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The purpose of the research is isolation, identification, and analysis of ASV (Amplicon Sequence Variant) types of Cryptosporidia spp. in pigs in the Vologda Region of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The research has been conducted in the Russian Federation for the first time. The research was conducted on pig farms in the Vologda Region of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation from January to October 2023. Feces were taken from piglets of various age groups, as well as milking sows. The samples were studied using the equipment of the resource center “Genomic Technologies, Proteomics and Cell Biology” of ARRIAM. Species of the genus Cryptosporidia were identified in fecal samples using high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicon libraries as obtained from nested PCR followed by “denoising”, sequence combining, and restoring the original phylotypes (ASV, (Amplicon Sequence Variant)).Results and discussion. Cryptosporidia spp. species were identified in each age group studied. As a result of high-throughput sequencing of the libraries using the Illumina technology, 20 to 100 thousand nucleotide sequences (reads) were obtained for each sample after processing of which a total of 2,372 ASVs were identified. The analysis of the ASV taxonomic affiliation performed with phylogenetic analysis supplemented by an analysis using the blastn algorithm in the GenBank database showed that, in total, 10 ASVs were only present in all studied samples that had high similarity to sequences deposited in the GenBank as 18S rRNA gene fragments of Cryptosporidium scrofarum. Eight ASV types were unique and did not repeat from farm to farm. Probably, these sequences belong to local populations of C. scrofarum subspecies. Of interest is the discovery of a unique Cryptosporidium sequence of ASV8 type which is only 91.47% similar to the closest relative of the genus, which may indicate a rather distant taxonomic relationship. This type of nucleotide sequence can be further described as a new species. All identified unique ASV nucleotide sequences were deposited in GenBank.

The purpose of the research is to determine infection rate and oocyst isolation degree followed by identification of taxa of Cryptosporidium species in piglets of different age groups using the latest molecular genetic methods, on private farms in the Vologda Region of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. These studies were performed in the Russian Federation for the first time. The research was performed on private pig farms located in the Vologda Region of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation from January to September 2022. Feces were taken from piglets of different age groups, namely, sucklings under the age of 1 month, weaners (1–3 months), feeder pigs (4 months and older), as well as from milking sows. Age groups were formed taking into consideration technological parameters of keeping animals on farms. Using microscopic research methods, “positive” samples were detected in which Cryptosporidium oocysts were found, and the number of oocysts was determined. Subsequently, the samples were studied using the equipment of the resource center «Genomic Technologies, Proteomics and Cell Biology» of ARRIAM. Cryptosporidium species were identified in samples of animal feces using high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicon libraries as obtained by nested PCR.Results and discussion. Cryptosporidium species were identified in each studied age group both in the animal’s presenting indigestion and the animals without any clinical sign of the disease. The average cryptosporidium infection rate was 32.4% in the animals on private farms. The most infected with cryptosporidium oocysts were feeder pigs aged 4–6 months (72%). As a result of sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicon libraries obtained using selected primers and subsequent taxonomic analysis of the resulting nucleotide sequences, it was shown that only representatives of the Cryptosporidium scrofarum species were present in all the studied samples.

The article presents data on the composition and seasonal dynamics of airborne pollen in Cherepovets and Vologda. The study was carried out from April 10 to September 30, 2014 and from April 16 to August 31, 2015 in Cherepovets, and from June 3 to September 30, 2019 in Vologda. Pollen data were obtained from the Durham gravimetric samplers. Samples were collected daily. Twenty-one types of pollen have been identified, ten of which are the most common allergenic types (Alnus, Artemisia, Betula, Fraxinus, Salix, Plantago, Poaceae, Quercus, Rumex, Urtica), which account for more than 50% of all pollen that has been registered. The article contains pollen calendars showing two peaks of pollen grain quantity: spring (from last decade of April to May), summer (from the end of June to the middle of July). Betula (30%) and Asteraceae (28%) pollen dominate in the pollen spectrum. Pinus (20%), Plantago (6%) and Poaceae (5%) also play an important role in the regional spectrum. The results show the presence of allergenic pollen from different taxa throughout the study. The proportion of damaged pollen grains is approximately 2%, which corresponds to the norm in natural population in normal condition. This data can become the basis for developing recommendations for reducing the level of pollinosis in the Vologda Region.

The relative chronology of events in the Bronze Age in the north of the forest belt was outlined by S.V. Oshibkina, who identified the Late Kargopol culture in the Eastern Onega and the Sukhona basins of the middle of the II millennium BC – the middle of the I millennium BC, formed on a local Neolithic basis with the participation of small groups of the southern population. Studies of the last 30 years allow author to identify significant eastern / south-eastern components in the cultural genesis of the ancient population of the Middle and Lower Sukhona, which is associated with the nature of the hydrological network of this region. The southeastern component is associated with the spread of the Middle Volga Chirki archaeological culture into the Sukhona basin in the Middle Bronze Age and the spread / formation (?) pottery tradition, close to the Lebyazhskaya archaeological culture of the Northern Urals in the Late Bronze Age. In the Early Iron Age the spread of the Ananyino appearance ceramics with corded and comb-corded ornamentation throughout the river includes the Sukhona basin in the Ananyino cultural and historical area. This paper presents materials of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age from the sites of the Middle and Lower Sukhona studied by the author. For the first time, materials of the Motyri-1 settlement (Loshechnaya) with a ceramic assemblage close to the Lebyazhskaya culture are put into the scientific circulation. Scientists see the basis for the formation of the northern Ananyino population in the Lebyazhskaya culture. The description of materials is accompanied by mapping of objects with ceramics of the Chirki, Lebyazhskoye and Ananyino appearance.

