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This study aims to examine the hand morphometry of healthy young individuals from different countries and investigate the differences between countries in typing of hand based on the morphometric values obtained. In the study, 16 different parameters, including two surface areas and 14 lengths, were measured from the right hand of 579 volunteers (250 females, 329 males) from 7 different countries (Turkey, Chad, Morocco, Gabon, Kazakhstan, Senegal and Syria). Factor analysis was performed on the parameters, cluster analysis was performed according to the factor score obtained, and the hand types in the study were determined. As a result of the study, four different hand types were defined, and the distribution of these types according to countries was analyzed. All parameters showed significant differences between countries in both genders (p<0.05). According to the results of the study, there was a difference between male and female hand types between countries. In females, the type 1 hand type was found only in Gabon, the type 2 hand type was found only in Senegal, the type 3 hand type was found in Turkey, Morocco and Kazakhstan, while the type 4 hand type was significantly distributed in Senegal and Gabon (X2 =104.62; df=18, p<0.05). In males, type 1 hand type was found in Turkey, type 2 hand type in Senegal and Gabon, type 3 hand type in Turkey, while type 4 hand type was significantly distributed in Morocco and Kazakhstan (X2 =76.964; df=18, p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammals are predicted to vary in body size following Bergmann's rule, with individuals found at higher latitudes in colder temperatures being larger in size compared to conspecifics occurring at lower latitudes in warmer temperatures. Body size is similarly expected to vary temporally, with a decrease in size through time due to recent climate warming. While Bergmann's rule is well-supported in mammals, there is increasing evidence of exceptions to the rule. Here, we present patterns of size variation in 17 North American mammal species using five morphological traits (condylobasal skull length, skull width, maxillary toothrow length, body weight, and head-and-body length) to determine if size varies predictably for each species in space and time. We found little support for a widespread Bergmannian pattern for these species at a broad spatial scale (across North America) and a contemporary temporal scale (the past 120 years). The effects of latitude or year on each trait were highly variable with three types of responses: an increase, a decrease, or no change in size across space or through time. Spatial size trends were detected more often than temporal size trends, as the temperature range was significantly larger in space than through time. Body weight (the most variable trait) and head-and-body length were more likely to conform to Bergmann's rule than craniodental measurements. We did not detect any changes in size variability with latitude, and our study species either increased or decreased in size variability over time. Our findings demonstrate that size variation in mammals is highly context-dependent. As such, caution is needed when using rules of body size variation to predict the future response of species to climate warning while valid in theory, it is likely too simplistic of an approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how the interactions of related plant species with pollinators vary on a spatial scale provides the opportunity to establish links between macroevolutionary patterns and microevolutionary processes, as well as to approach the mechanisms underlying plant diversification. In this work, we explore the variation in pollinator assemblages of 15 species and varieties of Nierembergia (Solanaceae) across the distribution range of the genus in Argentina, in relation to variation in floral phenotype and geographic location. By field observations, morphometric measurements of flowers and comparative phylogenetic methods, pollinator assemblages and flowers of Nierembergia taxa were characterized and compared, and the association between pollinator assemblage composition, geographic location, floral morphology and phylogenetic relationships was evaluated. 13 species of oil-collecting bees were recorded as pollinators. The assemblage composition was strongly associated with geographic location, that is, Nierembergia taxa in nearby areas had greater similarity in their pollinator assemblages than geographically distant taxa. This pattern was not associated with phylogenetic relationships among taxa, except for a group of high mountain species in northwestern Argentina. On the other hand, interspecific variation was found in the floral phenotype, mainly in the corolla and the oil-producing gland size. However, Nierembergia taxa with similar floral phenotypes did not share the composition of the pollinator assemblage, as expected. In conclusion, we found a mixed macroevolutionary pattern in which some phylogenetically distant Nierembergia taxa converge geographically in the composition of pollinator assemblages, while this attribute is conserved in a phylogenetic clade. This pattern suggests that the role of pollinators in Nierembergia diversification is more complex than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprender cómo varían las interacciones de especies emparentadas de plantas con polinizadores a escala espacial permite establecer vínculos entre patrones macroevolutivos y procesos microevolutivos, y aproximarse a los mecanismos que subyacen a la diversificación en plantas. En este trabajo exploramos la variación en la composición de los ensambles de polinizadores de 15 especies y variedades de Nierembergia (Solanaceae) en relación con la variación del fenotipo floral y la localización geográfica, en el rango de distribución del género en la Argentina. Mediante observaciones de campo, mediciones morfométricas de flores y métodos comparativos filogenéticos se caracterizaron y compararon ensambles de polinizadores y flores de los taxa de Nierembergia, y luego se evaluó la asociación entre la composición de ensambles de polinizadores, localización geográfica, morfología floral y relaciones filogenéticas. Se registraron 13 especies de abejas recolectoras de aceite como polinizadores. La composición de los ensambles estuvo muy asociada a la localización geográfica, indicando que taxa de Nierembergia en áreas próximas presentaron mayor similitud en sus ensambles de polinizadores que taxa alejados geográficamente. Este patrón no se asoció con relaciones de parentesco entre taxa, excepto un grupo de especies de alta montaña en el noroeste de la Argentina. Por otro lado, se encontró variación interespecífica en el fenotipo floral, principalmente en el tamaño de la glándula productora de aceite y la corola. Sin embargo, los taxa de Nierembergia con fenotipo floral similar no compartieron la composición del ensamble de polinizadores, como se esperaba. En conclusión, encontramos un patrón macroevolutivo mixto en el que algunos taxa de Nierembergia filogenéticamente alejados convergen en el espacio en la composición del ensamble de polinizadores, mientras que este atributo se conserva en un clado filogenético. Esto sugiere que el rol de los polinizadores en la diversificación en Nierembergia es más complejo de lo pensado.

