestate applied to winter rye forage prior to sowing at an amount of 30 t/ha proved to be sufficient in terms of biomass yield and its quality. In view of this finding digestate is a suitable and efficient organic fertilizer with readily available nitrogen and other macro- and microelements. The use of digestate is a cost-effective substitution for expensive mineral fertilizers, namely nitrogen, which is a very current topic now. Considering that winter rye forage is harvested in spring, usually in May, a very important factor for achieving high yields is the course of the weather i.e. the total amount and distribution of precipitation and temperature during vegetation especially. Residual nutrients in the soil after the winter rye forage harvest will be utilized by the subsequently grown maize in the dual rye-maize system which is an important economic-environmental benefit.

Winter rye, with all its advantages (adaptability, stress resistance, increased productivity), cannot compete with other grain crops, and the reason is grain quality to a greater extent. Solution of the issue is possible when cultivating rye varieties with a low content of water-soluble pentosans in grain. In Western Siberia, winter rye has traditionally been considered a leading grain crop, which efficiently uses environmental resources and is more productive in comparison with winter wheat and triticale. In order to increase the efficiency, the low-pentosan rye variety ‘Bereginya’ was involved in the breeding study of the Omsk Agricultural Research Center. As an initial form, this variety was used to develop a new variety ‘Irtyshskaya 2’. The purpose of the current work was to characterize this variety according to a number of valuable traits. The study was carried out on the experimental plots of the laboratory for winter crop breeding in 2020–2022. The estimation of the rye variety ‘Irtyshskaya 2’ has identified several advantages in comparison with the standard variety ‘Irina’. The new variety was more productive. Its excess over the standard variety was 0.36 t/ha (with an average productivity of 6.34 t/ha). The variety ‘Irtyshskaya 2’ is characterized by the best severity of quantitative traits (‘grain size’ and ‘head productivity’) and grain quality indicators (‘grain unit’, ‘falling number’). In order to select for increased productivity of a new variety there has been proposed grain content of a head as the main trait, which is characterized by a strong correlation with the trait ‘grain weight per head’ (r = 0.731–0.889). In 2022 the variety ‘Irtyshskaya 2’ was sent to the State Variety Testing and recommended for use in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions.

Reducing the intensity of pesticide use is a societal and political issue. One way to realize this is to reduce the dose of applied pesticides. The impact of strict dose reductions on yield and net return in winter rye was examined in a longterm field trial at the experimental field of the Julius Kühn Institute in Dahnsdorf (Brandenburg) over a 13-year period (2004-2016). Pesticide treatments included a situation-related strategy (100% strategy) and two other strategies in which the doses were reduced by 25% and 50% compared to the 100% strategy. Treatment decisions were based on control thresholds in the 100% strategy. Fungal pathogens and weeds occurred in all years and had to be controlled. Insect pests were negligible. Averaged over all years, there was a significant difference of 4% in yield between the 100% strategy and the 50% strategy. In contrast, no differences were found in terms of net return. There was also no accumulation of weeds in the reduced strategies. This positive result is due to the close monitoring of the plots as well as the six-year crop rotation and shows that it is possible to reduce pesticide use in winter rye.

Crop residue removal may negatively affect soil mechanical properties, which are key components of soil quality. To evaluate potential long-term effects, we assessed the 10-yr impact of corn (Zea mays L.) residue removal (59 % of non-grain biomass annually) on surface soil mechanical properties (0–20 cm). We also evaluated whether adding carbon (C) amendments, such as using a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop or surface-applying cattle manure (24 Mg ha−1 biannually) can ameliorate the effects of crop residue removal. This long-term study was under irrigated no-till continuous corn on a silt loam soil in south-central Nebraska, USA. Measurements included soil penetration resistance, field bulk density, aggregate strength, Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index), Proctor maximum bulk density, and the water content at which the Proctor maximum bulk density (critical water content) occurs. Reduction in soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration explained most of the changes in soil mechanical properties. Long-term corn residue removal increased penetration resistance (+40 %) for the 0–20 cm depth, and reduced aggregate strength (−44 %), plasticity index (−22 %), and critical water content (−13 %) in the 0–5 cm depth. Residue removal also reduced field bulk density (−5%), liquid limit (−12 %), and plastic limit (−10 %) in the 0–10 cm depth, but increased Proctor maximum bulk density (+8 %) in the 0–5 cm depth. Winter rye cover crop reduced field bulk density (−5%, 0–15 cm depth) and increased penetration resistance (+52 %, 0–20 cm depth). Surface-applied manure amendments increased the near-surface soil liquid limit (+8 %) and plastic limit (+8 %) in the 0–5 cm depth. Given the high rate of residue removal used in this experiment, our findings support that excessive corn residue removal over the long-term (∼10 years) negatively affects near-surface soil mechanical properties, but that use of winter rye cover crop or surface-applied manure can minimally to partially ameliorate these effects.