The purpose of the research is to determine taxa of the genus Cryptosporidium species in pigs using molecular genetic methods in the north-west of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. Fecal samples were taken from pigs of different age groups on farms of different types of incorporation that differ in climatic and geographical zones and animal keeping technologies in the Vologda Region. Microscopic research methods identified “positive” samples in which Cryptosporidium species were present; they were sorted out and deep-frozen. Then the samples were examined using the equipment of the resource center «Genomic Technologies, Proteomics and Cell Biology» of ARRIAM. The Cryptosporidium species in the fecal samples from farm animals were identified using high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA gene amplicon libraries obtained by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.Results and discussion. A primer system was designed for the nested PCR to amplify a potentially species-specific 393 bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. The sequence of the ILL_R2_ Zheng primer was modified with included degenerated positions to make the primer more versatile. As a result of sequencing of the libraries of 18S rRNA gene fragments obtained with the selected primers and subsequent taxonomic analysis of the nucleotide sequences, it was shown that all the studied samples included representatives of only one species, Cryptosporidium scrofarum.

The article compares two works of the 17th century: the poetic prayer of Prince S. I. Shakhovsky, dedicated to St. Demetrius of Vologda, and the prayer to the locally venerated Vologda ascetic Procopius Ustyansky, which was not recognized by the official church. These texts are almost identical. The author proves that the first was a poem by Shakhovsky, and it became the basis for creating a prayer to Procopius Ustyansky. This conclusion allows us to obtain new information about the creative biography of Shakhovsky, which are associated with problems with the authorities in the 1620s.

Introduction. The adoption in 2019 of the new state program of the Russian Federation “Integrated development of rural territories” determines the relevance of the evaluation of the program-target method in the development of the Russian village (taking into account the specifics of the subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities that differ greatly from each other). The purpose of this article is to identify possible shortcomings and existing problems in the implementation of the state program “Integrated Development of rural areas” as a key tool for the implementation of the program-target method of rural development of the regions of Russia and, based on this, substantiate recommendations to the authorities on improving the measures and tools for the implementation of this method in relation to rural development. Materials and Methods. To achieve the purpose, we have used the methods of economic, statistical, and comparative analysis, generalization and analysis, sociological researches. Information basis consists of Rosstat’s official statistics, as well as reporting documents of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the results of a questionnaire survey of heads of municipalities of the Vologda region, publications of scientists and experts in journals and on the Internet. Results. The results of the analysis made it possible to identify the key shortcomings of the program and the problems of implementing the state program “Integrated Development of rural territories”, including a reduction in the amount of financial support for this state program for 2020–2025 in comparison with its original passport, imperfection of approaches and criteria for selecting projects for rural development, the problem of lack of qualified personnel for project development and limited powers of local self-government bodies. The specifics of the implementation of this state program within the framework of the proposed typology of the subjects of the Russian Federation according to the level of development of agricultural production and the overall level of their socio-economic development are revealed. The directions of improvement of this state program and approaches, mechanisms of its implementation are substantiated. Discussion and Conclusion. According to the results of the study, it is shown that the mechanism of implementation of the program-target method for the development of rural areas of Russia does not yet allow to provide for their complete and real comprehensive and sustainable development. The materials of the article can be used by federal, regional, and local authorities to improve the approaches and methods of implementing policies for the development of rural areas.

In Russian public discourse, digitalisation is recognised as a new global trend, which creates an environment with extensive communication possibilities and leads to the civic participation traditional practices reformatting to online. In this regard, it is relevant to study the opportunities, risks and necessary conditions for these transformations. The aim of the article is to identify the civic participation digitalisation limitations of the population, lying in the digital differences field. Settlement, age, gender, educational and income factors of Internet accessibility, its use purposes and digital skills availability for Russian regions, including the Vologda Region as a typical region are considered. To solve the research problems, sociological methods, secondary data analysis, the system-structural and cross-tabulation analysis method were used. The results of the study conducted have made it possible to identify characteristics according to which certain population groups have a high, medium or low potential for civil society digital inclusion in terms of technical accessibility, knowledge and the Internet experience and digital services. The online citizenship format is most likely to be attractive to young and middle-aged people, working and living in cities, with secondary vocational or higher education. At the research time, no significant gender impact and self-reported income on the digital divides was identified. However, current trends consideration in digitalisation and prolonging the older people active lives makes it possible to argue that potential participants groups in civic participation in an online format will expand in the future. The study results can be considered when planning the civil society development, taking into account current trends, developing tools to motivate different socio-demographic population groups to civic engagement online.

