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1. One Year of Pandemic Learning Response: Benefits of Massive Online Delivery of the World Health Organization’s Technical Guidance

Author

Utunen, Heini, Van Kerkhove, Maria D, Tokar, Anna, O'Connell, Gillian, Gamhewage, Gaya M, and Fall, Ibrahima Socé

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the first web-based learning course on COVID-19 on January 26, 2020, four days before the director general of the WHO declared a public health emergency of international concern. The WHO is expanding access to web-based learning for COVID-19 through its open-learning platform for health emergencies, OpenWHO. Throughout the pandemic, OpenWHO has continued to publish learning offerings based on the WHO’s emerging evidence-based knowledge for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. This study presents the various findings derived from the analysis of the performance of the OpenWHO platform during the pandemic, along with the core benefits of massive web-based learning formats.

Published
2021
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2. An updated framework for SARS-CoV-2 variants reflects the unpredictability of viral evolution

Author

Subissi, Lorenzo, Otieno, James Richard, Worp, Nathalie, Attar Cohen, Homa, Oude Munnink, Bas B., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Alm, Erik, Barakat, Amal, Barclay, Wendy S., Bhiman, Jinal N., Caly, Leon, Chand, Meera, Chen, Mark, Cullinane, Ann, de Oliveira, Tulio, Drosten, Christian, Druce, Julian, Effler, Paul, El Masry, Ihab, Faye, Adama, Ghedin, Elodie, Grant, Rebecca, Haagmans, Bart L., Happi, Christian, Herring, Belinda L., Hodcroft, Emma B., Ikejezie, Juniorcaius, Katawera, Victoria, Kassamali, Zyleen Alnashir, Leo, Yee-Sin, Leung, Gabriel M., Kondor, Rebecca J., Marklewitz, Marco, Mendez-Rico, Jairo, Melhem, Nada M., Munster, Vincent, Nahapetyan, Karen, Naindoo, Dhamari, Oh, Djin-Ye, Peacock, Thomas P., Peiris, Malik, Peng, Zhibin, Poon, Leo L. M., Rambaut, Andrew, Saha, Senjuti, Shen, Yinzhong, Siqueira, Marilda M., Volz, Erik, Tessema, Sofonias K., Thiel, Volker, Triki, Henda, van der Werf, Sylvie, von Eije, Karin, Cunningham, Jane, Koopmans, Marion P. G., von Gottberg, Anne, Agrawal, Anurag, and Van Kerkhove, Maria D.

Published
2024
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3. Surveillance for variants of SARS-CoV-2 to inform risk assessments/Surveillance des variants du SARS-CoV-2 en vue de revaluation des risques/Vigilancia de las variantes del SRAS-CoV-2 para evaluar los riesgos

Author

Cohen, Homa Attar, Mesfin, Samuel, Ikejezie, Juniorcaius, Kassamali, Zyleen, Campbell, Finlay, Adele, Sandra, Guinko, Noe, Idoko, Friday, Mirembe, Bernadette Basuta, Mitri, Maria Elizabeth, Nezu, Ingrid, Shimizu, Kazuki, Ngongheh, Ajong Brian, Sklenovska, Nikola, Gumede, Nicksy, Mosha, Fausta Shakiwa, Mohamed, Basant, Corpuz, Aura, Pebody, Richard, Marklewitz, Marco, Gresh, Lionel, Rico, Jairo A. Mendez, Hundal, Kareena, Kato, Masaya, Babu, Amarnath, Archer, Brett N., de Waroux, Olivier le Polain, Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Mahamud, Abdirahman, Subissi, Lorenzo, and Pavlin, Boris I.