Most birds that show geographic variation in their songs discriminate between local and foreign songs, which may help them avoid unnecessary conflicts with vagrant individuals or similar-sounding congeners. However, some species respond equally to foreign and local songs, which may be useful if foreign individuals present territorial threats or if there are no sympatric congeners to avoid. Species without sympatric congeners are not commonly tested in playback studies, but they offer an opportunity to see how song variation and recognition unfolds when the pressure to avoid similar congeners is absent. Here, we use Verdins (Auriparus flaviceps), a monotypic genus of songbird with no confamilials in North America, to explore song variation and recognition in a species living without close relatives. We assessed geographic variation in song across the Verdin range and conducted a playback experiment using exemplars from 2 acoustically divergent and geographically distant regions as treatments. We found significant geographic variation in song that mapped well onto ecologically distinct desert regions. We found that Verdins had stronger vocal responses to local-sounding songs, but had equal movement responses to local-sounding and foreign songs. These results are similar to results found in other species without sympatric congeners and provide an example of a species that investigates acoustically divergent conspecific songs, despite recognizing salient differences in those songs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subspecies concept is one of the most controversial in Linnean taxonomy. In the past, subspecies were described without a clear conceptual framework, triggering confusion and motivating criticism of the very concept of a subspecies. At present, subspecies are conceived as aggregates of populations that are geographically isolated, are composed of interfertile individuals, and are morphologically diagnosable. The tayra, Eira barbara , was described in 1758 and has had a stable taxonomic history at the species level. However, below the species level, 16 subspecies have been named, with from two to seven subspecies recognized as valid by different authors. None of the subspecies were, however, described within a clear conceptual framework. Using the modern concept of a subspecies, I analyzed subspecies of E. barbara recognized by recent authors. I gathered morphometric data from 155 specimens in mammal collections, georeferenced each specimen, and recorded membership to subspecies assigned by different references and by its location. I gathered climate and geographic data for each location. I analyzed data using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Specimens exhibited sexual dimorphism in size but not in skull shape. I used regression analysis to test for associations between skull shape and size and climate data. Geographic analyses documented that subspecies are not allopatric, violating one of the main properties of the subspecies concept. ANOVA showed significant differences in skull morphology between some pairs of recognized subspecies but not others. However, none of the subspecies segregated in the PCA. Thus, the recognized subspecies could not be diagnosed from morphological data, violating another property of the subspecies concept. Size varied greatly between the sexes using different schemes for recognized subspecies. Climate variables explained between 4% and 6% of size variation for males and females. Skull shape proved not to be geographically variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is the property of Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The seed oil of 138 accessions of 14 Acer truncatum (Aceraceae family) populations native to China were analyzed by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The oil content ranged from 17.81% to 36.56% (mean: 28.57%), which mainly consisted of 14 types of fatty acids. Palmitic (4.69%), stearic (2.30%), oleic (25.19%), linoleic (32.97%), linolenic (2.76%), cis-11-eicosenoic (7.90%), erucic (16.49%), and nervonic (5.76%) fatty acids accounted for 98% of total fat. The nervonic acid content ranged from 3.90% to 7.85% among the accessions. Significant variations in oil content and predominating fatty acids were observed among populations. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis detected obvious geographical variation trends among A. truncatum populations which correlate with environmental variations (especially altitude, temperature, and precipitation) and supported the grouping of the populations into three groups according to geographic locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intra-specific body size variation is common and often is assumed to be adaptive. Studies of body size variation among sites should include or consider environmental and ecological variables in their designs. Additionally, reciprocal transplant or common garden studies will support which variables are really contributing to the observed body size variation. This study analyzed the microgeographic body size variation in Anolis mariarum, a small lizard endemic to Antioquia, Colombia. Parameters such as body size, shape, and lepidosis variation were quantified in 217 adult A. mariarum, belonging to six populations separated by less than 80km. Results showed that significant body size variation was not related to differences among sites in mean annual temperature, but covaried with mean annual precipitation, with the largest individuals occurring in dryer sites. Mark-recapture data obtained from 115 individuals from both the wettest and dryest sites from October 2004 to April 2005 showed that growth rates were higher at the latter. Eight males from each site were captured at the end of the mark- recapture study and reared for two months under identical conditions in a common garden study. Individuals from both sites grew faster when reared in the laboratory with food provided ad libitum. Although growth rates of males from the two populations did not differ significantly in the laboratory, males from the dryest site still maintained a significantly larger asymptotic body size in their growth trajectories. Multivariate analyses