This paper provides current data on the biodiversity of boreal lakes of the Vologda Region (north-western Russia), including macrophytes (vascular plants and macroscopic algae) and macrophyte inhabitants (invertebrates and microalgae). The raw data, given in two datasets (Sampling event dataset and an Occurrence dataset) and presented in the form of GBIF-mediated data, were collected from 139 lakes (macrophytes between 2005 and 2021, macrophyte inhabitants between 2014 and 2020). The dataset contains materials on the diversity of vascular plants (Tracheophyta, 3225 occurrences; Bryophyta, 155; Marchantiophyta, 16), macro- and microalgae (Ochrophyta, 546 occurrences; Chlorophyta, 193; Charophyta, 153; Cyanobacteria, 139; Cryptophyta, 86; Myzozoa, 33; Euglenozoa, 27; Rhodophyta, 8; Bigyra, 1) and aquatic invertebrates (Arthropoda, 1408 occurrences; Annelida, 487; Mollusca, 263; Platyhelminthes, 36; Cnidaria, 11). This paper summarises previously unpublished materials in a standardised form.The paper summarises the data collected during the long-term phytodiversity studies in a series of lakes of different types (Vologda Region, north-western Russia). Data on algae and invertebrates diversity were obtained in 60 different plant communities of aquatic, semi-aquatic and coastal plants or their combinations. A total of 6787 occurrences were included in the dataset, published in the global biodiversity database (GBIF) for the first time. According to the GBIF taxonomic backbone, the dataset comprised 837 taxa, including 711 lower-rank taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, forms). New records of 47 species rare and protected in the Vologda Region are given: 43 species of plants, three species of animals and one species of Cyanobacteria.

The paper addresses the problem of improving reliability of onomastic etymologies using the example of historical and modern personal and place names of southeastern Lake Onega region. The issue is pertinent, as specialists form other fields (c.f. historians and ethnologists) take little account of onomastic research where serious studies and quasi-scientific works presenting unverified data are sometimes difficult to separate. The paper provides examples of erroneous etymologies of personal and place names. Wrong etymologization can occur due to the neglect of written sources (the person named Shestak living in the village of Shestovo, or Terenty living in Terovo) or processes of phonetic adaptation in language contacts (Tyug- from Vepsian tühj ‘empty,’ not from tuug ‘spring sowing’). Another cause is the use of unverified written sources that might include invalid variants of names due to their misspelling or incorrect rendering (Kosach instead of Kagach, Saminskoye instead of Salminskoye). Tangly ethnic and linguistic contexts, such as heterogeneity of topobases (Goik-) or the widespread prevalence of appellatives (Kubas), can also result in etymological mistakes as some name variants may be underinformative and misleading. The author offers a complex approach for improving reliability of onomastic etymologies based on 1) expanding the source base and making comparative research of the collected data, 2) using the data of historical phonetics and phonetic adaptation in contacting languages, 3) emphasizing the so-called “exact” etymologies, 4) comparing local toponymic and anthroponymic data with onomastic evidence from other regions, 5) identifying toponyms with a greater differentiating linguistic potential, 6) eliminating bias which include etymologies accommodated to a specific language.

The paper is based on the dataset whose purpose was to deliver, in the form of GBIF-mediated data, diverse materials on the biodiversity of a large mire, Shichengskoe mire (Vologda Region, north-western Russia), including its various mire sites and intra-mire water bodies. The dataset was based on our materials collected for two decades (from 2000 to 2021) in different parts and biotopes of the Shichengskoe mire and complemented by scarce data obtained previously by other researchers. The data contain materials on the diversity of Animalia (2886 occurrences), Bacteria (22), Chromista (256), Fungi (111), Plantae (2463) and Protozoa (131). Within the study period, the most detailed and long-term biodiversity studies were carried out for higher plants and invertebrates. On the other hand, the data on the composition of lichens, protozoa, algae, basidiomycetes, some groups of invertebrates and, to a lesser extent, lichens and vertebrates are far less comprehensive and require further substantial research efforts. The list includes occurrences from both the peatland (mire sites and mire margins different in typology) and the objects of the mire hydrographic network. In a standardised form, this article summarises both already published (mainly in Russian) and unpublished materials.The paper summarises the results of long-term research on the biodiversity of a boreal mire, including its hydrographic network. A total of 5869 occurrences were included in the dataset published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, gbif.org) for the first time. According to the GBIF taxonomic backbone, the dataset covers 1358 taxa, including 1250 lower-rank taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, forms) and 108 taxa identified to the genus level. Several species found in the Shichengskoe mire, mainly belonging to Bacteria, Chromista and Protozoa, have never been listed in GBIF for the territory of Russia before. The overwhelming majority of occurrences and identified species came from the territory of Shichengskiy Landscape Reserve. Due to our work, this Reserve is now the most studied regional reserve in the Vologda Region with respect to biodiversity. By the number of revealed species, it is close to two federal protected areas: Darwinskiy State Nature Biospheric Reserve and National Park "Russkiy Sever".