Subjects
World health -- Health aspects, Epidemics -- Health aspects, Genomics -- Health aspects, Decision-making -- Health aspects, Environmental monitoring -- Health aspects, Epidemiology -- Health aspects, Severe acute respiratory syndrome -- Health aspects, Coronaviruses -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, numerous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have emerged, some leading to large increases in infections, hospitalizations and deaths globally. The virus's impact on public health depends on many factors, including the emergence of new viral variants and their global spread. Consequently, the early detection and surveillance of variants and characterization of their clinical effects are vital for assessing their health risk. The unprecedented capacity for viral genomic sequencing and data sharing built globally during the pandemic has enabled new variants to be rapidly detected and assessed. This article describes the main variants circulating globally between January 2020 and June 2023, the genetic features driving variant evolution, and the epidemiological impact of these variants across countries and regions. Second, we report how integrating genetic variant surveillance with epidemiological data and event-based surveillance, through a network of World Health Organization partners, supported risk assessment and helped provide guidance on pandemic responses. In addition, given the evolutionary characteristics of circulating variants and the immune status of populations, we propose future directions for the sustainable genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants, both nationally and internationally: (i) optimizing variant surveillance by including environmental monitoring; (ii) coordinating laboratory assessment of variant evolution and phenotype; (iii) linking data on circulating variants with clinical data; and (iv) expanding genomic surveillance to additional pathogens. Experience during the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that genomic surveillance of pathogens can provide essential, timely and evidence-based information for public health decision-making. Depuis le debut de la pandemie de coronavirus survenue en 2019 (COVID-19), de nombreux variants du coronavirus 2 du syndrome respiratoire aigu severe (SARS-CoV-2) sont apparus, certains entrainant une forte augmentation du nombre d'infections, d'hospitalisations et de deces dans le monde. L'impact du virus sur la sante publique depend de nombreux facteurs, notamment l'emergence de nouveaux variants viraux et leur propagation a l'echelle mondiale. Par consequent, la detection precoce et la surveillance des variants ainsi que la caracterisation de leurs effets cliniques sont essentielles pour evaluer leur risque pour la sante. La capacite sans precedent de sequencage du genome viral et de partage des donnees, capacite mise en place a l'echelle mondiale pendant la pandemie, a permis de detecter et d'evaluer rapidement de nouveaux variants. Le present article decrit les principaux variants circulant dans le monde entre janvier 2020 et juin 2023, les caracteristiques genetiques a l'origine de leur evolution et leur impact epidemiologique dans les differents pays et regions. Ensuite, nous expliquerons comment l'integration de la surveillance des variants genetiques aux donnees epidemiologiques et a la surveillance fondee sur les evenements, par l'intermediaire d'un reseau de partenaires de l'Organisation mondiale de la sante, a permis de faciliter l'evaluation des risques et de fournir des orientations sur les mesures a prendre en periode de pandemie. En outre, compte tenu des caracteristiques evolutives des variants en circulation et de l'etat immunitaire des populations, nous proposons des orientations futures pour une surveillance genomique durable des variants du SARS-CoV-2, au niveau tant national qu'international: (i) optimiser la surveillance des variants en incluant le suivi environnemental; (ii) coordonner l'evaluation en laboratoire de l'evolution des variants et du phenotype; (iii) etablir un lien entre les donnees sur les variants en circulation et les donnees cliniques; et (iv) etendre la surveillance genomique a d'autres agents pathogenes. Lexperience de la pandemie de COVID-19 a mis en evidence que la surveillance genomique des agents pathogenes peut fournir en temps utile des informations essentielles fondees sur des preuves en vue de la prise de decisions en matiere de sante publique. Desde el inicio de la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19), han aparecido numerosas variantes del coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del sindrome respiratorio agudo severo (SRAS-CoV-2), algunas de las que han provocado un gran aumento de las infecciones, hospitalizaciones y muertes en todo el mundo. El impacto del virus en la salud publica depende de muchos factores, entre ellos la aparicion de nuevas variantes viricas y su propagacion mundial. En consecuencia, la deteccion y vigilancia tempranas de las variantes y la caracterizacion de sus efectos clinicos son vitales para evaluar su riesgo sanitario. La capacidad sin precedentes de secuenciacion genomica viral y de intercambio de datos creada a nivel mundial durante la pandemia ha permitido detectar y evaluar rapidamente variantes nuevas. En este articulo se describen las principales variantes que circulan a nivel mundial entre enero de 2020 y junio de 2023, la caracteristica genetica que impulsa la evolucion de las variantes y el impacto epidemiologico de estas variantes en los diferentes paises y regiones. En segundo lugar, se informa de como la integracion de la vigilancia de variantes geneticas con los datos epidemiologicos y la vigilancia basada en eventos, a traves de una red de asociados de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud, apoyo la evaluacion de riesgos y ayudo a proporcionar orientacion sobre las respuestas a la pandemia. Ademas, dadas las caracteristicas evolutivas de las variantes circulantes y el estado inmunitario de las poblaciones, se proponen orientaciones futuras para la vigilancia genomica sostenible de las variantes del SRAS-CoV-2, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional: (i) optimizar la vigilancia de las variantes mediante la inclusion de la monitorizacion ambiental; (ii) coordinar la evaluacion de laboratorio de la evolucion y el fenotipo de las variantes; (iii) vincular los datos sobre las variantes circulantes con los datos clinicos; y (iv) ampliar la vigilancia genomica a patogenos adicionales. La experiencia durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha demostrado que la vigilancia genomica de patogenos puede proporcionar informacion esencial, oportuna y basada en evidencias para la toma de decisiones en materia de salud publica. [phrase omitted], Introduction Genomic surveillance of pathogens is increasingly used to gain insights into emerging diseases. (1) In particular, global genomic surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its [...]

Published
2023
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4. Global disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance

Author

Brito, Anderson F, Semenova, Elizaveta, Dudas, Gytis, Hassler, Gabriel W, Kalinich, Chaney C, Kraemer, Moritz UG, Ho, Joses, Tegally, Houriiyah, Githinji, George, Agoti, Charles N, Matkin, Lucy E, Whittaker, Charles, Howden, Benjamin P, Sintchenko, Vitali, Zuckerman, Neta S, Mor, Orna, Blankenship, Heather M, de Oliveira, Tulio, Lin, Raymond TP, Siqueira, Marilda Mendonça, Resende, Paola Cristina, Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza R, Spilki, Fernando R, Aguiar, Renato Santana, Alexiev, Ivailo, Ivanov, Ivan N, Philipova, Ivva, Carrington, Christine VF, Sahadeo, Nikita SD, Branda, Ben, Gurry, Céline, Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian, Naidoo, Dhamari, von Eije, Karin J, Perkins, Mark D, van Kerkhove, Maria, Hill, Sarah C, Sabino, Ester C, Pybus, Oliver G, Dye, Christopher, Bhatt, Samir, Flaxman, Seth, Suchard, Marc A, Grubaugh, Nathan D, Baele, Guy, and Faria, Nuno R

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Health Sciences, Prevention, Human Genome, Biodefense, Vaccine Related, Immunization, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Genetics, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Genome, Viral, COVID-19, Pandemics, Genomics, Bulgarian SARS-CoV-2 sequencing group, Communicable Diseases Genomics Network, COVID-19 Impact Project, Danish Covid-19 Genome Consortium, Fiocruz COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Network, GISAID core curation team, Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa, Swiss SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium
Abstract

Genomic sequencing is essential to track the evolution and spread of SARS-CoV-2, optimize molecular tests, treatments, vaccines, and guide public health responses. To investigate the global SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance, we used sequences shared via GISAID to estimate the impact of sequencing intensity and turnaround times on variant detection in 189 countries. In the first two years of the pandemic, 78% of high-income countries sequenced >0.5% of their COVID-19 cases, while 42% of low- and middle-income countries reached that mark. Around 25% of the genomes from high income countries were submitted within 21 days, a pattern observed in 5% of the genomes from low- and middle-income countries. We found that sequencing around 0.5% of the cases, with a turnaround time