The results of a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of rye, wheat and triticale grains grown in the Republic of Uzbekistan and their flour are presented. The main components of these grains are determined. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the amino acids of rye and wheat grains grown in the Republic of Uzbekistan differ from products grown in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of yield-limiting factors of rye, a typical European cereal, is a crucial concern today as it significantly impacts global food safety. The objecive of the study was to determine the contribution of agroecological factors, namely bioclimatic variables, soil parameters, and landscape diversity, to the variation of rye yields in the central and northern regions of Ukraine, which is one of the world's five largest producers of this crop. A symmetric log-logistic model was used to describe the dynamics of rye yields, and the parameters of this model can be used to analyze the spatial dynamics of yields, in particular, such characteristic points of the yield model as: the lower limit of the response (the lowest yield level); the upper limit (the highest yield level); the slope of the response curve in the vicinity of the inflection point, which shows the rate of yield change over time, ED50 - the time required to reach half of the maximum yield growth. In the preliminary principal component analysis, we identified 4 climate principal components and 6 soil principal components. Landscape diversity was assessed based on the Shannon index and distance to the protected areas. The results of the regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the parameters of rye yield and the identified environmental drivers. Among the rye yield parameters, the highest sensitivity to environmental factors was the upper yield limit (70%), and the lowest was the rate of yield increase (25%). Only the highest rate of yield growth demonstrated liner dependence on the Shannon index. Among the soil factors, the most influential for rye yields was the particle size distribution and especially the sand content. The rye yield parameters were primarily influenced by the variability of the temperature regime throughout extreme periods of the year and contrast in the temperature conditions. The yield parameters of rye were contingent upon the diversity of the landscape cover. The correlation between almost all yield characteristics and landscape-ecological diversity was not linear, leading to the identification of an optimal level of diversity in natural protected areas which results in the best rye yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) biomass and chemical composition influences decomposition rates, nutrient cycling and effects on cash crop growth. Management that maintains rye biomass while lowering carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratios and concentrations of structural carbohydrates including hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin could maintain some ecosystem services while accelerating nutrient cycling. Two independent studies examined (1) five rye seeding rates ranging from 0 to 90 kg ha−1 and (2) five termination dates ranging from April 19 to May 31 (585 to 1084 growing degree days) to understand management induced relationships between rye biomass, nutrient concentrations, and composition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Rye biomass increased at seeding rates of 90 kg ha−1 as compared to the 22–67 kg ha−1 seeding rates while trends toward higher plant structural components were observed as seeding rate increased. Rye biomass accumulated rapidly beyond 819 (May 13) growing degree days while increasing rye C:N ratio and concentrations of hemicellulose and cellulose. Rye C:N ratio was strongly correlated to rye biomass (R2 = 0.80, p <.001) with a C:N ratio of 25 associated with 2000 kg ha−1 of rye biomass. Changes in rye residue quality were strongly influenced by biomass accumulation with delaying termination most significantly driving biomass changes. Trends toward lower C:N ratios and concentrations of structural carbohydrates were seen at the 22–67 kg ha−1 seeding rates even without differences in biomass suggesting lower seeding rates could cycle nutrients quicker without limiting biomass production potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is a valuable annual forage crop in Korea but there is limited information about the impact of chemical and biological additives on fermentation characteristics of the crop. This experiment was conducted to investigate fermentation dynamics of wilted forage rye treated with the following six additives; control (no additive), sodium diacetate applied at 3 g/kg wilted forage weight (SDA3), 6 g/kg wilted forage weight (SDA6), inoculations (106 CFU/g wilted forage) of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), L. buchneri (LB), or LP+LB. The ensiled rye sampled at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 days indicated that the acidification occurred fast within five days of storage than the rest of the storage period. The microbial inoculants decline the pH of ensiled forage, more rapidly than the control or SDA treated, which accompanied by the decrease of water-soluble carbohydrates and increase of lactic acid. Compared with the control silage, all treatments suppressed ammonia-nitrogen formation below to 35 g/kg DM throughout the sampling period. Suppression of total microbial counting occurred in SDA6, LP, and LP + LB. The lactic acid production rates were generally higher in microbial inoculation treatments. Acetic acid concentration was lowest in the LP-treated silage and highest in the SDA- and LB-treated silages. The in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and total digestible nutrients were the highest in the silage treated with SDA (6 g/kg) at day 45 of ensiling. Based on lower ammonia-nitrogen concentrations and higher feed value, ensiling forage rye treated with SDA at 6 g/kg is promising through enhanced silage quality.

Cover cropping is vital for soil health. Timing and method of termination are major factors influencing the agroecological benefits of cover crops. Delay in the termination of cover crops results in greater biomass production. Likewise, incorporation of cover crops during termination often speeds residue mineralization compared to no-till systems. We used four termination strategies for a late-terminated winter rye–legume mix (in tilled and no-till systems) and four N application rates in the succeeding sweet corn crop to examine how cover crop termination affected N response in sweet corn as well as the independent effects of N application rate and cover crop termination method. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Increasing N fertilization up to 144 kg N ha−1 promoted yield and quality in sweet corn as well as summer weed growth. The cover crop termination method did not affect sweet corn response to N fertilizer. This suggests that when rye is terminated late in the spring before planting cash crops, the incorporation of its residues may not greatly affect the soil N dynamics. This indicates that decisions to incorporate rye residues may be taken by farmers with an eye mainly towards management issues such as weed control, environmental impacts, and soil health.

Determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid content is an important way of obtaining information about the plant's photosynthetic activity as well as an indirect method of assessing the productivity of plant crops, particularly grain crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the productivity formation of emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum (Schrank.) Schuebl) grown under the traditional and organic farming systems and the different pre-sowing seed treatment methods. The base indicators of the photosynthetic apparatus (chlorophyll and carotenoid content, ratio of photosynthetic pigments) were evaluated in the emmer wheat plants as a function of the cultivation technology and pre-sowing seed treatment. The cultivation of the emmer wheat under organic technology was carried out in crop rotation: winter rye – mustard – T. dicoccum wheat. The pre-sowing seed treatment in the traditional technology of emmer wheat cultivation was carried out only by the UV-C irradiation. In the organic technology, both UV-C irradiation and treatment with humic preparation of natural origin “1r Seed Treatment” were used. The content of chlorophyll a (by 9.2%) and chlorophyll b (by 14.5%) increased in the emmer wheat plants under the organic technology cultivation compared to the traditional technology, but with the same method of seed treatment (UV-C irradiation). As a result, the yield increase was 21.0%. The application of the “1r Seed Treatment” humic preparation in the pre-sowing seed treatment led to the increase in yield by ~ 8.0% compared to the plots with UV-C irradiation seeds treatment under organic farming cultivation. An inverse correlation between the ratio of chlorophyll a/ chlorophyll b and the crop yield has been established. The evaluation of economic indicators of the emmer wheat cultivation in the rotation: winter rye-mustard-emmer wheat under organic farming technology, proved its high profitability. So, the photosynthetic pigments’ content and their ratio can be used as the indicators of the efficiency of the introduced elements of agrotechnologies and for predicting future yields.