The purpose of the research is to study the contamination of environmental objects with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in industrial pig farm; desinfection against exogenous stages of Cryptosporidium spp. using Kenocox.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on the basis of an industrial pig breeding complex in the Cherepovets district of the Vologda region in a pigsty for 120 heads, divided into 2 sectors, as well as in a pigsty for weaning pigs and a fattening pigsty for 1500 and 2000 heads respectively. For this, scrapings were taken from the floors of the pens, walkways, and walls of feeders and examined them for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Then, in the nursery after transferring the piglets to the rearing section, desinfection was carried out. One sector was treated with Kenocox at a dose of 0.5 L per 1 m2 with an exposure of 2 hours, the other sector – with a hot 4% sodium hydroxide solution at a rate of 1 L per 1 m2 with an exposure of 3 hours. One day after the treatment, the oocyst contamination of Cryptosporidium spp. in environmental objects in both sectors was re-examined.Results and discussion. The highest contamination of environmental objects with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (floors and walls of pens, feeders, floors of aisles) was found in the brood pigsty, where all the examined objects were contaminated to varying degrees (19.4%). With an increase in the age of piglets and their transfer to pigsties for weaners, and later on for rearing, there is a decrease in the contamination of the premises in which these age groups of animals are kept (10.0 and 2.5% respectively). With the desinfection of the queen-shed, as the most contaminated by oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. from the pig-breeding premises we examined, a significant effect was achieved with the use of Kenocox. Sodium hydroxide solution was found to be ineffective against Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts.

Background This paper provides current data on the biodiversity of boreal lakes of the Vologda Region (north-western Russia), including macrophytes (vascular plants and macroscopic algae) and macrophyte inhabitants (invertebrates and microalgae). The raw data, given in two datasets (Sampling event dataset and an Occurrence dataset) and presented in the form of GBIF-mediated data, were collected from 139 lakes (macrophytes between 2005 and 2021, macrophyte inhabitants between 2014 and 2020). The dataset contains materials on the diversity of vascular plants (Tracheophyta, 3225 occurrences; Bryophyta, 155; Marchantiophyta, 16), macro- and microalgae (Ochrophyta, 546 occurrences; Chlorophyta, 193; Charophyta, 153; Cyanobacteria, 139; Cryptophyta, 86; Myzozoa, 33; Euglenozoa, 27; Rhodophyta, 8; Bigyra, 1) and aquatic invertebrates (Arthropoda, 1408 occurrences; Annelida, 487; Mollusca, 263; Platyhelminthes, 36; Cnidaria, 11). This paper summarises previously unpublished materials in a standardised form. New information The paper summarises the data collected during the long-term phytodiversity studies in a series of lakes of different types (Vologda Region, north-western Russia). Data on algae and invertebrates diversity were obtained in 60 different plant communities of aquatic, semi-aquatic and coastal plants or their combinations. A total of 6787 occurrences were included in the dataset, published in the global biodiversity database (GBIF) for the first time. According to the GBIF taxonomic backbone, the dataset comprised 837 taxa, including 711 lower-rank taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, forms). New records of 47 species rare and protected in the Vologda Region are given: 43 species of plants, three species of animals and one species of Cyanobacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The paper is based on the dataset whose purpose was to deliver, in the form of GBIFmediated data, diverse materials on the biodiversity of a large mire, Shichengskoe mire (Vologda Region, north-western Russia), including its various mire sites and intra-mire water bodies. The dataset was based on our materials collected for two decades (from 2000 to 2021) in different parts and biotopes of the Shichengskoe mire and complemented by scarce data obtained previously by other researchers. The data contain materials on the diversity of Animalia (2886 occurrences), Bacteria (22), Chromista (256), Fungi (111), Plantae (2463) and Protozoa (131). Within the study period, the most detailed and longterm biodiversity studies were carried out for higher plants and invertebrates. On the other hand, the data on the composition of lichens, protozoa, algae, basidiomycetes, some groups of invertebrates and, to a lesser extent, lichens and vertebrates are far less comprehensive and require further substantial research efforts. The list includes occurrences from both the peatland (mire sites and mire margins different in typology) and the objects of the mire hydrographic network. In a standardised form, this article summarises both already published (mainly in Russian) and unpublished materials. New information The paper summarises the results of long-term research on the biodiversity of a boreal mire, including its hydrographic network. A total of 5869 occurrences were included in the dataset published in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, gbif.org) for the first time. According to the GBIF taxonomic backbone, the dataset covers 1358 taxa, including 1250 lower-rank taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, forms) and 108 taxa identified to the genus level. Several species found in the Shichengskoe mire, mainly belonging to Bacteria, Chromista and Protozoa, have never been listed in GBIF for the territory of Russia before. The overwhelming majority of occurrences and identified species came from the territory of Shichengskiy Landscape Reserve. Due to our work, this Reserve is now the most studied regional reserve in the Vologda Region with respect to biodiversity. By the number of revealed species, it is close to two federal protected areas: Darwinskiy State Nature Biospheric Reserve and National Park "Russkiy Sever". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research - cattle dictyocaulosis studying under the conditions of dairy cattle breeding in Vologda oblast. Materials and methods. In 2006-2015, the main issues of the dictyocaulosis epizootology have been studied, and measures for effective therapy and prevention have been developed. Results and discussion. Infestation with dictyocaulus in different climatic and geographical zones of the oblast is dissimilar. The greatest infestation was noted in the northwest zone, and the lowest in the southwest one. A parasitizing of Dictyocaulus viviparus was found out. Infestation of animals occurs in the summer grazing season. Prevalence reaches maximum in September (82.4%) under the infection intensity, on average, 150.7 ± 8.8 units per animal. Dictyocaulus larvae were first found in feces in the second decade of June. The most infected are animals 1-2 years old. Preparations helmicide and fesol are the most effective for dehelminthization against dictyocaulus. Given the foregoing, measures for the therapy and prevention of cattle dictyocaulosis in the non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation have been developed.