also demonstrated that both males and females from the six populations differed in terms of body shape and lepidosis. However, only female body size was found to covary significantly with an environmental gradient (precipitation). A. mariarum does not conform to Bergmann’s rule, but the relationship found between mean body size and asympotic growth with mean annual precipitation at these sites needs further analysis. Generally, studies of intra-specific body size variation should consider a number of additional phenotypic traits to provide stronger baseline information on the degree of overall divergence among populations, including those likely to be selectively neutral, before interpreting results of analyses on the body size differences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1253-1262. Epub 2009 December 01.Se reporta diferencias en el tamaño corporal entre individuos adultos de seis poblaciones de Anolis mariarum (Squamata: Polychrotidae), separadas por una distancia de hasta 80km. Esta variación no se relacionó con las diferencias en las temperaturas promedio anuales que existen entre los sitios analizados, pero sí covarió con la precipitación promedio anual, con los individuos de mayor talla habitando los sitios más secos. Datos de marca- recaptura del sitio más seco y más húmedo, mostraron que los individuos del sitio más seco tienen mayores tasas de crecimiento corporal. Bajo condiciones de laboratorio con alimento ad libitum, machos de ambos sitios crecieron más rápido que en condiciones naturales. Aunque las tasas de crecimiento de machos de las dos poblaciones no difirieron significativamente en el laboratorio, los machos del sitio más seco mantuvieron tamaños corporales asintóticos en sus trayectorias de crecimiento que fueron significativamente mayores. Análisis multivariados mostraron que tanto los machos como las hembras de las seis poblaciones difieren en la forma corporal y en lepiodosis, pero la única variable que covarió de manera significativa con un gradiente ambiental fue el tamaño corporal con la precipitación. Estudios de variación intraespecífica en el tamaño corporal deben considerar otras características fenotípicas adicionales para obtener una línea base sobre el grado de divergencia entre poblaciones, incluso aquellas que se consideran neutrales.

Se analizan las especies de Bryconamericus Eigenmann 1907 para la cuenca de los ríos Magdalena-Cauca y Ranchería, con base en material tipo y no tipo; además se establece la distribución geográfica de B. caucanus. Se emplean caracteres merísticos, morfométricos y osteológicos para definir la variación morfológica entre las especies de Bryconamericus analizadas. La forma de los Bryconamericus se estudió mediante un análisis de componentes principales (ACP), donde las medidas fueron previamente transformadas para corregir el efecto de talla y alometría. El número de vértebras diferenció a B. caucanus de otras especies del río Magdalena (37-39 vs. 40-42). Se encontró que B. arilepis Román-Valencia, Vanegas-Ríos and Ruiz-C. 2008 se distingue de los demás Bryconamericus del río Magdalena por las escamas en la línea lateral (50-54 vs. 34-50) y las escamas entre el origen de la aleta dorsal y la línea lateral (9-11 vs. 5-8). El índice de forma (IF) construido a partir del ACP confirmó las especies que comparten el mismo perfil: B. caucanus Eigenmann 1913 y B. plutarcoi Román-Valencia 2001, B. tolimae Eigenmann 1913, B. huilae Román-Valencia 2003, B. arilepis y Bryconamericus sp. nov. (en prensa), ambos grupos distinguibles entre sí. El análisis de varianza demostró que existen diferencias significativas entre las longitudes de las aletas pélvicas entre las especies de Bryconamericus (F= 44,7; p= 0,000). Se observaron significancias en las longitudes de la aleta anal, al confrontar las especies de Bryconamericus analizadas (F= 44,03; p= 0,000). Las poblaciones de B. caucanus de la parte baja del río Cauca son las que poseen mayor afinidad en forma con las demás poblaciones del río Ranchería, alto y medio Cauca y bajo Magdalena. Se determina que Hemibrycon dentatus y H. decurrens son sinónimos modernos de B. caucanus; se confirma la existencia de 2 especies nuevas para el río Sogamoso, cuenca del río Magdalena, y se establece la distribución geográfica de B. caucanus en la cuenca de los ríos Sinú, Ranchería, Cauca y bajo Magdalena.We reviewed Bryconamericus species from the Cauca, Magdalena and Ranchería rivers in Colombia using type and new specimens. The geographic distribution of B.caucanus was determined. We determined the morphological variation among Bryconamericus species analyzed using meristic, morphometric and osteological characters. The shape of Bryconamericus was analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), in which measurements were previously processed to correct for the effect of size. The number of vertebrae differentiated B. caucanus from other species of the Magdalena River (37-39 vs.40-42). Bryconamericus arilepis Roman-Valencia et al 2008 differs from other Río Magdalena Bryconamericus in lateral-line scales (50-54 vs. 34-50) and scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line (9-11 vs. 5-8). The index of form (IF) built with PCA confirmed the validity of species that share the same shape: B. caucanus Eigenmann 1913 andB. plutarcoi Roman-Valencia 2001, B. tolimae Eigenmann 1913, B. huilae Roman-Valencia 2003, B. arilepis and Bryconamericus sp. nov. Román-Valencia, Vanegas-Ríos and Ruiz-C. in press, and the 2 groups were distinguishable from each other. An ANOVA showed significant differences in pelvic-fin length among species of Bryconamericus (F = 44.7, p = 0000). Anal-fin length was also useful to distinguish the studied species (F = 44.03, p = 0000). Populations of B. caucanus from the lower Río Cauca show greatest similarity in shape with all other populations from Río Ranchería, upper and lower Cauca, and middle Magdalena. Hemibrycon dentatus andH. decurrens are shown to be synonyms of B. caucanus. We reconfirm the existence of 2 new species of Bryconamericus from Río Sogamoso, in the Río Magdalena basin. The geographical distribution of B. caucanus in the Sinú, Ranchería, Cauca and lower Magdalena river basins is established.