Objective The primary goal was to identify the effectiveness of chemical or biological additives in delaying the deterioration of early-harvested wilted rye silage after exposure to air. Methods Rye harvested as a whole plant at the early heading stage was wilted for 24 h. The wilted forage was divided into treatments including sodium diacetate (SDA) at 3 (SDA3) and 6 g/kg (SDA6), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), L. buchneri (LB), or their equal mixture (LP+LB) at 1×106 colony-forming unit/g fresh matter. Results After 60 d of conservation in 20-L silos, lactic acid was greater in LP and LP+LB silages than other treatments (102 vs 90.2 g/kg dry matter [DM]). Acetic acid was greatest in SDA6 (32.0 g/kg DM) followed by LB (26.1 g/kg DM) and was lowest in LP treatment (4.73 g/kg DM). Silage pH was lower with microbial inoculation and the lowest and highest values were observed in LP and untreated silages, respectively. After 60 d, neutral detergent fiber concentration was lowest in SDA6 silages, resulting in the greatest in vitro DM digestibility (846 g/kg DM). Aerobic stability was longest in SDA6 (176 h) followed by LB treatment (134 h). Instability after aerobiosis was greatest in LP silages (68 h), about 8 h less than untreated silages. After aerobic exposure, yeast and mold numbers were lowest in SDA6 silages, resulting in DM loss minimization. Exhaustion of acetic acid and lactic acid after aerobic exposure was lowest with SDA6 but greatest with untreated and LP silages. Conclusion Treatment of early-cut wilted rye forage with SDA at 6 g/kg resulted in silages with higher feeding value and fermentation quality, and substantially delayed deterioration after aerobic exposure, potentially qualifying SDA at this load for promotion of silage quality and delaying aerobic spoilage of early-harvested (low DM) rye forage.

There has been shown a main direction of winter rye breeding in the institution. There have been described the main stages of this process. There has been reported that the reduction in the length of the stem at the first stage due to the use of sources of short stems made it possible to increase the productivity level of the developed varieties on 17.2 %, and lodging resistance on 32.0 %. In order to compensate for the significant reduction of the assimilation surface area due to a stem length decrease as a main assimilating organ in rye, and to increase the role of leaves in this process, there have been developed the varieties with high resistance to a group of diseases, including leaf ones. In order to increase productivity and its stability, there were subsequently developed and used the large-leafy forms with an erectoid orientation. As a result, a productivity potential of the varieties reached 9 or more tons per hectare. The late-term variety ‘Talovskaya 45’ developed as a result of long-term and purposeful breeding, has been characterized as highly productive, winter tolerant, resistant to lodging and drought. The variety has been recommended for cultivation in three regions, namely Central Blackearth, Central and Middle Volga. The productivity on variety testing plots in these regions during the years of trials averaged 5.25 t/ha, 4.50 t/ha and 4.52 t/ha, respectively, and the maximum yield was 8.92 t/ha. The excess of the new variety over the standard varieties reached 0.5 or more tons per hectare. There has been given a morpho-biological characteristics of the new variety. The purpose of the current study was to show the efficiency of further improvement of the plant architectonics in improving winter rye productivity, to tell the history of development and provide a description of the new variety.

The aim of the study was to analyze the resistance of 21 Microdochium nivale strains (fungi that cause pink snow mold in winter crops), living within a single area and a single crop (winter rye), to fungicides that differ in chemical nature and mechanisms of action as well as to test the interconnection between levels of virulence and fungicide resistance of strains. The virulence of M. nivale strains was determined on detached leaves of rye (Ogonek variety) plants as well as on whole plants grown under sterile conditions in vitro. The resistance of strains to fungicides (Provisor (a.s. azoxystrobin) and Ferazim (a.s. carbendazim)) was determined by inhibition of mycelium growth. As a result of the experiments, more strains (13) capable of growing in the presence of Provisor were revealed than Ferazim-resistant strains (2); however, Ferazim-resistant strains had a greater level of resistance (5-16% of growth inhibition) than Provisor-resistant strains (63-94 % of growth inhibition). A negative correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient -0.604 and -0.532) between the level of virulence of M. nivale strains and the level of their susceptibility to Provisor was found. This evidently means that the acquisition of resistance to Provisor by M. nivale strains is accompanied by an increase in their virulence. No correlations were found between the fungicide resistance of M. nivale strains and their attribution to one or another phylogenetic group, to which the strains were assigned based on the nucleotide sequence of the ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) region. The study shows that for choosing the fungicide application strategy, it is necessary to analyze phytopathogen populations for the presence of strains that are simultaneously characterized by high virulence and resistance to various fungicides and also take into account that the adaptation of fungi to certain fungicides can be accompanied by an increase in their virulence, which will negatively affect the phytopathological state of agrocenosis.

Sapropel is specific water body sediments containing a high level of organic matter formed from remains of water biota mixed with mineral components. One of the most promising utilisation ways of sapropel is agriculture where it can be used as soil amendment to improve soil physical properties and thus obtain economically viable and high quality yield of field crops. For three years the experiments were conducted at Priekuli Research Centre of the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics. Dehydrated sapropel mass from Lake Bizas was studied as soil biological fertilizer to determine its suitability for use in field crop production. Researches were carried out in organic crop rotation, in the fields of potato, winter rye and field bean. Three different doses of sapropel fertilizer were applied. During the three-year period (2020-2022), the yield indicators of the plant species included in the study were evaluated, and the quality of the yield of these species was assessed. The results of research confirm the positive effect of sapropel on yield quality indicators - protein (field beans), starch (potatoes) falling number and 1,000 seed mass (winter rye). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of study was to quantify the temporal change of soil organic carbon content in relation to agricultural management for a dry sandy arable soil and to derive the C sequestration potential. Methods: We analyzed data from a long-term field experiment with three crop rotations of different cereal proportions, with two levels of straw application (removal/return) in combination with four mineral nitrogen rates (40 ... 160 kg ha-1 yr-1). Treatments are arranged in a two-factorial block design with two replicates for each rotation. During the 24-year study period, grain and straw yield of two cereal test crops and soil organic carbon content in topsoil were determined annually from each plot. Results: Soil organic carbon content was positively influenced by removing non-cereal crops from the rotation and – to a smaller extent – by straw application. Increasing mineral N-fertilization from 40 kg ha-1 yr-1 to higher rates increased grain yield of rye but not barley, increased straw yield of both cereals more, with no effect of higher straw yields on soil organic carbon content. Conclusions: Despite the overall soil organic carbon content of the sandy soil under study is comparatively low, the results indicate that agricultural management has a relevant impact on soil carbon stocks. Straw return contributes to carbon sequestration even in rotations with a low potential for reproduction of organic matter. High mineral N-fertilization is not an adequate measure to sequester carbon in these soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current work was to identify the features of the formation of productivity and grain quality indicators of modern winter rye varieties and hybrids, depending on the moisture content of the spring-summer vegetation period. The study was carried out at the TatRIA FRC KazSC RAS (Republic of Tatarstan) in contrasting weather years (2020–2021). The object of the study was the population of winter rye varieties ‘Estafeta Tatarstana’, ‘Radon’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Tantana’, ‘Podarok’, ‘Zilant’ and German heterotic hybrids ‘KVS Aviator’ and ‘KVS Prommo’. There has been established that for the studied rye varieties and hybrids, grain productivity decrease caused by drought was 44 %, number of heads per 1 m2 reduced on 19.4 %, and 1000-grain weight dropped on 27.7 %. The advantages of rye hybrids according to grain productivity with a good supply of spring-summer vegetation were 14 %, with a lack of moisture they were 10 %. Among the population varieties, the varieties ‘Zilant’, ‘Podarok’ and ‘Tantana’ had the least losses from drought. There has been identified that in terms of baking and technological qualities the situation was vice versa. In a dry year, there was an increase of such indicators as the amylogram height (in 2 times), protein (on 20.8 %), and falling number (on 14.2 %). There has been established that the biochemical parameters of grain (content of fiber, ash, oil) improved significantly. The obtained study results have indicated that in dry years it is necessary to prepare batches of rye with high technological qualities and biochemical properties for baking industry.