The purpose of the research is carrying out ecological and epidemical monitoring of helminthosis of cattle of public and private sectors in Vologda region.Materials and methods. Statistical analysis of veterinary reports was conducted according to the form 1Vet-A of the Veterinary medicine administration with State veterinary inspectorate in Vologda region for the period of 2013–2018. The degree of infection by helminths was also analyzed in animals of public and private sectors.Results and discussion. Cattle helminthosis is widely distributed in Vologda region. Helminthosis, which are recorded in cattle constantly and which have high rate of prevalence, were adjusted. Fasciolosis, paramphistomatosis, moniezosis, dictyocaulosis, strongyloidosis are registered in public and private sectors practically annually. What is more, the degree of infection is differing in public and private sectors; the highest parameter of incidence rate is registered in private sector. In conclusion, epizootological monitoring shows specific view on epidemic situation in Vologda region on major cattle helminthosis.

A new species of damselfly of the family Kennedyidae: Kennedya suchonensis sp. nov. is described from the Upper Permian (Severodvinian) deposits of the Isady locality (Vologda Region, Velikoustyugsky District). Despite the continuity of the main features of wing venation, new species has an unusual structure of the stem's discoidal area. This structure is not typical of known Paleozoic damselflies, which allows us to re-consider the morphogenesis of this structure. The evolutionary relationships between damselflies of Isady and other kennedyids are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the process of establishing and functioning of the NKVD-MVD juvenile labour colonies of the Vologda Region in the 1940s. It shows the dynamics of the number of inmates in the colonies and specific character of their education and productive activities. The author concludes that the establishment of the NKVD-MVD juvenile labour colonies in the Vologda Region in the 1940s was consistent with the growth of child homelessness and neglect during the Great Patriotic War. The activities of juvenile labour colonies at the regional level were determined by the nationwide policy aimed at eliminating homelessness, neglect and juvenile delinquency. Dur-ing the initial period, the activites of the juvenile labour colonies were adversely affected by the poor condition of facilities and resources, which made it difficult to organize production process and led to difficulties in organizing school instruction and labour training for pupils. The experience accumulated made it was possible to eliminate shortcomings in the work of juvenile labour colonies and to improve the quality of education and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders.

The article considers the history of mass deportations of population as well as formation and development of the system of special settlements in the territory of Vologda Region in 1930s–1950s. The defining role in establishing and operating the system was played by the bodies of OGPU–NKVD–MVD–MGB of the USSR. During the period of collectivization of agriculture peasants subjected to repression were removed from the territory of Vologda Region, which at the same time became the place of exile for thousands of Soviet and foreign citizens. With the adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation No. 1761-1 of October 18, 1991 “On the rehabilitation of victims of political repression” forced administrative removal to special settlements was recognized as political repression. From 1992 till 2017 the bodies of internal affairs of Vologda Region considered 24 877 applications for rehabilitation; the verification of the applications resulted in issuing 10 899 certificates of rehabilitation for the citizens who had undergone repression by administrative order and for the members of their families.

Young people play a most important role in society's life as they possess significant intellectual, creative, labor and reproductive potential. However, this potential might not find its implementation in reality due to both inevitable reduction in number of people belonging to this population category and deteriorating quality of it. And a key issue here is preservation of young people's health. Contemporary young people have poorer health than the previous generations and we can observe a so called "social ill health funnel". There is another acute issue related to demographic losses caused by mortality among young people; they die due to outer causes, circulatory system diseases, malignant neoplasms, and digestive organs diseases, and this mortality is to a great extent determined by behavioral factors. The paper dwells on the analysis of basic self-preservation behav-ioral parameters determined via a sociological questioning performed among people living in Vologda region. We revealed that those respondents who were younger than 30 tended to evaluate their health as being "good" and "very good" more frequently than older ones; chronic diseases were significantly less frequent among people from younger age groups. We detected that 74 % young people pursued certain health-preserva¬tion practices while the remaining 26 % did nothing to preserve their health. Young people explain their striving for health preservation mostly by a desire to have healthy children, to look well, and to achieve their life goals. They don't often visit a doctor with prophylaxis in mind; they tend to do sports. But still, there are young people who indulge in self-destructing behavior. Young people drink low alcohol beverages more often than people from older age groups. 36 % of them smoke but 51 % of smokers wish to give this bad habit up. Fast food is also more popular with young people: 39 % eat it several times a week. And sometimes it is a desire to overcome a stress that makes young people smoke, drink alcohol or eat unhealthy food