Published
2022

5. When to update COVID-19 vaccine composition

Author

Grant, Rebecca, Sacks, Jilian A., Abraham, Priya, Chunsuttiwat, Supamit, Cohen, Cheryl, Figueroa, J. Peter, Fleming, Thomas, Fine, Paul, Goldblatt, David, Hasegawa, Hideki, MacIntrye, C. Raina, Memish, Ziad A., Miller, Elizabeth, Nishioka, Sergio, Sall, Amadou A., Sow, Samba, Tomori, Oyewale, Wang, Youchun, Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Wambo, Marie-Ange, Cohen, Homa Attar, Mesfin, Samuel, Otieno, James R., Subissi, Lorenzo, Briand, Sylvie, Wentworth, David E., and Subbarao, Kanta

Published
2023
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6. COVID-19 mortality and progress towards vaccinating older adults--worldwide, 2020-2022/Mortalite associee a la COVID-19 et progres de la vaccination des personnes agees--monde entier, 2020-2022

Author

Wong, Man Kai, Brooks, Donald J., Ikejezie, Juniorcaius, Gacic-Dobo, Marta, Dumolard, Laure, Nedele, Yoann, Steulet, Claudia, Kassamali, Zyleen, Acma, Ayse, Ajong, Brian N., Adele, Sandra, Allan, Maya, Cohen, Homa Attar, Awofisayo- Okuyelu, Adedoyin, Campbell, Finlay, Cristea, Veronica, De Barros, Stephane, Edward, Ntokwo Vabi, Waeber, Aura R. Escobar Corado, Guinko, Tondri N., Laurenson-Schafer, Henry, Mahran, Mostafa, Carrera, Raquel Medialdea, Mesfin, Samuel, Meyer, Emily, Miglietta, Alessandro, Mirembe, Bernadette B., Mitri, Maribeth, Nezu, Ingrid Hammermeister, Ngai, Stephanie, Ejoh, Ojong Ojong, Parikh, Sydel R., Peron, Emilie, Sklenovska, Nikola, Stoitsova, Savine, Shimizu, Kazuki, Togami, Eri, Jin, Yeo Won, Pavlin, Boris I., Novak, Ryan T., Le Polain, Olivier, Fuller, James A., Mahamud, Abdi Rahman, Lindstand, Ann, Hersh, Bradley S., O'Brien, Katherine, and Van Kerkhove, Maria D.

Subjects
United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- Analysis, Vaccination -- Health aspects -- Analysis, Mortality -- China, Public health -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Government, Health, World Bank Group. World Bank, World Health Organization
Abstract

Following the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, transmission expanded globally and on 30 January 2020, COVID-19 was declared as a public health emergency of international concern. (1) Analysis of [...]

Published
2023

9. Protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the omicron variant and severe disease: a systematic review and meta-regression

Author

Bobrovitz, Niklas, Ware, Harriet, Ma, Xiaomeng, Li, Zihan, Hosseini, Reza, Cao, Christian, Selemon, Anabel, Whelan, Mairead, Premji, Zahra, Issa, Hanane, Cheng, Brianna, Abu Raddad, Laith J, Buckeridge, David L, Van Kerkhove, Maria D, Piechotta, Vanessa, Higdon, Melissa M, Wilder-Smith, Annelies, Bergeri, Isabel, Feikin, Daniel R, Arora, Rahul K, Patel, Minal K, and Subissi, Lorenzo

Published
2023
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10. An early warning system for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants

Author

Subissi, Lorenzo, von Gottberg, Anne, Thukral, Lipi, Worp, Nathalie, Oude Munnink, Bas B., Rathore, Surabhi, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Aguilera, Ximena, Alm, Erik, Archer, Brett N., Attar Cohen, Homa, Barakat, Amal, Barclay, Wendy S., Bhiman, Jinal N., Caly, Leon, Chand, Meera, Chen, Mark, Cullinane, Ann, de Oliveira, Tulio, Drosten, Christian, Druce, Julian, Effler, Paul, El Masry, Ihab, Faye, Adama, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, Ghedin, Elodie, Grant, Rebecca, Haagmans, Bart L., Herring, Belinda L., Iyer, Shilpa S., Kassamali, Zyleen, Kakkar, Manish, Kondor, Rebecca J., Leite, Juliana A., Leo, Yee-Sin, Leung, Gabriel M., Marklewitz, Marco, Moyo, Sikhulile, Mendez-Rico, Jairo, Melhem, Nada M., Munster, Vincent, Nahapetyan, Karen, Oh, Djin-Ye, Pavlin, Boris I., Peacock, Thomas P., Peiris, Malik, Peng, Zhibin, Poon, Leo L. M., Rambaut, Andrew, Sacks, Jilian, Shen, Yinzhong, Siqueira, Marilda M., Tessema, Sofonias K., Volz, Erik M., Thiel, Volker, van der Werf, Sylvie, Briand, Sylvie, Perkins, Mark D., Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Koopmans, Marion P. G., and Agrawal, Anurag

Published
2022
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11. A core outcome set for post-COVID-19 condition in adults for use in clinical practice and research: an international Delphi consensus study