Winter rye has a high adaptive capacity to abiotic and biotic stressors compared to other winter crops (wheat, triticale, barley, and oats). High resistance of winter rye to adverse environmental factors and a wide range of its uses increase interest in this crop. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the adaptive capacity of population and hybrid varieties of winter rye and to identify varieties suitable for the soil and climate conditions of Eastern Siberia. A number of winter rye varieties of various geographical origins were tested during three field seasons. In all the field seasons, the population varieties (Tagna, Mininskaya, and Chulpan) were the most productive and most resistant to adverse environmental factors compared to the hybrid wheat (KWS Aviator, KWS Prommo, and KWS Ravo). Statistically significant (p < 0.001 in 2019/2020 and p < 0.001 in 2021/2022) differences in field survival and yield between the population and hybrid varieties were noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two-year pilot field experiments (harvest 2021–2022) we explored the interannual effect of digestate fertilization (30 t/ha prior to sowing) on yields and some qualitative parameters of winter rye (KWS Progas) forage silage. The yields of the aboveground biomass differed insignificantly on a year to year basis: 31.07 t/ha FM in 2021 and 25.17 t/ha FM in 2022 (4.9 t/ha DM in 2021 and 4.2 t/ha DM in 2022) although the dry matter content differed significantly: 15.6% in 2021 and 16.6% in 2022. Interannual differences in the qualitative parameters were significant for these characteristics (% of DM) – Ntot.: 2.2% (2021) versus 1.9% (2022); crude protein: 13.8% (2021) versus 11.7% (2022); ash matter: 6.5% (2021) versus 7.6% (2022); NDF: 63.8% (2021) versus 57.8% (2022). Differences of ADF were insignificant 37.0% (2021) versus 35.2% (2022). The results show that the applied dose of digestate (150 kg N/ha plus other nutrients) is sufficient to achieve an adequate yield and quality of winter rye forage. The influence of the year was significant for dry matter content and most of the monitored qualitative parameters, especially from the point of view of the intensity and distribution of air temperatures and rainfall. In addition, the residual nutrients in the soil after the winter rye forage harvest (N, K) will be utilized by the subsequently grown maize in the dual rye-maize system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover cropping is vital for soil health. Timing and method of termination are major factors influencing the agroecological benefits of cover crops. Delay in the termination of cover crops results in greater biomass production. Likewise, incorporation of cover crops during termination often speeds residue mineralization compared to no-till systems. We used four termination strategies for a late-terminated winter rye–legume mix (in tilled and no-till systems) and four N application rates in the succeeding sweet corn crop to examine how cover crop termination affected N response in sweet corn as well as the independent effects of N application rate and cover crop termination method. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Increasing N fertilization up to 144 kg N ha−1 promoted yield and quality in sweet corn as well as summer weed growth. The cover crop termination method did not affect sweet corn response to N fertilizer. This suggests that when rye is terminated late in the spring before planting cash crops, the incorporation of its residues may not greatly affect the soil N dynamics. This indicates that decisions to incorporate rye residues may be taken by farmers with an eye mainly towards management issues such as weed control, environmental impacts, and soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat and drought are major abiotic stressors threatening cereal yields, but little is known about the spatio-temporal yield effect of these stressors. In this study, we assess genotype (G) × environment (E) × management (M) specific weather-yield relations utilizing spatially explicit weather indices (WIs) and variety trial yield data of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and winter rye ( Secale cereale ) for all German cereal growing regions and the period 1993–2021. The objectives of this study are to determine the explanatory power of different heat and drought WIs in wheat and rye, to quantify their site-specific yield effects, and to examine the development of stress tolerance from old to new varieties. We use mixed linear models with G × E × M specific covariates as fixed and random factors. We find for both crops that combined heat and drought WIs have the strongest explanatory power during the reproductive phase. Furthermore, our results strongly emphasize the importance of site conditions regarding climate resilience, where poor sites reveal two to three times higher yield losses than sites with high soil quality and high annual precipitation in both crops. Finally, our analysis reveals significantly higher stress-induced absolute yield losses in modern vs. older varieties for both crops, while relative losses also significantly increased in wheat but did not change in rye. Our findings highlight the importance of site conditions and the value of high-yielding locations for global food security. They further underscore the need to integrate site-specific considerations more effectively into agricultural strategies and breeding programs.