A new benthosuchid Benthosuchus lukyanovi sp. nov. is described from the Early Triassic deposits of the Bludnovo locality in the Vologda Oblast (Yug River Basin). The new species has the largest skull among the known Benthosuchus specimens. Morphological differences between B. lukaynovi and the other representatives of the genus mostly concern the trematosauroid features: the position of the supraorbital canals (sulci supraorbitales) is close to the sagittal suture in the internarial space, presence of weak angular bend, and the strongly elongated posterior Meckelian foramen. The data obtained expand our understanding of the morphological evolution of benthosuchids during the early stages of the formation of the trematosaurid body organization plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the anthroponyms of Balto-Fennic origin of the southeastern Lake Onega region. Focusing on the region’s historical anthroponymy, the author provides an etymological, areal and chronological analysis of the Balto-Fennic personal names, surnames and nicknames as attested in the 15th–16th centuries Russian and Swedish cadastres. The author also analyses typologically relevant data: personal names and deanthroponymic place names known within the large area of distribution of modern and substrate Balto-Fennic toponymy — from Finland to the eastern part of the Russian North. On this basis, the author divides the historical anthroponyms of the southeastern Lake Onega region into three language types: Karelian names, Veps names, and nondifferentiable Balto-Fennic names. The analysis leads to conclude that in the 15th–16th centuries the southeastern Lake Onega area was populated by Veps and Karelians and that the active migration of Karelians to this territory from the northeastern Lake Ladoga region began at the end of the 15th century. The author establishes that in the 15th–16th centuries most of the Balto-Fennic anthroponyms of the region were patronyms of Karelian type derived from Christian calendar personal names, though Russian nicknames and non-calendar personal names were also in use among the Balto-Fennic population. Many of the bearers of those names sought to settle down on the underdeveloped lands for the reason of being landless or dependent, which proves their forced migration from the southeastern Lake Onega region. The reliability of the conclusions made by the author is ensured by the wide use of historical sources relating to the Balto-Fennic peoples’ contemporary and historical habitat, the use of the open databases of contemporary names, as well as by their comparison with the results obtained in earlier studies.

Objective of research: To study monieziasis in cattle from dairy cattle farms in Vologda region.Materials and methods: Basic issues in epizootology, biology, ecology of moniezia and their intermediate hosts were investigated in 2006-2015; measures for treatment and prevention were elaborated.Results and discussion: Moniezia invasion in various climatic and geographic zones of the region manifested in different ways. The highest level of invasion was registered in the Northwestern zone. It was determined that cattle were mostly parasitized by Moniezia expanza, Rudolphi, 1810, M. benedeni, Moniez, 1879, M. autumnalia, Kuznetsov, 1967 where M. benedeni, Moniez, 1879 was dominating.Cattle, which have been grazing already, are infested by moniezia all year round. The maximum intensity of moniezia invasion in the given cattle group was observed in autumn.Along with the increase in invasion intensity, the amount of helminth eggs in faeces from infected animals also increased. First signs of infestation of calves of the first grazing season by moniezia cysticercoids were observed at the beginning of the pasture season due to Oribatei ticks infected with moniezia, which have overwintered. Calves of the current year are mostly infested by moniezia. Tick infestations of different types of pastures is different. According to our data, artificial pastures of the first year application are the safest for grazing. There is a risk to be infested by moniezia on the grazing yards, holding enclosures as well as in feeding rolled bales of hay, which are prepared on unfavorable plots. The most effective preparations for dehelminthization against moniezia are Homicide and Fezol. According to the a.m., the measures for treatment and prevention of cattle cestodosis in Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation have been developed.