Mediante análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos, se estudió la variación geográfica del cráneo de Lycalopex culpaeus en Chile (desde Tarapacá a la islas australes), y de algunas poblaciones argentinas. En dicha distribución se reconocen cinco de las seis subespecies del culpeo. Los resultados muestran dos grupos morfológicos geográficamente segregados; los mismos se diferencian principalmente por atributos morfométricos, y secundariamente por caracteres cualitativos. individuos del norte chileno (Tarapacá y Antofagasta) presentan cráneos pequeños, poco desarrollados, hocico levemente corto, ausencia de cresta interparietal y una tenue zona sagital "liriforme". Por otra parte, los individuos del noroeste y centro argentino, centro sur chileno, Patagonia e islas australes (islas de Tierra del Fuego y Hoste) (grupo B), no muestran diferencias significativas en su morfometría dento-craneal. En el grupo B destacó una fuerte cresta interparietal y zona sagital, hocicos prolongados y cráneos de mayor tamaño que los del norte chileno. Nuestros resultados coinciden con estudios de patrones de variación en el ADN mitocondrial de cánidos de Chile. Por lo tanto, se propone mantener el nombre L. c. andinus para las poblaciones del norte de Chile y sinonimizar los taxones L. c. magellanicus, L. c. lycoides y L. c. smithersi bajo la forma L. c. culpaeus.Geographic variation of the fox Lycalopex culpaeus (Mammalia, Canidae) in Chile: taxonomic implications. We studied the geographic variation of skulls of Lycalopex culpaeus using qualitative and quantative analyses. The sampling area covered Chile, from its northern portion, to Tierra del Fuego and the neighbouring Hoste island, as well as part of Argentina. Five subespecies are currently recognized from this large area. We found two morphotypes that are segregated geographically. Both groups mostly differ by morphometric attributes, followed by qualitative features. Specimens from northern Chile (Tarapacá and Antofagasta) have small skulls, short rostrum, a liriform sagital zone, and lack the interparietal crest. The second group is formed by specimens from north-western and central Argentina, central-south Chile, Patagonia, and the austral islands of Tierra del Fuego and Hoste. This group presents a strong sagital crest, large rostrum, and a large skull. Our results agree with observed patterns of mitochondrial DNA variation. We propose to retain the name L. c. andinus for the populations of northern Chile and to synonymize L. c. magellanicus, L. c. lycoides, and L. c. smithersi under L. c. culpaeus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 421-432. Epub 2009 June 30.

Se describe la variación y distribución geográfica de Ninia atrata en Colombia basada en 128 ejemplares de mas de 24 localidades. Los ejemplares colombianos presentan un alto grado de polimorfismo en su coloración, mostrando una clara diferencia entre las poblaciones Cis-andinas y Trans-andinas, tanto en coloración del collar nucal, como en su forma, prominencia y en siete de doce proporciones morfométricas. Lavariación encontrada e nestas poblaciones colombianas sugiere una relevancia taxonómica. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta el tipo de datos disponibles hasta el momento, lo más prudente es conjeturar que Ninia atrata posee en Colombia una gran variación intraespecífica y dos formas fenotípicas distinguibles.The distribution and geographic variation of Ninia atrata in Colombia are investigated based on 128 specimens from more than 24 localities. The Colombian specimens exhibit considerable polymorphism in color patterns. Differentiation occurs between cis-Andean and trans-Andean populations in coloration and form of the nape band and in seven of twelve morphometric characters. The variation exhibited in the Colombian populations suggest taxonomic relevance. However considering the available data limitations, the safest assertion is to consider Ninia atrata in Colombia as a single species with a high grade intraspecific variation and two distinguishable phenotypic units.

Four species of Oxyrhopus occur in Colombia, one (O. leucomelas) of which is Andean and the other three occur in lowlands. No geographic variation was detected in O. occipitalis but there is marked geographic variation in color pattern and scutellation for the widely distributed O. petola. Recognition of subspecies within O. petola is possible but appears to obscure more than it illuminates. The snake previously reported as O. melanogenys or O. aff. melanogenys is diagnosed as a previously unrecognized species.Cuatro especies del género Oxyrhopus se encuentran en Colombia. De las cuatro especies, una (O. leucomelas) es una especie andina y las otras tres son especies de las tierras bajas. Variación geográfica no fue detecta en O. occipitalis pero mucha variación se encuentra en O. petola, en términos de patrón y de conteos de escamas. Se posible de reconocer subespecies pero tal reconocimiento oscura mas que ilumina. La serpiente conocida antes como O. melanogenys o O. aff. melanogenys está descrita como especie nueva.