Reducing the intensity of pesticide use is a societal and political issue. One way to realize this is to reduce the dose of applied pesticides. The impact of strict dose reductions on yield and net return in winter rye was examined in a longterm field trial at the experimental field of the Julius Kühn Institute in Dahnsdorf (Brandenburg) over a 13-year period (2004-2016). Pesticide treatments included a situation-related strategy (100% strategy) and two other strategies in which the doses were reduced by 25% and 50% compared to the 100% strategy. Treatment decisions were based on control thresholds in the 100% strategy. Fungal pathogens and weeds occurred in all years and had to be controlled. Insect pests were negligible. Averaged over all years, there was a significant difference of 4% in yield between the 100% strategy and the 50% strategy. In contrast, no differences were found in terms of net return. There was also no accumulation of weeds in the reduced strategies. This positive result is due to the close monitoring of the plots as well as the six-year crop rotation and shows that it is possible to reduce pesticide use in winter rye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid content is an important way of obtaining information about the plant's photosynthetic activity as well as an indirect method of assessing the productivity of plant crops, particularly grain crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the productivity formation of emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum (Schrank.) Schuebl) grown under the traditional and organic farming systems and the different pre-sowing seed treatment methods. The base indicators of the photosynthetic apparatus (chlorophyll and carotenoid content, ratio of photosynthetic pigments) were evaluated in the emmer wheat plants as a function of the cultivation technology and pre-sowing seed treatment. The cultivation of the emmer wheat under organic technology was carried out in crop rotation: winter rye – mustard – T. dicoccum wheat. The pre-sowing seed treatment in the traditional technology of emmer wheat cultivation was carried out only by the UV-C irradiation. In the organic technology, both UV-C irradiation and treatment with humic preparation of natural origin “1r Seed Treatment” were used. The content of chlorophyll a (by 9.2%) and chlorophyll b (by 14.5%) increased in the emmer wheat plants under the organic technology cultivation compared to the traditional technology, but with the same method of seed treatment (UV-C irradiation). As a result, the yield increase was 21.0%. The application of the “1r Seed Treatment” humic preparation in the pre-sowing seed treatment led to the increase in yield by ~ 8.0% compared to the plots with UV-C irradiation seeds treatment under organic farming cultivation. An inverse correlation between the ratio of chlorophyll a/ chlorophyll b and the crop yield has been established. The evaluation of economic indicators of the emmer wheat cultivation in the rotation: winter rye-mustard-emmer wheat under organic farming technology, proved its high profitability. So, the photosynthetic pigments’ content and their ratio can be used as the indicators of the efficiency of the introduced elements of agrotechnologies and for predicting future yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to compare the production and economic effects of different winter rye depending on their production technologies. The study was carried out based on the results obtained from a field experiment conducted in two growing seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020). These experiments were conducted in Wielichowo Agricultural Experimental Station, belonging to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – the State Research Institute in Puławy (Poland). The result of the study was the determination of economic efficiency indicators for two cultivars of winter rye varieties according to production technology The technologies differed in terms of the degree of consumption of means of production. The studies showed a significant influence of production technology intensity on the yields of winter rye cultivars. Intensive technology resulted in a significant increase in grain yield. The tested cultivars yielded higher under intensive production technology. The cultivation of winter rye according to intensive technology compared to integrated technology resulted in a significant increase in grain yield . The grain yield increase for the KWS Vinetto cultivar was 0.13 t/ha, while for the Dańkowskie Granat cultivar 0.20 t/ha. Research showed that the level of production intensity determined the amount of direct costs as well as the profitability of production in a given technology. The compared technologies ensured the profitability of winter rye grain production. Both production technologies ensured the profitability of production of the tested cultivars of winter rye. The most profitable direct profitability index was characteristic for the population cultivar Dańkowskie Granat grown under the integrated technology.