Author

Guekht, Alla, Semple, Malcolm “Calum” G., Warner, John O., Sigfrid, Louise, Scott, Janet T., DunnGalvin, Audrey, Genuneit, Jon, Buonsenso, Danilo, Sivan, Manoj, Siegerink, Bob, Klok, Frederikus A., Avdeev, Sergey, Stavropoulou, Charitini, Michelen, Melina, Aiyegbusi, Olalekan Lee, Calvert, Melanie, Hughes, Sarah E., Haroon, Shamil, Fregonese, Laura, Carson, Gail, Knauss, Samuel, O'Hara, Margaret, Marshall, John, Herridge, Margaret, Murthy, Srinivas, Vos, Theo, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Parker, Ann, O'Brien, Kelly K., Lerner, Andrea, Chevinsky, Jennifer R., Unger, Elizabeth R., Eisinger, Robert W., Hough, Catherine L., Saydah, Sharon, Frontera, Jennifer A., Rosa, Regis Goulart, Cao, Bin, Bhatnagar, Shinjini, Thiruvengadam, Ramachandran, Seahwag, Archana, Bouraoui, Anouar, Van Kerkhove, Maria, Dua, Tarun, Relan, Pryanka, Soriano Ortiz, Juan, Munblit, Daniel, Nicholson, Timothy, Akrami, Athena, Apfelbacher, Christian, Chen, Jessica, De Groote, Wouter, Diaz, Janet V, Gorst, Sarah L, Harman, Nicola, Kokorina, Alisa, Olliaro, Piero, Parr, Callum, Preller, Jacobus, Schiess, Nicoline, Schmitt, Jochen, Seylanova, Nina, Simpson, Frances, Tong, Allison, Needham, Dale M, and Williamson, Paula R

Published
2022
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12. Surface-Aerosol Stability and Pathogenicity of Diverse Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Strains, 2012-2018

Author

van Doremalen, Neeltje, Letko, Michael, Fischer, Robert J., Bushmaker, Trenton, Schulz, Jonathan, Yinda, Claude K., Seifert, Stephanie N., Kim, Nam Joong, Hemida, Maged G., Kayali, Ghazi, Park, Wan Beom, Perera, Ranawaka A.P.M., Tamin, Azaibi, Thornburg, Natalie J., Tong, Suxiang, Queen, Krista, van Kerkhove, Maria D., Choi, Young Ki, Oh, Myoung-don, Assiri, Abdullah M., Peiris, Malik, Gerber, Susan I., and Munster, Vincent J.

Subjects
Bioaerosols -- Health aspects -- Environmental aspects -- Chemical properties, Coronaviruses -- Physiological aspects -- Environmental aspects, Health
Abstract

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected during 2012 and continues to cause outbreaks as a result of frequent spillover from dromedary camels to humans. Human infection with MERS-CoV [...]

Published
2021
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14. WHO's role in SARS-CoV-2 laboratory diagnostics: an end-to-end approach/Role de OMS dans le diagnostic en laboratoire de l'infection a SARS-CoV-2: une approche de bout en bout

Author

Durski, Kara N., Vojnov, Lara, Cognat, Sebastien, Carter, Lisa, Cunningham, Jane, Moussy, Francis, Prat, Irena, Stroller, Ute, Nahapetyan, Karen, Mendez-Rico, Jairo, Zwetyenga, Joanna, von Eije, Karin J., Perkins, Mark, Ahmed, Yahaya Ali, Konings, Frank, Inbanathan, Francis Yesurajan, Subissi, Lorenzo, Barakat, Amal, Herring, Belinda, Ryan, Michael, Balkhy, Hanan, and Van Kerkhove, Maria D.

Subjects
Diagnostic reagents -- Health aspects, Epidemics -- Health aspects, Infection -- Health aspects, Public health -- Health aspects, Evidence-based medicine -- Health aspects, Government, Health, World Health Organization, United Nations
Abstract

Overview One of the main challenges in an emerging pathogen outbreak is the availability of and access to reliable laboratory diagnostic tests for timely and accurate confirmation of the disease [...]

Published
2021

16. WHO's Investigations and Studies, Unity Studies: A global initiative creating equitable opportunities for enhanced surveillance, operational research, capacity building, and global knowledge sharing

Author

Bergeri, Isabel, primary, Boddington, Nicki L., additional, Lewis, Hannah C., additional, Subissi, Lorenzo, additional, von Dobschuetz, Sophie, additional, Rodriguez, Angel, additional, Jara, Jorge, additional, El Naja, Hala Abou, additional, Barakat, Amal, additional, Rashidian, Arash, additional, Aly, Eman Abdelkreem, additional, Al Ariqi, Lubna, additional, Wijesinghe, Pushpa, additional, Inbanathan, Francis, additional, Nguyen, Phuong Nam, additional, Phengxay, Manilay, additional, Le, Linh‐Vi, additional, Enebish, Temuulen, additional, Okeibunor, Joseph, additional, Herring, Belinda, additional, Farley, Elise, additional, Jorgensen, Pernille, additional, Vaughan, Aisling Marie, additional, Mott, Joshua, additional, Zhang, Wenqing, additional, Pebody, Richard, additional, and Van Kerkhove, Maria D., additional

Published
2024
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17. SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest and Concern naming scheme conducive for global discourse

Author

Konings, Frank, Perkins, Mark D., Kuhn, Jens H., Pallen, Mark J., Alm, Erik J., Archer, Brett N., Barakat, Amal, Bedford, Trevor, Bhiman, Jinal N., Caly, Leon, Carter, Lisa L., Cullinane, Anne, de Oliveira, Tulio, Druce, Julian, El Masry, Ihab, Evans, Roger, Gao, George F., Gorbalenya, Alexander E., Hamblion, Esther, Herring, Belinda L., Hodcroft, Emma, Holmes, Edward C., Kakkar, Manish, Khare, Shagun, Koopmans, Marion P. G., Korber, Bette, Leite, Juliana, MacCannell, Duncan, Marklewitz, Marco, Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian, Rico, Jairo Andres Mendez, Munster, Vincent J., Neher, Richard, Munnink, Bas Oude, Pavlin, Boris I., Peiris, Malik, Poon, Leo, Pybus, Oliver, Rambaut, Andrew, Resende, Paola, Subissi, Lorenzo, Thiel, Volker, Tong, Suxiang, van der Werf, Sylvie, von Gottberg, Anne, Ziebuhr, John, and Van Kerkhove, Maria D.