The interspecific variation of heating rates in Liolaemus lizards, suggests an adaptive value of this physiological thermoregulatory mechanism, which would allow lizards to cope with the environmental thermal restrictions, imposed to behavioral thermoregulation. This trend has barely been tested at intraspecific level, and here we explore if intraspecific variation in heating rates occurs in Liolaemus tenuis, a relative widely distributed species from central Chile. We test the hypothesis that heating rates are related to the thermal environmental conditions at which populations are exposed, by comparing the heating rates of three populations (from a latitudinal range), which inhabit under different thermal conditions. Additionally, we explore if the intrinsic factor, sex, also modulates heating rates. There was a significant intraspecific variation in heating rates, at population and gender level. These rates however, showed only a partial relationship with the environmental thermal conditions. We found that the northern population, inhabiting at higher temperature, heated slower, which might reduce the risk of overheating. On the other hand, independent of the population, females heated slower than males. The meaning of this sexual variation is unclear, but may be consequence of the significant differences in genders' social behavior. Because males defend a territory with a harem, by heating faster, they can allocate extra time in behaviors associated to the defense and maintenance of the territory.La variación interespecífica en las tasas de calentamiento de Liolaemus pareciera ser un mecanismo fisiológico adaptativo que permitiría a los lagartos enfrentar restricciones térmicas ambientales impuestas a la termorregulación conductual. Esta tendencia ha sido raramente analizada a nivel intraespecífico y en este estudio exploramos si existe variación intraespecífica en las tasas de calentamiento de Liolaemus tenuis, una especie con rango de distribución relativamente amplio en Chile central. Probamos la hipótesis de que las tasas de calentamiento están relacionadas con la condición térmica ambiental, a través de comparaciones de las tasas de calentamiento de tres poblaciones (a lo largo de un rango latitudinal), que habitan en ambientes térmicos diferentes. Además, exploramos si el factor intrínseco, sexo, modula estas tasas de calentamiento. Las tasas de calentamiento tienen una variación intraespecífica significativa a nivel poblacional y sexual. Sin embargo, estas tasas están solo parcialmente relacionadas a las condiciones ambientales a la que están sometidas las poblaciones. La población norteña, que habita a más altas temperaturas, se calienta más lento, lo que podría reducir el riesgo de sobrecalentamiento. Por otra parte, independiente de la población, las hembras se calientan más lento que los machos. El significado de esta variación sexual no es claro, pero podría ser consecuencia de las significativas diferencias en las conductas sociales de ambos sexos. Debido a que los machos defienden un territorio con un harén, un calentamiento más rápido les permitiría asignar mayor tiempo a las conductas asociadas a la defensa y mantención del territorio.

New records of Natalus tumidirostris (Chiroptera: Natalidae) in Colombia, with notes on morphometric variation. We present three new records for Natalus tumidirostris in Colombia, including the first record from the eastern side of the Andes in the Guiana region in the Serranía de La Macarena, and two new localities from the Caribbean region; one of them represents the first record of Natalus tumidirostris in humid forests for the country. Morphometric analyses show secondary sexual dimorphism, with males bigger than females. Individuals from the eastern side of the Andes are bigger than those from the Caribbean and Andean regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri is a demersal coastal and estuarine sciaenid fish intensely exploited by small and large scale fisheries in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina between 22° and 40°S. To study the stocks structure of the whitemouth croaker along southeastern (SEB) and southern Brazil (SB) between 22°28’ and 33°53’S, morphometric, meristic and growth data were collected during a bottom trawl survey. Consistent differences between different latitudes were not observed neither for the univariate comparisons of the number of gill rakers and dorsal and pectoral fin rays nor for five morphometric measurements. A principal component analysis of the five morphometric measures did not show a geographical grouping pattern. However, the age structure and growth differed significantly between south and north of Cape Santa Marta Grande (29◦S). Former references and this study support the existence of two independent stocks of whitemouth croaker in southeastern and southern Brazil and diverse published studies indicate some degree of mixture between fishes spawning along southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. In terms of access of the fleets there are three jurisdictions: along SB and SEB, where only Brazilian boats fish, in the common fishery zone of Uruguay and Argentina where both countries fish and south of 39ºS, where only Argentinian boats can fish but where the whitemouth croaker is not an important target. Efficient management requires the identification of management units based in stocks structure, life history, distribution of the fisheries and jurisdictions. When all these factors are taken into account, excluding local coastal small scale fisheries management, three geographical management units were identified in the shared waters of Argentinian and Uruguayan waters, southern Brazil and southeastern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate information regarding