Double-cropping winter rye cover crops (CC) with soybean in the North Central US could help with the global effort to sustainably intensify agriculture. Studies addressing the management of these systems are limited. Therefore, a field study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 in Central Iowa, US to evaluate winter rye CC biomass production, aboveground N accumulation, estimated economics, estimated within-field energy balance and estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under three N application rates (0, 60, 120 kg N ha−1) and three planting methods (pre- and post-harvest broadcast and post-harvest drilling). Averaged over N rates, all planting methods resulted in >5.0 Mg ha−1 year−1 rye aboveground biomass dry matter. Averaged over the 2-year study and compared with unfertilized treatments, applying 60 kg N ha−1 produced 1.1 Mg ha−1 more aboveground biomass (6.1 vs 5.0 Mg ha−1), accumulated 30 kg ha−1 more N in aboveground biomass (88 vs 58 kg N ha−1), and led to 20 GJ ha−1 more net energy. Biomass production was not significantly higher with 120 kg N ha−1 compared with the 60 kg N ha−1 rate. Even when accounting for an estimated 0.75 Mg ha−1 of above ground rye biomass left in the field after harvesting, more N was removed than applied at the 60 kg N ha−1 rate. The minimum rye prices over the 2-year study needed for double-cropping winter rye CC to be profitable (breakeven prices) averaged $117 and $104 Mg−1 for the 0 and 60 kg N ha−1 rates, which factors in estimated soybean yield reductions in 2019 compared with local averages but not off-site transportation. GHG emissions were estimated to increase approximately threefold between the unfertilized and 60 kg N ha−1 rates without considering bioenergy offsets. While environmental tradeoffs need further study, results suggest harvesting fertilized rye CC biomass before planting soybean is a promising practice for the North Central US to maximize total crop and net energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is a possible greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation option, whereas cost estimation highly depends on assumptions of the yield response function. This paper analyzes the potential and range of GHG mitigation costs with reduced N fertilizer application based on empirical yield response data for winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) from field experiments from 2013 to 2020 in Brandenburg, Germany. The field experiments included four to five N rates as mineral fertilizer treatments. Three different functional forms (linear-plateau, quadratic, and quadratic-plateau) were estimated to model yield response as a function of N supply. Economic calculations were based on relevant price–cost ratios. The results indicate that the opportunity costs of applying less fertilizer and the resulting GHG mitigation thereof vary in a great range across the years and crops estimated by different yield response functions. The linear-plateau function predominantly results in lower GHG mitigation costs than the quadratic and the quadratic-plateau function. On average, over eight years, a moderate reduction of N fertilizer (up to 20 kg/ha) offers a cost-efficient option for mitigating GHG emissions below EUR 50 per ton of CO2eq, even resulting in net profit gain in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many agricultural problems can be illustrated and solved through long-term field experiments. Since 1967, an experiment has been conducted in Bałcyny, Poland, to compare continuous cropping with growing crops in crop rotation. The experiment also provides information on the history of chemical crop protection, which may have influenced soil and crop contamination with pesticide residues. In this study, fields of winter rye in continuous cropping (CC rye) and a 5–6-field crop rotation (CR rye) were used as an example to investigate the occurrence of pesticides in soil and grain in the context of previous use of chemical crop protection products. Two levels of crop protection were also examined: herbicide (since the 1972/73 growing season) and fungicide (since 1982/83) application (HF) and control treatment (CT; no herbicides since 1972/73, no fungicides since 1982/83). Insecticides were used only when absolutely necessary. Between 1967 and 2019, 58 different active substances were applied to the fields selected for this study. Soil and grain samples collected in 2019 after rye harvest were analyzed for the presence of 441 and 496 different substances, respectively. Only DDT and its metabolites were detected in soil, even though DDT was not applied to the fields after 1967. The concentration of ΣDDT (sum of all metabolites and isomers) ranged from 038 to 130 µg kg–1 soil and exceeded the limit set in Poland (120 µg kg–1) under CR rye -HF treatment. In winter rye grain, no pesticide residues were found. The results show that long-term rational use of less persistent pesticides does not lead to contamination of the soil or the test cereal grain, but DDT continues to threaten the environment five decades after its probable last use. The study points to the value of comprehensive long-term recording for providing a retrospective assessment of pesticide exposure. Long-term field experiments facilitate this approach. [Display omitted] • A long-term field experiment allowed retrospective assessment of pesticide exposure. • Five decades after its last use, DDT still threatens the environment. • Crop rotation and chemical protection favored DDT persistence in soil. • Rational long-term use of less persistent pesticides does not pollute soil or crops. • Persistent pesticides contaminate soil to a great extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover crops are supposed to decrease the soil mineral N content (Nmin) during winter and increase the N supply to subsequent main crops due to mineralization of N previously prevented from leaching. However, data on N supply from cover crops grown before sugar beet have rarely been reported for Central European conditions. Therefore, our study aimed to provide information for cover crops differing in frost resistance and biomass quantity applicable for N fertilizer dressing in the subsequentmain crop. In 2018/19 and 2019/20, field trials were conducted on two Luvisol sites in Germany typical for sugar beet cultivation, comprising a sequence of autumn sown cover crops grown after field pea followed by unfertilized sugar beet main crops sown in next spring. Apparent net N mineralization and the N effect of cover crops on sugar beet were calculated according to a mass balance approach including Nmin and sugar beet N uptake. Winter rye and oil radish revealed the greatest potential for scavenging nitrate fromthe soil profile while reductions caused by frost-sensitive saia oat and spring vetch weremore variable. The amount of N in the cover crop biomass was negatively correlated withNmin in autumn and also in spring. Thus, for environmentally effective cover cropping in Central Europe, species with a sufficiently high frost tolerance should be chosen. Despite cover crop N uptake up to 170 kg N ha-1 and C:N ratios < 20, a positive N effect on sugar beet was only found betweenMarch and July of the beet growing season and was 50 kg N ha-1 at maximum, while between August and September, net immobilization was predominant with up to 100 kg N ha-1. Differences among crop species were not consistent across the site/years investigated. Sugar yield was lowest after rye at 3 sites/years and correlated positively with Nmin in spring. Correlation between yield and cover crop N effect was mostly low and inconsistent and could not be improved by a multiple regression approach. Thus, factors other than in-season N supply from cover crops apparently impacted sugar beet yield formation to a larger extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the relationship between the crops productivity and ecosystem diversity. The spatial variability in ecosystem diversity was measured using the Shannon landscape diversity index and distance from biodiversity hotspots that are nature conservation areas. Three crops were selected for the study: soybeans, sunflowers and winter rye. The initial data included the average crops yields in administrative districts within 10 regions of Ukraine. It was found that the studied crops yield dynamics from the mid-90s of the previous century to the current period could be described by a sigmoid curve (log-logistic model). The parameters of the yield model are the following indicators: the minimum level of yield (Lower Limit); maximum level of productivity (Upper limit); the slope of the model, which shows the rate of change in yields over time; ED50 - the time required to achieve half, from the maximum yield level. Our studies have shown that there is a statistically significant regression relationship between the yield parameters of all the studied crops and biodiversity, even at the landscape level. Among the studied crops, soybean shows the strongest regression relationship between yields and indicators of landscape diversity. Sunflower yield is the least dependent on landscape diversity. Most of the established dependencies are nonlinear, which indicates the existence of an optimal level of landscape diversity to achieve the maximum possible crop yields. Therefore, the obtained patterns can be the basis for land-use planning and management, especially while creating new natural protected areas.

Cover crops are supposed to decrease the soil mineral N content (Nmin) during winter and increase the N supply to subsequent main crops due to mineralization of N previously prevented from leaching. However, data on N supply from cover crops grown before sugar beet have rarely been reported for Central European conditions. Therefore, our study aimed to provide information for cover crops differing in frost resistance and biomass quantity applicable for N fertilizer dressing in the subsequent main crop. In 2018/19 and 2019/20, field trials were conducted on two Luvisol sites in Germany typical for sugar beet cultivation, comprising a sequence of autumn sown cover crops grown after field pea followed by unfertilized sugar beet main crops sown in next spring. Apparent net N mineralization and the N effect of cover crops on sugar beet were calculated according to a mass balance approach including Nmin and sugar beet N uptake. Winter rye and oil radish revealed the greatest potential for scavenging nitrate from the soil profile while reductions caused by frost-sensitive saia oat and spring vetch were more variable. The amount of N in the cover crop biomass was negatively correlated with Nmin in autumn and also in spring. Thus, for environmentally effective cover cropping in Central Europe, species with a sufficiently high frost tolerance should be chosen. Despite cover crop N uptake up to 170 kg N ha−1 and C:N ratios < 20, a positive N effect on sugar beet was only found between March and July of the beet growing season and was 50 kg N ha−1 at maximum, while between August and September, net immobilization was predominant with up to 100 kg N ha−1. Differences among crop species were not consistent across the site/years investigated. Sugar yield was lowest after rye at 3 sites/years and correlated positively with Nmin in spring. Correlation between yield and cover crop N effect was mostly low and inconsistent and could not be improved by a multiple regression approach. Thus, factors other than in-season N supply from cover crops apparently impacted sugar beet yield formation to a larger extent.