Published
2021
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19. Pharmacologic Treatments and Supportive Care for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

Author

Kain, Taylor, Lindsay, Patrick J., Adhikari, Neill K.J., Arabi, Yaseen M., Van Kerkhove, Maria D., and Fowler, Robert A.

Subjects
Evidence-based medicine -- Health aspects, Therapeutics -- Health aspects, Middle East respiratory syndrome -- Care and treatment, Health, World Health Organization
Abstract

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which is now known to be caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), was first reported in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia (1). Since then, it has [...]

Published
2020
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20. Surveillance for variants of SARS-CoV-2 to inform risk assessments

Author

Attar Cohen, Homa, primary, Mesfin, Samuel, additional, Ikejezie, Juniorcaius, additional, Kassamali, Zyleen, additional, Campbell, Finlay, additional, Adele, Sandra, additional, Guinko, Noe, additional, Idoko, Friday, additional, Basuta Mirembe, Bernadette, additional, Mitri, Maria Elizabeth, additional, Nezu, Ingrid, additional, Shimizu, Kazuki, additional, Ngongheh, Ajong Brian, additional, Sklenovska, Nikola, additional, Gumede, Nicksy, additional, Shakiwa Mosha, Fausta, additional, Mohamed, Basant, additional, Corpuz, Aura, additional, Pebody, Richard, additional, Marklewitz, Marco, additional, Gresh, Lionel, additional, Mendez Rico, Jairo A, additional, Hundal, Kareena, additional, Kato, Masaya, additional, Babu, Amarnath, additional, Archer, Brett, additional, le Polain de Waroux, Olivier, additional, Van Kerkhove, Maria, additional, Mahamud, Abdirahman, additional, Subissi, Lorenzo, additional, and Pavlin, Boris, additional

Published
2023
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22. COVID-19 Mortality and Progress Toward Vaccinating Older Adults--World Health Organization, Worldwide, 2020-2022

Author

Wong, Man Kai, Brooks, Donald J., Ikejezie, Juniorcaius, Gacic-Dobo, Marta, Dumolard, Laure, Nedelec, Yoann, Steulet, Claudia, Kassamali, Zyleen, Acma, Ayse, Ajong, Brian N., Adele, Sandra, Allan, Maya, Cohen, Homa Attar, Awofisayo-Okuyelu, Adedoyin, Campbell, Finlay, Cristea, Veronica, De Barros, Stephane, Edward, Ntokwo Vabi, Waeber, Aura R. Escobar Corado, Guinko, Tondri N., Laurenson-Schafer, Henry, Mahran, Mostafa, Carrera, Raquel Medialdea, Mesfin, Samuel, Meyer, Emily, Miglietta, Alessandro, Mirembe, Bernadette B., Mitri, Maribeth, Nezu, Ingrid Hammermeister, Ngai, Stephanie, Ejoh, Ojong Ojong, Parikh, Sydel R., Peron, Emilie, Sklenovska, Nikola, Stoitsova, Savine, Shimizu, Kazuki, Togami, Eri, Jin, Yeo Won, Pavlin, Boris I., Novak, Ryan T., Le Polain, Olivier, Fuller, James A., Mahamud, Abdi Rahman, Lindstrand, Ann, Hersh, Bradley S., O'Brien, Katherine, and Van Kerkhove, Maria D.

Subjects
Vaccination -- Health aspects -- Analysis, Mortality -- China, Public health -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Health, World Health Organization
Abstract

After the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, transmission expanded globally, and on January 30, 2020, COVID-19 was declared a public health emergency of international concern. * Analysis of the [...]

Published
2023

23. Global update on Middle East respiratory syndrome, 2019/ Syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient: bilan mondial, 2019

Author

Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Grant, Rebecca, Ariqi, Lubna Al, Abubakar, Abdinasir, and Elkholy, Amgad

Subjects
Middle East respiratory syndrome -- Prevention -- Social aspects, Epidemiology -- Social aspects, Medical law -- Social aspects, Infection, Government, Health, World Health Organization -- Social aspects
Abstract

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by a coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first identified in Jordan and Saudi Arabia in 2012. (1,2) Between 2012 and 31 October 2019, 2482 [...]

Published
2019

24. Transmissibility of MERS-CoV Infection in Closed Setting, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2015

Author

Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Aswad, Sadoof, Assiri, Abdullah, Perera, Ranawaka A.P.M., Peiris, Malik, Bushra, Hassan E. El, and BinSaeed, Abdulaziz A.

Subjects
Middle East respiratory syndrome -- Health aspects, Antibodies, Polymerase chain reaction, Infection, Medical tests, Health, World Health Organization
Abstract

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) is a zoonotic virus (7). Approximately 2,266 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2) since the [...]

Published
2019
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25. H5N1/highly pathogenic avian influenza in Cambodia : evaluating poultry movement and the extent of interaction between poultry and humans

Author

Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Ghani, A., Mangtani, P., and Guitian, J.