the vertical location and appearance of the mental foramen, and the presence of accessory foramina, can have clinical significance, such as reducing complications that may occur during many oral surgical procedures involving the mental area. Geographic variations were reported in these variables. The aim was to evaluate the above-mentioned variables in an Iraqi sample. Five hundred eighteen panoramic radiographs of a random Iraqi sample (257 males, 261 females, average age= 46.5 years) were evaluated with regard to the above-mentioned variables, as well as the symmetry of the foramen regarding these variables. The area below the apices of mandibular premolars, and the continuous type were the most frequent vertical location and appearance of the mental foramen, respectively. Age advancement was found to be associated with an increase in the frequency of more inferior positioning and continuous appearance. The vertical position and appearance were asymmetrical in 16.2 % and 20.1 % of cases, respectively. Symmetry in the vertical location was statistically significant between sexes (P= 0.035), and young and old ages (P= 0.000). Symmetry in the appearance was found statistically significant (P= 0.025) only between the two age groups. Accessory foramina were recorded in 7.3 % of cases. The most common vertical location and appearance of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs in this group are below the apices of mandibular premolars, and continuous type, respectively. This is in consistence with the findings of previous studies on other populations. The mental foramen usually has symmetrical vertical location and appearance. Accessory foramina are recorded in a percentage lower than that recently reported in some regional countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bufo spinulosus has a wide and fragmented range distribution in Chile (18° to 33° S) along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. Genetic variation was estimated using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers in 10 populations from northern and central Chile. Morphometric and genetic information was analyzed as a function of geographical origin. The correlation between genetic and morphometric differentiation was analyzed by the Mantel test. An increase in body size as a function of latitude was observed. Specimens from El Tatio had the smallest body size and the greatest morphometric divergence. The AMOVA applied to genetic data indicated that 57.85 % of the variance is explained by interregional differences and that 30.12 % of the variance is found within populations. Low levels of within-regions genetic differentiation was observed in northern populations while higher levels of genetic differentiation was found in populations from central Chile. Mantel tests revealed a significant, positive correlation between genetic variation and geographic distance. When we excluded El Tatio population, Mantel test analyses showed significant correlations between morphological distance and genetic and geographic distances. We discuss whether water temperature could explain the morphological divergence observed in individuals from El TatioBufo spinulosus presenta una amplia y fragmentada distribución en Chile (18º a 33º S) a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales y latitudinales. La variación genética fue estimada utilizando marcadores RAPD ("Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA") en diez poblaciones del norte y centro de Chile. La información morfométrica y genética fue analizada en función de la procedencia geográfica. La correlación entre diferenciación genética y morfométrica fue analizada utilizando la prueba de Mantel. Se observó un incremento en el tamaño corporal en función de la latitud. Los individuos de El Tatio mostraron el tamaño corporal más pequeño y la mayor divergencia morfométrica. El AMOVA aplicado a los datos genéticos indicó que el 57.85 % de la varianza es explicada por diferencias entre regiones y que el 30.12 % de la varianza se encuentra dentro de las poblaciones. Bajos niveles de diferenciación genética intraregional fueron observados en las poblaciones del norte de Chile, mientras que las poblaciones de Chile central mostraron niveles más altos de diferenciación genética. Las pruebas de Mantel revelaron una correlación significativa y positiva entre la variación genética y la distancia geográfica. Cuando excluimos la población de El Tatio, las pruebas de Mantel mostraron correlaciones positivas y significativas entre las distancias morfológicas, genéticas y geográficas. Se discute si la temperatura del agua podría explicar la divergencia morfológica observada en los individuos de El Tatio

En este trabajo se pretende mostrar como ciertos parámetros reproductores (fecha de puesta, tamaño de puesta) varían geográficamente (latitud, longitud, altitud, tipo de hábitat) en las especies de aves nidícolas e insectívoras. Para ello, se utiliza como especie modelo al Carbonero Común (Parus major). La fecha de puesta poblacional no difiere entre hábitats, no muestra relación con la longitud y se incrementa con la altitud. La fecha de puesta poblacional muestra una relación cuadrática con la latitud, con los valores más tempranos en latitudes medias. Por otro lado, el tamaño de puesta poblacional difiere entre los hábitats estudiados, siendo mayor en los bosques caducifolios, muestra una relación positiva con la longitud y una relación negativa con la altitud. Además, el tamaño de puesta poblacional muestra una relación cuadrática con la latitud, con los valores más altos en las latitudes intermedias. En el presente trabajo describimos que hipótesis han sido propuestas para intentar explicar por qué existen estos patrones en especies de aves nidícolas del Paleártico occidental.