The purpose of the current work was to develop a highly productive winter rye variety for bakery with improved resistance to a complex of unfavorable factors and broad adaptability. The breeding work on the rye variety ‘Zilant’ was conducted in the Tatarsky Research Institute of Agriculture FRC of the Kazan Scientific Center of RAS in 2005–2015. The study of the variety in the Competitive Variety Testing was carried out in 2016–2019, in comparison with the standard varieties ‘Radon’ and ‘Tantana’. There has been presented a detailed characteristics of the variety ‘Zilant’ in terms of economically valuable indicators and adaptive potential according to grain productivity. The winter rye variety ‘Zilant’ formed the largest productivity on average for 4 years (50.2 hwt/ha) and produced high grain quality (229 s of a falling number and 647 u.a. of amylogram height, versus 224 s of a falling number and 625 u.a. of amylogram height of the standard variety ‘Radon’). The variety ‘Zilant’ has a dominant-monogenic type of short stems, strong short straw (on 14–13 cm lower than that of the standards). The variety possesses the same degree of field resistance to rust infections and ergot, resistance to powdery mildew as the standard variety ‘Radon’. There was determined that the rye variety ‘Zilant’, on average over the years of trials, was characterized by a significantly higher productivity (50.2 hwt/ ha, НСР05 = 1.5 c/ha) compared to the control, had a good combination of adaptability (bi = 1.149) and stability (Ϭd2 = 3.17). These advantages of the variety are provided by resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, the formation of a denser cenosis, field resistance to diseases, and a short non-lodging stem. The rye variety ‘Zilant’ produced grain with high baking qualities, corresponding to the 1st class of standards for grain and flour. The variety was responsive to improving growing conditions, showed less response to stress factors and was adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions.

The effect of different storage modes for the seeds of winter rye breeding sample (Secale cereale L. subsp. cereale var. vulgare Koern.) on its longevity, germination and crop structure was studied. Seed samples with a moisture content of 5-7% were stored in an airtight container for up to 42 months at 4 and -20°C. Control of plant germination and assessment of yield-related traits were carried out for three years according to standard methods. The research findings demonstrated the variation of seed germination depending on the sample genotype. No differences were noted in the longevity of seeds after 30 and 42 months of storage under various temperature regimens. The results of the analysis of yield-related traits of plants for two or three consecutive years did not show any significant advantages when influenced by 4 or -20°C on the spike length, number of productive stems and the mass of grain derived from the spike. However, at the same time, differences were found for plant height and weight of 1,000 grains in some cases in the seeds stored at temperatures of 4 or -20°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper has presented the results obtained in the trials to study the productivity of four winter rye varieties. The trials carried out in 2015-2018 on the experimental plots of the Mari Research Institute, on sod-podzolic medium clay soil, in three-factor variant (varieties, basic fertilizing, nitrogen additional fertilizing). Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on rye productivity increase, thereby reducing the cost of the produced grain and improving the profitability of its production. The best economic indicators in the production of food grain of the variety “Tatiana” were obtained on the option with double nitrogen fertilization (N45 with the resumption of spring vegetation + N15 in the earing phase), the net cost of a kilogram of grain was 3.72 rubles, the level of production profitability was 88%. When cultivating the variety “Moskovskaya 15”, grain with the lowest net cost of 3.99 rubles/kg with 75% of profitability was obtained in the variant with the introduction of N15 in foliage spraying in the earing phase. On the same variant, the grain of the variety “Rada” was harvested with the same economic estimated indicators (3.27 rubles of net cost of a kilogram of grain and 114% of profitability). For the variety “Yantarnoye” the same option was the most profitable, where the net cost was 3.89 rubles/kg, the profitability was 96%. Over the years of research, the most economically profitable production of food grain (4.1-5.3 t/ha) was the cultivation of winter rye variety “Rada” against the background of natural soil fertility with the use of nitrogen additional fertilizing. The productivity of the variety “Rada” with the basic fertilizing “Azophoska” at a dose of 0.15 t/ha in variants with nitrogen additional fertilizing was on average 18% higher and varied from 4.8 to 6.6 t/ha, while the net cost of a kilogram of grain increased from 0 to 50 kopecks, or 1-14% compared to an unfavorable background.

The current paper has presented the estimation results of the adaptive indicators of the traits “productivity” and “a falling number” of nine winter rye varieties developed in theFederalAgriculturalResearchCenterof the North-East named after N. V. Rudnitsky. The study was conducted in 2015-2019 inthe experimental plots of the Falenskaya breeding station, the branch of the FSBSI of FARC of the North-East (theKirovregion). The weather conditions in the years of study greatly varied. There has been established that throughout the years of study, the most promising variety was “Batist” (5.15 t/ha). High values of genetic flexibility were identified in the varieties “Batist” (5.21 t/ha), “Sara” (5.05 t/ha), “Nioba” (5.06 t/ha), “Rushnik” (4.96 t/ha). According to the parameters of ecological adaptability and stability of the trait “productivity”, there have been identified such varieties of the intensive type as “Grafinya” (bi = 1.22; S2d = 0.01), “Rushnik” (bi = 1.39; S2d = 0.04) and such varieties of extensive type as “Flora” (bi = 0.63; S2d = 0.09), “Falenskaya 4” (bi = 0.75; S2di = 0.03) and “Batist” (bi = 0.76; S2di = 0.05). High stress resistance was demonstrated by the varieties “Flora” (–1.98 t/ha), “Batist” (–2.01 t/ha). Under contrasting weather conditions, in the periods of grain filling and ripening, there has been identified the most adaptive variety “Rushnik” (according to the trait “falling number”), which had the highest average indicator 195 c throughout the years of study (with a minimum value of 109 c in unfavorable weather conditions of the year and a maximum value of 275 c in favorable weather conditions of the year