Objective of research: To study the epizootiology of trematodoses of cattle from dairy cattle farms in the Vologda region; to estimate the anthelmintic efficacy of Fascocide, Helmicide, Oxiclozanide, Albendazole, Fezole, Alben.Materials and methods: A preliminary analysis of veterinary reports of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, the regional Stations on Fight against Diseases in Animals, meat-processing plants and slaughter units, Laboratories of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise was carried out for the period 2005–2009 according to the Forms «1-Vet» and «5-Vet». Coproovoscopic examinations of cattle were conducted monthly to determine seasonal and age dynamics of infection. Biological features of intermediate hosts were studied by standard methods. Fascocide at the dose of 10 mg a.i./kg, Helmicide — 7,5 g/100 kg, Oxiclozanide — 5,25 mg/kg, Albendazole — 15 mg a.i./kg and Alben — 10 mg a.i./kg were used against fasciolosis and paramphistomosis in cattle under production conditions in dairy farms and complexes of Vologda region.Results and discussion: The rates of trematode infection in various climatic and geographic zones of the region are different. The highest level of infection was registered in the North Eastern and South Eastern zones, and the lowest — in the South Western.Adult cattle are infected with Fasciola hepatica, Paramhistomum cervi and P. ichikawai all year round; the maximum peak of infection is registered in winter and spring seasons. First signs of trematode infection in calves of the first grazing season are observed at the beginning of the pasture season, which is the evidence for the overwintering of helminth larvae in intermediate hosts. Trematode infections manifest commonly as mixed infections.First individuals of Lymnaea truncatula and Planorbis planorbis appear in biotopes in the second decade of May, reaching the maximum number in August. Their infection with trematode parthenites is observed in the period from the first half of June to October; the maximum peak of infection — in August. The most effective preparations for dehelmintization against Fasciola spp. and Paramhistomum spp. are Fascocide, Helmicide and Fezole.

Objective of research: the purpose of this research is to study the infestation of young pigs by Cr. parvum in Vologda region depending on the season. Materials and methods: Seasonal dynamics of piglet invasion by cryptosporidia were studied during 2014 on the basis of two big pig farm complexes in Vologda and Cherepovetsk districts of Vologda region. Faeces from pigs up to one month of age mostly with clinical signs of diarrhea of varying severity were investigated on a monthly basis. Groups were formed out of experimental pigs (20–25 head in each) selected in each farm by the analogue principle. In total 282 pigs were examined. The faecal examination was performed using the direct smear method with the following Ziehl–Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain. Results and discussion: The research reveals that the diagnosis of pig cryptosporidiosis was confirmed for both experimental pig farms. Piglets were infected with Cryptosporidium oocysts during all seasons of the year. The extensity of Cryptosporidium infection in different months varied within 30,4 – 62,5 %. The total infestation by C. parvum was 45,7 %. When studying the effect of seasonality on cryptosporidiosis infestation of young pigs, it was found that in all seasons Cryptosporidium infection was registered in approximately equal number of animals at the age up to one month. The significant increase in extensity and intensity of infection was observed in autumn and spring.

The article deals with toponymic legends about robbers collected by the Ural University Toponymic Expedition on the eastern boundary between Vologda and Kostroma Regions, these legends being especially widely spread in Vokhomsky District of Kostroma Region and Nikolsky District of Vologda Region. Within these two large zones the authors isolate areas with place names recurrent in the legends: two areas in Vokhomsky District (in the upper and lower Vokhma River basin) and two areas in Nikolsky District (in the Yug River basin and the upper reaches of the Kema River). For each area the authors reconstruct historical, linguistic and textual factors relevant to the origin and functioning of the legends. The authors argue that the creation of the legends in the studied areas can be explained by invasions of rebels, fugitive serfs, deserters — i. e., persons whom the local inhabitants could have treated as robbers. In the Yug River area the legends seem to retain the memory of the 14th century Novgorodian pirate Anfal Nikitin’s forays; the legends about the robbery tribe Sech collected in the Kema River area may be an echo of the 15th century Tatar invasions. The main linguistic factors of the legends’ creations are place names whose internal form favours their transformation by folk etymology and “attracts” robbery plots (e. g., Razboynitsa River, the folklore name of the Vokhma River — Zolotoye Dno). In rare instances names reflect real historical facts (e. g., Zastava, Storozhevaya). The authors show that with the course of time a toponymic legend can lose or acquire episodes, it can also vary under the influence of typologically similar folklore plots, attracting new place names and eventually changing their form and meaning.

The spread of freshwater mussles Planorbis planorbis that act as primary intermediate host of trematodes of the family Paramphistomidae is studied. The results of studies of seasonal dynamics of mussels infestation with paramphistomum cercaria on pastures of the Vologda region are given

Populations of the European grayling in the Mologa and Suda river catchments are included in the Red Data Book of the Vologda Region with the status 3 (VU) - rare, vulnerable species. According to the analysis of the literature, archival materials, interviews and questionnaires, information from online fishermen's forums, and the author's own studies, collectively covering the period from 1855 to 2017, Thymallus thymallus has been reported from 103 rivers and 7 lakes of the Vologda Region. The article presents the list of rivers and lakes where the grayling has been recorded, as well as a schematic map of its distribution in the Vologda Region. In the region, grayling mostly inhabit rivers up to 100 km long (80 % of the total number of watercourses from which the species was reported). The presence of the species in lakes of the region is not confirmed by recent studies (with the exception of Lake Onego). This study demonstrates that the combination of standard research methods with questionnairing and online forums allows for a more efficient assessment of the distribution patterns of rare fish species in the region.