Subjects
614.5
Abstract

Since 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), subtype H5N1, has spread across the Asian, African and European continents at an exceptional rate. To date, H5N1 remains primarily a pandemic within poultry populations with limited onward transmission to humans. Since there have been a limited number of human cases throughout the world, epidemiologic uncertainties exist regarding the extent of contact necessary to result in successful transmission between infected poultry and humans. In this thesis I undertook two large-scale surveys to evaluate poultry movement and the extent of interaction between humans and poultry to better define the risks of sustained transmission of H5N1 in poultry and onward transmission to humans. The thesis begins with a review of current knowledge on the epidemiology of HPAI, specifically subtype H5N1, and current options for its control worldwide and specifically within Cambodia. The first half of the thesis presents the methodology and results from a large-scale cross sectional survey of 3,600 rural subjects from 115 villages in six provinces throughout Cambodia. The results from this survey are used to explore animal ownership and husbandry, poultry mortality experienced and poultry mortality reporting, and the extent and frequency of poultry handling behaviours of subjects and how they differ by age and gender. The second half of the thesis presents results from a second cross-sectional survey of 715 rural villagers, 123 rural, peri-urban and urban market sellers and 139 middlemen from six Provinces and Phnom Penh, which was conducted to evaluate poultry movement and trading practices. The results from this survey are used to construct poultry movement networks using social network analysis techniques, to identify critical points for surveillance and to understand the potential transmission and control of HPAI over this network and to identify a spatial model to predict poultry movements. Finally in the last chapter the key findings are presented and discussed in the context of HPAI transmission in the region.

Published
2009
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29. Heterogeneities in the case fatality ratio in the West African Ebola outbreak 2013–2016

Author

Garske, Tini, Cori, Anne, Ariyarajah, Archchun, Blake, Isobel M., Dorigatti, Ilaria, Eckmanns, Tim, Fraser, Christophe, Hinsley, Wes, Jombart, Thibaut, Mills, Harriet L., Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma, Newton, Emily, Nouvellet, Pierre, Perkins, Devin, Riley, Steven, Schumacher, Dirk, Shah, Anita, Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Dye, Christopher, Ferguson, Neil M., and Donnelly, Christi A.

Published
2017

30. Key data for outbreak evaluation: building on the Ebola experience

Author

Cori, Anne, Donnelly, Christl A., Dorigatti, Ilaria, Ferguson, Neil M., Fraser, Christophe, Garske, Tini, Jombart, Thibaut, Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma, Nouvellet, Pierre, Riley, Steven, Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Mills, Harriet L., and Blake, Isobel M.

Published
2017

32. WHO Global Situational Alert System: a mixed methods multistage approach to identify country-level COVID-19 alerts

Author

McMenamin, Martina, primary, Kolmer, Jessica, additional, Djordjevic, Irena, additional, Campbell, Finlay, additional, Laurenson-Schafer, Henry, additional, Abbate, Jessica Lee, additional, Abdelgawad, Basma Mostafa, additional, Babu, Amarnath, additional, Balde, Thierno, additional, Batra, Neale, additional, Bélorgeot, Victoria D, additional, Brindle, Hannah, additional, Dorji, Tshewang, additional, Esmail, Marjam, additional, Hammermeister Nezu, Ingrid, additional, Hernández-García, Lucía, additional, Hassan, Mahmoud, additional, Idoko, Friday, additional, Karmin, Sarah, additional, Kassamali, Zyleen A, additional, Kato, Masaya, additional, Matsui, Tamano, additional, Duan, Mengjuan, additional, Motaze, Villyen, additional, Ogundiran, Opeayo, additional, Pavlin, Boris I, additional, Riviere-Cinnamond, Ana, additional, Ryan, Kathleen, additional, Schmidt, Tanja, additional, Sedai, Tika, additional, Van Kerkhove, Maria D, additional, Zakaria, Teresa, additional, Höhle, Michael, additional, Mahamud, Abdi R, additional, and le Polain de Waroux, Olivier, additional

Published
2023
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35. WHO Global Situational Alert System : a mixed methods multistage approach to identify country-level COVID-19 alerts

Author

McMenamin, Martina, Kolmer, Jessica, Djordjevic, Irena, Campbell, Finlay, Laurenson-Schafer, Henry, Abbate, Jessica Lee, Abdelgawad, Basma Mostafa, Babu, Amarnath, Balde, Thierno, Batra, Neale, Belorgeot, Victoria D., Brindle, Hannah, Dorji, Tshewang, Esmail, Marjam, Nezu, Ingrid Hammermeister, Hernandez-Garcia, Lucia, Hassan, Mahmoud, Idoko, Friday, Karmin, Sarah, Kassamali, Zyleen A., Kato, Masaya, Matsui, Tamano, Duan, Mengjuan, Motaze, Villyen, Ogundiran, Opeayo, Pavlin, Boris, Riviere-Cinnamond, Ana, Ryan, Kathleen, Schmidt, Tanja, Sedai, Tika, Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Zakaria, Teresa, Höhle, Michael, Mahamud, Abdi R., de Waroux, Olivier le Polain, WHO, Global, McMenamin, Martina, Kolmer, Jessica, Djordjevic, Irena, Campbell, Finlay, Laurenson-Schafer, Henry, Abbate, Jessica Lee, Abdelgawad, Basma Mostafa, Babu, Amarnath, Balde, Thierno, Batra, Neale, Belorgeot, Victoria D., Brindle, Hannah, Dorji, Tshewang, Esmail, Marjam, Nezu, Ingrid Hammermeister, Hernandez-Garcia, Lucia, Hassan, Mahmoud, Idoko, Friday, Karmin, Sarah, Kassamali, Zyleen A., Kato, Masaya, Matsui, Tamano, Duan, Mengjuan, Motaze, Villyen, Ogundiran, Opeayo, Pavlin, Boris, Riviere-Cinnamond, Ana, Ryan, Kathleen, Schmidt, Tanja, Sedai, Tika, Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Zakaria, Teresa, Höhle, Michael, Mahamud, Abdi R., de Waroux, Olivier le Polain, and WHO, Global