Plant reconstruction is an effective means of increasing crop yields. Development of a promising model of the variety involves obtaining high-performance material with optimal plant architecture.The article theoretically substantiates the feasibility of changing the architectonics of winter rye plants in order to increase photosynthetic activity and crop productivity.It is proved that by changing the morphotype of plants, in particular, the orientation of placement in the space of leaf blade, it is possible to increase the area of photosynthetic surface of plants and the area of sowing as a whole. It is established that the samples of the carrier of recessive marker features of the genes Sp/sp, L/l have a higher content of chlorophyll a and c in photosynthetic organs and, accordingly, the productivity of plants.The color of photosynthetic organs affects the chlorophyll content of cells and the photosynthetic activity of plants and, accordingly, the productivity of the culture. Hybrids of winter rye in the genome W/w phenotypically different in the population of plants dark green with a barely noticeable waxy coating and have a higher content of chlorophyll a and в compared with homozygous forms (WW, ww). Hybrids have been found to have a higher intensity of photosynthesis and, accordingly, a number of economic and valuable features than the original forms.The results of the monitoring of the cultural population of winter rye plants have been shown and samples with high photosynthetic activity have been isolated. A collection of self-fertile donors of erectoid trait gene traits by placement of a leaf blade (303/15, 289/15), sample without ligula (59–1), wax-free plaque of photosynthetic organs (103/16, 314–22), which is expedient to use in the breeding process of obtaining new outputs materials of culture was created

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SUMMARY: The objective of this research was to investigate the differences between glaucous and non‐glaucous near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) in terms of epicuticular wax layer properties (weight, composition, and crystal morphology), selected physiological and biochemical responses, yield components, above‐ground biomass, and plant height under soil drought stress. An important aspect of this analysis was to examine the correlation between the above characteristics. Two different NIL pairs were tested, each consisting of a typical glaucous line and a non‐glaucous line with a recessive mutation. The drought experiment was conducted twice (2015–2016). Our study showed that wax accumulation during drought was not correlated with higher leaf hydration and glaucousness. Environmental factors had a large impact on the response of the lines to drought in individual years, both in terms of physiological and biochemical reactions, and the composition of epicuticular leaf wax. The analysed pairs displayed significantly different responses to drought. Demonstration of the correlation between the components of rye leaf wax and the physiological and biochemical parameters of rye NILs is a significant achievement of this work. Interestingly, the study showed a correlation between the wax components and the content of photosynthetic pigments and tocopherols, whose biosynthesis, similarly to the biosynthesis of wax precursors, is mainly located in chloroplasts. This suggests a relationship between wax biosynthesis and plant response to various environmental conditions and drought stress. Significance Statement: No previous studies have focused on the role of wax cover in the resistance of rye plants to abiotic factors, particularly drought resistance; thus, our study on wax bloom is a recent research path for this cereal. Our results demonstrated a correlation between the wax components and the content of photosynthetic pigments and tocopherols, the biosynthesis of which are similar to the biosynthesis of wax precursors, which occurs mainly in chloroplasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Studies on the comparative assessment of the content of pentosans in grain and determination of the rheological properties of meal slurry (1 : 4) in 23 zoned varieties of winter rye of Russian breeding were carried out. The work was performed in 2017–2019. The viscosity in time and the rate of its increase, the relationship between the dynamics of changes in the slurry viscosity, the indicators of grain size, the volume of the tin bread, and the ratio of the height to the diameter of the hearth bread were calculated; the adaptability of varieties was calculated as the slurry viscosity, which reflects the content of pentosans in the grain. The products of varieties with a high viscosity of rye meal slurry and the stability of this trait in terms of ecological regression (S%(RG) < 5) are suitable for improving low-pentosan grain batches when used in bakery production. On average, Moskovskaya 12 (523.3 units of viscograph), Tantana (670.0 uV), Talovskaya 41 (581.7 uV), Chulpan 7 (696.7 uV), Falenskaya 4 (790.0 uV), and Rushnik (876.7 uV) varieties had such characteristics over 3 years. Grain of Saratov varieties Marusenka and Saratovskaya 7 with a low slurry viscosity (330.0 uV and 358.3 uV, respectively) and a high stability of this feature according to the regression coefficient (0.8 ≤ bi < 0.9) can be used for baking molded products or for producing starch, feed, and ethanol. A grain with the slurry viscosity (SV30) of 30% lower than the average for 3 years was formed under conditions of increased moisture (2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market of the organic raw materials and products develop and grow dynamically. It stimulates the development of agrarian science in the direction of the researches of organic farming, organic growing technologies for agricultural production. Consequently, the study of peculiarities of cultivating the sorts of winter rye in conditions of organic production is relevant and necessary. The purpose of our study was to examine the productivity of winter rye varieties of different ecological and geographical origin under organic cultivation technology for their further introduction into production and use in the selection process. The organic cultivation technology included treatment of seeds with a mixture of preparations Agat-25K, PA (0.04 kg/t) Ekostim-1, RK (0.05 l/t). At the 21st stage of the development, there was foliar fertilizing with Ekostim-1, RK (0.05 l/ha); and at the 30th there was spraying of crops with Agat-25K, PA (0.03 kg/ha). According to the results of the study, it was found out that varietal characteristics influence the formation of the main indicators of the structure of winter rye harvest. The height of the plants of the Intensynve 99 and Levitan varieties was higher by 74.7 and 82.3 cm, respectively, compared to the standard Khlibne variety. The spike length of winter rye varieties Levitan, Siverske, Intensyvne 99 exceeded the standard by 5, 2.3, 0.6 cm, respectively. The number of grains in the spike did not exceed 54.7 pcs. Weight of 1000 grains of winter rye varieties Kobza, Levitan, Intensyvne 99, Siverske exceeded the indicator of the standard Khlibne variety by 2.4-5.2 g. It was the highest with the Siverske (39.7 g) and Intensyvne (38.1 g) varieties. The number of productive stems varied from 490.3 to 515.4 pcs/m2. It was found out that the soil and climatic conditions of the Ukrainian Polissia are favorable for cultivation of winter rye under organic production. The maximum realization of productivity of winter rye varieties was provided by Siverske (2.36 t/ha) and Intensyvne 99 (2.24 t/ha), which showed grain yield increase at the level of 0.33 and 0.21 t/ha or 16.3 and 10.3%, respectively, compared to the standard Khlibne variety. Therefore, we recommend farmers to grow these varieties of winter rye in the Ukrainian Polissia.