Anolis auratus is a widely distributed species, from Costa Rica in Central America, through northern South America, including Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, Surinam and the Guyanas. In Colombia, its widespread distribution across different life zones suggests that these lizards occupy different environments and exhibit different microhabitat use in different geographic areas. On the other hand, some observations suggest that this species prefers open areas, selecting grasslands over brushy areas, and thus, an alternative hypothesis is that microhabitat use is similar among different populations. In Anolis, body variables related to locomotion (body size and shape) define structural microhabitat use, so two distinct patterns could be expected in this species: conservative or highly variable body size and shape throughout the species distribution. To test these predictions, we characterized geographic variation in morphometric traits of this species in Colombia. Females and males were similar in body size, but exhibited differences in some variables related to body shape. These characteristics also varied among males and females from different regions, suggesting heterogeneous use of structural microhabitat, between sexes and among populations. As an alternative, phylogenetic divergence among populations could also account for the observed differences. Absence of ecological and phylogenetic data limits our ability to identify the underlying causes of this pattern. However, we provide a general framework to explore hypotheses about evolution of body size and shape in this species. Variación geográfica en tamaño y forma corporal en un Anolis (Squamata: Dactyloidae) continental del noroeste de Suramérica (Colombia) RESUMEN Anolis auratus se distribuye desde Costa Rica en Centro América, el norte de Sur América, incluyendo Colombia, Venezuela, norte de Brasil, Surinam y las Guyanas. En Colombia, su amplia distribución en distintas zonas de vida sugiere que estos lagartos ocupan distintos ambientes, y por tanto, posiblemente exhiben variación geográfica en el uso de microhabitat. Por otra parte, algunas observaciones sugieren que estos lagartos prefieren zonas abiertas, seleccionando pastizales y por tanto, una hipótesis alternativa es que usan el mismo microhabitat en toda su distribución. En Anolis, las variables corporales

Accurate information regarding the horizontal location and shape of the mental foramen can have clinical significance, such as reducing complications that may occur during maxillofacial surgical procedures involving the mental area. Geographic variations were reported in these variables. The aim was to study the horizontal position and shape of the mental foramen, as seen on panoramic radiographs of an Iraqi sample, to assess difference in these variables between sexes and age groups, and to assess symmetry of the mental foramen. 518 panoramic radiographs of a random Iraqi sample (257 males, 261 females, average age=46.5 years) were evaluated with regard to the horizontal location, shape and symmetry of the mental foramina. The area between the long axes of the two mandibular premolars, and the round type were the most frequent horizontal location and shape of mental foramen, respectively. Age advancement was found to be associated with an increase in the frequency of more posterior positioning and irregular shape. The horizontal position and shape were asymmetrical in 21.6% and 31.6% of cases, respectively. The Symmetry in horizontal location and shape of mental foramina were found statistically significant between sexes (P=0.041), and between young and old age groups (P=0.001), respectively. The most common horizontal location and shape of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs in this group are between the two premolars, and the round type, respectively. This is in consistence with the findings of previous studies on other populations. The mental foramina have usually symmetrical horizontal locations and shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anolis auratus is a widely distributed species, from Costa Rica in Central America, through northern South America, including Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, Surinam and the Guyanas. In Colombia, its widespread distribution across different life zones suggests that these lizards occupy different environments and exhibit different microhabitat use in different geographic areas. On the other hand, some observations suggest that this species prefers open areas, selecting grasslands over brushy areas, and thus, an alternative hypothesis is that microhabitat use is similar among different populations. In Anolis, body variables related to locomotion (body size and shape) define structural microhabitat use, so two distinct patterns could be expected in this species: conservative or highly variable body size and shape throughout the species distribution. To test these predictions, we characterized geographic variation in morphometric traits of this species in Colombia. Females and males were similar in body size, but exhibited differences in some variables related to body shape. These characteristics also varied among males and females from different regions, suggesting heterogeneous use of structural microhabitat, between sexes and among populations. As an alternative, phylogenetic divergence among populations could also account for the observed differences. Absence of ecological and phylogenetic data limits our ability to identify the underlying causes of this pattern. However, we provide a general framework to explore hypotheses about evolution of body size and shape in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) exhibits widespread geographic variation in plumage, morphology, migratory behavior, and song. In addition, researchers recently found evidence that the Common Yellowthroat has three genetically distinct groups across its North American range: eastern, western, and southwestern. These groups are more genetically similar to other Geothlypis species than to each other, which suggests relatively long-term isolation. I hypothesized that geographic variation in song behavior should reflect these genetic differences. To test this hypothesis, I examined spatial patterns of variation in both note types and acoustic characteristics of song. Consistent with the hypothesis, I found significant differences among the three groups, particularly in frequency measures, internote duration, notes per phrase, and note elaborateness. Within the eastern and western groups, I also found significant song differences among historically recognized subspecies. When comparing western and eastern subspecies, I found different latitudinal trends, even though subspecies found at similar latitudes that exhibit similar migratory behavior might be expected to have similar song characteristics. Two possible explanations for this lack of convergence are (1) stochastic changes in song in isolated populations and (2) nonlatitudinal dissimilarities in habitat, including transmission properties or effects on morphological evolution, that drive song divergence. Without excluding other explanations, I found evidence of an effect of morphological divergence: Subspecies with larger bills sang songs with lower frequencies. Overall, the geographic variation in the songs of the Common Yellowthroat demonstrates that multiple evolutionary processes interact to shape birdsong, and that the importance of each of these processes and their interactions varies among populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenotypic traits are important for assessing differences between populations, especially