Abstract

Background Globally, since 1 January 2020 and as of 24 January 2023, there have been over 664 million cases of COVID-19 and over 6.7 million deaths reported to WHO. WHO developed an evidence-based alert system, assessing public health risk on a weekly basis in 237 countries, territories and areas from May 2021 to June 2022. This aimed to facilitate the early identification of situations where healthcare capacity may become overstretched. Methods The process involved a three-stage mixed methods approach. In the first stage, future deaths were predicted from the time series of reported cases and deaths to produce an initial alert level. In the second stage, this alert level was adjusted by incorporating a range of contextual indicators and accounting for the quality of information available using a Bayes classifier. In the third stage, countries with an alert level of 'High' or above were added to an operational watchlist and assistance was deployed as needed. Results Since June 2021, the system has supported the release of more than US$27 million from WHO emergency funding, over 450 000 rapid antigen diagnostic testing kits and over 6000 oxygen concentrators. Retrospective evaluation indicated that the first two stages were needed to maximise sensitivity, where 44% (IQR 29%-67%) of weekly watchlist alerts would not have been identified using only reported cases and deaths. The alerts were timely and valid in most cases; however, this could only be assessed on a non-representative sample of countries with hospitalisation data available. Conclusions The system provided a standardised approach to monitor the pandemic at the country level by incorporating all available data on epidemiological analytics and contextual assessments. While this system was developed for COVID-19, a similar system could be used for future outbreaks and emergencies, with necessary adjustments to parameters and indicators.

Published
2023
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36. Towards the development of a SARS-CoV-2 variant risk assessment tool:expert consultation on the assessment of scientific evidence on emerging variants

Author

Worp, Nathalie, Subissi, Lorenzo, Perkins, Mark D., Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Agrawal, Anurag, Chand, Meera, van Beek, Janko, Oude Munnink, Bas B., Koopmans, Marion P.G., Worp, Nathalie, Subissi, Lorenzo, Perkins, Mark D., Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Agrawal, Anurag, Chand, Meera, van Beek, Janko, Oude Munnink, Bas B., and Koopmans, Marion P.G.

Abstract

A systematic approach is required for the development of an evidence-based risk assessment tool to robustly estimate the risks and implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants. We conducted a survey among experts involved in technical advisory roles for WHO to capture their assessment of the robustness of different study types that provide evidence for potential changes in transmissibility, antigenicity, virulence, treatability, and detectability of SARS-CoV-2 variants. The views of 62 experts indicated that studies could be grouped on the basis of robustness and reliability for the different risk indicators mentioned. Several study types that experts scored as providing reliable evidence and that can be performed in a timely manner were identified. Although experts from different technical areas had varying responses, there was agreement on the highest and lowest scoring study types. These findings can help to prioritise, harmonise, and optimise study designs for the further development of a systematic, evidence-based, SARS-CoV-2 variant risk assessment tool.

Published
2023

39. Unraveling the drivers of MERS-CoV transmission

Author

Cauchemez, Simon, Nouvellet, Pierre, Cori, Anne, Jombart, Thibaut, Garske, Tini, Clapham, Hannah, Moore, Sean, Mills, Harriet Linden, Salje, Henrik, Collins, Caitlin, Rodriquez-Barraquer, Isabel, Riley, Steven, Truelove, Shaun, Algarni, Homoud, Alhakeem, Rafat, AlHarbi, Khalid, Turkistani, Abdulhafiz, Aguas, Ricardo J., Cummings, Derek A. T., Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Donnelly, Christl A., Lessler, Justin, Fraser, Christophe, Al-Barrak, Ali, and Ferguson, Neil M.

Published
2016

41. Worldwide Reduction in MERS Cases and Deaths since 2016

Author

Donnelly, Christl A., Malik, Mamun R., Elkholy, Amgad, Cauchemez, Simon, and Van Kerkhove, Maria D.

Subjects
Middle East respiratory syndrome -- Prevention -- Health aspects -- Analysis, Information management, Resveratrol, Infection, Health
Abstract

From 2012 through May 31, 2019, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected 2,442 persons and killed 842 worldwide (1). MERS-CoV is currently circulating in dromedary camels in Africa, [...]

Published
2019
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45. Protective effectiveness of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against Omicron infection and severe disease: a systematic review and meta-regression

Author

Bobrovitz, Niklas, primary, Ware, Harriet, additional, Ma, Xiaomeng, additional, Li, Zihan, additional, Hosseini, Reza, additional, Cao, Christian, additional, Selemon, Anabel, additional, Whelan, Mairead, additional, Premji, Zahra, additional, Issa, Hanane, additional, Cheng, Brianna, additional, Raddad, Laith J. Abu, additional, Buckeridge, David, additional, Van Kerkhove, Maria, additional, Piechotta, Vanessa, additional, Higdon, Melissa, additional, Wilder-Smith, Annelies, additional, Bergeri, Isabel, additional, Feikin, Daniel, additional, Arora, Rahul K., additional, Patel, Minal, additional, and Subissi, Lorenzo, additional

Published
2022
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46. Lessons from the pandemic: Responding to emerging zoonotic viral diseases—a Keystone Symposia report