Data on two vascular plant species new to Russian flora and other 32 notable regional records made in seven regions of European Russia (Vologda Region, Kostroma Region, Leningrad Region, Pskov Region, Yaroslavl Region, Saint-Petersburg and Udmurt Republic) are given. The presented material is derived from the floristic inventories conducted in 2006-2017, and critical study of the available herbarium. Euphrasia micrantha Rchb. and Senecio inaequidens DC. are reported as new to Russia, the first species as native and the secong one as alien. Bupleurum falcatum L. is reported as a new alien species for the flora of NW European Russia. Bidens frondosa L. is new for the Pskov Region. Cardamine flexuosa With. is reported for the Yaroslavl Region for the first time. Eight taxa are reported as new to the Kostroma Region, five of them (Alnus x hybrida R. Br. ex Rchb., Carex bohemica Schreb., Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl, Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm. and Urtica galeopsifolia Wierzb. ex Opiz) considered native, and three others (Collomia linearis Nutt., Gypsophila elegans Bieb. and Silene armeria L.) as alien. Dryopteris x uliginosa (A. Br. ex Doll) Kuntze ex Druce is a new hybrid for the Kostroma Region, Leningrad Region and Udmurt Republic. In addition, 20 species with lacking regional records are reported to. The data presented points to a continuing spreading of alien plants across European Russia. On the other hand, the native flora of some regions is still poorly investigated.

The article deals with some problems of lexicographic treatment of place names. As a model of lexicographic description, the author chooses the ideographic principle which has been extensively used in appellative dictionaries but remains mostly unknown to onomastic lexicography. The author develops the concept of ideogram as applied to proper names, specifically place names. The author proposes to use the term “topoideogram” to denote the conceptual meaning of the appellative base of a place name regardless of the nature of its derivational relations. In order to illustrate the appliation of these theoretical suggestions, the author models the structure of an ideographic dictionary of microtoponyms of the Western part of Vologda Region in Russia (Babayevsky, Vytegorsky, Belozersky and Vashkinsky districts) based on the materials of the Toponymic Expeditions of Ural Federal University. The principles of such lexicographic treatment are illustrated with reference to two ideographic types of place names: ‘Birds’ and ‘Musical Instruments’. The author argues that ideographic treatment of toponyms provides important onomasiological and ethnolinguistic information on the corpus of topoideograms of a specific region and their current use. The author also discusses the problem of the ideographic description of the so-called situational toponyms based on script patterns translated in motivational contexts.

The paper presents the results of long-term public opinion surveys on economic, social and political life of the territorial community carried out in the Vologda region. The author analyzes the trends of people’s attitudes towards federal and regional authorities {g} and suggests how sociological surveys can be used in regional governance.

Clitocybula lignicola is predominantly distributed in the Asian part of Russia. In Europe it was found only in the Urals (Komi Republic, Russia). Two new localities are situated in the northwestern part of Vologda Region (Russia). These are the first records of this species from the East European Plain, as well as the most western ones known in Europe. New records extend the geographic distribution of C. lignicola 1,204 km west of the closest site in the Urals. An updated distribution map for the species is presented and a detailed species description with illustrations based on studied collections is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed studies of the isotope composition of carbon and oxygen (δC and δO) in sedimentary and pedogenic carbonates from the stratotype of the Severodvinian Stage of the Permian System (Sukhona River, Vologda Region) are provided. In these deposits, the value of δC is the greatest for the Upper Permian and Lower Triassic of European Russia. This level is correlated with the Kamura isotopic geochemical event in the marine sections of Panthalassa and the Tethyan Region, which was connected with a fall in temperature during the Early-Middle Capitanian. Variations of δO in the Severodvinian Stage also support the concept of general fall in temperature. The lower part of the Severodvinian Stage is characterized by carbonates with a very heavy oxygen isotope composition, about 32-34‰ SMOW, which accumulated during evaporitization of a large basin. In the upper part of the Severodvinian Stage, the value of δO rhythmically changes from 22-24‰ SMOW to 34‰, naturally following the cyclicity established based on sedimentological features. The minimal values of δ18O are episodes of a significant decrease in salinity as a result of decreased temperature and humidification. The highest values of the isotope content of oxygen correspond to the episodes of short warming and evaporitization of shallow lakes. A general decrease in average annual temperature in the middle of the Severodvinian Age was associated with activation of rivers and intensification of terrigenous sedimentation, which resulted in replacement of the basin facies by alluvial facies and to wide occurrence of aerial and subaerial conditions. Simultaneously, in the latter half of the Severodvinian Age on the East European Platform, there was essential renewal of assemblages of tetrapods, fishes, ostracodes, mollusks, and plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new rich Upper Permian locality of plants, ostracodes, bivalves, fishes, and tetrapods was founded in the middle part of the Komaritsa Member of the Salarevo Formation on the Malaya Northern Dvina River. The new locality is confined to the lower part of the terminal Permian Gnathorhiza otschevi- Mutovinia sennikovi Fish Zone. Based on new materials of the actinopterygian fishes from this locality, the genus Isadia is revised, diagnoses of the species included in it are improved, and a new species, Isadia arefievi sp. nov. is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]