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We analyse the consistency of the delay time data in the most recent version of the ISC-EHB bulletin published by the International Seismological Centre covering the years 1964–2018. Considering that the delays are influenced by the lateral heterogeneity in the Earth’s mantle, we construct a tomographic matrix. We use singular value decomposition of the tomographic matrix for 19 707 dense clusters of earthquakes to compute objective estimates of the standard error from data that project into the null space and should be zero if there were no errors. Using a robust initial estimate of the standard deviation of the clustered delay times, we remove a small fraction of outliers before calculating the ultimate errors. We found that the errors depend on the type of body wave, depth of the earthquake (crust or mantle) and the number of decimals with which the arrival time was reported. Using these parameters, we distinguish 45 different classes of delay times for 11 different types of body waves. The errors of each class so divided generally follow a distribution that is approximately normal with a mean that ranges from 0.32 s for PKPbc waves from mantle earthquakes, to 2.82 s for S waves from shallow earthquakes bottoming in the upper mantle. The widths of the distributions of the errors themselves are small enough to serve in formal statistical quantification of the quality of fit in tomographic experiments.

We launched an array of nine freely floating submarine seismometers near the Galapagos islands, which remained operational for about two years. P and PKP waves from regional and teleseismic earthquakes were observed for a range of magnitudes. The signal-to-noise ratio is strongly influenced by the weather conditions and this determines the lowest magnitudes that can be observed. Waves from deep earthquakes are easier to pick, but the S/N ratio can be enhanced through filtering and the data cover earthquakes from all depths. We measured 580 arrival times for different raypaths. We show that even such a limited number of data gives a significant increase in resolution for the oceanic upper mantle. This is the first time an array of floating seismometers is used in seismic tomography to improve the resolution significantly where otherwise no seismic information is available. We show that the Galapagos Archipelago is underlain by a deep (about 1900 km) 200-300 km wide plume of high temperature, with a heat flux very much larger than predicted from its swell bathymetry. The decrease of the plume temperature anomaly towards the surface indicates that the Earth's mantle has a subadiabatic temperature gradient.

A new map for the Moho discontinuity (EAM02) in the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary region is presented. Reliable results have also been obtained for the southern and eastern Mediterranean Basin, the northern African coasts and the eastern Atlantic Ocean, regions only occasionally considered in studies on the Mediterranean region. The Moho topography model is derived from two independent sets of constraints. Information contained in the fundamental and higher-mode Rayleigh waves obtained from waveform modelling is used to constrain the Moho depth between estimates of crustal thickness taken from published reflection and refraction surveys, gravity studies and receiver function analysis. Strong lateral variations in the Moho topography have been observed in the Mediterranean Sea, confirming the complex evolution of this plate boundary region. In the west, the Moho discontinuity has been found at 15-20 km depth, suggesting extended and, at least in some locations, oceanic crust, while in the east the crust is on average 25-30 km thick. There it is interpreted either as Mesozoic oceanic or thinned Precambrian continental crust covered by thick sedimentary deposits. Standard continental crust (30-35 km) is observed along the eastern part of the northern African coast, while to the west a rapid change from a relatively deep Moho (down to 42 km) below the Atlas Mountain Range to the thin crust of the southwestern Mediterranean Sea has been found. The crust beneath the eastern North Atlantic Ocean can be up to 5 km thicker compared with standard oceanic crust (6 km). The crust has been interpreted to be heterogeneous as a consequence of irregular magma supply at the Mid-Atlantic ridge. In addition, serpentinization of the sub-Moho mantle could contribute to the imaging of apparently anomalous thick oceanic crust. In Europe, the presence of crustal roots (>45 km) beneath the major mountain belts has been confirmed, while thin crust (<25 km) has been found beneath extensional

We have analysed receiver functions to derive simple models for crustal structure below 12 broad-band seismological stations from the MIDSEA project and 5 permanent broad-band stations in the Mediterranean region including northern Africa. To determine an accurate Moho depth we have reduced the trade-off between crustal velocities and discontinuity depth using a new grid search method, which is an extension of recently published methods to determine crustal thickness. In this method the best fitting synthetic receiver function, containing both the direct conversion and the reverberated phases, is identified on a model grid of varying Moho depth and varying Poisson's ratio. The values we found for Moho depth range from around 20 km for intra-oceanic islands and extended continental margins to near 45 km in regions where the Eurasian and African continents have collided. More detailed waveform modelling shows that all receiver functions can be well fit using a 2- or 3-layer model containing a sedimentary layer and/or a mid-crustal discontinuity. On comparing our results with Moho maps inferred from interpolated reflection and refraction data, we find that for some regions the agreement between our receiver function analysis and existing Moho maps is very good, while for other regions our observations deviate from the interpolated map values and extend beyond the geographic bounds of these maps

We measure SKS splitting parameters and P and S delay times in the Mediterranean region using broad-band recordings from the temporary MIDSEA array and permanent networks. The MIDSEA seismic array has substantially improved data coverage along the European-Mediterranean margins and in northern Africa. Shear wave splitting is observed for 95 per cent of the stations, with splitting times up to 2 s. We propose five anisotropic domains, based on the characteristics of the observations. In the western part of the region we observe an alignment with plate motion, suggesting an asthenospheric origin for anisotropy. In the central and near eastern part, the fast directions are less coherent laterally and influenced by extension and subduction processes. Along the Dead Sea fault the fast directions are parallel to the relative motion between Arabia and Africa, which we attribute in part to coherent vertical deformation. Our measurements of teleseismic, relative P- and S-wave delay times within the Mediterranean region reach peak-to-peak values of 2.5 and 8 s, respectively. Consistent with International Seismological Centre (ISC) delay times, we observe the earliest arrivals along the Hellenic subduction zone and some of the latest along the Dead Sea fault. We find that S-wave delays are roughly three times as large as those of P waves. From a slight frequency dependence of our cross-correlation based delay time measurements, we estimate Mediterranean lateral heterogeneity to have a dominant size of one or more hundred kilometres. We further determine that the anisotropy implied by our SKS splitting measurements does not significantly bias the pattern of teleseismic delay times