Author

Cable, Jennifer, primary, Fauci, Anthony, additional, Dowling, William E., additional, Günther, Stephan, additional, Bente, Dennis A., additional, Yadav, Pragya Dhruv, additional, Madoff, Lawrence C., additional, Wang, Lin‐Fa, additional, Arora, Rahul K., additional, Van Kerkhove, Maria, additional, Chu, May C., additional, Jaenisch, Thomas, additional, Epstein, Jonathan H., additional, Frost, Simon David William, additional, Bausch, Daniel G., additional, Hensley, Lisa E., additional, Bergeron, Éric, additional, Sitaras, Ioannis, additional, Gunn, Michael D., additional, Geisbert, Thomas W., additional, Muñoz‐Fontela, César, additional, Krammer, Florian, additional, de Wit, Emmie, additional, Nordenfelt, Pontus, additional, Saphire, Erica Ollmann, additional, Gilbert, Sarah C., additional, Corbett, Kizzmekia S., additional, Branco, Luis M., additional, Baize, Sylvain, additional, van Doremalen, Neeltje, additional, Krieger, Marco A., additional, Clemens, Sue Ann Costa, additional, Hesselink, Renske, additional, and Hartman, Dan, additional

Published
2022
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48. A roadmap for MERS-CoV research and product development: report from a world health organization consultation

Author

Modjarrad, Kayvon, Moorthy, Vasee S., Embarek, Peter Ben, Van Kerkhove, Maria, Kim, Jerome, and Kieny, Marie-Paule

Subjects
Practice guidelines (Medicine) -- Evaluation, Middle East respiratory syndrome -- Prevention, Public health administration -- Methods, Biological sciences, Health, World Health Organization -- Powers and duties
Abstract

As part of the World Health Organization (WHO) R&D Blueprint initiative, leading stakeholders on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) convened to agree on strategic public-health goals and global priority research activities that are needed to combat MERS-CoV., The emergence and persistence of MERSCoV as a cause of severe respiratory disease 10 years after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) highlights the need for the [...]

Published
2016

49. Laboratory testing for Zika virus and dengue virus infections: interim guidance

Author

Bispo de Filippis, Ana Maria, Brault, Aaron, Graham Brown, David William, Lambert, Amy, Fischer, Marc, Guadalupe Guzman, Maria, Khan, Erum, Koopmans, Marion, Morales, Maria Alejandra, Muñoz, Jorge L., Ching Ng, Lee, Sudre, Bertrand, Sreekumar, E, Staples, J Erin, Bangert, Mathieu, Barakat, Amal, Bashir Aamir, Uzma, Carrington, Lauren, Chu, May, Franco Narvaez, Leticia, Grabovac, Varja, Herring, Belinda, Inbanathan, Francis, Lackritz, Eve, Méndez Rico, Jairo Andrés, Monnier, Nora, Nahapetyan, Karen, Oxenford, Christopher, Pereyaslov, Dmitriy, Rabe, Ingrid, Rojas Alvarez, Diana, van Kerkhove, Maria, Velayudhan, Raman, and von Eije, Karin J.

Subjects
Dengue, Laboratory testing, Zika, Flavivirus, public health, Diagnostics, arboviral infections
Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) remain significant public health threats. ZIKV infection is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital malformations and can cause neurological disease in children and adults. Persons infected with DENV are at risk of severe disease and death if not managed appropriately. ZIKV and DENV infections cannot be readily distinguished clinically; infections need to be differentiated from each other, and from other circulating arboviral and non-arboviral pathogens, using laboratory tests. This document provides revisions to the previous interim guidance published in 2016 on laboratory testing for ZIKV based on data and experience gathered during and after the Zika Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and incorporates current state of knowledge and guidance for DENV diagnosis [1,2]. In the absence of diagnostic randomized control trials to determine outcomes of comparative testing strategies, recommendations are based on panel review of the performance data of assays and the experience and observations made within their institutions through extensive arbovirus testing.

Published
2022

50. The role of rapid diagnostics in managing Ebola epidemics

Author

Nouvellet, Pierre, Garske, Tini, Mills, Harriet L., Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma, Hinsley, Wes, Blake, Isobel M., Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Cori, Anne, Dorigatti, Ilaria, Jombart, Thibaut, Riley, Steven, Fraser, Christophe, Donnelly, Christl A., and Ferguson, Neil M.

Subjects
Ebola virus infections -- Health aspects -- Risk factors -- Care and treatment -- Diagnosis, RNA -- Research, Company business management, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation, World Health Organization -- Management
Abstract

Ebola emerged in West Africa around December 2013 and swept through Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia, giving rise to 27,748 confirmed, probable and suspected cases reported by 29 July 2015. Case diagnoses during the epidemic have relied on polymerase chain reaction-based tests. Owing to limited laboratory capacity and local transport infrastructure, the delays from sample collection to test results being available have often been 2 days or more. Point-of-care rapid diagnostic tests offer the potential to substantially reduce these delays. We review Ebola rapid diagnostic tests approved by the World Health Organization and those currently in development. Such rapid diagnostic tests could allow early triaging of patients, thereby reducing the potential for nosocomial transmission. In addition, despite the lower test accuracy, rapid diagnostic test-based diagnosis may be beneficial in some contexts because of the reduced time spent by uninfected individuals in health-care settings where they may be at increased risk of infection; this also frees up hospital beds. We use mathematical modelling to explore the potential benefits of diagnostic testing strategies involving rapid diagnostic tests alone and in combination with polymerase chain reaction testing. Our analysis indicates that the use of rapid diagnostic tests with sensitivity and specificity comparable with those currently under development always enhances control, whether evaluated at a health-care-unit or population level. If such tests had been available throughout the recent epidemic, we estimate, for Sierra Leone, that their use in combination with confirmatory polymerase chain-reaction testing might have reduced the scale of the epidemic by over a third. Nature 528, S109-S116 (3 December 2015), DOI: 10.1038/nature16041 This article has not been written or reviewed by Nature editors. Nature accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided., The unprecedented scale of the 2014-15 West African Ebola epidemic has posed major challenges for delivering rapid diagnosis--an essential component of controlling Ebola epidemics, given the non-specific nature of early [...]

Published
2015
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