in groups with poorly resolved taxonomy. One such group, the House Wren complex, presents extensive taxonomic controversy and is thought to comprise many independent evolutionary units. Although the songs and morphological features of House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) show extensive variation, differences between populations have not been quantified. We assessed variation in acoustic and morphometric traits within this complex and compared patterns of variation with currently recognized subspecies boundaries. First, we compared songs and morphology among eight recognized subspecies (T. a. aedon, T. a. parkmanii, T. a. cahooni, T. a. brunneicollis, T. a. nitidus, T. a. musculus, T. a. beam, and T. a. rufescens), controlling for significant effects of latitude. Second, we used variation in male song, a trait with an important role in mate choice and male-male competition, to assess divergence among subspecies. We compared variation among subspecies to variation across seven currently recognized Troglodytes species (T. hiemalis, T. pacificas, T. tanner!, T. sissonii, T. cobbi, T. rufociliatus, and T. ochraceus). Our results, based on broad sampling of songs (n = 786) and morphological traits (n = 401) from 609 locations throughout the Americas, show that most of the subspecies examined diverge in song, morphology, or both. In addition, the acoustic differences between subspecies are similar to, and in some instances greater than, the divergence between pairs of currently recognized species. Our results suggest that at least four allopatric subspecies-T. a. nitidus, T. a. musculus, T. a. beani, and T. a. rufescens-are likely different species, and we identify many other vocally and morphologically differentiated subspecies that may, upon further detailed genetic analysis, result in new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anolis lizards exhibit high morphological diversity, partially related to variation in structural resource use, that probably influences foraging behavior and prey selection of individuals and species. Anoles are largely insectivorous: most species are generalists/opportunists and few are specialists. Dietary differences between sexes and among individuals from different populations have been observed in several species. Sexual size dimorphism, spatial niche divergence between sexes and species, competition and food availability are some of the factors responsible for these differences. We characterized the diet of Anolis ventrimaculatus (Squamata: Dactyloidae), a species with sexual size and shape dimorphism, widely distributed in highland Colombian environments. Stomach and proximal intestinal content of preserved adults were analyzed. Prey items were classified to order and, when possible, to family. A. ventrimaculatus eats variable preys (mostly Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and insect larvae) and is classified as a generalist/opportunist. Vegetal debris, shed skin, and stones presumably were ingested incidentally. Diets of males and females are similar. Sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in the diet were minimal. Males and females exhibited differences in total number and percentage of use of frequently consumed prey (Orthoptera and Hymenoptera), and these differences varied among localities. Total prey numbers consumed by females also varied among localities, whereas consumption of Coleoptera and Orthoptera varied in both sexes. Differences in prey size could explain the variation in prey number between sexes, with males probably ingesting larger items. Variation in prey availability (most likely attributable to differences in structural microhabitat use), sample sizes and dates of collecting events could explain minor geographic variation in some aspects of the foraging ecology in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ornitologia Colombiana is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Ornitologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeledonia is the property of Asociacion Ornitologica de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Intra-specific body size variation is common and often is assumed to be adaptive. Studies of body size variation among sites should include or consider environmental and ecological variables in their designs. Additionally, reciprocal transplant or common garden studies will support which variables are really contributing to the observed body size variation. This study analyzed the microgeographic body size variation in Anolis mariarum, a small lizard endemic to Antioquia, Colombia. Parameters such as body size, shape, and lepidosis variation were quantified in 217 adult A. mariarum, belonging to six populations separated by less than 80km. Results showed that significant body size variation was not related to differences among sites in mean annual temperature, but covaried with mean annual precipitation, with the largest individuals occurring in dryer sites. Mark-recapture data obtained from 115 individuals from both the wettest and dryest sites from October 2004 to April 2005 showed that growth rates were higher at the latter. Eight males from each site were captured at the end of the mark-recapture study and reared for two months under identical conditions in a common garden study. Individuals from both sites grew faster when reared in the laboratory with food provided ad libitum. Although growth rates of males from the two populations did not differ significantly in the laboratory, males from the dryest site still maintained a significantly larger asymptotic body size in their growth trajectories. Multivariate analyses also demonstrated that both males and females from the six populations differed in terms of body shape and lepidosis. However, only female body size was found to covary significantly with an environmental gradient (precipitation). A. mariarum does not conform to Bergmann's rule, but the relationship found between mean body size and asympotic growth with mean annual precipitation at these sites needs further analysis. Generally, studies of intra-specific body size variation should consider a number of additional phenotypic traits to provide stronger baseline information on the degree of overall divergence among populations, including those likely to be selectively neutral, before interpreting results of analyses on the body size differences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1253-1262. Epub 2009 December 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the geographic variation of skulls of Lycalopex culpaeus using qualitative and quantative analyses. The sampling area covered Chile, from its northern portion, to Tierra del Fuego and the neighbouring Hoste Island, as well as part of Argentina. Five subespecies are currently recognized from this large area. We found two morphotypes that are segregated geographically. Both groups mostly differ by morphometric attributes, followed by qualitative features. Specimens from northern Chile (Tarapacá and Antofagasta) have small skulls, short rostrum, a lirifonn sagital zone, and lack the interparietal crest. The second group is formed by specimens from north-westem and central Argentina, central-south Chile, Patagonia, and the austral islands of Tierra del Fuego and Hoste. This group presents a strong sagital crest, large rostrum, and a large skull. Our results agree with observed patterns of mitochondrial DNA variation. We propose to retain the name L. c. andinus for the populations of northern Chile and to synonymize L. c. magellanicus, L. c. lycoides, and L. c.smithersi under L. c. culpaeus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]